3046:, Springer, p. 21.: "The issue of al-Aqsa Mosque's location has been subject to much debate within Islam, and even today there are those who believe it is not in Jerusalem at all, according to one claim, the text was meant to refer to the Mosque of the Prophet in al-Madina or in a place close to al-Madina. Another perception is that of the Ja’fari Shiites, who interpret that al-Aqsa is a mosque in heaven. This interpretation reflects the Shiite anti-Umayyad emotions in an attempt to play down the sacredness of Umayyad Jerusalem and to minimize the sanctity of Jerusalem by detaching the qur'anic al-Masjid al-aqsa from the Temple Mount, thus asserting that the Prophet never came to that city, but rather ascended to the heavenly al-Aqsa mosque without ever stopping in bayt al-Maqdis . Apart from depriving Jerusalem of its major attraction for pilgrims, the Shiite traditions offer alternative pilgrimage attractions such as the Shiite holy city of Kufa, as well as Mecca. However, the tradition about Muhammad’s Night Journey to Jerusalem were never suppressed. They were exploited by the Umayyads and continued to be quoted in the
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transported by Jibrīl "directly to the lowest heaven". But sometime "early in
Islamic history" this story of purification and ascension to heaven began to be associated with the story of a night journey (Isrāʾ) by Muhammad from the “sacred place of worship” (Mecca) to the “further place of worship” (Jerusalem). Eventually the night journey came to be combined with Muhammad's purification and ascension, falling between the two in the sequence, so that after his purification Muhammad is "transported in a single night from Mecca to Jerusalem by the winged mythical creature Burāq. From Jerusalem, where the Dome of the Rock now stands, he is accompanied by Jibrīl to heaven, ascending possibly by ladder or staircase (miʿrāj)." This interpretation shares the belief that the Isra' Mecca-to-Jerusalem story does not belong with the other two, according to Yitzhak Reiter.
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stories which are not necessarily accepted as dogma. It was suggested by J. Horovitz that in the early period of Islam there is little justification for assuming that the
Koranic expression in any way referred to Jerusalem. But while Horovitz thought that it referred to a place in heaven, A. Guillaume's careful analysis of the earliest texts (al-Waqidi and al-Azraqi, both in the later second century A.H.) has convincingly shown that the Koranic reference to the masjid al-aqsa applies specifically to al-Ji'ranah, near Mekkah, where there were two sanctuaries (masjid al-adnai and masjid al-aqsa), and where Muhammad so-journed in dha al-qa'dah of the eighth year after the Hijrah.
1633:
to a higher status by God. Joseph is described as the most beautiful man who is like the moon. His presence in the Miʿraj is to show his popularity and how it relates to
Muhammad's. Aaron is described as Muhammad's brother who is older and one of the most beautiful men that Muhammad had met. Again, the love for Aaron by his people relates to Muhammad and his people. Abraham is described with likeness to Muhammad in ways that illustrate him to be Muhammad's father. Jesus is usually linked to John the Baptist, who is not mentioned much. Moses is different than the other prophets that Muhammad meets in that Moses stands as a point of difference rather than similarities.
1802:
1613:. After Muhammad meets with Abraham, he continues on to meet God without Gabriel. God tells Muhammad that his people must pray 50 times a day, but as Muhammad descends back to Earth, he meets Moses who tells Muhammad to go back to God and ask for fewer prayers because 50 is too many. Muhammad goes between Moses and God nine times, until the prayers are reduced to the five daily prayers, which God will reward tenfold. To that again, Moses tells Muhammad to ask for even fewer but Muhammad feels ashamed and says that he is thankful for the five.
50:
1668:(who shows Muhammad what hell looks like). These four angels are met in the beginning of Ibn ʿAbbas' narrative. They are mentioned in other accounts of Muhammad's ascension, but they are not talked about with as much detail as Ibn ʿAbbas provides. As the narrative continues, Ibn ʿAbbas focuses mostly on the angels that Muhammad meets rather than the prophets. There are rows of angels that Muhammad encounters throughout heaven, and he even meets certain deeply devoted angels called
2155:, the Jewish population resettled in Jerusalem for a short period of time from AD 614 to 630 and immediately started to restore the temple on the Temple Mount and build synagogues in Jerusalem. After the Jewish population was expelled a second time from Jerusalem and shortly before Heraclius retook the city (AD 630), a small synagogue was already in place on the Temple Mount. This synagogue was reportedly demolished after Heraclius retook Jerusalem.
