1567:
1595:
1153:
485:
1233:
1047:
1224:
657:
705:
741:
328:
669:
721:
689:
2213:
212:
3986:
263:. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing through the
1337:. Important parameters to consider while fertilizing with urine include salinity tolerance of the plant, soil composition, addition of other fertilizing compounds, and quantity of rainfall or other irrigation. It was reported in 1995 that urine nitrogen gaseous losses were relatively high and plant uptake lower than with labelled
22:
3983:
1298:
Typical design values for nutrients excreted with urine are: 4 kg nitrogen per person per year, 0.36 kg phosphorus per person per year and 1.0 kg potassium per person per year. Based on the quantity of 1.5 L urine per day (or 550 L per year), the concentration values of macronutrients
300:
Average urine production in adult humans is around 1.4 L (0.31 imp gal; 0.37 US gal) of urine per person per day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L (0.13 to 0.57 imp gal; 0.16 to 0.69 US gal) per person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations
3584:
Minimize odors by adding white vinegar or citric acid to the urine collection container before any urine is added. We use 1-2 cups of white vinegar or 1 tablespoon of citric acid per 5-gallon container. Adding vinegar also helps reduce nitrogen loss (via ammonia volatilization) during short-term
2817:
We did not find evidence that urinary acidification was responsible for the observed effect, since the median pH of urine samples in the cranberry group (6.0) was actually higher than that in the experimental group (5.5). While cranberry juice has been advocated as a urinary acidifier to prevent
1446:
drinking urine for survival. The manual explains that drinking urine tends to worsen rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations, where other
3126:
Köves, B; Cai, T; Veeratterapillay, R; Pickard, R; Seisen, T; Lam, TB; Yuan, CY; Bruyere, F; Wagenlehner, F; Bartoletti, R; Geerlings, SE; Pilatz, A; Pradere, B; Hofmann, F; Bonkat, G; Wullt, B (25 July 2017). "Benefits and Harms of
Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: A Systematic Review and
347:
is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total. The daily volume and composition of urine varies per person based on the amount of physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and protein intakes. In healthy persons, urine contains very
1604:('The matter of the differences of urines'). Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the "Book on urines" of Theophilus. The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter "U" – initial of
1278:
with fresh growing medium each season or a 1:8 ratio for more general use), it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. Urine may contain pharmaceutical residues
2443:
Hall, Brantley; Levy, Sophia; Dufault-Thompson, Keith; Arp, Gabriela; Zhong, Aoshu; Ndjite, Glory
Minabou; Weiss, Ashley; Braccia, Domenick; Jenkins, Conor; Grant, Maggie R.; Abeysinghe, Stephenie; Yang, Yiyan; Jermain, Madison D.; Wu, Chih Hao; Ma, Bing (January 2024).
879:. One study conducted in Nigeria isolated a total of 77 distinct bacterial strains from 100 healthy children (ages 5–11) as well as 39 strains from 33 cow urine samples, a considerable amount being pathogens. Pathogens identified and their percentages were:
1273:
the leaves or roots of some plants, causing plant injury, particularly if the soil moisture content is low. The dilution also helps to reduce odor development following application. When diluted with water (at a 1:5 ratio for container-grown
840:
A diet which is high in protein from meat and dairy, as well as alcohol consumption can reduce urine pH, whilst potassium and organic acids, such as from diets high in fruit and vegetables, can increase the pH and make it more alkaline.
766:
The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed or specific diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney diseases as well, such as
1227:
Urine after four months of storage (note the color and turbidity change compared to fresh human urine). During storage, the urea in urine is rapidly hydrolyzed by urease, creating ammonia. Collected urine can be used as a
335:
About 91–96% of urine consists of water. The remainder can be broadly characterized into inorganic salts, urea, organic compounds, and organic ammonium salts. Urine also contains proteins, hormones, and a wide range of
1299:
as follows: 7.3 g/L N; .67 g/L P; 1.8 g/L K. These are design values but the actual values vary with diet. Urine's nutrient content, when expressed with the international fertilizer convention of N:P
1610:('Urine is the filtrate of the blood'). Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient. HMD Collection, MS E 78.
