104:, used a brick-raised seat above a concave receptacle to direct excreta toward the centre of the pit—which was lined with cement to prevent leakage into the surrounding soil. This closet was also designed with a special opening through which deodorising material could be scattered over the top of the pit. A ventilation shaft was also installed. The design offered a significant improvement over the less advanced midden-privy, but the problems of emptying and cleaning such pits remained and thus the pail system, with its easily removable container, became more popular.
75:
125:
closets, rising to 60,000 by 1881. The soil surrounding the old middens was cleared out, connections with drains and sewers removed and dry closets erected over each site. A contemporary estimate stated that the installation of about 25,000 pail closets removed as much as 3,000,000 imperial gallons (14,000,000 L) of
171:
The privy-middens are of the most objectionable construction ...they are usually wet and very foul ... carried out by wheelbarrow or basket for some distance to the streets where the matter is often again deposited before its removal. This operation is performed by scavengers in the employ
96:
in 1876 a Mr
Redgrave described the midden closet as representing "the standard of all that is utterly wrong, constructed as it is of porous materials, and permitting free soakage of filth into the surrounding soil, capable of containing the entire dejections from a house, or from a block of houses,
124:
was used in wealthy homes, but concerns over river pollution, costs and available water supplies meant that most towns and cities chose more labour-intensive dry conservancy systems. Manchester was one such city and by 1877 its authorities had replaced about 40,000 middens with pail and midden
132:
The 1868 Rivers
Pollution Commission reported two years later: "privies and ashpits are continually to be seen full to overflowing and as filthy as can be ... These middens are cleaned out whenever notice is given that they need it, probably once half-yearly on an average, by a staff of
120:. An investigation of the condition of the city's sewer network revealed that it was "choked up with an accumulation of solid filth, caused by overflow from the middens". Such problems forced the city authorities to consider other methods of human waste disposal. The
54:
in
England, but were difficult to empty and clean. A typical comment was that they were of "most objectionable construction" and "usually wet and very foul". They were replaced eventually by
327:
89:, which had evolved from the primitive "fosse" ditch. The early version was essentially an outhouse for public use, located over a hole in the ground at a public dump.
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163:"An Illustrated History of Old Sutton in St.Helens Part 18 (of 53) – Health and Sanitary Conditions in Sutton"
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50:(or middenstead, ie a dump for waste). They were widely used in rapidly expanding industrial cities such as
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had a population of about 354,000 people served by about 38,000 middensteads and 10,000
62:. Similar systems still exist in some developing countries, but the term "privy midden" is now an
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264:(illustrated ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press ND,
129:
and accompanying faeces from the city's drains, sewers and rivers.
360:
126:
73:
309:
305:
297:
The principles and practice of modern house-construction
100:
Later improvements, such as a midden closet built in
1087:
1021:
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887:
806:
765:
648:
448:
343:
280:The pail closet system: progress at Manchester
261:A history of water in modern England and Wales
321:
8:
215:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHassan1988 (
206:
204:
85:The midden closet was a development of the
328:
314:
306:
241:
183:
78:Diagram of an improved midden closet in
154:
1100:History of water supply and sanitation
986:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
210:
229:
195:
7:
1155:Workers' right to access the toilet
1105:Human right to water and sanitation
737:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
294:Sutcliffe, G. Lister, ed. (1899),
137:with their attendant carts." (See
42:system that consisted of a privy (
25:
951:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
282:, Manchester Selected Pamphlets,
1115:Infection prevention and control
703:Privatization of public toilets
94:Institution of Civil Engineers
1:
971:Public toilets in Bratislava
97:for months and even years".
