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727:. The Avila Camacho brothers shared ill health, and Maximino died in February 1945, following a banquet. His death averted a possible political crisis of succession. "There were some who wondered whether something more than seasoning had been added to Maximino's food" the day he died. Among the civilians were Javier Rojo Gómez, the head of government of the Federal District; Marte R. Gómez, Secretary of Agriculture; Dr. Gustavo Baz, secretary of Health; and
712:
848:
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defeating former foreign minister
Ezequiel Padilla. He became the first non-military candidate to win the presidency of Mexico, although he was the son of a revolutionary army general. His own skills within the party that brought him the post of Ministry of the Interior played a key role in his selection. There was no violence surrounding the election and the transfer of power took place peacefully.
1189:
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443:
635:. He won two notable legal victories in representing workers against corporations—the first was in securing compensation for dependents of railroad workers who were killed in revolutionary battles, the second was to gain indemnities for miners injured at work. These victories gained him considerable favor with Mexico's labor unions.
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rightward turn of the party and the government. Among those who supported Henríquez were the
Mexican ambassador to the U.S.; an ex-governor of the important state of Mexico; and a number of military officers. He gathered further support from some students, peasant groups, and discontented workers. According to historian
1076:(1940–46). But in contrast to Calles, Cárdenas stepped away from power, and Avila Camacho was a fully empowered president. When the rumors of Alemán surfaced about seeking to hold onto power, Cárdenas vigorously objected, so although he did not directly take part in politics, he maintained a level of influence.
1104:
ran as well. In the end, the PRI defeated the opposition parties, taking 74.3% of votes cast, but opposition parties on the left and right showed that the PRI was not completely dominant. This election was the last until the election in 2000 with an open PRI campaign prior to president revealing his
656:
Alemán started public service with a relatively minor appointment as legal adviser to the
Secretary of Agriculture and Livestock (1928–30). Other positions followed, including the Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration in 1930. In 1933, he served as the President of the Unifying Committee for
474:
and Tomasa Valdés
Ledezma. Both had been married before, with Alemán González having a son by his first wife. They had two sons together, Carlos and Miguel. The family lived in straitened circumstances, with Miguel remembering when he was young that when huaraches hurt his feet, he would urinate on
774:
He followed the pattern established by Lázaro Cárdenas's campaign in 1934, so that Alemán campaigned in all parts of the country, a means by which the candidate sees all areas of the republic and voters make contact with the candidate. He was the winner of the elections held on 7 July of that year,
1079:
Unlike the peaceful change of power in 1946, 1952 was another contested presidential election. Career military officer Miguel Henríquez Guzmán sought to be the candidate of the PRI. Henriquez was backed by some important politicians, including members of the Cárdenas family, who objected to the
791:
Alemán was inaugurated as
President of the Republic on 1 December 1946 and served until 1952, when barred from running from re-election, he returned to civilian life. He was enormously popular prior to his presidency and in his early years as president, but lost support in the waning days of his
859:
Alemán directed government spending to state-sponsored industrial development and reduced military spending as had his predecessors. That development included investments in infrastructure, especially public works. Dam-building helped control flooding, expand irrigation, which allowed for the
799:
in Mexico and was very friendly toward business. This stance on economic development was a key reason he was tapped to be the party's candidate rather than possible candidates with ideas similar to Cárdenas'. This period of rapid growth and industrialization has been dubbed the
722:
President Avila
Camacho chose Alemán as the official candidate of the party in 1945, running for president in 1946. There were many possibilities for the president to choose among, both civilian and military, including Avila Camacho's older brother,
649:
936:
564:(UNAM) until 1928, completing his law degree with his thesis on occupational diseases and accidents among workers. At UNAM, he was the leader of a group of classmates, all of whom went on the prominence in Mexican life. They included
414:
1072:. However, Cárdenas won the power struggle with Calles, exiling him. When Cárdenas's term was nearing its end in 1940, he did continue the tradition of the president choosing his successor and picked the more conservative
528:
Young Miguel had experienced first-hand the disruption of the impacts of the continuing violence in Mexico. Alemán's schooling was sporadic in his early years, because of needing to move frequently; he attended schools in
834:, Héctor Pérez Martínez; Secretary of Public works, Ángel Carvajal; and Secretary of Labor, both Manuel Ramirez Vázquez and Andrés Serra Rojas had all been part of his close-knit group from the Faculty of Law at UNAM.