1944:). Some Muslims celebrate this event by offering optional prayers during this night, and in some Muslim countries, by illuminating cities with electric lights and candles. The celebrations around this day tend to focus on every Muslim who wants to celebrate it. Worshippers gather into mosques and perform prayer and supplication. Some people may pass their knowledge on to others by telling them the story on how Muhammad's heart was purified by the
2087:"Then Gabriel brought a horse (Burraq) to me, which resembled lightning in swiftness and lustre, was of clear white colour, medium in size, smaller than a mule and taller than a (donkey), quick in movement that it put its feet on the farthest limit of the sight. He made me ride it and carried me to Jerusalem. He tethered the Burraq to the ring of that Temple to which all the Prophets in Jerusalem used to tether their beasts..."
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usually seen in ascension narratives. Ibn ʿAbbas may have left out the meeting of the prophets and the encounter with Moses that led to the reduction of daily prayers because those events were already written elsewhere. Whether he included that in his original narrative or if it was added by a later translator is unknown, but often a point of contention when discussing Ibn ʿAbbas's
Primitive Version.
1672:. These angels instill fear in Muhammad, but he later sees them as God's creation, and therefore not harmful. Other important details that Ibn ʿAbbas adds to the narrative are the Heavenly Host Debate, the Final Verses of the Cow Chapter, and the Favor of the Prophets. These important topics help to outline the greater detail that Ibn ʿAbbas uses in his Primitive Version.
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1656:' Primitive Version narrates all that Muhammad encounters throughout his journey through heaven. This includes seeing other angels, and seas of light, darkness, and fire. With Gabriel as his companion, Muhammad meets four key angels as he travels through the heavens. These angels are the Rooster angel (whose call influences all earthly roosters),
402:
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Many sects and offshoots belonging to
Islamic mysticism interpret Muhammad's night ascent – the Isra and Miʿraj – to be an out-of-body experience through nonphysical environments, unlike the Sunni Muslims or mainstream Islam. The mystics claim Muhammad was transported to the farthest place of worship
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was that
Muhammad's body could reach God to a proximity that even the greatest saints could only reach in spirit. They debated whether Muhammad had really seen the Lord and if he did, whether he did so with his eyes or with his heart. Nevertheless, Muhammad's superiority is again demonstrated in that
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is described first as being
Muhammad's father, which establishes a link between them as first and last prophets. Physical descriptions of Adam show him as tall and handsome with long hair. Idris, who is not mentioned as much as the other prophets Muhammad meets, is described as someone who was raised
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Some narratives also record events that preceded the heavenly ascent. Some scholars believe that the opening of
Muhammad's chest was a cleansing ritual that purified Muhammad before he ascended into heaven. Muhammad's chest was opened up and water of Zamzam was poured on his heart giving him wisdom,
1792:
Another question (more than an interpretation) is whether Isra' and Mi'raj originally belonged together. According to
Britannica, in "the earliest interpretations of the Miʿrāj", while he is in the Kaʿbah in Mecca, Muhammad's body is cut open by the angel Jibrīl, cleansed and purified, before being
1725:
The
Subtleties of the Ascension by Abu ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Sulami includes repeated quotations from other mystics that also affirm the superiority of Muhammad. Many Sufis interpreted the Miʿraj to ask questions about the meaning of certain events within the Miʿraj, and drew conclusions based on their
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In an attempt to reestablish Ibn ʿAbbas as authentic, it seems as though a translator added the descent of Muhammad and the meeting with the prophets. The narrative only briefly states the encounters with the prophets, and does so in a way that is in chronological order rather than the normal order
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and the poet-scholar who personified poetic Sufism in South Asia, used the event of the Miʿraj to conceptualize an essential difference between a prophet and a Sufi. He recounts that Muhammad, during his Miʿraj journey, visited the heavens and then eventually returned to the temporal world. Iqbal
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who asserted that if he (Gangohi) had had that experience, he would never have returned to this world. Iqbal uses Gangohi's spiritual aspiration to argue that while a saint or a Sufi would not wish to renounce the spiritual experience for something this-worldly, a prophet is a prophet precisely
1619:
is a classic and authentic source for Islamic research. His description of the Miʿraj is just as simplified as the description given above, which is where other narratives and hadiths of the Miʿraj stem from, as well as word of mouth. While this is the simplest description of the Miʿraj, others
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Bevan has shown that among early traditionists there are many who do not accept the identification of the masjid al-aqsa, and among them are to be found such great names as al-Bukhari and Tabari. Both Ibn Ishaq an al-Ya'qubi precede their accounts with expressions which indicate that these are
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One strict salafi source, Islam Question and Answer insists Some sources insists "there is nothing" in any sahih hadith (sound hadith) to indicate that the Isra’ and Mi’raaj "took place in Rajab or in any other month", and even if there were it shouldn't be celebrated because Muhammad and his
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even in the extreme proximity of the Lord, "his eye neither swerved nor was turned away," whereas Moses had fainted when the Lord appeared to him in a burning bush. Various thinkers used this point to prove the superiority of Muhammad. (The source for Moses' having fainted is in surah
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belief, and other necessary characteristics to help him in his ascent. This purification is also seen in the trial of the drinks. It is debated when it took place—before or after the ascent—but either way it plays an important role in determining Muhammad's spiritual righteousness.
