568:
560:
370:
155:
163:
237:...the essential spirit of the message is... 'My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once... Will you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Gachupines!'
309:
1590:
649:
29:
386:
250:
Many believe that
Hidalgo's Grito condemned the notion of monarchy and criticized the current social order in detail. In fact, his opposition was targeted to Spain and its viceroy in Mexico: that is, not against the monarchy in general but against "bad government". The Grito also emphasized loyalty
245:
told them that the time for action on their part had now come. When he asked, 'Will you be slaves of
Napoleon or will you as patriots defend your religion, your hearths, and your rights?' there was a unanimous cry, 'We will defend to the utmost! Long live religion, long live our most holy mother of
687:, and in these cases whenever the bell ringing is reenacted the school or university head utters the traditional words. Celebrations also take place outside of Mexico, such as in U.S. states that have a large concentration of people of Mexican heritage who celebrate the holiday.
146:, while ringing the same bell Hidalgo used in 1810. During the patriotic speech, the president calls out the names of the fallen heroes who died during the War of Independence and he ends the speech by shouting "Viva Mexico!" three times followed by the Mexican National Anthem.
198:, of which Father Hidalgo became a part. When the plot was discovered in early September 1810, some of the plotters decided to proceed with the uprising. Around 2:30 am of September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by
714:
cards with main events involving top
Mexican fighters have been a fixture of Independence Day weekend in Las Vegas. While U.S.-hosted fights on the weekend date back as far as the 1970s, the tradition of hosting these fights in Las Vegas was first established by
389:
393:
392:
388:
387:
394:
290:
The Cry of
Dolores has assumed an almost mythical status. Since the late 20th century, the event has come to symbolize Mexican independence and to initiate Independence Day ceremonies the following day (16 September). Independence Day in Mexico is a
391:
522:), to hear the recitation. The event draws up to half a million spectators from all over Mexico and tourists worldwide. After the President recites each line beginning with "¡Viva(n)!", the crowd responds by repeating, "¡Viva(n)!"
602:
frequently took liberties with it, adding and removing items, addressing
Mexicans in both genders, and in 2001 wishing long life to "our agreements". Peña Nieto gave "vivas" to victims of recent earthquakes in 2017.
575:
The Grito is not always re-enacted at the
National Palace; some years it is performed in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, where it originally happened. This is especially common in the final year of a President's term.
416:
The Grito often differs slightly from year to year to reflect recent sentiments, or a preference by the
President for a shorter or longer shout. This is the version often recited by the President of Mexico:
923:
591:
balcony to launch the celebrations. As a result, in 2012, Calderón's final year as president, he did not go to
Dolores Hidalgo but gave the Grito from the National Palace balcony instead. President
671:
and consulates worldwide on 15 or 16 September. The chief executive, ambassador, or consul rings a bell and recites the traditional words, including the names of independence heroes and local
410:) based upon the "Grito de Dolores", with the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence who were there on that historic day. The Grito ends with the threefold shout of
618:
during the Grito, but were blocked by a wall of soldiers. News outlets within Mexico failed to acknowledge the protest. The event was well-attended but opponents charge that the PRI brought
1417:. Silhouettes: studies in history and culture series. Margarita González Aredondo and Elena Murray de Parodi (Spanish-English trans.). Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. pp. 1–42.
1158:
584:
229:"The exact words of this most famous of all Mexican speeches are not known, or, rather, they are reproduced in almost as many variations as there are historians to reproduce them."
1250:
567:
390:
1578:
214:
1208:
704:
1442:
Antonio
Barajas Beccera, 1969, Generalisimo don Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, 2a edicion, p. 108 ("a las cinco de la manana del domingo 16 de Septiembre, 1810").
536:
by a military band from the
Mexican Armed Forces, with the crowd singing along. The ceremonies conclude with a spectacular fireworks display at the Zócalo grounds.
1179:
1541:
931:
295:, marked by parades, concerts, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and special programs on the national and local media outlets.
724:
406:
in Mexico City and rings the same bell that Hidalgo rang in 1810, which was moved to the National Palace. The President then recites a shout of patriotism (a
166:
Image extracted from the book by Vicente Riva Palacio, Julio Zárate (1880) "México a través de los siglos" Tomo III: "La Guerra de Independencia" (1808–1821).
1074:
1101:
559:
1523:
633:
just concluded, and the Grito could not be delivered at the Zócalo but was spoken at the National Palace. López Obrador won the presidency in 2018.
1528:
756:
1571:
1133:
1353:
707:
also begins on 15 September; the date was chosen due to its proximity to the independence day of Mexico and other Latin American countries.
