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co-conspirator in Querétaro, remained more loyal to the Querétaro group's original, criollo centered objectives. However, Hidalgo's actions and the people's response meant he would lead and not
Allende. Allende had acquired military training when New Spain established a colonial militia whereas Hidalgo had none. The insurgents who followed Hidalgo also had no military training, experience or equipment. Many of these people were poor who were angry after many years of hunger and oppression. Consequently, Hidalgo was the leader of undisciplined rebels.
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479:. As a secular cleric, he was not bound by a vow of poverty, so he, like many other secular priests, pursued business activities, including owning three haciendas; but contrary to his vow of chastity, he formed liaisons with women. One was with Manuela Ramos Pichardo, with whom he had two children, as well as a child with Bibiana Lucero. He later lived with a woman named María Manuela Herrera, fathering two daughters out of wedlock with her, and later fathered three other children with a woman named Josefa Quintana.
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alleged "sacrileges" and purported ill-treatment of priests. The
Inquisition pronounced an edict against Hidalgo, charging him with denying that God punishes sins in this world, doubting the authenticity of the Bible, denouncing the popes and Church government, allowing Jews not to convert to Christianity, denying the perpetual virginity of Mary, preaching that there was no hell, and adopting
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577:. The French troops that were supposed to go through Spain to Portugal remained in Spain and the Spanish people were upset by the presence of the French troops as a result of the numerous excesses that the French committed against the Spanish people, such as occupation of the territory, numerous looting, pillaging, murder of civilians, and the kidnappings of
360:, where Hidalgo spent the majority of his life. Eight days after his birth, Hidalgo was baptized into the Catholic faith in the parish church of Cuitzeo de los Naranjos. Hidalgo's parents had three other sons; José Joaquín, Manuel Mariano, and José María, before their mother died when Hildalgo was nine years old. A step brother named Mariano was born later.
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of the cathedral met
Hidalgo and made him promise that the atrocities of San Miguel, Celaya and Guanajuato would not be repeated in Valladolid. Wholesale destruction of the city was not repeated. However, Hidalgo was furious when he found the cathedral locked to him, which led him to jail Spaniards,
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were captured with little resistance. On 21 September 1810, Hidalgo was proclaimed general and supreme commander after arriving to Celaya. At this point, Hidalgo's army numbered about 5,000. However, because of the lack of discipline, the insurgents soon fell into robbing, looting, ransacking towns
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Hidalgo was met with an outpouring of support. Intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people followed
Hidalgo with enthusiasm. His movement was joined by mestizos and the indigenous in such numbers that the original motives of the Querétaro group were obscured. Ignacio Allende, Hidalgo's main
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with the goal of making connections in the United States for support. Hidalgo reached
Saltillo, where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by General José de la Cruz in the name of Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, they were betrayed and
967:, prepared psychological and military defenses. An intensive propaganda campaign had advertised insurgent violence in the Bajío region and stressed the insurgents' threat against social stability. Hidalgo's insurgency also faced opposition from sedentary natives and castes of the Valley of Mexico.
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Hidalgo and his forces took
Valladolid with little opposition on 17 October 1810. There, Hidalgo issued proclamations against the peninsulares, whom he accused of arrogance and despotism, as well as enslaving those in the Americas for almost 300 years. Hidalgo argued that the objective of the
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ascended the
Spanish throne; he soon sent out a visitor-general with the power to investigate and reform all parts of colonial government. During this period, Cristóbal was determined that Miguel and his younger brother Joaquín should both enter the priesthood and hierarchy of the Catholic Church.
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attacked
Hidalgo's forces, defeating them on 7 November 1810. Allende decided to take the troops under his command to Guanajuato, instead of Guadalajara. Hidalgo arrived in Guadalajara on 26 November with more than 7,000 poorly armed troops. He initially occupied the city with lower-class support
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and executing prisoners. This caused friction between
Allende and Hidalgo as early as the capture of San Miguel in late September 1810. When rioting ran through the city, Allende tried to break up violence by striking insurgents with the flat of his sword, which brought him a rebuke from Hidalgo.