641:(combined toilet and bidet)
70:Development and improvement
1192:
742:Toilet Revolution in China
92:In a speech given to the
1006:Toilets in New York City
956:Modern Toilet Restaurant
688:Islamic toilet etiquette
910:Fecal sludge management
869:Urine collection device
854:Urinal deodorizer block
819:Female urination device
1140:Sustainable sanitation
1125:Reuse of human excreta
82:
1095:Ecological sanitation
996:Toilet History Museum
946:Hundertwasser Toilets
888:Feces-related aspects
807:Urine-related aspects
708:Swachh Bharat Mission
278:Power, W. A. (1877),
258:Hassan, John (1998),
108:Problems with middens
77:
1011:Bryant Park restroom
859:Urinal (health care)
678:Honeywagon (vehicle)
46:) associated with a
1110:Improved sanitation
961:National Poo Museum
905:Defecation postures
766:Jobs and activities
668:Bathroom privileges
624:Urine-diverting dry
1059:Groom of the Stool
824:Interactive urinal
778:Restroom attendant
172:of the Corporation
83:
1163:
1162:
783:Sanitation worker
773:Manual scavenging
401:Toilet seat riser
300:, London: Blackie
16:(Redirected from
1183:
1150:World Toilet Day
1145:Waste management
1135:Sewage treatment
1022:Historical terms
1001:Toilets in Japan
683:Incontinence pad
673:Bathroom reading
435:Toilet rim block
423:Holder/dispenser
386:Electronic bidet
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245:
244:, pp. 45–46
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186:, pp. 46–49
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165:. Archived from
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920:Open defecation
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879:Urine diversion
874:Urine deflector
802:
793:Toilet training
761:
747:Toilet Twinning
650:
644:
595:(self-cleaning)
558:Passenger train
491:Container-based
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169:on 2011-07-30.
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724:Skibidi Toilet
715:
710:
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651:policy aspects
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413:Toilet cleaner
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242:Sutcliffe 1899
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232:, pp. 1–2
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184:Sutcliffe 1899
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1120:Public health
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991:Toilet (room)
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915:Flying toilet
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814:Female urinal
812:
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752:Unisex public
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718:Toilet humour
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440:Trap (U-bend)
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271:0-7190-4308-5
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118:water closets
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69:
67:
65:
61:
60:flush toilets
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:midden closet
33:
27:Toilet system
19:
18:Midden closet
1176:Toilet types
1074:Privy midden
1073:
895:Anal hygiene
788:Slopping out
757:Vacuum truck
732:Toilet plume
722:
663:Adult diaper
649:Cultural and
533:Incinerating
418:Toilet paper
366:Bidet shower
296:
279:
260:
251:Bibliography
237:
225:
213:, p. 26
191:
179:
170:
167:the original
157:
131:
122:water closet
111:
99:
91:
84:
56:pail closets
35:
32:privy midden
31:
29:
1069:Pail closet
1054:Gong farmer
1039:Close stool
1034:Chamber pot
981:Shit Museum
634:Vermifilter
538:Intelligent
428:Orientation
391:Flushometer
211:Hassan 1988
198:, p. 1
1130:Sanitation
1079:Reredorter
1064:Night soil
900:Defecation
713:Toilet god
698:Latrinalia
658:Accessible
614:Telescopic
529:(Scouting)
501:Dual flush
486:Composting
230:Power 1877
196:Power 1877
145:References
139:Night soil
114:Manchester
102:Nottingham
80:Nottingham
52:Manchester
1049:Garderobe
976:Rest area
941:Haewoojae
925:Scatology
864:Urination
844:Sanistand
798:Toileting
593:Sanisette
548:Low-flush
344:Equipment
150:Citations
1170:Category
1088:See also
1029:Aphedron
966:Outhouse
834:Pee curl
578:Portable
553:On-board
516:Freezing
481:Chemical
461:Arborloo
456:Aircraft
351:Ballcock
288:60237862
135:nightmen
112:By 1869
64:archaism
44:outhouse
38:) was a
1044:Dansker
829:Pissoir
693:Istinja
639:Washlet
619:Treebog
543:Latrine
506:EToilet
476:Cathole
381:Commode
376:Cistern
337:Toilets
934:Places
849:Urinal
839:Pollee
629:Vacuum
588:Public
523:(boat)
471:Bucket
408:Toilet
356:Bedpan
286:
268:
48:midden
40:toilet
34:(also
609:Squat
604:Space
583:Potty
511:Flush
466:Blair
449:Types
371:Brush
361:Bidet
284:JSTOR
127:urine
87:privy
599:Sink
527:Hudo
521:Head
396:Seat
266:ISBN
217:help
58:and
30:The
573:Pit
568:Pig
563:Pay
496:Dry
141:.)
1172::
203:^
66:.
329:e
322:t
315:v
219:)
20:)
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