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And ˹remember, O Prophet˺ when We told you, "Certainly your Lord encompasses the people." And We have made what We brought you to see as well as the cursed tree ˹mentioned˺ in the Quran only as a test for the people. We keep warning them, but it only increases them greatly in
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is described in several sahih hadith as "white" and "bigger than a donkey and smaller than a mule". Although hadith seldom if ever explicitly describe the Buraq as having wings or a human face, Near Eastern and Persian art typically portrays it as having one.
1580:
There are different accounts of what occurred during the Miʿraj, but most narratives have the same elements: Muhammad ascends into heaven with the angel Gabriel and meets a different prophet at each of the seven levels of heaven; first
1514:, the traditional heavenly mount of the prophets. Buraq carried Muhammad to the "farthest place of worship". Muhammad alighted, tethered Buraq and performed prayer, where on God's command he was tested by Gabriel. It was told by
1415:
Glory be to the One Who took His servant ˹Muḥammad˺ by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs. Indeed, He alone is the All-Hearing,
1971:. The normative view amongst Sunni Muslims who ascribe a specific date to the event is that it took place on the 27th of Rajab, slightly over a year before Hijrah. This would correspond to the 26th of February 621 in the
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must pray fifty times per day; however, Moses told Muhammad that it was very difficult for the people and urged Muhammad to ask for a reduction, until finally it was reduced to five times per day.
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mentions some alternative interpretations among some Muslim sects in the 21st century which dispute that the night journey took place in Jerusalem, believing instead it was either in the
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The revelation of the Qur'an to Muhammad his Night Journey, an out-of-body experience where the prophet was miraculously taken to Jerusalem on the back of a mythical bird (buraq)....
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503:, the majority of Islamic scholars claim that the journey was both a physical and spiritual one. Islamic tradition believes a brief mention of the story is found in the 17th
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Bremmer, Jan N. "Descents to hell and ascents to heaven in apocalyptic literature." JJ Collins (Hg.), The Oxford Handbook of Apocalyptic Literature, Oxford (2014): 340-357.
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is the part of the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to the farthest place of worship, though the city is not explicitly mentioned. The journey began when Muhammad was in the
3050:(Qur’an interpretation) collections. The interpretation dating from the Umayyad and Crusader eras, according to which al-Aqsa is in Jerusalem, is the one that prevailed."
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624:(the literary corpus of reported sayings of Muhammad), which form supplements to the Quran. Two hadith sources on the Isra and Miʿraj considered the most reliable are
1402:, was named after the Isra', and the first verse contains a brief description. There is also some information in a later verse, and some scholars say a verse in
2003:("the Far Mosque") and that Muhammad did indeed go to a physical location. Minority Muslim groups have also regarded the journey as an out-of-body experience.
3186:
Reiter, Yitzhak. "The Elevation in Sanctity of al-Aqsa and al-Quds." Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008. 11-35.
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that Muhammad said: "Jibra'il brought me a vessel of wine, a vessel of water and a vessel of milk, and I chose the milk. Jibra'il said: 'You have chosen the
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Israeli Political Scientist Yitzhak Reiter also claimed that the location being in Jerusalem was a tradition invented after Muhmmad's life by the
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2263:. According to Brooke Vuckovic, early Muslims may have had precisely this ascent in mind when interpreting Muhammad's night journey. In the
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1568:– a holy tree in the seventh heaven that Gabriel was not allowed to pass. According to Islamic tradition, God instructed Muhammad that
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Vuckovic, Brooke Olson. Heavenly journeys, earthly concerns: the legacy of the mi'raj in the formation of Islam. Routledge, 2004, 46.
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Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns: The Legacy of the Mi'raj in the Formation of Islam (Religion in History, Society and Culture)
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on the 27th of Rajab (the date varying in the Western calendar) celebrating the Isra and Miʿraj. Another name for the holiday is
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589:(ritual prayer) from 50 a day to only five. The story of the journey and ascent are marked as one of the most celebrated in the
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was in Jerusalem, and believe it was somewhere other than Jerusalem. This arises from the belief that there's no evidence of a
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2075:(founded in AD 661), a quadrangular mosque for a capacity of 3,000 worshipers is recorded somewhere on the Haram ash-Sharif.
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The belief that Muhammad made the heavenly journey bodily was used to prove the unique status of Muhammad. One theory among
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because he returns with a force so powerful that he changes world history by imbuing it with a creative and fresh thrust.