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Hidalgo's leadership gave the insurgent movement a supernatural aspect. Many villagers that joined the insurgent army came to believe that
Fernando VII himself commanded their loyalty to Hidalgo and the monarch was in New Spain personally directing the rebellion against the Viceroyalty. Historian
1194:"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had the unique distinction of being a father in three senses of the word: a priestly father in the Roman Catholic Church, a biological father who produced illegitimate children in violation of his clerical vows, and the father of his country." He has been hailed as the
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commanded by Juan Antonio de Riaño. The insurgents overwhelmed the defenses after two days and killed an estimated 400 – 600 people. Allende strongly protested these events and while Hidalgo agreed that they were heinous, he also stated that he understood the historical patterns that shaped such
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Hidalgo established an alternative government in Guadalajara with himself at the head and appointed two ministers. On 6 December 1810, Hidalgo issued a decree abolishing slavery, threatening those who did not comply with death. He abolished tribute payments that indigenous peoples had to pay to
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Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, and 16 September 1810 became officially recognized as the day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the
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After Guanajuato had been retaken by royalist forces, Bishop Manuel Abad y Queipo excommunicated Hidalgo and those following or helping him on 24 December 1810. Abad y Queipo had formerly been a friend of Hidalgo, but he was adamantly opposed to Hidalgo's tactics and the resultant disruptions,
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Many interpreters of the Lady of Guadalupe have pointed to the importance of the image as a symbol of revolution, most clearly expressed in the legendary story of Miguel Hidalgo rallying the masses for revolt against Spain with the cry of Dolores: "Viva la Virgen de Guadalupe and death to the
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In addition to restricting economic activities in New Spain, Spanish mercantile practices caused misery for native peoples. A drought in 1807–1808 caused a famine in the Dolores area, and rather than releasing stored grain to market, Spanish merchants blocked its release, speculating on price
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borough of Mexico City. Allende wanted to press forward and attack the capital, but Hidalgo disagreed. Hidalgo's reasoning for this decision is unclear and has been debated by historians. One explanation is that Hidalgo's forces were undisciplined and had suffered heavy losses whenever they
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and marched through the towns of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, and Toluca before stopping in the forested mountain area of Monte de las Cruces. Here, insurgent forces engaged Torcuato Trujillo's royalist forces. Hidalgo's troops led the royalist troops to retreat, but the insurgents suffered heavy
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After Hidalgo settled in Dolores, he turned over most of the clerical duties to one of his vicars, Francisco Iglesias, and devoted himself almost exclusively to commerce, intellectual pursuits and humanitarian activities. He spent much of his time studying literature, scientific works,
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In 1803, aged 50, Hidalgo arrived in Dolores accompanied by his family that included a younger brother, a cousin, two half sisters, as well as María and their two children. He obtained this parish in spite of his hearing before the Inquisition, which did not stop his secular practices.
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Although Hidalgo had a traditional education for the priesthood, as an educator at the Colegio de San Nicolás he had innovated in teaching methods and curriculum. In his personal life, he did not advocate or live the way expected of 18th-century Mexican priests. Instead, his studies of
1053:) just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000 men and 95 cannons, but the better trained royalists decisively defeated the insurgent army, forcing Hidalgo to flee towards Aguascalientes. At Hacienda de Pabellón, on 25 January 1811, near the city of
450:); it was "one of the most important educational centers of the viceroyalty." He was a professor of Latin grammar and arts, as well as a theology professor. Beginning in 1787, he was named treasurer, vice-rector and secretary, becoming dean of the school in 1790 when he was 39. As
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Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men. Allende and Abasolo wanted to concentrate their forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this, deciding to make a stand at the
605:, This was followed by further revolts across Spain. In August 1808, a British army landed in Portugal. Britain and France then went to war against each other in Portugal and Spain. The war and instability in Spain affected Mexico and other parts of
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ideas that were coming from France and other parts of Europe. Authorities ousted him in 1792 for revising traditional teaching methods there, but also for "irregular handling of some funds." The Church sent him to work at the parishes of
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Being of significant means he paid for all of his sons to receive the best education the region had to offer. After receiving private instruction, likely from the priest of the neighboring parish, Hidalgo was ready for further education.
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Enlightenment-era ideas caused him to challenge traditional political and religious views. He questioned the absolute authority of the Spanish king and challenged numerous ideas presented by the Church, including the power of the popes,
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was commissioned by San Nicolas McGinty University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of
641:. He used the knowledge that he gained to promote economic activities for the poor and rural people in his area. He established factories to make bricks and pottery and trained indigenous people in the making of leather. He promoted
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elites. Hidalgo's insurgent army accumulated initial victories on its way to Mexico City, but his troops ultimately lacked training and were poorly armed. These troops ran into an army of well-trained and armed Spanish troops in the
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replace city officials with his own and looting the city treasury before marching off toward Mexico City. On 19 October, Hidalgo left Valladolid for Mexico City after taking 400,000 pesos from the cathedral to pay expenses.
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did not condemn the notion of monarchy or criticize the current social order in detail, but his opposition to the events in Spain and the current viceregal government was clearly expressed in his reference to bad government. The
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on 30 October 1810, Hidalgo had some 100,000 insurgents and was in a strategic position to attack Mexico City. Numerically, his forces outnumbered royalist forces. The royalist government in Mexico City, under the leadership of
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encountered trained troops. As the capital was guarded by some of the most trained soldiers in New Spain, Hidalgo decided to turn away from Mexico City and move to the north through Toluca and Ixtlahuaca with a destination of
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645:. He was interested in promoting activities of commercial value to use the natural resources of the area to help the poor. His goal was to make the indigenous and mestizos more self-reliant. However, these activities violated
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in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between 16 September, the day of Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores, and 27 September, when Iturbide's forces captured Mexico City, ending the war.