1708:
1495:
1439:
Sr. Antonio Barajas Becerra, "Entrada de los Insurgentes a la Villa de San Miguel El Grande, la tarde del Domingo, 16 de Septiembre de 1801."
910:
872:
1378:
1328:
1802:
1670:
186:, as king. In New Spain the creole leadership attempted to set a course of autonomy and in support of the legitimate heir to the throne,
1533:
1223:
1564:
595:
did not give the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo in any of his six years as president, becoming the fourth president to break the tradition.
190:, but the peninsular elite fearing loss of the colony carried out a coup, also in the name of Ferdinand. Almost immediately groups of
1797:
1445:
Gloria Cisneros Lenoir, Miguel Guzman Peredo, 1985, Miguel Hidalgo y la Ruta de la Independencia, Bertelsmann de Mexico, p. 87.
1422:
1005:
976:
607:
356:
626:
374:
1556:
723:, who fought annually during Independence Day week from 1991 to 1995. All but one of these bouts were held in Las Vegas, with his
1514:
1837:
1279:
330:
225:
Scholars have not been able to reach a consensus on the exact words Miguel Hidalgo said at the time. Michael Meyer has noted:
1847:
1842:
1822:
748:
334:
683:
is waved, and everyone sings the National Anthem, followed by fireworks. There are also celebrations in schools throughout
1449:
Costeloe, Michael (1 January 1997). "The Junta Patriótica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City, 1825–1855".
1304:
700:
630:
284:
206:, he addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to revolt. His speech became known as the "Cry of Dolores".
1048:
540:
450:
1538:
369:
210:
124:
61:
515:
319:
217:
11 years and 12 days later, on 28 September 1821. However, Hidalgo is credited as being the "father of his country".
1187:
1832:
1807:
1078:
610:(PRI). On 15 September 2016, a month after the president appeared to be humiliated by U.S. presidential candidate
338:
323:
154:
1744:
1680:
1665:
1594:
767:
in 2024 (where all but one of the matches featured at least one fighter of Mexican or Mexican-American descent).
127:. The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as "El Grito de Independencia" (The Independence Cry).
116:
34:
162:
1817:
1108:
1022:
588:
403:
292:
139:
1703:
716:
443:
625:
The Grito was also disrupted in 2006 by a demonstration called the Plantón. Crowds loyal to losing candidate
1631:
543:
in honor of the holiday starts in the Zócalo and its outskirts, passes the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the
533:
1407:
Fernández Tejedo, Isabel; Nava Nava, Carmen (2001). "Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century: The
1827:
946:
656:" of "¡Viva México!" at the commencement of Independence Day festivities at 11 pm on 16 September 2008 in
667:
Similar celebrations to the presidential one occur in cities and towns throughout Mexico, and in Mexican
158:
Close-up of balcony where the president of Mexico gives the annual 'Grito de Dolores' on Independence Day
1812:
1159:"En el Zócalo, miles de acarreados para la ovación; afuera, miles de indignados exigen renuncia de EPN"
606:
During Peña Nieto's presidency, the Grito became an occasion for political protest against him and his
592:
699:
is known for hosting cultural events—including concerts and sporting events—appealing to Mexicans and
695:
As Mexico has historically been one of the largest sources of tourism to the region, the US city of
263:(native Spaniards) could sympathize. However, the strong anti-Spanish cry of "Death to Gachupines" (
209:
The liberated country adopted Mexico as its official name. Mexico's independence from Spain took a
1639:
792:
544:
135:
1724:
1660:
1466:
744:
668:
598:
Many presidents add their "personal touch" to the Grito and this can be controversial. President
191:
1729:
1695:
580:
402:
Every 15 September at around 11 p.m., the President of Mexico stands on the balcony of the
182:
in 1808, Spain's American possessions rose in rebellion, refusing to accept Napoleon's brother,
64:, by repeating the words of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in the early morning of 16 September 1810
1734:
1608:
1491:
1428:
1418:
1001:
972:
906:
868:
740:
637:
468:
1616:
1483:
1458:
736:
728:
183:
179:
1757:
1545:
1518:
1134:"'Resign now' thousands of Mexicans tell president Peña Nieto at Independence Day protest"
661:
457:
280:
241:
In contrast, William F. Cloud divides the sentiments above between Hidalgo and the crowd:
199:
120:
112:
38:
1752:
1739:
287:, ratified by the conventions of 1822 and 1824, and first celebrated nationally in 1825.