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The general consensus of modern Muslim scholars is that the Isra' and Mi'raj were specific to a physical place called
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The events of Isra and Miʿraj are mentioned briefly in the Quran and then further expanded and interpreted within the
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1959:, built several decades after Muhammad's death, marks the place from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to
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Traditions of living persons ascending to heaven are also found in early Jewish and Christian literature. In the
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in Islamic tradition calquing the Jewish name for the Temple) as well as the general area of the site, i.e. the
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Colby, Frederick (2002). "The Subtleties of the Ascension: al-Sulami on the Miraj of the Prophet Muhammad".
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3546:(2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol II, pp. 420–425.
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2151:, respectively, the latter more than five centuries before Muhammad's life. After the initially successful
1830:, this account purports to be the words of Muhammad himself as recorded by Ibn Abbas. It was translated by
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In the 13th century AD, an account of the Isra' and Mi'raj was translated into several European languages—
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interpretations, especially to substantiate ideas of the superiority of Muhammad over other prophets.
1528:(an Arabic word that literally means "ladder"), Jibra'il took him to the heavens, where he toured the
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1948:, who filled him with knowledge and faith in preparation to enter the seven levels of heaven. After
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1963:. The exact date of the Journey is not clear, but is celebrated as though it took place before the
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Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Teaching the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse
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Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse
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in the verse refers to Jerusalem. Jerusalem is mentioned in later Islamic literature and in the
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1986:. The al-Aqsa Mosque and surrounding area is now the third-holiest place on earth for Muslims.
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include more details about the prophets that Muhammad meets. In accounts written by Muslims,
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near Mecca, basing this on the statement of two near-contemporary medieval Muslim travelers
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2367:; Hermansen, Marcia; Tayob, Abdulkader; Davis, Rochelle; Voll, John Obert, eds. (2003).
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Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns: The Legacy of the Miʿraj in the Formation of Islam
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in Surah Al-Isra 17:1, the consensus of Islamic scholars is that Quranic reference to
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3544:, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God
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2805:(Sahih al-Bukhari 3887, Sahih Muslim 162a, Sahih al-Bukhari 3207, Sahih Muslim 164a)
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Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity, Y. Reiter, Springer, 26 May 2008, p.30
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2507:"The Subtleties of the Ascension: al-Sulamī on the Mi'rāj of the Prophet Muhammad"
523:(the later collections of the reports, teachings, deeds and sayings of Muhammad).
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Ana Echevarría, "Liber scalae Machometi", in David Thomas; Alex Mallett (eds.),
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2992:. Rhinegold Eeligious Studies Study Guide. London, UK: Rhinegold. p. 115.
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1660:(who provides an example of God's power to bring fire and ice in harmony), the
1628:, Ahmad b. Hanbal and others, physical descriptions of the prophets are given.
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Historic Cities of the Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226
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And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety
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And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety
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And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety
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581:(Ascension), where he individually greeted the prophets, and later spoke to
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Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship. Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage
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3:4–4:17), the texts for verse 3:6 state simply that Moses "hid his face" (
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is shown the final judgement of the righteous and unrighteous in heaven.
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History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire
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Illustration of Muhammad on a ladder, from the sole copy of the French
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1664:(who describes the process of death and the sorting of souls), and the
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A Student's Guide to A2 Religious Studies: for the AQA Specification
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636:", but were young boys at the time of Muhammad's journey of Mi'raj.
530:("Night Journey"), Muhammad is said to have traveled on the back of
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companions "did not celebrate it" nor "single it out in any way."
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2255:, describes a tour of heaven given by an angel to the patriarch
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referred to one of two sanctuaries in a Hijazi village known as
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while the Lote Tree was overwhelmed with ˹heavenly˺ splendours!
1192:
492:
1842:'s account of an ascent to heaven and descent to hell in the
1737:
then quotes another South Asian Muslim saint by the name of '
1522:(natural instinct).'" In the second part of the journey, the
2924:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 247–248.
2114:
Regardless however, some figures contest the consensus that
1465:
The ˹Prophet's˺ sight never wandered, nor did it overreach.
489:
485:
2456:"The Miracle of Isra (Night Journey) and Miraj (Ascension"
2097:
Although the city of Jerusalem is not mentioned by any of
1760:, even though "the apostle's body remained where it was."
488:
570–632) took during a single night around the year
27:
Night journey undertaken by Muhammad in Islamic tradition
3552:(1985). "The Prophet's Night Journey and Ascension", in
2946:"The Miraj of Prophet Muhammad in an Ascension Typology"
4062:
Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu
1955:
In Jerusalem on the Temple Mount, the structure of the
1449:
And he certainly saw that ˹angel descend˺ a second time
3225:
The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture
2701:"The Journey to Meet God Almighty by Muhammad—Al-Isra"
3087:
Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History
2741:
The History of al-Tabari volume VI: Muhammad at Mecca
2338:"The Mi'raaj: physical or spiritual? Fatwa No: 83413"
2204:
to divert pilgrimage to either Shi'ite sites such as
1982:, Rajab 27 is the day of Muhammad's first calling or
1907:
1893:
3542:
Colby, Frederick, "Night Journey (Isra & Mi'raj)
1869:
1523:
1489:
1403:
1395:
1387:
463:
4025:
3945:
3635:
3614:
3370:
Jerusalem Today: What Future for the Peace Process?