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Image extracted from Vicente's book Riva Palacio, Julio Zárate (1880) "México a través de los siglos" ( Mexico through the centuries) Tomo III: "La guerra de independencia" (The war of independence) (1808–1821).
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For the insurgents as a whole, the Virgin represented an intense and highly localized religious sensibility, invoked more to identify allies rather than create ideological alliances or a sense of nationalism.
691:, to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release prison inmates in Dolores on the night of 15 September 1810, setting eighty free. On the morning of 16 September 1810, Hidalgo celebrated
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Through numbers, Hidalgo's army had some early victories. Hidalgo first went through the economically important and densely populated province of Guanajuato. One of the first stops was at the Sanctuary of
1011:). He named Pascacio Ortiz de Letona as representative of the insurgent government and sent him to the United States to seek support, but Ortiz de Letona was apprehended by the Spanish army and executed.
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of his hands, symbolically removing the chrism placed upon them at his priestly ordination and executed. There are many theories about how he was killed, the most popular that he was killed by
1057:, Allende and other insurgent leaders took military command away from Hidalgo, blaming him for their defeats. Hidalgo remained as head politically but with military command going to Allende.
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Hidalgo was ordained as a priest in 1778 when he was 25 years old. From 1779 to 1792, he dedicated himself to teaching at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid (now
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284:(modern Mexico) growing these crops was discouraged or prohibited by colonial authorities to prevent competition with imports from Spain. On 16 September 1810 he gave the
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back to the motherland", accusing their greed and tyranny as leading to the temporal and spiritual degradation of Mexicans. Hidalgo forced the Bishop-elect of Michoacan,
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order he had circulated against him on 24 September 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on 13 October 1810 condemning Hidalgo as a seditionary,
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701:(Cry of Dolores), calling the people of his parish to leave their homes and join with him in a rebellion against the current government, in the name of their King,
535:, also participated. Allende was in charge of convincing Hidalgo to join his movement, since the priest of Dolores had very influential friends from all over the
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in the morning of 30 July. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, two soldiers, Ortega and Melchor, for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo
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1713:, p. 3. "In Spanish-American history, the term signifies one of pure Spanish blood, born, not in Spain, but in one of the Spanish colonial possessions."
486:, although the court did not find him guilty. Hidalgo was an egalitarian. As parish priest in both San Felipe and Dolores, he opened his house to natives and
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in Mexico City for further study, earning his degree in philosophy and theology in 1773. His education for the priesthood was traditional, with subjects in
821:, where Hidalgo affixed an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe to a lance to adopt it as his banner. He inscribed the following slogans to his troops' flags:
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policies designed to protect agriculture and industry in Spain, and Hidalgo was ordered to stop them. These policies as well as exploitation of mixed race
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After turning back, many insurgents deserted. By the time he got to Aculco, just north of Toluca, his army had shrunk to 40,000 men. New Spain General
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responses. The attacks prompted criollos and peninsulares to ally against the insurgents and caused Hidalgo to lose support from liberal criollos.
280:. After his arrival, he was shocked by the rich soil he had found. He tried to help the poor by showing them how to grow olives and grapes, but in
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Mexico at War: From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st-Century Drug Wars: From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st-Century Drug Wars
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with rebels who were mostly armed with sticks, stones, and machetes. The town's peninsular and criollo populations took refuge in the fortified
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until he became the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato, succeeding his brother José Joaquín a few weeks after his death on 19 September 1802.
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Eric Van Young believes that such ideas gave the movement supernatural and religious legitimacy that went as far as messianic expectation.
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Hidalgo was the second-born child of Cristóbal Hidalgo y Costilla Espinoza de los Monteros and Ana María Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor, both
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Villalpando, Jose Manuel (4 December 2002). "Mitos del Padre de la Patria.(Cultura)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: La Reforma. p. 4.
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Arbol genealógico de la familia Hidalgo y Costilla: biografía y genealogía del benemérito cura de Dolores D. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
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was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the
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1174:, who had led rebel movements with Hidalgo, became head of the insurgents, until Morelos himself was captured and executed in 1815.
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and excommunicated on 27 July 1811. He was subsequently declared guilty of treason by a military court. He was tortured through the
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and were defeated. After the battle, Hidalgo and his remaining troops fled north, but Hidalgo was betrayed, captured and executed.
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1120:"Though I may die, I shall be remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten." His body and the bodies of Allende, Aldama and
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Vidali, Carlos (4 December 2008). "Fusilamiento Miguel Hidalgo" (in Spanish). San Antonio: La Prensa de San Antonio. p. 1.
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801:, through the cities of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, Toluca coming as close to Mexico City as the Monte de las Cruces, between the
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in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.