759:(with a main event featuring the promotion's first women's champion of Mexican descent,
680:
653:
526:
436:
426:
407:
252:
1511:
791:
is a place name. Overliteral translations such as "shout of pains", sometimes made by
735:
instead. The tradition was later taken up by other boxers of Mexican descent, such as
1791:
1675:
1550:
994:
924:"En Huichapan, Hidalgo, se dio el primer "Grito de Independencia" hace casi 200 años"
886:
187:
1209:"A lo Miguel Hidalgo, Dolores tendrá su grito de independencia a pesar del COVID-19"
614:, thousands of citizens marched, yelled, and carried signs. They tried to enter the
246:
Guadalupe! Long live America! Death to bad government, and death to the Gachupines!'
1685:
1655:
1487:
1354:"Ranking the UFC 306 storylines: How Sphere, Suga Sean will shape a historic event"
760:
611:
587:
on 16 September 2010, even though he had already done so the night before from the
72:
195:
1412:
1768:
657:
599:
548:
464:
308:
264:
259:
203:
143:
648:
525:
After the recitation, the President rings the bell one last time and waves the
1773:
1621:
1075:"Calderón revive grito original en magnos festejos por bicentenario de México"
927:
28:
1432:
1052:
583:
made an exception by re-enacting the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo as part of the
732:
696:
276:
171:
615:
519:
672:
514:
Beneath the balcony of the National Palace, there is a large crowd in the
1224:"Mexican Independence Day celebration being held this weekend in El Paso"
720:
175:
267:
being a slur given to Peninsulares) would have shocked Mexico's elites.
131:
1478:
Archer, Christon I. (2011). "Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821)".
1470:
764:
1280:"'Huge weekend' forecast as Las Vegas celebrates Mexican Independence"
622:(poor people or hand-picked party members) as a fake show of support.
711:
684:
50:
1462:
1411:, History and Myth". In William H. Beezly and David E. Lorey (ed.).
1414:¡Viva Mexico! ¡Viva la independencia!: Celebrations of September 16
251:
to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Mexican-born
1251:"Mexico again the leading source of foreign visitors to Las Vegas"
647:
566:
558:
368:
787:
means "pains" or "sorrows" in Spanish; in this context, however,
571:
Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Mexico
194:
began forming various plots around the viceroyalty, including in
1560:
1305:"Why Hispanic Heritage Month starts in the middle of September"
751:
beginning to host a Las Vegas event on the weekend promoted as
1023:"How to Celebrate Mexico's Independence Day: Grito de Dolores"
302:
1329:"Why Mexican Independence Day is huge for the fight calendar"
1524:
Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla.
1049:"Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial – Photo Gallery – Life"
115:, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest
1529:
Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla – Documents of 1810 and 1811.
539:
On the morning of 16 September, or Independence Day, the
888:
Church and State or Mexican Politics from Cortez to Diaz
275:
The day of 16 September was first celebrated in 1812 in
283:. It was given the status of a national holiday in the
16:
Call to arms triggering the Mexican War of Independence
509:
Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico!
1717:
1648:
1601:
969:
The Hidalgo Revolt: Prelude to Mexican Independence
819:(New York: Hill and Wang, 2009), pp. 49–52, 64–68.'
93:
78:
68:
56:
46:
21:
993:
703:on and around 16 September. In the United States,
644:Celebrations by governors and municipal presidents
551:" memorial column and other places along the way.
905:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
215:Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
170:In the 1810s, what would become Mexico was still
843:Virginia Guedea, "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla" in
1379:"UFC to hold event at Las Vegas Sphere in 2024"
243:
235:
891:. Kansas City, Mo: Peck & Clark, Printers.
488:Long live the heroes who gave us our homeland!
1572:
1161:(in Spanish). Periodicocentral.mx. 2016-09-15
1102:"El Grito: símbolo, fiesta, mito e identidad"
8:
867:, p. 276, New York: Oxford University Press
834:(New York: Hill and Wang, 2009), pp. 70–71.
337:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1579:
1565:
1557:
743:. The tradition has also been extended to
377:at the National Palace balcony during the
138:re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the
27:
18:
1534:Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla
847:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 640.
675:, and ending with the threefold shout of
547:, Mexico City's main boulevard, passing "
477:¡Viva México! ¡Viva México! ¡Viva México!
357:Learn how and when to remove this message
1666:Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera
1512:Mexico connect.com: "El Grito" (The Cry)
1100:Fernando Serrano Migallón (April 2008).
757:UFC Fight Night: Grasso vs. Shevchenko 2
629:protested alleged irregularities in the
432:¡Vivan los héroes que nos dieron patria!
384:
161:
153:
1636:Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal
855:
853:
808:
776:
532:This is followed by the playing of the
299:Presidential celebration at Mexico City
174:, part of the Spanish crown. Following
1180:"Mexicans Rally in Support of Recount"
640:caused the Grito to be done remotely.