731:, Secretary of Foreign Relations, and Alemán, who headed the most powerful ministry. Military men were also strong contenders, and all previous post-revolutionary presidents had participated in the Mexican Revolution.
1129:
Alemán accumulated a fortune during his lifetime. In his post-presidential years, he directed Mexico's tourism agency and a significant figure in the ownership of
Mexican media, including the large television channel
2337:
920:
would mark his administration, however, and this would shape the relationship of politics and big business in Mexico until the present day. His successful economic policy led to talk about the
430:, but also for a high level of personal enrichment for himself and his associates. His presidency was the first of a new generation of Mexican leaders who had not directly participated in the
1042:), there were rumors that Alemán wanted to hold onto power and the a constitutional amendment to allow re-election or extension of his existing term was in the works. The PRI party founder,
2362:
875:
Extending the nation's rail network, building and improving highways brought remote regions into the national economy. In Mexico City an existing airfield was enlarged and became the
2357:
882:
1134:. In politics, he was the leader of the right wing of the PRI. In 1961, he was named the president of the national tourist commission, and was influential in bringing the
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He recalled his father advised him of "the usefulness of returning to my studies and choosing an occupation more stable than the military." Alemán did that, attending the
944:
During his administration the close relationship with the US developed during World War II continued, although he refused to send
Mexican troops to participate in the
1912:
1282:
Camp, Roderic Ai. "Education and political recruitment in México: the Alemán generation." Journal of
Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 18.3 (1976): 295–321.
1096:
mobilized their hundreds of thousands of members behind Ruiz. The PRI offered an opening to some
Catholics, which was aimed at undermining the candidate for the
830:
members were similar in profile to the president himself, relatively young and without military experience, and highly educated, with personal ties to him. His
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after directing Ávila's national presidential campaign. As Secretary of the Interior during World War II, he dealt with Axis espionage and the clerical fascist
2347:
1554:
2342:
2332:
1038:, with a reputation for honesty and probity, a sharp contrast to his own record of considerable self-enrichment in office. Before the announcement (
895:
561:
1292:
Gil, Jorge, Samuel Schmidt, and Jorge Castro. "La red de poder mexicana. El caso de Miguel Alemán." Revista Mexicana de Sociología (1993): 103–117.
1034:
In party tradition, Alemán designated his successor as PRI presidential candidate—and the foregone expectation of the next president. He selected
761:(CTM). Avila Camacho paved the way with the military for Mexico's first civilian president in the modern era. Prior to the summer election, the
825:
2007:
796:
1084:, Alemán was in contact with former President Cárdenas, warning that the Henríquez challenge was a danger to the new system. Alemán chose
148:
924:, but only a small elite benefited from economic growth. His administration took an anti-communist stance and supported the US during the
673:
was assassinated, Alemán accepted appointment as governor from 1936 to 1939. The appointment can be seen as a political reward from the
2367:
1905:
831:
682:
1319:
Sanchez, Mario Raul Mijares. Mexico: the Genesis of Its Political Decomposition:(Miguel Alemán Valdés: 1936 to 1952). Palibrio, 2013.
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Miguel Alemán Valdés, president of Mexico (left) and Harry S. Truman, president of the United States (right) in Washington, D.C.
542:
860:
expansion of large-scale agriculture, and provided hydroelectric power. In 1947 he initiated a huge project in the state of
715:
Logo of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Alemán was the first president of the modern iteration of the party founded by
2352:
1097:
514:, Alemán González continued in opposition to the government. He was implicated in the murder of one of Obregón's commanders,
2022:
1992:
1972:
1967:
661:, which brought him into prominence. He then served as a Senator from his home state of Veracruz 1934–36, representing the
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2002:
1898:
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against the Díaz regime. In 1920 the family moved to Mexico City, but with the accession to power of the Sonoran generals
382:
2093:
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2047:
471:
549:
1285:
Camp, Roderic Ai. "The Revolution’s Second Generation: The Miracle, 1946-1982 and Collapse of the PRI, 1982-2000.”."
820:
434:, and many in his cabinet were also young, university-educated civilians, close friends from his days at university.
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1942:
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2113:
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887:
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2065:
525:, and was on the run. The general met his end in March 1929 in a hail of bullets, probably committing suicide.
