742:
severed their ties with the Jews, Muhammad would return to his people after they gave him victories. Muhammad assured them that he was now one with them and would share their fate in war and peace. Twelve delegates, three from the Aws and nine from the
Khazraj, were then selected to oversee the implementation of this pact. When the group inquired about the reward for their loyalty, Muhammad simply replied, "Paradise." They then took the oath, also known as the pledge of war.
36:
706:, on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These six individuals had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn had warned them that a prophet would come, and with his help, the Jews would obliterate them. Upon hearing Muhammad's religious message, the six individuals said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us; don't let them get to him before us!" After embracing Islam, they returned to
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781:, about an hour's walk south of Mecca, and hid there. Abu Bakr's children and servants, who were still in Mecca, regularly brought them food. After three days in hiding, they set out for Medina on camels that Abu Bakr had bought in advance, and accompanied by a guide, Abdallah ibn Arqat, who was a pagan.
823:
the abbreviation of which is still used to denote Hijri dates today. Burnaby states that: "Historians in general assert that
Muhammad fled from Mecca at the commencement of the third month of the Arabian year, Rabi 'u-l-awwal. They do not agree as to the precise day. According to Ibn-Ishak, it was on
717:
In
February 621, five earlier converts met with Muhammad again. They were accompanied by seven new converts, including two people from the Banu Aws tribe. This gathering took place at the al-'Aqaba mountain pass, located just north of Mecca near the trade route. At the meeting, they took a pledge to
741:
Muhammad himself then spoke and invited their allegiance, asking them to protect him as they would their women and children. One of them, al-Bara, readily agreed, emphasizing the military prowess of his people. The other however, Abu al-Haytham, expressed concern that if they took the pledge and
737:
and other
Quraysh leaders. Al-Abbas also falsely stated that Muhammad had rejected offers from all but the men of Medina in an apparent attempt to create a sense of exclusivity and importance among them. Historical records, however, show that they were among the last groups Muhammad had tried to
668:
is a verdant oasis. According to Muslim sources, the city was founded by Jews who had survived the revolt against the Romans. While agriculture was far from the domain of the Arab tribes, the Jews were excellent farmers who cultivated the land in the oases. In addition to several smaller Jewish
590:, however, were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings, and accordingly, Muhammad did not encounter any serious opposition from them; that was the case until he began to challenge their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise.
927:, which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE. Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin
758:. The whole departure spanned about three months. To ensure that he did not arrive in Medina alone while his followers remained in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed behind to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant. Some of the
718:
Muhammad, known as the "pledge of women." It was so called because it contained no obligation to fight for Islam. One of the main tenets of this pledge was to renounce idols and affirm Allah as the only deity, with
Muhammad as their leader. Muhammad then entrusted
643:, means 'a mutual termination of friendly relations by leaving or departing'. The word has been mistranslated, without proper context, as 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'. Since 1753, the word has also been used to refer to an exodus in
689:, both known collectively as Banu Qayla. Prior to 620, these two Arab tribes had been fighting for nearly a hundred years. Each of them had tried to court the support of the Jewish tribes, which occasionally led to infighting among the latter.
66:
729:, who accompanied him, made a speech at the beginning, declaring that Muhammad was "the most respected person among his kinsmen." This is quite in contrast with the fact that Muhammad had received strong opposition from his other uncle,
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
697:
In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the
769:, Muhammad's childhood friend-turned-enemy, proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each Quraysh clan. Having been informed of this by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin
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762:
tried to dissuade their family members from leaving, but in the end, there were no
Muslims left in Mecca. Muhammad regarded this migration as an expulsion by the Quraysh.