1704:Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón
1273:
1271:
1245:
1243:
7:
947:"El grito de Dolores de 1812 a 1968"
945:Emmanuel Carballo (September 2009).
506:Long live the nation's independence!
497:Long live Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez!
335:adding citations to reliable sources
563:Grito de Dolores, 16 September 1810
213:. Independence was achieved by the
1539:Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial
1451:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
949:(in Spanish). University of México
795:software, are therefore incorrect.
679:The bell rings a second time, the
119:rang his church bell and gave the
14:
832:The Mexican Wars for Independence
817:The Mexican Wars for Independence
608:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1588:
705:National Hispanic Heritage Month
652:Municipal president giving the "
474:¡Viva la Independencia Nacional!
307:
1700:Consumación de la Independencia
1222:Paso, City of El (2019-09-10).
971:. University of Florida Press.
503:Long live Aldama and Matamoros!
1488:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow399
1000:. Cambridge University Press.
529:to the applause of the crowd.
398:Video of the ceremony in 2022.
381:Mexico City, 15 September 2023
60:Commemorates the start of the
1:
1765:Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe
1278:Horwath, Bryan (2022-09-17).
1132:James Fredrick (2016-09-16).
865:The Course of Mexican History
1303:Andone, Dakin (2021-09-15).
1107:(in Spanish). Archived from
1077:(in Spanish). Archived from
930:. 2010-09-16. Archived from
549:El Ángel de la Independencia
178:'s overthrow of the Spanish
1803:Mexican War of Independence
1778:Dia de los Santos Inocentes
1681:Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo
1671:Heroica Defensa de Veracruz
731:occurring at San Antonio's
627:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
375:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
125:Mexican War of Independence
62:Mexican War of Independence
1864:
1762:Día de los Fieles Difuntos
1617:Natalicio de Benito Juárez
285:Constitution of Apatzingán
37:in front of the church in
1709:Descubrimiento de América
1595:Public holidays in Mexico
901:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
885:William F. Cloud (1896).
585:bicentennial celebrations
451:Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
134:of Independence Day, the
117:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
108:
35:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
26:
1798:Fiestas Patrias (Mexico)
1255:Las Vegas Review-Journal
996:Mexico: The Colonial Era
967:Hamill, Hugh M. (1966).
541:national military parade
516:Plaza de la Constitución
233:Meyer also argues that:
1758:Día de Todos los Santos
1725:Día de los Santos Reyes
1696:Día de los Niños Héroes
1480:The Encyclopedia of War
710:Since the early-1990s,
534:Mexican national anthem
221:Exact words and meaning
1838:Political catchphrases
1613:Día de la Constitución
845:Encyclopedia of Mexico
830:Timothy J. Henderson,
815:Timothy J. Henderson,
755:beginning with 2023's
664:
572:
564:
399:
382:
248:
239:
231:
167:
159:
1848:September 1810 events
1843:September observances
1823:History of Guanajuato
1081:on September 19, 2010
992:Knight, Alan (2002).
651:
570:
562:
397:
372:
227:
165:
157:
1632:Día de la Revolución
1627:Día de Independencia
331:improve this section
271:National festivities
1730:Día de San Valentín
1021:Saint-Louis, Miya.
793:machine translation
545:Paseo de la Reforma
136:President of Mexico
123:that triggered the
22:El Grito de Dolores
1749:Día del estudiante
1602:Statutory holidays
1544:2010-09-21 at the
1517:2008-12-21 at the
1140:. London Telegraph
1029:. Inside-Out Media
783:As a common noun,
745:mixed martial arts
717:Julio César Chávez
701:Hispanic Americans
665:
593:Enrique Peña Nieto
573:
565:
500:Long live Allende!
494:Long live Morelos!
491:Long live Hidalgo!