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2017:
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235:
129:
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them to soften the leather. His father, Miguel Alemán González, began fighting before the outbreak of the
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that attracted an estimated 600,000 well-wishers. Internationally, he signed peace agreements with
963:. Its stated mission was "preserving the internal stability . . . against all forms of subversion".
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1982:
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1555:"The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists"
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to state status. Also during his term, he asserted power by forced imposition of state governors.
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69:
1932:
1159:
476:
431:
2256:
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1977:
1957:
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419:; 29 September 1900 – 14 May 1983) was a Mexican politician who served a full term as the
898:(UNAM) in the south of the city, moving it from its previous location in downtown Mexico City.
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Latin American Collection, University of Texas Libraries, the University of Texas at Austin,
1068:. He had expected his control to continue during the presidency of his hand-picked candidate
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1987:
1937:
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His administration was characterized by Mexico's rapid industrialization, often called the
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from 1946 to 1952, the first civilian president after a string of revolutionary generals.
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As a successful attorney, his first practice was in representing miners suffering from
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479:, a so-called "precursor" in a region of Veracruz state. He avidly read the tracts of
2326:
1720:
1362:
1194:
1143:
967:
534:
1241:
Vicente Lombardo Toledano y Miguel Alemán: Una bifurcación en la Revolución mexicana
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had remained the power behind the presidency in the six years after president-elect
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451:
38:
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1882:
Alemán Valdés, Miguel. Remembranzas y testimonios. Mexico City: Grijalbo 1987.
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17:
1699:
Smith, Peter H. "Mexico Since 1946: Dynamics of an Authoritarian Regime" in
1118:
632:
1703:, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 339-40
783:
442:
1249:. "Education and Political Recruitment in Mexico: The Alemán Generation,"
940:
Banner in Washington, D.C. welcoming Alemán on his official visit in 1947.
1324:
Historia de la Revolución Mexicana, 1940-1952: Hacia la utopia industrial
1174:
1131:
1050:'s assassination in 1928. That power void had led to the creation of the
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952:
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909:
530:
467:
1890:
1265:
1092:(unveiling of the official candidate), the CTM under the leadership of
1004:
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538:
42:
1261:
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He played a major role in the development and support of the city of
861:
1314:
El sexenio alemanista. Ideologíaí y praxis política de Miguel Alemán
483:, of the Mexican Liberal Party and opposed the repressive regime of
1769:
Dirección Federal de Seguridad (Mexico) Security Reports, 1970-1977
1142:
in 1964, which celebrates the bi-national friendliness between the
1666:
Proceedings of University Seminar on Pollution and Water Resources
1112:
1026:
Former President Miguel Alemán Valdés meeting with Prime Minister
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710:
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1447:. Second edition. Tucson: University of Tucson Press 1982, p. 10.
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during the intra-party struggle. From 1940 to 1945, he served as
487:. Alemán González left his family with his parents to fight with
30:"Miguel Aleman" redirects here. For other people and places, see
1234:
Sons of the Mexican Revolution: Miguel Alemán and His Generation
1894:
1056:, and Calles called the shots during three the presidencies of
868:
in 1955. In 1951 he oversaw completion of the diversion of the
1100:, Efraín González Luna. Marxist politician and labor leader,
1795:"Mexico Since 1946: Dynamics of an Authoritarian Regime" in
1861:
1779:"Aleman Greeted by Huge Throngs in Washington", AP Report,
1722:
Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
757:
were in consideration. Alemán received the backing of the
1763:
Dirección Federal de Seguridad (Mexico) Security Reports,
1138:
to Mexico. In addition, he was the first president of the
872:, bringing to an end Mexico City's water supply problems.
545:, where he first learned English and became fluent in it.
1838:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1995, vol. 1, p. 54.
1803:, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 344.
1647:, vol. 4, p. 20. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
605:, who became rector of UNAM during Alemán's presidency;
795:
As president he pushed the program of state-supported
1608:"Aleman Takes Oath Today, First Civilian Executive",
2338:
Candidates in the 1946 Mexican presidential election
568:; Manuel Sánchez Cuen, who served as subdirector of
1236:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2016.
1173:is the CEO of Grupo Alemán (Galem), which included
894:His administration also built a new campus for the
446:Mexican president Miguel Alemán Valdés and his son
378:
343:
333:
323:
313:
296:
276:
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229:
211:
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89:
60:
1836:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1645:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1251:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
912:as an international tourist destination. Rampant
816:Alemán Valdés (front row, center) and his cabinet.