2724:
2868:
Hilt, Evann E.; Kathleen McKinley; Meghan M. Pearce; Amy B. Rosenfeld; Michael J. Zilliox; Elizabeth R. Mueller; Linda
Brubaker; Xiaowu Gai; Alan J. Wolfe; Paul C. Schreckenberger (26 December 2013).
1590:(the 'Qualities of Urine'). Opening lines (translated): "Since it is through the qualities of the urine that a person's faults and his dangers and his diseases and his illness can be identified..."
352:
is suggestive of illness, as with sugar. Organic matter, in healthy persons, also is reported to at most 1.7 times more matter than minerals. However, any more than that is suggestive of illness.
504:
found in food, or diseases. Normally, urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber, but is usually a pale yellow. Usually urination color comes primarily from the presence of
1988:
3827:
810:
can result in telltale scents. Particularly spicy foods can have a similar effect, as their compounds pass through the kidneys without being fully broken down before exiting the body.
2333:
301:
per day depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention.
2394:
3500:
Technology review of urine diversion components - Overview on urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, and urine storage and reuse systems.
3353:
3089:
1417:
purposes; urine drinking is still practiced today. In extreme cases, people may drink urine if no other fluids are available, although numerous credible sources (including the
1317:
The general limitations to using urine as fertilizer depend mainly on the potential for buildup of excess nitrogen (due to the high ratio of that macronutrient), and inorganic
519:
Colorless urine indicates over-hydration. Colorless urine in drug tests can suggest an attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration.
1390:
were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder.
3184:
1386:. Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting
1127:
without symptoms does not require treatment. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis.
3667:
3656:
1280:
1130:
The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration. Dark urine is a sign of
1598:
Image of two facing pages of the illuminated manuscript of "Isagoge", fols. 42b and 43a. On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter "D" – initial of
3308:
2926:
2744:
488:
Medical experts have long connected urine colour with certain medical conditions. A medieval chart showing the medical implications of different urine color
2706:
3686:
4321:
2987:"Microbial evaluation and public health implications of urine as alternative therapy in clinical pediatric cases: health implication of urine therapy"
2818:
urinary tract infections, not all studies have shown a reduction in urine pH with cranberry juice ingestion, even with consumption of 2000 mL per day.
2791:
Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA (1994). "Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice".
1035:
Microbial evaluation and public health implications of urine as alternative therapy in clinical pediatric cases: health implication of urine therapy
844:
Cranberries, popularly thought to decrease the pH of urine, have actually been shown not to acidify urine. Drugs that can decrease urine pH include
704:
3041:
Ibn Habib, Abdul Malik d.862CE/283AH "Kitaab Tib Al'Arab" (The Book of
Arabian Medicine), Published by Dar Ibn Hazm, Beirut, Lebanon 2007(Arabic)
2640:
4091:
1169:
Urine contains proteins and other substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin,
4368:
656:
4283:
3824:
1354:
Given that urea in urine breaks down into ammonia, urine has been used for cleaning. In pre-industrial times, urine was used – in the form of
755:
Sometime after leaving the body, urine may acquire a strong "fish-like" odor because of contamination with bacteria that break down urea into
3916:
3889:
3336:
2959:
2679:
2539:
2324:
2042:
2015:
1965:
194:
4138:
Binz, Arthur (1936) "Altes und Neues über die technische
Verwendung des Harnes" (Ancient and modern about the technological use of urine),
720:
4185:
3846:
2851:
1566:
4129:
4104:
2832:
2358:
4053:
4035:
4024:
4013:
2769:
2685:
1311:
O, is approximately 7:1.5:2.2. Since urine is rather diluted as a fertilizer compared to dry manufactured nitrogen fertilizers such as
4165:(magnesium ammonium phosphate) is thereby precipitated, and the yield of struvite can be increased by then treating the solution with
3697:
2427:
3726:
3240:
3178:
1594:
1447:
sources of water are not available, soaking cloth (a shirt for example) in urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body.