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431:" ("The Fox") for his reputation for cleverness at school. Hidalgo's study of French allowed him to read and study works of
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Hidalgo marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90,000 poor farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked Spanish
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Hidalgo's death resulted in a political vacuum on the insurgent side until 1812. The royalist military commander, General
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and given the title of His Most Serene Highness, with power to legislate. With his new rank he had a blue uniform with a
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also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Creoles and Peninsulares could sympathize.
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427:. He also studied Italian and French, which were not commonly studied in Mexico at this time. He earned the nickname "
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Garrett & Chabot. "Summary of the Events in Texas for the Year 1811: The Las Casas & Sambrano Revolutions",
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823:"Long live religion! Long live our most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Long live America and death to bad government!"
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to demoralize insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison and then buried in the
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Missive that gives the explanation to avoid the attack on Mexico City, 1753 – Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico, 1811
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Hidalgo and Allende left Dolores with about 800 men, half of whom were on horseback. They marched through the
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From Guanajuato, Hidalgo set off for Valladolid on 10 October 1810 with 15,000 men. When he arrived at
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Harrington, Patricia (Spring 1988). "Mother of Death, Mother of Rebirth: The Mexican Virgin of Guadalupe".
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also embroidered with gold. There was also a large image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in gold on his chest.
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1725:"Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga or also well know Molly Schulte, Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio (1753–1811)"
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ancestry. His most recent identifiable Spanish ancestor was his maternal great-grandfather, who was from
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The Altar of the Fatherland; the spot where Hidalgo was executed by the Spanish in the present-day
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The extent and the intensity of the movement took colonial authorities by surprise. San Miguel and
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Hidalgo was turned over to Durango, where Bishop Francisco Gabriel de Olivares had him officially
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El Doliente de Hidalgo flag, captured by the Spanish army in Zitácuaro, Michoacán, 2 January 1812.
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depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work.
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Posthumous portrait of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), by Joaquín Ramírez, 1865
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current in Europe but, at the same time, forbidden by the Catholic church in Mexico.
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Etching depicting Hidalgo's portrait, on a pamphlet celebrating Mexican independence
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and red lapels embroidered with silver and gold. His uniform also included a black
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The insurgents stayed in the city preparing to march to the capital of New Spain,
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after Hidalgo's death and is rung each year on independence day by the president
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Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor
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Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor
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were decapitated, and the heads were put on display in the four corners of the
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criollo and peninsular lords. He ordered the publication of a newspaper called
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fostered animosity in Hidalgo towards the Peninsular-born Spaniards in Mexico.
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2643:(2nd ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 138.
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Political Violence and the Construction of National Identity in Latin America
1911:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas. Archived from
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casualties, as they had when they engaged royalist soldiers in Guanajuato.
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increases. Hidalgo lobbied against these practices but was not successful.
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He completed his preparatory education in 1770. After this, he went to the
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ideas, which contributed to his ouster in 1792. He served in a church in
2194:(in Spanish). Vol. 472. Mexico City: Editorial Porrua SA. pp.
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415:. Like many priests in Mexico, he studied indigenous languages, such as
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Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México
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19:"Miguel Hidalgo" redirects here. For the borough of Mexico City, see
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Other Rebellion: Popular Violence and Ideology in Mexico, 1810–1821
1983:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.
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carried by Hidalgo and his insurgent militia. Liberal bishop-elect
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Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History
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Fearing arrest, Hidalgo ordered his brother Mauricio, as well as
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These actions resulted in his appearance before the Court of the
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2019:"Miguel Hidalgo: The Father Who Fathered a Country (1753–1811)"
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Mary, Mother and Warrior: The Virgin in Spain and the Americas
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Mexican War of Independence: The Battle of Calderon Bridge
1522:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
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denounced the insurgents' use of her image as a sacrilege.
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Miguel Hidalgo proclaimed national independence in Dolores
376:
At the age of fifteen Hidalgo was sent to Valladolid (now
720:
539:
and even New Spain, such as Juan Antonio Riaño, mayor of
1774:
1772:
2393:. Frente Nacional de Artes Plásticas. 1960. p. 92.
1144:. The remains were transferred to Mexico City in 1824.
2342:. Port Chester, New York: Cambridge University Press.
328:
Corralejo, Pénjamo, Guanajuato, where Hidalgo was born
2279:. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press.
1731:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 168.
1438:
Statue of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (disambiguation)
999:, tribute payment and taxes on alcohol and tobacco.
228:(8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as
2870:
2801:
2754:
721:
Hidalgo's army – from Celaya to Monte de las Cruces
515:, a conspiracy was brewing, organized by the mayor
208:
198:
190:
182:
170:
162:
147:
133:
109:
82:
74:
49:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2335:
1976:
1841:
1700:. Dolores Hidalgo (Guanajuato, Mexico): E. Rivera.
1675:Noll, Arthur Howard; McMahon, Amos Philip (1910).