1525:. New York: Oxford University Press 1963, p. 158.
665:(an earlier name of the party later known as the
1379:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 157-58.
2363:National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
1851:, vol. 1, p. 39. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn.
1599:Smith, Peter H. "Mexico Since 1946", pp. 338-39
49: and the second or maternal family name is
2358:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
1906:
1659:"Some Problems of the Papaloapan River Basin"
1553:Flores, González; Gustavo, José (June 2015).
886:New campus of the National University in the
541:. For a time, he worked at the British-owned
8:
1834:Camp, Roderic Ai. "Miguel Alemán Valdés" in
1535:
1533:
1531:
1351:Official website of the Presidency of Mexico
1256:Camp, Roderic Ai. "Miguel Alemán Valdés" in
1088:as the PRI candidate. Once announced in the
560:. He then went to the School of Law at the
1913:
1899:
1891:
1847:Jones, Errol D. "Miguel Alemán Valdés" in
1713:
1711:
1709:
1643:Gentleman, Judith ""Mexico Since 1910" in
1523:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960
1401:
1399:
1363:"Miguel Alemán | president of Mexico"
1287:A Companion to Mexican History and Culture
787:Miguel Alemán Valdés. President of Mexico.
556:from 1920 to 1925, founding the newspaper
466:Alemán was born in Sayula in the state of
68:
57:
1377:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution 1940-1960
1326:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1979.
1590:, New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 500.
1445:Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-1981
1258:Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-1981
647:
1343:
1002:and worked with the US on the issue of
371: 1931; died 1981)
225:1 December 1936 – 6 April 1939
161:1 December 1940 – 18 June 1945
1825:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" pp. 344-346
864:, culminating with the opening of the
112: – 30 November 1952
626:Confederación de Cámaras Industriales
406:
27:President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952
7:
1316:. Mexico City: Edicisiones Era 1990.
966:He negotiated a major loan from the
901:In 1952 his administration elevated
2348:Mexican secretaries of the interior
1162:. In 1987, his memoirs, entitled
2343:Mexican people of Asturian descent
1621:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 343
25:
2333:20th-century presidents of Mexico
1203:Institutional Revolutionary Party
970:in 1947. Alemán and US President
877:Mexico City International Airport
769:Institutional Revolutionary Party
764:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana
338:Institutional Revolutionary Party
328:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
2281:
1390:"Mexico - World War II, 1941–45"
1302:. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
1208:List of heads of state of Mexico
1187:
994:, had a hand in a truce between
759:Confederation of Mexican Workers
677:administration for helping oust
470:, the son of revolutionary Gen.
1406:Current Biography 1946 Yearbook
1053:Partido Nacional Revolucionario
663:Party of the Mexican Revolution
543:Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company
368:
1253:18 no. 3 (Aug. 1976): 295–321.
959:to support and cooperate with
572:in the Alemán administration;
32:Miguel Alemán (disambiguation)
1:
1632:Mexican Political Biographies
1510:Mexican Political Biographies
1497:Mexican Political Biographies
1484:Mexican Political Biographies
1471:Mexican Political Biographies
1229:. Mexico City: Grijalbo 1987.
1018:1952 Mexican general election
707:1946 Mexican general election
383:National University of Mexico
75:
1657:Gerardo Cruickshank (1972).
851:Miguel Alemán Valdés in the
41:, the first or paternal
2267:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1993:Francisco Javier Echeverría
1973:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1686:"Water, Water Everywhere",
1117:Statue of Miguel Alemán in
951:In 1947, on the eve of the
550:National Preparatory School
2414:
2119:Francisco León de la Barra
1588:Mexico: Biography of Power
1458:Mexico: Biography of Power
1432:Mexico: Biography of Power
1419:Mexico: Biography of Power
1300:Mexico: Biography of Power
1227:Remembranzas y testimonios
1164:Remembranzas y testimonios
1015:
704:
611:Fondo de Cultura Económica
609:, who was director of the
594:; Manuel Ramírez Vázquez;
450:signing the guest book at
36:
29:
2368:Politicians from Veracruz
2290:
2279:
2242:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
2094:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
1928:
1797:Mexico since Independence
1701:Mexico Since Independence
1243:. Mexico City: UNAM 1994.