3749:
2502:
1345:
was utilized at a higher rate than soluble phosphate. Urine can also be used safely as a source of nitrogen in carbon-rich compost.
3372:"Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) – Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality"
1466:
in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes.
4074:
3160:
484:
4414:
2870:"Urine Is Not Sterile: Use of Enhanced Urine Culture Techniques To Detect Resident Bacterial Flora in the Adult Female Bladder"
4712:
4314:
3206:
1496:
873:
668:
3664:
3653:
3447:
1265:
Applying urine as fertilizer has been called "closing the cycle of agricultural nutrient flows" or ecological sanitation or
3238:
Urine
Antibody Tests: New Insights into the Dynamics of HIV-1 Infection – Urnovitz et al. 45 (9): 1602 – Clinical Chemistry
2048:
1462:
gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the
1152:
4631:
2220:
1333:
with urine or other nitrogen fertilizers can result in too much ammonia for plants to absorb, acidic conditions, or other
279:
species found that nine larger species urinated for 21 ± 13 seconds irrespective of body size. Smaller species, including
4169:, a magnesium-rich solution that is a byproduct of making salt from sea water. Roasting struvite releases ammonia vapors.
3597:
3499:
3481:
1197:
1182:
1157:
646:
3052:
2918:
4690:
4399:
4157:(1) : 179–191. Witty speculates that the Romans obtained ammonia in concentrated form by adding wood ash (impure
3906:
3879:
3572:
1699:
1531:
356:
Typical design values for the concentrations of constituents in fresh urine, based on data in Sweden and
Switzerland
4753:
4639:
4494:
4419:
4409:
3772:
2415:
1223:
4566:
4334:
4237:
1232:
1046:
4722:
4649:
4606:
4394:
4307:
1484:
776:
632:
3370:
Pradhan, Surendra K.; Nerg, Anne-Marja; Sjöblom, Annalena; Holopainen, Jarmo K.; Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi (2007).
4611:
4447:
4358:
3788:
Castillo, M. (2017, June 20). Don't Pee On A Jellyfish Sting — It Won't Work | LittleThings.com. Littlethings.
1518:
to help prepare textiles, especially wool, for dyeing. In the
Scottish Highlands and Hebrides, the process of "
1502:
1112:
1103:, although it often refers to the aforementioned prescientific or Proto-scientific forms of urine examination.
1062:
1156:
Urine of pregnant women in the first trimester is collected by a company which purifies the fertility hormone
1061:
Many physicians in ancient history resorted to the inspection and examination of the urine of their patients.
3683:
3517:"The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology"
2155:"The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology"
1924:
A formula for adjustment of excreta N and P values based on dietary characteristics is found in Jönsson 2004.
4717:
4452:
1792:
1120:
1116:
760:
688:
2005:
1200:
for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG medication. Pregnant mare urine is the source of
3610:
Kirchmann, H.; Pettersson, S. (1995). "Human urine - Chemical composition and fertilizer use efficiency".
1658:('money does not smell') is attributed to Vespasian – said to have been his reply to a complaint from his
1258:
876:
748:
256:
4062:
Faber, G.A. (pseudonym of: Goldschmidt, Günther) (May 1938) "Dyeing and tanning in classical antiquity,"
1021:
Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) rates recorded in children urinal bacterial species were 37.5–100% (
4654:
4573:
3083:
2555:
1506:(2012). However, at best it is ineffective, and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse.
1029:), while MAR among the cow urinal bacteria was 12.5–75.0% (Gram-positive) and 25.0–100% (Gram-negative).
786:
Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of
592:
2629:
4758:
4679:
4659:
4644:
4299:
4088:
3864:
3528:
2656:
Likewise consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna fish, and onion can result in telltale scents.
2299:
2166:
2086:
1438:
1419:
1312:
1104:
768:
622:
479:
96:
45:
4763:
4598:
4555:
4539:
4457:
4404:
4280:
4158:
3718:
1619:
1576:
1186:
964:
830:
4233:
Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of piss. Online
Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from
3431:
Pharmaceutical
Residues in Urine and Potential Risks related to Usage as Fertiliser in Agriculture
759:. This odor is not present in fresh urine of healthy individuals; its presence may be a sign of a
4616:
4545:
3635:
3409:
3302:
2262:
223:
for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the
155:
100:
1622:
to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a
4181:
3843:
2848:
1138:
are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated.