1468:
He certainly saw some of his Lord's greatest signs.
3556:, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
3342:. Islamic Book Trust: Kuala Lumpur. 1999. p. 113.
2964:Buhlman, William, "The Secret of the Soul", 2001,
2425:
1456:of the most extreme limit ˹in the seventh heaven˺—
4112:Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site
1488:Various hadiths contain much greater detail. The
3197:"Celebrating the night of the Isra' and Mi'raaj"
1459:near which is the Garden of ˹Eternal˺ Residence—
2193:
2084:
1732:, a self-proclaimed intellectual descendant of
1447:
1430:
1413:
1411:also holds information on the Isra and Miʿraj.
4077:Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City
3036:
3034:
3032:
2484:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
2082:reports Muhammad's account of the experience:
2037:built after Muhammad's death in its vicinity.
2017:(both the structure and the city being called
1532:, and spoke with the earlier prophets such as
517:, while details of the story are found in the
4203:
3916:
3767:
3591:
1363:
585:, who agreed to lower the number of required
426:
8:
3528:. Gibraltar, Spain: Dar al-Andalus Limited.
3043:Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity
2776:
2774:
2772:
1967:and after Muhammad's visit to the people of
3433:"The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem"
2670:Vuckovic, Brooke Olson (30 December 2004).
612:means rising, or going up to a high place.
4210:
4196:
4188:
3923:
3909:
3901:
3774:
3760:
3752:
3598:
3584:
3576:
3522:(1980). "Appendix IV: The Night Journey".
3100:"BBC – Religions – Islam: Lailat al Miraj"
2861:. The University of North Carolina Press.
2369:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2219:Similarities to other Abrahamic traditions
1370:
1356:
643:
433:
419:
62:
4042:Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday
3402:The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos
2288:- view of the belief in various religions
542:), where he led other prophets including
3267:. Harvard University Press. p. 14.
3222:Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila Blair (2009).
3134:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
2652:The Meaning of Isra' and Miʿraj in Islam
3406:. Liverpool University Press. pp.
3298:
3296:
3228:. Oxford University Press. p. 76.
2982:Brown, Dennis; Morris, Stephen (2003).
2419:
2417:
2415:
2329:
2308:
2056:. This was rebuilt and expanded by the
2029:"the Sacred Mosque" refers to both the
1290:
1177:
1019:
946:
843:
730:
662:
655:
74:
30:For the 17th chapter of the Quran, see
3140:from the original on 27 September 2007
2825:. State University of New York Press.
2743:. State University of New York Press.
3014:from the original on 10 February 2016
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2243:by a chariot and horses of fire. The
2009:is traditionally associated with the
608:means walking or traveling at night;
7:
3110:from the original on 16 October 2007
3089:, Vol. 4 (Brill, 2012), pp. 425–428.
4132:Hol Day of Sultan Iskandar of Johor
2427:"A night journey through Jerusalem"
2424:Bradlow, Khadija (18 August 2007).
1903:
1865:
458:
3201:Islam Question and Answer, Q.60288
1746:Alternative Muslim interpretations
25:
4147:Sarawak State Governor's Birthday
4142:Malacca State Governor's Birthday
3281:from the original on 15 June 2013
3242:from the original on 15 June 2013
2807:https://sunnah.com/search?q=buraq
2111:as the place of Isra and Miʽraj.
1693::143. In the Biblical narrative (
632:. Both are considered ṣaḥāba or "
4219:
4117:Penang State Governor's Birthday
4016:
3932:
3889:
3783:
1636:Muhammad's beast of burden, the
1337:
400:
388:
4343:Miracles attributed to Muhammad
4137:Sabah State Governor's Birthday
4087:Sultan of Terengganu's Birthday
2984:"Religion and Human Experience"
2781:Vuckovic, Brooke Olsen (2005).
2699:Mahmoud, Omar (25 April 2008).
2208:, or Mecca when it was held by
2153:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
2044:), what would later become the
3636:Other holidays and observances
3261:Oleg Grabar (1 October 2006).
2126:Islamic conquest of the Levant
1952:, food and treats are served.
1564:). Muhammad was then taken to
593:—27th of the Islamic month of
534:(a winged horse-like bird) to
1:
4172:Sultan of Selangor's Birthday
4167:Sultan of Kelantan's Birthday
2705:Muhammad: an evolution of God
2267:, from the first century CE,
2067:. In the reign of the caliph
3790:Public holidays in Indonesia
2920:Schimmel, Annemarie (1985).