725:
In the pilgrimage season of 622, Muhammad had another meeting in Aqaba with the
Medinan converts; this time, there were 75 of them, including 2 women. Muhammad's uncle
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would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated
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1 Muharram of the new fixed calendar corresponded to Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the
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to lie on his bed covered with his green hadrami cloak, assuring him that it would keep him safe. Muhammad then went with
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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919:. The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by
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Beginning in
January 623, Muhammad led several raids against Meccan caravans travelling along the eastern coast of the
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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The
Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community
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Religion is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological Nature and what to Expect when They Fail
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Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Brian; Donzel, Emeri J. van; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1986).
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were thus unified by the urgency of the moment. This unity was primarily based on the bonds of kinship.
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1977:
Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732
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word هجرة 'to depart to', 'to migrate to' or 'to move away from'. The first stem of the verbal root
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and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the
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1008:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography"
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The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah
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An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a]
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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563:. The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the
540:, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also
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writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
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Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1978).
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Not long after receiving the pledges, Muhammad instructed his
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to accompany them on their return to Medina to promote Islam.
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This article is about the Arabic word. For other uses, see
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clans, there were three major Jewish tribes in the city:
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in 638 or the 17th year of the Hegira. This was later
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Schacht; Lewis; Pellat; Ménage, eds. (26 June 1998).
1574:, Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.
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approach and that he had no other offers available.
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Muhammad's encounters with Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj
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827:Several Islamic historians and scholars, including
660:Located more than 260 miles (420 km) north of
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a machine-translated version of the Arabic article.
575:calendars; its date equates to 16 July 622 in the
1172:, Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.
1695:Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
1677:Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
1032:Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
995:. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52.
1182:
962:
98:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
2071:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
1046:Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward (2018).
499:
8:
1648:Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "The Date of Hijrah".
1628:Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "The Date of Hijrah".
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1054:(Third ed.). O'Reilly. p. 17.
1048:"Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars"
27:Journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina
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1519:
1507:
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1354:Gabriel, Richard A. (22 October 2014).
1316:
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1141:
951:
891:
839:, have discussed these dates in depth.
824:the first or second day of the month;"
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2006:. State University of New York Press.
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2104:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill.
1975:Fontaine, P. F. M. (4 October 2022).
1788:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General
1465:
1357:Muhammad: Islam’s First Great General
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923:by projecting back in time their own
7:
2140:IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah
902:, though both calendars are used by
898:commonly known in the West as 'the'
1741:The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol. 1-
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1029:Burnaby, Sherrard Beaumont (1901).
534:
25:
2004:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
1948:Rodinson, Maxime (2 March 2021).
1101:"NASA phases of the moon 601–700"
1084:The chronology of ancient nations
582:Early in Muhammad's preaching of
1790:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1714:A History of Palestine, 634–1099
1360:. University of Oklahoma Press.
473:
461:
110:{{Translated|ar|الهجرة النبوية}}
34:
1921:Gordon, Matthew (30 May 2005).
1760:. University Press of Florida.
1712:Gil, Moshe (27 February 1997).
880:List of expeditions of Muhammad
860:List of Islamic terms in Arabic
2145:Articles, audios on the Hijrah
2094:Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993).
2002:Peters, F. E. (6 April 1994).
1925:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1871:. Cambridge University Press.
1869:The Cambridge History of Islam
1842:The Life and Times of Muhammad
1840:Glubb, Sir John Bagot (2001).
1817:. Princeton University Press.
1813:Peters, F. E. (9 March 2021).
1716:. Cambridge University Press.
993:Chronology of Prophetic Events
991:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001).
851:(Muhammad's escape from Mecca)
108:You may also add the template
1:
1952:. New York Review of Books.
1606:. Rutgers University Press.
939:) on the morning of 14 July.
555:and his followers took from
1674:Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
921:medieval Muslim astronomers
373:Hadith of the pen and paper
121:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2196:
1587:, Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.
517:
72:Machine translation, like
1583:William Montgomery Watt,
1330:"THE FIRST AQABAH PLEDGE"
754:followers to relocate to
49:the corresponding article
2165:Shia days of remembrance
1894:Muranyi, Miklos (1998).
1052:Calendrical Calculations
1035:. pp. 373–5, 382–4.