1102:Vicente Lombardo Toledano
955:, he created the Mexican
832:Secretary of the Interior
755:Francisco Castillo Nájera
683:Secretary of the Interior
393:
267:
218:
154:
149:Secretary of the Interior
104:1 December 1946
97:
85:
67:
2189:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
1814:La sucesión presidencial
1812:Cosío Villegas, Daniel,
1718:Coerver, Don M. (2004).
961:CIA operations in Mexico
669:). When governor-elect
314:Cause of death
2398:Mexican Roman Catholics
2393:Mexican anti-communists
2159:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
2038:Manuel María Lombardini
2003:José Joaquín de Herrera
1864:. Mr. Amigo Association
1783:, April 30, 1947, p. 1.
1225:Alemán Valdés, Miguel.
957:DFS intelligence agency
733:Miguel Henriquez Guzmán
671:Manlio Favio Altamirano
607:Antonio Carrillo Flores
408:[miˈɣelaleˈman]
2114:Manuel González Flores
2033:Juan Bautista Ceballos
1862:"About Us - Mr. Amigo"
1849:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1612:, Dec. 1, 1946, p. 12.
1239:Bernal Tavares, Luis.
1126:
1031:
941:
891:
856:
817:
788:
725:Maximino Ávila Camacho
719:
653:
472:Miguel Alemán González
463:
455:
404:Spanish pronunciation:
236:Ignacio Herrera Tejeda
74:Miguel Alemán Valdés,
2353:Governors of Veracruz
2174:Plutarco Elías Calles
2139:Francisco S. Carvajal
2071:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1968:Valentín Gómez Farías
1816:. Mexico 1975, p. 112
1668:. Columbia University
1270:University of Arizona
1171:Miguel Alemán Velasco
1156:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
1154:celebrations held in
1140:Mr. Amigo Association
1116:
1105:choice of successor.
1098:National Action Party
1082:Daniel Cosío Villegas
1066:Abelardo L. Rodríguez
1044:Plutarco Elías Calles
1025:
1016:Further information:
939:
885:
850:
815:
786:
717:Plutarco Elías Calles
714:
705:Further information:
679:Plutarco Elías Calles
659:Plutarco Elías Calles
651:
615:Alfonso Noriega Cantú
574:Héctor Pérez Martínez
566:Ángel Carvajal Bernal
512:Plutarco Elías Calles
461:
448:Miguel Alemán Velasco
445:
438:Early life and career
318:Myocardial infarction
255:Fernando Casas Alemán
180:Ignacio García Téllez
2212:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2207:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2202:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2154:Roque González Garza
2053:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
2018:Pedro María de Anaya
1963:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1953:Anastasio Bustamante
1943:José María Bocanegra
1922:Presidents of Mexico
1726:. ABC-CLIO. p.
1690:, September 17, 1951
1136:1968 Summer Olympics
1086:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
1074:Manuel Avila Camacho
1036:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
974:rode in a parade in
914:political corruption
888:Ciudad Universitaria
779:Presidency 1946-1952
744:Jesús Agustín Castro
742:, Enrique Calderón,
691:Manuel Ávila Camacho
498:, the son-in-law of
481:Ricardo Flores Magón
400:Miguel Alemán Valdés
213:Governor of Veracruz
169:Manuel Ávila Camacho
142:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
130:Manuel Ávila Camacho
62:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2296:President of Mexico
2237:Miguel de la Madrid
2232:José López Portillo
2217:Adolfo López Mateos
2184:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2164:Adolfo de la Huerta
2144:Venustiano Carranza
2124:Francisco I. Madero
2099:José María Iglesias
2066:Félix María Zuloaga
1610:San Antonio Express
1331:El México de Alemán
1232:Alexander, Ryan M.
1062:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
896:National University
562:National University
504:Adolfo de la Huerta
500:Venustiano Carranza
421:President of Mexico
92:President of Mexico
2262:Enrique Peña Nieto
2222:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2081:José Ignacio Pavón
2013:José Mariano Salas
1933:Guadalupe Victoria
1781:Joplin (Mo.) Globe
1456:quoted in Krauze,
1443:Camp, Roderic Ai.
1166:, were published.