2857:Schimmel, Annemarie (1985).
2630:Isra and Mi'raj, The Details
2505:Colby, Frederick S. (2002).
2480:Colby, Frederick S. (2008).
2025:, analogous to how the term
1768:Israeli political scientist
1649:Ibn ʿAbbas Primitive Version
39:Ascent of Muhammad to Heaven
4226:Public holidays in Pakistan
4152:Sultan of Pahang's Birthday
3939:Public holidays in Malaysia
3327:Palestine under the Moslems
2821:Colby, Frederick S (2008).
2552:. chourangi. Archived from
2259:, the great-grandfather of
2052:, the second caliph of the
1908:
1894:
1870:
1524:
1510:) came to him, and brought
1490:
1404:
1396:
1388:
464:
300:Hadith of the pen and paper
4384:
4162:Sultan of Perak's Birthday
4067:Sultan of Johor's Birthday
4047:Sultan of Kedah's Birthday
3130:"WRMEA – Islam in America"
2165:believed that the Quranic
2124:in Jerusalem prior to the
2122:Mosque on the Temple Mount
29:
4232:
4122:Raja of Perlis's Birthday
4014:
3887:
3796:
3726:
3567:Hadith On Isra and Mi'raj
3525:The Message of the Qu'rán
3503:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali
3325:le Strange, Guy. (1890).
2063:in AD 690 along with the
1883:
1838:. It may have influenced
1827:Book of Muhammad's Ladder
1807:Book of Muhammad's Ladder
1715:) or "averted his face" (
1658:Half-Fire Half-Snow angel
634:Companions of the Prophet
469:) are the two parts of a
41:(c. 1539–1543), from the
4358:Shia days of remembrance
3338:Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed.
3160:"Meraj-ul-Alam observed"
2292:Transfiguration of Jesus
2281:Islamic view of miracles
1852:Modern Muslim observance
1751:Mystical interpretations
616:Basis in Islamic sources
3040:Yitzhak Reiter (2008),
2373:Macmillan Reference USA
2214:Second Muslim Civil war
2210:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
1756:and then onward to the
109:After Conquest of Mecca
54:Al-Aqsa Mosque compound
4237:Kashmir Solidarity Day
3866:The Prophet's Birthday
3398:R. W. Thomson (1999).
3302:Elad, Amikam. (1995).
2198:
2143:were destroyed by the
2090:
1809:
1530:seven stages of heaven
1481:
1446:
1429:
295:Companions of Muhammad
133:Milestones and records
60:
4313:Entering heaven alive
4097:Day of Nuzul Al-Quran
4057:Federal Territory Day
3713:Promised Reformer Day
3431:Grabar, Oleg (1959).
3368:Ghada, Karmi (1997).
2628:IslamAwareness.net –
2286:Entering heaven alive
2040:A small prayer hall (
1804:
1764:Alternative locations
195:Splitting of the Moon
52:
4092:First Day of Ramadan
3736:Nation of Islam only
3708:Promised Messiah Day
3513:Encyclopædia Iranica
3340:The Life of Muhammad
3264:The Dome of the Rock
2635:24 July 2009 at the
2363:Martin, Richard C.;
2265:Testament of Abraham
2241:entered heaven alive
2185:Al-masjid al-aqṣā" ,
1836:Bonaventure of Siena
1780:and its vicinity by
1739:Abdul Quddus Gangohi
1680:Sufi interpretations
1666:Guardian of Hellfire
575:ascended into heaven
465:al-’Isrā’ wal-Miʿrāj
407:Biography portal
56:, also known as the
18:Isra and Mi'raj
4328:Islamic terminology
4308:Angelic apparitions
4003:Muhammad's Birthday
3550:Schimmel, Annemarie
3372:. pp. 115–116.
2951:30 May 2012 at the
2365:Arjomand, Saïd Amir
2183:who used the term "
2093:Secular Scholarship
1311:Karagöz and Hacivat
351:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
116:Farewell Pilgrimage
4029:(differ by states)
3741:Ahmadi Muslim only
3383:Kohen, Elli. "5".
3308:BRILL, pp. 29–43.
2944:Brent E. McNeely,
2739:al-Tabari (1989).