1006:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017).
925:tabular Islamic calendar
702:tribe who were visiting
2065:Lewis, Bernard (2002).
1844:. Cooper Square Press.
1200:www.merriam-webster.com
1118:Buhl & Welch (1993)
793:. Members of different
548:), was the journey the
520:Hijrah (disambiguation)
182:After Conquest of Mecca
119:For more guidance, see
2101:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1756:Rodgers, Russ (2012).
1698:(London: 1901) 374–75.
1196:"Definition of HEGIRA"
368:Companions of Muhammad
206:Milestones and records
268:Splitting of the Moon
92:copyright attribution
2135:Incident of the cave
2068:The Arabs in History
1896:The Life of Muhammad
785:Aftermath and legacy
480:Biography portal
2180:Islamic terminology
1784:Gabriel, Richard A.
1690:Caussin de Perceval
1183:Schacht et al. 1998
963:Schacht et al. 1998
875:Prophetic biography
809:Umar ibn Al-Khattab
656:Situation in Medina
601:at al-'Aqabah near
424:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
189:Farewell Pilgrimage
18:Migration to Medina
2175:Muhammad in Medina
1266:Gibb et al. (1986)
1225:Holt et al. (1978)
1156:, p. 120-121.
1107:on 8 October 2010.
326:Medieval Christian
100:interlanguage link
2111:978-90-04-09419-2
2078:978-0-19-280310-8
2042:978-90-04-08118-5
2013:978-1-4384-1597-0
1986:978-90-04-50234-5
1959:978-1-68137-493-2
1932:978-0-313-32522-9
1923:The Rise of Islam
1905:978-0-86078-703-7
1878:978-0-521-29135-4
1851:978-0-8154-1176-5
1824:978-0-691-22682-8
1797:978-0-8061-3860-2
1767:978-0-8130-3766-0
1723:978-0-521-59984-9
1585:Muhammad at Mecca
1367:978-0-8061-8250-6
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1520:Gabriel (2007)
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1254:Rodgers (2012)
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1229:
1212:
1187:
1185:, p. 366)
1174:
1158:
1146:
1144:, p. 102.
1142:Muranyi (1998)
1134:
1122:
1120:, p. 364.
1110:
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1038:
1021:
998:
983:
967:
965:, p. 366)
950:
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935:(astronomical
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1454:Peters (1994)
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821:Anno hegirae,
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777:to a cave in
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56:(August 2024)
52:
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45:You can help
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19:
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2067:
2054:. Retrieved
2031:
2003:
1976:
1949:
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1466:Glubb (2001)
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1339:18 September
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
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1203:. Retrieved
1199:
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1169:
1166:Moojan Momen
1161:
1149:
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1130:Lewis (2002)
1125:
1113:
1105:the original
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700:Banu Khazraj
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687:Banu Khazraj
679:Banu Qurayza
671:Banu Qaynuqa
659:
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636:
632:
625:romanization
620:
619:
592:
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524:
363:Ghadir Khumm
303:Perspectives
169:
133:
96:edit summary
87:
54:
46:
1898:. Ashgate.
1082:al-Biruni,
800:The second
779:Mount Thawr
573:Solar Hijri
569:Lunar Hijri
431:Possessions
378:Ahl al-Bayt
333:Historicity
2154:Categories
2096:"Muḥammad"
1995:1348484291
1968:1150849724
1914:1338681712
1833:1132222513
1242:Gil (1997)
1205:16 October
1070:1137352777
947:References
837:Ibn Hisham
675:Banu Nadir
651:Background
351:Succession
291:Christians
229:Diplomatic
2120:872092039
2087:784886690
2051:223374133
2035:. Brill.
1979:. BRILL.
1887:828737664
1776:797916550
1749:872092039
1732:779476694
933:dark moon
829:Al Biruni
817:Latinized
746:Migration
731:Abu Lahab
616:Etymology
607:companion
338:Criticism
114:talk page
51:in Arabic
2022:42636559
1950:Muhammad
1941:57613641
1860:50273853
1806:78788501
1786:(2007).