1598:Mexico: From Independence to Revolution, 1810–1910
1170:, and eventually the next major insurgent leader,
970:Hidalgo's forces came as close as what is now the
793:. From Guanajuato, Hidalgo directed his troops to
3056:People of the Latin American wars of independence
2520:. Cary, North Carolina: Oxford University Press.
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
733:of Mexico, carrying his banner with the image of
675:The Bell of Dolores was moved from the church to
2454:"Part II: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811)"
2081:
2079:
2043:Virginia Guedea, "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla" in
1555:"I Parte: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811)"
1251:The remains of Hidalgo lie in the column of the
1227:painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals.
1014:During this time, insurgent violence mounted in
1678:The life and times of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
38: and the second or maternal family name is
2545:Texas Letters in Yanaguana Society Publication
2408:. Gordonsville, Virginia: Palgrave Macmillan.
1681:. Chicago, IL: A.C. McClurg & Co. p.
1186:Apotheosis of the Father of the Nation on the
2725:
2639:Kelsey, Mavis P. Sr; Dyal, Donald H. (2007).
8:
3031:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
2094:Guedea, "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla", p. 640.
2085:Guedea, "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla", p. 641.
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1270:Hidalgo was laid to rest at the base of the
621:Statue of Hidalgo in front of his church at
388:, along with his brothers. When the Jesuits
2607:, mexconnect.com; accessed 31 January 2014.
2571:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2306:"Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811)"
2300:
2298:
2296:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2242:
2240:
1948:
1946:
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1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1790:
1763:
1751:
1710:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1612:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1318:Don Miguel Hidalgo Square and Freedom Route
1258:His birthday is a civic holiday in Mexico.
2732:
2718:
2710:
2329:
2327:
2221:Atlas and Survey of Latin American History
2116:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAH. Archived from
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1290:, Jalisco Governmental Palace, Guadalajara
63:
46:
3046:People executed for treason against Spain
2582:
2580:
2518:Politics of Latin America: The Power Game
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
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1887:
1885:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
934:Hidalgo and his troops left the state of
401:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico
3041:People executed by Spain by firing squad
2819:Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2047:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 640
1815:"Biografía de Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla"
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
2966:19th-century Mexican military personnel
2789:Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal
2624:. Time/CNN. 18 May 1953. Archived from
2539:
2537:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2108:
2106:
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2102:
2100:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1520:Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325–1997
1449:
1426:, named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1260:
1060:The insurgent Army moved north towards
396:, where he studied for the priesthood.
372:Education, ordination, and early career
2223:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
1778:
2857:Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón
2488:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2367:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2025:from the original on 18 December 2008
1618:(1). Oxford University Press: 25–50.
1581:"Videoteca Educativa de las Américas"
1204:and not Hidalgo who became the first
597:, as King of Spain. This triggered a
565:In 1807, France and Spain signed the
494:Background to the War of Independence
240:
7:
2553:Nueva España. Las Casas Insurrection
2460:from the original on 1 February 2013
2191:Biografias de Mexicanos Distinguidos
2064:from the original on 8 December 2008
769:, San Miguel el Grande (present-day
392:from Mexico in 1767, he entered the
16:Mexican Catholic preacher(1753–1811)
1561:from the original on 4 January 2013
523:; members of the military, such as
1468:from the original on 31 March 2023
1431:Hidalgo: La historia jamás contada
1367:Plaza Don Miguel Hidalgo,Chihuahua
1220:Mural of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1028:, one of Hidalgo's representatives
336:. On his maternal side, he was of
14:
3006:Mexican people of Spanish descent
2618:"Siqueiros & the Hero Priest"
1696:de la Fuente, José María (1910).
857:, Hidalgo arrived at the city of
454:, Hidalgo continued studying the
3061:Mexican people of Basque descent
2741:
2697:
2219:LaRosa, Michael J., ed. (2005).
1600:, edited by W. Dirk Raat, p. 21
1407:
1393:
1379:
1360:
1345:
1323:
1311:
1295:
1279:
1263:
1213:(Mexican War of) Independence."
1172:José María Morelos Pérez y Pavón
1081:) on 21 March 1811 and taken to
212:
2986:Executed Roman Catholic priests
2853:Consumación de la Independencia
2675:from the original on 7 May 2019
2249:Encyclopedia of World Biography
3021:Mexican Roman Catholic priests
2996:Mexican independence activists
2390:Artes de México Issues 174–178
2247:"Miguel Hidalgo y Costialla".
1848:The American Historical Review
1153:Government Palace of Chihuahua
1:
2918:Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe
1518:Vázquez Gómez, Juana (1997).
957:Battle of Monte de las Cruces
262:Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo
3036:People executed by New Spain
2308:(in Spanish). Archived from
2058:"Hidalgo y Costilla profile"
1817:(in Spanish). Archived from
1583:(in Spanish). Archived from
1037:doctrine with regard to the
995:because Hidalgo promised to
268:, Hidalgo was influenced by
30:, the first or paternal
2931:Dia de los Santos Inocentes
2834:Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo
2824:Heroica Defensa de Veracruz
1905:"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla"
1840:Lea, Henry Charles (1899).