2657:6 May 2009 at the
2586:on 25 October 2012
2189:Al-masjid al-Adna"
2054:Rashidun Caliphate
2027:al-Masjid al-Harām
1810:
1788:Of mutating hadith
1554:Yaḥyā ibn Zakarīyā
746:Azerbaijani carpet
253:Medieval Christian
61:
4323:Islamic mythology
4295:
4294:
4272:Eid Milad-un-Nabi
4185:
4184:
3946:National holidays
3898:
3897:
3749:
3748:
3668:Laylat al-Raghaib
3274:978-0-674-02313-0
3235:978-0-19-530991-1
2999:978-1-904226-09-3
2970:978-0-06-251671-8
2931:978-0-8078-1639-4
2868:978-0-8078-1639-4
2832:978-0-7914-7518-8
2763:Sahih al-Bukhari
2718:978-1-4343-5586-7
2685:978-0-415-96785-3
2616:Sahih al-Bukhari
2604:Sahih al-Bukhari
2491:978-0-7914-7518-8
2382:978-0-02-865603-8
2344:. 17 October 2001
2202:Umayyad Caliphate
2168:Al-masjid al-aqṣā
2117:Al-masjid al-aqṣā
2073:Umayyad Caliphate
2007:Al-Masjid al-Aqsā
2001:al-Masjid al-Aqsā
1990:Historical issues
1946:archangel Gabriel
1892:
1874:), also known as
1871:Lailatu 'l-Miʿrāj
1832:Abraham of Toledo
1566:Sidrat al-Muntaha
1380:
1379:
507:(chapter) of the
443:
442:
43:Khamseh of Nizami
16:(Redirected from
4375:
4338:Life of Muhammad
4287:Eid-Miladun-Nabi
4257:Quaid-e-Azam Day
4252:Independence Day
4224:
4223:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4189:
4030:
4020:
3993:Agong's Birthday
3978:Islamic New Year
3953:Chinese New Year
3937:
3936:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3871:Isra' and Mi'raj
3861:Islamic New Year
3851:Independence Day
3811:Chinese New Year
3788:
3787:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3753:
3731:Shia Muslim only
3673:Isra' and Mi'raj
3653:Islamic New Year
3607:Islamic holidays
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3539:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3405:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
2979:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2854:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2550:"isra wal miraj"
2545:
2539:
2538:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2317:
2313:
2239:is said to have
2065:Dome of the Rock
1973:Western calendar
1957:Dome of the Rock
1911:
1905:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1858:Lailat al-Miʿraj
1797:European sources
1587:John the Baptist
1550:John the Baptist
1527:
1504:Archangel Jibrīl
1493:
1479:
1444:
1427:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1344:Islam portal
1342:
1341:
1340:
644:
591:Islamic calendar
499:– 0 BH). Within
467:
460:
459:الإسراء والمعراج
435:
428:
421:
405:
404:
403:
395:Islam portal
393:
392:
391:
375:History of Islam
180:First revelation
63:
21:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4186:
4181:
4072:Isra and Mi'raj
4028:
4027:
4021:
4012:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3899:
3894:
3885:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3750:
3745:
3722:
3631:
3610:
3609:and observances
3604:
3563:
3536:
3518:
3499:
3497:Further reading
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3301:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3060:Zeidan., Adam.
3059:
3058:
3054:
3039:
3030:
3017:
3015:
3000:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2953:Wayback Machine
2943:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2892:10.2307/1596216
2886:(94): 167–183.
2884:Studia Islamica
2881:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2840:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2659:Wayback Machine
2646:
2642:
2637:Wayback Machine
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2576:"Meraj Article"
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2556:on 15 June 2012
2547:
2546:
2542:
2519:10.2307/1596216
2513:(94): 167–183.
2511:Studia Islamica
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:. p. 482.
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2277:
2253:apocryphal work
2221:
2159:French American
2095:
2048:, was built by
2035:Al Haram Mosque
1997:
1992:
1854:
1840:Dante Alighieri
1824:. Known as the
1799:
1790:
1782:Jaf'ari Shi'tes
1766:
1753:
1748:
1682:
1651:
1578:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1376:
1338:
1336:
708:Sudano-Sahelian
657:Islamic culture
642:
618:
603:
540:Noble Sanctuary
479:Islamic prophet
439:
401:
399:
389:
387:
380:
379:
346:
338:
337:
318:
310:
309:
280:
270:
269:
231:
223:
222:
208:
200:
199:
188:Isra and Mi'raj
171:
161:
160:
146:
138:
137:
120:Farewell Sermon
87:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Quranic verses
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4244:
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4230:
4229:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Tadau Kaamatan
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:New Year's Day
4033:
4031:
4026:State holidays
4023:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Day of Silence
3813:
3808:
3806:New Year's Day
3803:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:Laylat al-Qadr
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3561:External links
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3520:Asad, Muhammad
3516:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3471:
3462:
3437:Ars Orientalis
3423:
3416:
3390:
3375:
3360:
3351:
3331:
3318:
3292:
3273:
3253:
3234:
3214:
3188:
3179:
3168:. 4 April 2019
3151:
3121:
3091:
3078:
3052:
3028:
2998:
2974:
2957:
2937:
2930:
2905:
2874:
2867:
2838:
2831:
2810:
2798:
2791:
2768:
2756:
2749:
2731:
2717:
2711:. p. 56.