400:
383:
168:
160:
130:Every year on the
1833:Independence days
1808:1810 in New Spain
1785:
1784:
1740:Día de las Madres
1661:Día de la Bandera
1497:978-1-4051-9037-4
1184:Los Angeles Times
911:978-0-313-30351-7
903:History of Mexico
873:978-0-19-502413-5
638:COVID-19 pandemic
555:Recent exceptions
518:(also called the
395:
367:
366:
359:
293:patriotic holiday
101:
100:
82:16 September 2025
1855:
1691:Grito de Dolores
1686:Día de la Marina
1656:Día del Ejército
1593:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1501:
1474:
1436:
1409:Grito de Dolores
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1186:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1051:. Archived from
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1011:
999:
989:
983:
982:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
942:
936:
935:
920:
914:
899:
893:
892:
882:
876:
859:Meyer, Michael,
857:
848:
841:
835:
828:
822:
813:
796:
781:
737:Oscar De La Hoya
729:Pernell Whitaker
719:and his manager
631:general election
396:
362:
355:
351:
348:
342:
311:
303:
184:Joseph Bonaparte
180:Bourbon monarchy
109:Grito de Dolores
89:
87:
47:Observed by
31:
19:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1818:Colonial Mexico
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1745:Día del Maestro
1713:
1644:
1622:Día del Trabajo
1597:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1548:– slideshow by
1546:Wayback Machine
1519:Wayback Machine
1508:
1498:
1477:
1463:10.2307/1051865
1448:
1425:
1406:
1403:
1401:Further reading
1398:
1397:
1388:
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1377:
1376:
1372:
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1352:
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1347:
1338:
1336:
1327:
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1322:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1249:
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1232:
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1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1055:on 11 June 2011
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1019:
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1008:
991:
990:
986:
979:
966:
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950:
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939:
922:
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917:
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896:
884:
883:
879:
858:
851:
842:
838:
829:
825:
814:
810:
805:
800:
799:
782:
778:
773:
693:
646:
589:National Palace
581:Felipe Calderón
557:
512:
404:National Palace
385:
363:
352:
346:
343:
328:
312:
301:
273:
223:
200:Ignacio Allende
152:
140:National Palace
85:
83:
42:
39:Dolores Hidalgo
17:
12:
11:
5:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
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412:¡Viva México!
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316:This section
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1813:Battle cries
1735:Día del Niño
1690:
1626:
1549:
1479:
1457:(1): 21–53.
1454:
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1387:. Retrieved
1385:. 2023-11-14
1382:
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1360:. 2024-09-09
1357:
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1335:. 2023-09-15
1332:
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1283:
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1257:. 2023-06-18
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1188:the original
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1153:
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1053:the original
1043:
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1027:iexplore.com
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940:
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761:Alexa Grasso
752:
709:
694:
681:Mexican flag
677:Viva Mexico!
676:
666:
635:
624:
619:
612:Donald Trump
605:
597:
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531:
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353:
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329:Please help
317:
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260:Peninsulares
258:
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228:
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208:
169:
129:
121:call to arms
104:
102:
73:16 September
57:Significance
41:, Guanajuato
33:A statue of
1769:Las Posadas
1718:Festivities
658:Ixmiquilpan
600:Vicente Fox
204:Juan Aldama
144:Mexico City
1792:Categories
1774:Nochebuena
1389:2024-06-28
1364:2024-09-15
1339:2024-06-28
1314:2024-09-15
1289:2024-06-28
1261:2024-06-28
1233:2021-09-09
1194:2018-09-17
1165:2017-01-23
1144:2017-09-15
1118:2012-04-25
953:2017-09-15
928:La Jornada
803:References
725:1993 fight
620:acarreados
579:President
373:President
265:Gachupines
107:(Spanish:
86:2025-09-16
1609:Año Nuevo
1433:248568379
753:Noche UFC
733:Alamodome
697:Las Vegas
669:embassies
485:Mexicans!
469:Matamoros
427:Mexicanos
318:does not
277:Huichapan
196:Querétaro
172:New Spain
94:Frequency
1542:Archived
1515:Archived
1383:ESPN.com
1358:ESPN.com
1333:ESPN.com
863:(1979).
727:against
721:Don King
673:patriots
254:Criollos
176:Napoleon
1640:Navidad
1471:1051865
1085:8 April
1059:8 April
789:Dolores
785:dolores
765:UFC 306
763:), and
747:, with
662:Hidalgo
482:English
463:¡Vivan
458:Allende
444:Morelos
437:Hidalgo
422:Spanish
339:removed
324:sources
281:Hidalgo
192:creoles
150:History
113:Dolores
84: (
1494:
1469:
1431:
1421:
1004:
975:
909:
871:
712:boxing
685:Mexico
616:Zócalo
520:Zócalo
465:Aldama
456:¡Viva
449:¡Viva
442:¡Viva
435:¡Viva
97:Annual
51:Mexico
1467:JSTOR
1112:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
861:et al
771:Notes
654:grito
379:Grito
1492:ISBN
1429:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1228:KFOX
1087:2011
1061:2011
1035:2016
1002:ISBN
973:ISBN
907:ISBN
869:ISBN
739:and
322:any
320:cite
257:and
202:and
103:The
69:Date
1484:doi
1459:doi
1309:CNN
749:UFC
333:by
142:in
132:eve
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446:!
439:!
429:!
425:¡
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354:(
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345:(
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327:.
88:)
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