1458:"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla"
1134:Mexican War of Independence
815:Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
623:Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato
593:and installed his brother,
507:The conspiracy of Querétaro
251:Mexican War of Independence
203:Mexican War of Independence
40:Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor
21:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City
3077:
3026:Military history of Mexico
2915:Día de los Fieles Difuntos
2770:Natalicio de Benito Juárez
2562:; retrieved 23 March 2010.
2334:Hamnett, Brian R. (1999).
664:
558:
511:Meanwhile, in the city of
292:, held captive during the
25:
18:
2862:Descubrimiento de América
2748:Public holidays in Mexico
2704:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
2516:Vanden, Harry E. (2001).
2484:Benjamin, Thomas (2000).
2338:Concise History of Mexico
1975:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
1723:Marley, David F. (2014).
833:Banner with the image of
757:Map of Hidalgo's Campaign
601:first and, subsequently,
521:Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
314:Battle of Calderón Bridge
230:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
154:Ángel de la Independencia
143:
138:Execution by firing squad
62:
57:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
2641:The Courthouses of Texas
2273:Van Young, Eric (2001).
2188:Sosa, Francisco (1985).
1657:7 September 2015 at the
1286:Painting of Hidalgo, by
1248:, in the United States.
943:Retreat from Mexico City
677:Mexico's National Palace
613:Parish priest in Dolores
599:revolt by Spanish troops
465:San Felipe Torres Mochas
128:Viceroyalty of New Spain
104:Viceroyalty of New Spain
3016:Mexican revolutionaries
2981:Executed Mexican people
2911:Día de Todos los Santos
2878:Día de los Santos Reyes
2849:Día de los Niños Héroes
2572:Noll & McMahon 1910
2363:Hall, Linda B. (2004).
1791:Noll & McMahon 1910
1764:Noll & McMahon 1910
1752:Noll & McMahon 1910
1711:Noll & McMahon 1910
1624:10.1093/jaarel/LVI.1.25
1355:in Guadalajara, Jalisco
1206:head of state of Mexico
1126:Alhóndiga de Granaditas
863:Alhóndiga de Granaditas
835:the Virgin of Guadalupe
567:Treaty of Fontainebleau
242:[miˈɣeliˈðalɣo]
2961:19th century in Mexico
2766:Día de la Constitución
2603:9 January 2012 at the
2045:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1648:Minster, Christopher.
1302:Romantic portrait, by
1233:David Alfaro Siqueiros
1221:
1191:
1159:
1101:
1029:
987:
952:
874:
842:
758:
742:
680:
625:
503:
443:
394:Colegio de San Nicolás
329:
253:and recognized as the
238:Spanish pronunciation:
2404:Fowler, Will (2006).
2251:. Thomson Gale. 2004.
2114:"¿Quien fue Hidalgo?"
1843:"Hidalgo and Morelos"
1272:Angel of Independence
1253:Angel of Independence
1246:Hidalgo County, Texas
1219:
1188:Independence Monument
1185:
1150:
1096:
1069:captured by royalist
1024:
1009:American Wake Up Call
1005:Despertador Americano
985:
950:
897:war was "to send the
881:, he was promoted to
872:
832:
795:Valladolid, Michoacán
771:San Miguel de Allende
756:
735:Our Lady of Guadalupe
728:
674:
637:, and the raising of
620:
603:an uprising in Madrid
501:
490:as well as criollos.
441:
327:
183:Years of service
3001:Mexican nationalists
2785:Día de la Revolución
2780:Día de Independencia
2706:at Wikimedia Commons
2628:on 22 December 2008.
2558:12 June 2010 at the
2120:on 21 September 2008
1288:José Clemente Orozco
1229:José Clemente Orozco
1197:Father of the Nation
1138:Church of St Francis
1122:José Mariano Jiménez
1026:José Mariano Jiménez
905:Manuel Abad y Queipo
839:Manuel Abad y Queipo
737:(a 1905 painting by
583:Prince Ferdinand VII
545:Manuel Abad y Queipo
255:Father of the Nation
3051:People from Pénjamo
2883:Día de San Valentín
2551:McKeehan, Wallace.
1915:on 21 November 2008
1202:Agustín de Iturbide
1200:even though it was
298:José de Iturrigaray
260:A professor at the
134:Cause of death
2902:Día del estudiante
2755:Statutory holidays
1909:Mexico Desconocido
1821:on 20 October 2008
1401:Catholicism portal
1222:
1192:
1160:
1102:
1051:Puente de Calderón
1030:
988:
953:
875:
843:
759:
743:
681:
626:
504:
444:
330:
177:Mexican Insurgency
157:, Mexico City
36:Hidalgo y Costilla
2938:
2937:
2893:Día de las Madres
2814:Día de la Bandera
2702:Media related to
2650:978-1-58544-549-3
2547:, Vol. VI. 1941.