1160:Brownsville, Texas
1146:and Mexico in the
1127:
1032:
942:
892:
857:
818:
789:
720:
654:
585:Andrés Serra Rojas
477:Mexican Revolution
464:
456:
432:Mexican Revolution
292:, Veracruz, Mexico
199:Primo Villa Michel
2320:
2319:
2307:Emperor of Mexico
2274:(President-elect)
2272:Claudia Sheinbaum
2179:Emilio Portes Gil
2149:Eulalio Gutiérrez
2134:Victoriano Huerta
2058:Ignacio Comonfort
2023:Manuel de la Peña
1998:Valentín Canalizo
1765:Nettie Lee Benson
1521:Cline, Howard F.
1375:Cline, Howard F.
1152:Sombrero Festival
1058:Emilio Portes Gil
866:Miguel Alemán Dam
797:industrialization
596:Luis Garrido Díaz
397:
396:
287:29 September 1900
16:(Redirected from
2405:
2285:
2284:
1983:José Justo Corro
1938:Vicente Guerrero
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1858:
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1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:, pp. 10-11, 246
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
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1600:
1597:
1591:
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1393:
1386:
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1373:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1329:Wise, George S.
1322:Torres, Blanca.
1289:(2011): 468-479.
1260:Second edition.
1247:Camp, Roderic Ai
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1012:Election of 1952
918:crony capitalism
829:
821:Alemán's cabinet
752:
741:
729:Ezequiel Padilla
701:Election of 1946
639:Political career
623:
604:
593:
582:
524:
516:Arnulfo R. Gómez
497:
418:
417:
416:
410:
405:
372:
370:
358:
303:
290:Sayula de Alemán
286:
284:
272:Personal details
263:
251:
244:
232:
223:
207:
195:
188:
176:
159:
138:
126:
119:
117:
111:
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80:
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72:
58:
21:
2413:
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2406:
2404:
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2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2257:Felipe Calderón
2247:Ernesto Zedillo
2227:Luis Echeverría
2197:Lázaro Cárdenas
2193:
2129:Pedro Lascuráin
2085:
2062:
2008:Mariano Paredes
1978:Miguel Barragán
1958:Melchor Múzquiz
1924:
1919:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1793:Smith, Peter H.
1791:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1762:
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1749:
1745:
1738:
1717:
1716:
1707:
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1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1661:
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1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1584:Krauze, Enrique
1582:
1578:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1516:
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1374:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1296:Krauze, Enrique
1221:
1219:Further reading
1213:Mexican Miracle
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1111:
1109:Post-presidency
1094:Fidel Velázquez
1070:Lázaro Cárdenas
1020:
1014:
972:Harry S. Truman
934:
922:Mexican miracle
903:Baja California
845:
840:
838:Domestic policy
823:
810:
802:Mexican miracle
781:
746:
735:
709:
703:
646:
644:First positions
641:
617:
598:
587:
576:
518:
491:
489:Cándido Aguilar
440:
428:Mexican Miracle
413:
412:
411:
403:
374:
366:
362:
359:
352:
350:Beatriz Velasco
334:Political party
305:
301:
288:
282:
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182:
174:
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107:
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81:
78:
63:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2325:
2324:
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2301:Vice president
2291:
2288:
2287:
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2278:
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2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
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2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Álvaro Obregón
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Juan N. Méndez
2101:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:Miguel Miramón
2073:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Martín Carrera
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Mariano Arista
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
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1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1818:
1805:
1801:Leslie Bethell
1785:
1772:
1756:
1752:Mexico 1940-60
1743:
1736:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1649:
1636:
1623:
1614:
1601:
1592:
1576:
1545:
1541:Mexico 1940-60
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1395:
1381:
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1254:
1244:
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1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1179:
1110:
1107:
1048:Alvaro Obregón
1013:
1010:
933:
932:Foreign policy
930:
844:
843:Infrastructure
841:
839:
836:
809:
806:
780:
777:
702:
699:
645:
642:
640:
637:
624:, head of the
508:Álvaro Obregón
439:
436:
395:
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364:
360:
348:
347:
345:
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325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
304:(aged 82)
298:
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127:
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87:
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83:
82:
79: 1946-52
73:
65:
64:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2410:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Alemán family
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
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2359:
2356:
2354:
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2250:
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2240:
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2177:
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2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Porfirio Díaz
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Benito Juárez
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
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2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Nicolás Bravo
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
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1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
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1857:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
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1815:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1737:9781576071328
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:TIME Magazine
1683:
1680:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1486:, pp. 10, 276
1485:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1433:
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1358:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:Medin, Tzvi.