2691:
2684:
2662:
2640:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2567:
2540:
2497:
2490:
2472:
2446:
2411:
2402:
2388:
2381:
2355:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2235:, the prophet
2220:
2217:
2141:second temples
2104:masjid al-aqṣā
2094:
2091:
2046:Al-Aqsa Mosque
2019:Bayt al-Maqdis
1996:
1995:Jerusalem site
1993:
1991:
1988:
1940:(also spelled
1938:Mehraj-ul-Alam
1934:Muslim holiday
1853:
1850:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1770:Yitzhak Reiter
1765:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1730:Muhammad Iqbal
1681:
1678:
1662:Angel of Death
1650:
1647:
1577:
1574:
1516:Anas ibn Malik
1506:(or Jibrāʾīl,
1485:
1482:
1470:
1435:
1418:
1378:
1377:
1375:
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1360:
1352:
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891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
848:
847:
841:
840:
839:
838:
833:
831:Turkish carpet
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:Persian carpet
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Arabian carpet
735:
734:
728:
727:
726:
725:
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710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
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667:
666:
660:
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641:
638:
626:Anas ibn Malik
617:
614:
602:
599:
573:Muhammad then
441:
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397:
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38:
26:
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4380:
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4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
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4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Youm-e-Takbir
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
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4227:
4222:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4199:
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4190:
4178:
4177:Christmas Eve
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
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4153:
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4019:
4009:
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3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Pancasila Day
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Ascension Day
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:Joint holiday
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3718:Caliphate Day
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Eid al-Ghadir
3696:
3694:
3693:Saviours' Day
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Day of Ashura
3646:
3644:
3643:Day of Arafah
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3555:
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3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
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3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3417:9780853235644
3413:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3391:
3387:. p. 36.
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:983-9154-11-7
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:90-04-10010-5
3311:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3203:. 25 May 2014
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3165:Tribune India
3161:
3155:
3152:
3139:
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3131:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
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3056:
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3049:
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3037:
3035:
3033:
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3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
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2839:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2792:0-415-96785-6
2788:
2785:. Routledge.
2784:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2750:0-88706-706-9
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
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2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
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2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2613:
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2607:
2601:
2598:
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2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
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2476:
2473:
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2457:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:Surah Al-Isra
2392:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
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2287:
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2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:Second Temple
2246:
2245:Book of Enoch
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Old Testament
2230:
2226:
2225:Book of Kings
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
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2138:
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2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
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2105:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2088:
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2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:Meraj-ul-Alam
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:Miraç Kandili
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1876:Shab-e-Mi'raj
1872:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1845:Divine Comedy
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1758:Seven Heavens
1750:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
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1700:
1696:
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1655:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:, and lastly
1608:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
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1563:
1559:
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1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
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1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1474:Surah An-Najm
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1439:Surah Al-Isra
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:Surah Al-Isra
1417:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1392:
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1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Mappilappattu
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Gendang beleq
1206:
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1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
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1048:
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1045:Crimean Tatar
1043:
1041:
1038:
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789:
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782:
779:
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776:Iznik pottery
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
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471:Night Journey
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3870:
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3571:Sahih Muslim
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3329:, pp. 80–98.
3326:
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3303:
3283:. Retrieved
3263:
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3244:. Retrieved
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2342:Islamweb.net
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2332:
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2229:Hebrew Bible
2222:
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512:
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4127:Sarawak Day
4107:Gawai Dayak
4082:Good Friday
3983:Merdeka Day
3973:Eid al-Adha
3968:Eid al-Fitr
3881:Eid al-Adha
3876:Eid al-Fitr
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3678:Mid-Sha'ban
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260:Historicity
4302:Categories
4247:Labour Day
3958:Labour Day
3831:Labour Day
3535:1904510000
3207:15 October
3071:15 October
3066:Britannica
3018:10 January
2465:14 October
2348:14 October
2324:References
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1654:Ibn ʿAbbas
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3856:Christmas
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3008:257342107
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2247:, a late
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2099:its names
2015:Jerusalem
1932:, is the
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1699:Masoretic
1626:Ibn Ishaq
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1576:The Miraj
1454:Lote Tree
1433:defiance.
1301:Bangsawan
1278:Talempong
1090:Malaysian
962:al-Ghadir
894:Jellabiya
884:Headscarf
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640:The Quran
511:, called
265:Criticism
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3505:(2010).
3279:Archived
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1471:—
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649:a series
647:Part of
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1900:Persian
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1961:heaven
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1100:Malian
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1075:Kazakh
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2303:Notes
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