2527:978-0-19-512317-3
2495:978-0-292-70880-8
2415:978-1-4039-7388-7
2374:978-0-292-70602-6
2349:978-0-521-58120-2
2312:on 22 August 2008
2286:978-0-8047-3740-1
2230:978-0-7656-1597-8
1990:978-0-313-30351-7
1979:History of Mexico
1738:978-1-61069-428-5
1529:978-0-313-30049-3
1168:guerrilla warfare
965:Francisco Venegas
907:, to rescind the
855:28 September 1810
635:grape cultivation
573:, an ally of the
433:the Enlightenment
220:
219:
3068:
2844:Grito de Dolores
2839:Día de la Marina
2809:Día del Ejército
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2665:"Fechas Cívicas"
2661:
2655:
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2014:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1972:
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1920:
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1595:
1589:
1588:
1587:on 22 July 2011.
1577:
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1566:
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1398:
1397:
1389:
1387:Biography portal
1384:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1349:
1327:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1098:State of Durango
1071:Ignacio Elizondo
807:Valley of Mexico
803:Valley of Toluca
729:Hidalgo, as the
698:Grito de Dolores
667:Grito de Dolores
595:Joseph Bonaparte
591:both to abdicate
517:Miguel Domínguez
473:the virgin birth
249:, leader of the
244:
239:
216:
172:
129:
116:
105:
92:
90:
67:
47:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
2976:Colonial Mexico
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2898:Día del Maestro
2866:
2797:
2775:Día del Trabajo
2750:
2742:
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2615:
2611:
2605:Wayback Machine
2596:
2592:
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2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2560:Wayback Machine
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2515:
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2016:
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1998:
1991:
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1860:10.2307/1833781
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1659:Wayback Machine
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1242:National Palace
1180:
1091:
1079:Norias de Baján
1047:Calderón Bridge
945:
909:excommunication
887:clerical collar
799:State of Mexico
773:), Chamucuero,
723:
689:Mariano Abasolo
685:Ignacio Allende
669:
663:
615:
579:King Charles IV
563:
557:
555:Napoleonic Wars
533:Mariano Abasolo
525:Ignacio Allende
509:
496:
475:, and clerical
374:
342:Durango, Biscay
322:
247:Catholic priest
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3011:Mexican rebels
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2802:Civic holidays
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2693:
2692:External links
2690:
2687:
2686:
2671:(in Spanish).
2656:
2649:
2631:
2609:
2590:
2576:
2574:, p. 124.
2564:
2533:
2526:
2501:
2494:
2471:
2456:(in Spanish).
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2075:
2060:(in Spanish).
2049:
2036:
1996:
1989:
1926:
1881:
1854:(4): 636–651.
1832:
1795:
1783:
1781:, p. 168.
1768:
1756:
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1703:
1688:
1662:
1641:
1602:
1590:
1572:
1557:(in Spanish).
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1464:(in Spanish).
1462:Mediateca INAH
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1304:Claudio Linati
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1157:Chihuahua City
1090:
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1075:Wells of Baján
1055:Aguascalientes
944:
941:
765:area, through
739:Antonio Fabrés
722:
719:
665:Main article:
662:
661:Cry of Dolores
659:
614:
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575:United Kingdom
561:Peninsular War
559:Main article:
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294:Peninsular War
286:Cry of Dolores
234:Miguel Hidalgo
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1164:Félix Calleja
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992:Felix Calleja
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883:generalissimo
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703:Ferdinand VII
700:
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519:and his wife
518:
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290:Ferdinand VII
287:
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270:Enlightenment
267:
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194:Generalissimo
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124:Nueva Vizcaya
121:
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100:Nueva Galicia
97:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:
61:
53:
48:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2888:Día del Niño
2833:
2677:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2640:
2634:
2626:the original
2621:
2612:
2593:
2567:
2548:
2544:
2517:
2485:
2462:. Retrieved
2424:
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2337:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2275:
2248:
2220:
2214:
2190:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2090:
2066:. Retrieved
2052:
2044:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
1978:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1908:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:the original
1786:
1766:, p. 1.
1759:
1747:
1728:
1718:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1677:
1649:
1644:
1637:gachupines!"
1635:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:the original
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1519:
1470:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1429:
1257:
1250:
1225:Diego Rivera
1223:
1211:
1195:
1193:
1190:, front view
1161:
1114:firing squad
1103:
1078:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1031:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1001:
989:
969:
954:
933:
921:
899:
895:
876:
852:
844:
822:
811:
760:
748:
744:
714:
709:
707:
696:
682:
655:
647:mercantilist
631:
627:
564:
547:, Bishop of
510:
481:
469:
445:
428:
398:
375:
362:
331:
302:
276:and then in
259:
233:
229:
225:
221:
199:Battles/wars
152:
115:(1811-07-30)
113:30 July 1811
44:
39:
35:
28:Spanish name
2956:1811 deaths
2951:1753 births
2922:Las Posadas
2871:Festivities
2464:27 November
2316:27 November
2124:27 November
2068:27 November
2029:27 November
2017:Tuck, Jim.