1662:20847277
1642:20847270
1600:(2005).
1168:(1985),
937:new moon
843:See also
833:Ibn Sa'd
802:Rashidun
775:Abu Bakr
767:Abu Jahl
735:Abu Jahl
727:al-Abbas
683:Banu Aws
610:Abu Bakr
553:Muhammad
242:Miracles
224:Military
149:Muhammad
141:a series
139:Part of
90:provide
2056:21 June
1680:(1901).
1618:p. 224.
1012:Jamma'a
904:Muslims
791:Red Sea
760:Quraysh
645:English
627:of the
599:Khazraj
588:Quraysh
567:of the
418:Related
396:Salawat
358:Saqifah
319:Judaism
112:to the
94:in the
53:.
2160:Hijrah
2118:
2108:
2085:
2075:
2049:
2039:
2020:
2010:
1993:
1983:
1966:
1956:
1939:
1929:
1912:
1902:
1885:
1875:
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1831:
1821:
1804:
1794:
1774:
1764:
1747:
1730:
1720:
1660:
1640:
1610:
1364:
1086:, tr.
1068:
1058:
1018:: vii.
870:Rakuba
835:, and
805:Caliph
795:tribes
756:Medina
752:Meccan
708:Medina
666:Medina
641:hājara
637:hajara
629:Arabic
621:Hijrah
561:Medina
544:(from
542:Hegira
535:الهجرة
531:Arabic
527:Hijrah
436:Relics
406:Mawlid
390:Praise
218:Career
201:Hadith
175:Medina
170:Hijrah
1658:JSTOR
1638:JSTOR
1572:Islam
886:Notes
704:Mecca
662:Mecca
633:H-J-R
623:is a
584:Islam
565:epoch
557:Mecca
538:hijra
314:Bible
309:Islam
280:Views
249:Quran
165:Mecca
74:DeepL
2116:OCLC
2106:ISBN
2083:OCLC
2073:ISBN
2058:2023
2047:OCLC
2037:ISBN
2018:OCLC
2008:ISBN
1991:OCLC
1981:ISBN
1964:OCLC
1954:ISBN
1937:OCLC
1927:ISBN
1910:OCLC
1900:ISBN
1883:OCLC
1873:ISBN
1856:OCLC
1846:ISBN
1829:OCLC
1819:ISBN
1802:OCLC
1792:ISBN
1772:OCLC
1762:ISBN
1745:OCLC
1728:OCLC
1718:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1341:2024
1207:2020
1066:OCLC
1056:ISBN
865:Hajj
685:and
677:and
603:Mina
597:and
571:and
525:The
441:Seal
401:Naat
286:Jews
158:Life
88:must
86:You
67:View
2170:622
819:to
771:Ali
712:Aws
595:Aws
559:to
76:or
2156::
2114:.
2098:.
2081:.
2045:.
2016:.
1989:.
1962:.
1935:.
1908:.
1881:.
1854:.
1827:.
1800:.
1770:.
1726:.
1654:23
1652:.
1634:23
1632:.
1539:^
1500:^
1485:^
1420:^
1403:^
1376:^
1332:.
1297:^
1232:^
1215:^
1198:.
1064:.
1050:.
1016:23
1014:.
1010:.
970:^
954:^
831:,
807:,
673:,
664:,
647:.
635:,
612:.
579:.
533::
143:on
2122:.
2089:.
2060:.
2024:.
1997:.
1970:.
1943:.
1916:.
1889:.
1862:.
1835:.
1808:.
1778:.
1751:.
1734:.
1664:.
1644:.
1616:.
1370:.
1343:.
1319:.
1209:.
1181:(
1072:.
977:(
961:(
906:.
529:(
522:.
507:e
500:t
493:v
255:)
251:(
195:)
191:(
123:.
116:.
20:)
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