1311:
1309:
1308:0-06-016325-9
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:0-8165-0743-0
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:Mexico portal
1185:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:United States
1141:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:United States
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
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904:
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884:
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878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
854:
849:
842:
837:
835:
833:
827:
822:
814:
807:
805:
803:
798:
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785:
778:
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772:
770:
766:
765:
760:
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750:
745:
739:
734:
730:
726:
718:
713:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:Miguel Alemán
650:
643:
638:
636:
634:
629:
627:
621:
616:
612:
608:
602:
597:
591:
586:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:Coatzacoalcos
532:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
490:
486:
485:Porfirio Díaz
482:
478:
473:
469:
460:
453:
449:
444:
437:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
415:
409:
401:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
356:
351:
346:
342:
339:
336:
332:
329:
326:
324:Resting place
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
299:
295:
291:
279:
275:
270:
266:
261:
256:
253:
247:
242:
237:
234:
228:
222:
217:
214:
210:
205:
200:
197:
191:
186:
181:
178:
172:
168:
164:
158:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
134:
131:
128:
122:
101:
96:
93:
88:
84:
71:
66:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Miguel Aleman
2294:
2206:
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1856:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1721:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1565:(1): 49–76.
1562:
1558:
1548:
1540:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1434:, pp. 530-33
1431:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1357:
1346:
1330:
1323:
1313:
1299:
1286:
1257:
1250:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1168:
1163:
1139:
1128:
1089:
1078:
1052:
1039:
1033:
1003:
992:World War II
965:
950:
943:
907:
900:
893:
874:
858:
819:
794:
790:
773:
763:
721:
695:Sinarquistas
686:
655:
630:
625:
557:
547:
527:
465:
452:Mount Vernon
425:
399:
398:
302:(1983-05-14)
250:Succeeded by
220:
194:Succeeded by
156:
137:Succeeded by
99:
55:
50:
46:
39:Spanish name
2378:1983 deaths
2373:1900 births
2252:Vicente Fox
2048:Rómulo Díaz
1948:Pedro Vélez
1499:, pp. 10-11
1148:Charro Days
1123:Mexico City
1028:Levi Eshkol
870:Lerma River
824: [
767:became the
747: [
736: [
687:Gobernación
618: [
599: [
588: [
577: [
554:Mexico City
519: [
492: [
353: [
307:Mexico City
300:14 May 1983
258: [
239: [
231:Preceded by
202: [
183: [
175:Preceded by
125:Preceded by
2327:Categories
1868:6 November
1559:Culturales
1339:References
990:following
976:Washington
946:Korean War
283:1900-09-29
116:1952-11-30
108:1946-12-01
1754:, p. 159.
1571:1870-1191
1543:, p. 158.
1460:, p. 532.
1119:Los Pinos
633:silicosis
379:Education
221:In office
166:President
157:In office
100:In office
90:53rd
2388:Interjet
1473:, p. 10.
1430:Krauze,
1421:, p. 531
1417:Krauze,
1333:. (1952)
1272:, 1982.
1181:See also
1175:Interjet
1169:His son
1132:Televisa
1005:braceros
996:Pakistan
953:Cold War
926:Cold War
910:Acapulco
853:Congress
689:) under
675:Cárdenas
531:Acayucan
468:Veracruz
309:, Mexico
37:In this
1750:Cline,
1672:30 June
1539:Cline,
1512:, p. 10
1408:, p. 9.
1266:Arizona
1090:destape
1040:destape
1030:, 1963.
984:Germany
808:Cabinet
539:Orizaba
373:
365:
361:
114: (
106: (
43:surname
2311:Regent
1734:
1630:Camp,
1569:
1508:Camp,
1495:Camp,
1482:Camp,
1469:Camp,
1306:
1276:
1262:Tucson
1064:, and
862:Oaxaca
792:term.
753:, and
613:; and
558:Eureka
537:, and
510:, and
344:Spouse
51:Valdés
47:Alemán
1662:(PDF)
1000:India
988:Italy
980:Japan
828:]
751:]
740:]
622:]
603:]
592:]
581:]
570:PEMEX
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