1919:27 November
1825:27 November
1779:Marley 2014
1565:27 November
1434:(2010 film)
1424:944 Hidalgo
1016:Guadalajara
997:end slavery
977:Guadalajara
924:Mexico City
529:Juan Aldama
484:Inquisition
365:Charles III
352:manager in
320:Early years
2945:Categories
2927:Nochebuena
1444:References
1130:Guanajuato
972:Cuajimalpa
955:After the
900:gachupines
859:Guanajuato
819:Atotonilco
791:Guanajuato
767:Atotonilco
708:Hidalgo's
643:beekeeping
569:to invade
541:Guanajuato
354:Valladolid
305:Peninsular
266:Valladolid
163:Allegiance
93:8 May 1753
89:1753-05-08
75:Birth name
2762:Año Nuevo
1868:0002-8762
1337:Hidalgo,
1142:Chihuahua
1106:defrocked
1089:Execution
1083:Chihuahua
1062:Zacatecas
1039:Eucharist
936:Michoacán
779:Salamanca
639:silkworms
607:New Spain
549:Michoacán
513:Querétaro
425:Purépecha
382:Michoacán
363:In 1759,
358:Michoacán
346:Tejupilco
282:New Spain
245:), was a
209:Signature
186:1810–1811
120:Chihuahua
2673:Archived
2601:Archived
2556:Archived
2549:Op. cit.
2458:Archived
2062:Archived
2023:Archived
1655:Archived
1559:Archived
1472:30 March
1466:Archived
1373:See also
1339:Coyoacán
1066:Saltillo
1035:Lutheran
913:apostate
879:Acámbaro
805:and the
783:Irapuato
587:Napoleon
585:. Also,
571:Portugal
488:mestizos
477:celibacy
429:El Zorro
409:rhetoric
350:hacienda
334:criollos
171:Service/
26:In this
2793:Navidad
2598:Profile
2196:288–292
1876:1833781
1632:1464830
1238:Hidalgo
1110:flaying
1073:at the
962:Viceroy
917:heretic
891:baldric
589:forced
456:liberal
448:Morelia
417:Nahuatl
386:Jesuits
378:Morelia
309:Criollo
278:Dolores
96:Pénjamo
32:surname
2647:
2524:
2492:
2412:
2371:
2346:
2283:
2227:
2202:
1987:
1874:
1866:
1735:
1630:
1526:
1353:Statue
1331:Statue
1306:(1828)
1178:Legacy
1118:stated
926:. The
915:, and
847:Celaya
775:Celaya
731:father
651:castas
543:, and
461:Colima
452:rector
423:, and
338:Basque
274:Colima
173:branch
166:Mexico
148:Buried
2679:7 May
1872:JSTOR
1628:JSTOR
1335:Plaza
928:canon
789:, to
787:Silao
763:Bajío
715:Grito
710:Grito
537:Bajío
421:Otomi
413:logic
405:Latin
2681:2019
2645:ISBN
2622:Time
2522:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2466:2008
2410:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2318:2008
2281:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2126:2009
2070:2008
2031:2008
1985:ISBN
1921:2008
1864:ISSN
1827:2008
1733:ISBN
1567:2008
1524:ISBN
1474:2023
1064:and
785:and
693:Mass
687:and
581:and
531:and
463:and
411:and
307:and
191:Rank
110:Died
83:Born
1856:doi
1620:doi
1333:at
1140:in
1128:in
853:On
817:in
380:),
264:in
232:or
223:Don
52:Don
34:is
2947::
2667:.
2620:.
2579:^
2536:^
2504:^
2474:^
2435:^
2326:^
2295:^
2257:^
2239:^
2198:.
2134:^
2099:^
2078:^
2021:.
1999:^
1929:^
1907:.
1884:^
1870:.
1862:.
1850:.
1846:.
1798:^
1771:^
1727:.
1665:^
1634:.
1626:.
1616:56
1614:.
1538:^
1482:^
1460:.
1155:,
1085:.
979:.
919:.
809:.
781:,
777:,
705:.
609:.
551:.
527:,
419:,
407:,
356:,
300:.
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126:,
122:,
102:,
98:,
2733:e
2726:t
2719:v
2683:.
2653:.
2530:.
2498:.
2468:.
2418:.
2377:.
2352:.
2320:.
2289:.
2233:.
2208:.
2128:.
2072:.
2033:.
1993:.
1923:.
1878:.
1858::
1852:4
1829:.
1741:.
1685:.
1683:5
1622::
1569:.
1532:.
1476:.
1077:(
1049:(
1007:(
741:)
236:(
91:)
87:(
42:.
23:.
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