466:
However, it is important to note that lesser amounts and concentrations of other compounds and
4674:
4669:
4583:
4442:
4126:
4101:
3965:
3912:
3885:
3789:
3748:. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department; printer: Charles P. Pelham. p. 14.
3722:
3627:
3554:
3401:
3393:
3332:
3214:
3174:
3143:
3064:
3024:
3006:
2955:
2899:
2829:
2808:
2765:
2736:
2675:
2610:
2535:
2529:
2483:
2465:
2423:
2386:
2378:
2254:
2202:
2184:
2122:
2104:
2038:
2011:
1961:
1955:
1663:
1379:
1373:
1288:
1082:
845:
744:
167:
120:
4050:
4032:
4021:
4010:
3127:
Meta-analysis by the European Association of Urology Urological Infection Guidelines Panel".
2669:
1315:, the relative transport costs for urine are high as a lot of water needs to be transported.
4695:
4437:
4363:
4330:
3955:
3945:
3801:
3619:
3544:
3536:
3383:
3166:
3136:
3014:
2998:
2985:
Ogunshe, Adenike Adedayo O.; Fawole, Abosede Oyeyemi; Ajayi, Victoria Abosede (2010-05-25).
2889:
2881:
2800:
2600:
2592:
2473:
2457:
2370:
2192:
2174:
2112:
2094:
1751:
1725:
1691:
1653:
1615:
1551:
1387:
1338:
1318:
951:
787:
740:
493:
327:
260:
220:
206:
147:
41:
3694:
1034:
4373:
4287:
4241:
4133:
4108:
4095:
4078:
4057:
4039:
4028:
4017:
3990:
3850:
3831:
3776:
3701:
3690:
3671:
3660:
3244:
2855:
2836:
2224:
1703:
1490:
1330:
1322:
1270:
837:
in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Urine pH can be monitored by a physician or at home.
826:
575:
244:
53:
3258:
Some Effects of Ammonia on Plant Metabolism and a Possible Mechanism for Ammonia Toxicity
3237:
3934:"The scent of wolves: Pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey"
3743:
3532:
2478:
2445:
2170:
2090:
4768:
4504:
4166:
3960:
3933:
3549:
3516:
3019:
2986:
2894:
2869:
2605:
2580:
2197:
2154:
2117:
2074:
1888:
1639:
1571:
1065:
wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases.
1054:
912:
612:
588:
264:
224:
131:
88:
4087:(London, England: John Murray, 1875), article: "Fullo" (i.e., fullers or launderers),
3984:"Aversive responses of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, to predator urines."
4747:
4686:
4524:
4514:
4071:
2804:
2723:
Martín Hernández E, Aparicio López C, Alvarez Calatayud G, García Herrera MA (2001).
1899:
1662:
about the unpleasant nature of the tax. Vespasian's name is still attached to public
1535:
1361:
1334:
1269:. Urine fertilizer is usually applied diluted with water because undiluted urine can
1026:
1022:
343:
The total solids in urine are on average 59 g (2.1 oz) per day per person.
287:, cannot produce steady streams of urine and instead urinate with a series of drops.
3639:
3413:
1690:
spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, which led to discoveries such as
4550:
4389:
4206:
3103:
2507:
1814:
1695:
1627:
1469:
1326:
1275:
1245:
1178:
232:
4253:
3540:
2179:
1476:
stings. This scenario has appeared many times in popular culture including in the
4293:
3455:
3140:
2949:
2332:. Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. p. 12.
2032:
825:
normally is within the range of 5.5 to 7 with an average of 6.2. In persons with
4727:
4592:
4578:
4489:
4484:
3675:
1989:"Patterns of scent marking with urine and faeces amongst carnivore communities."
1870:
1451:
1131:
1124:
977:
925:
780:
540:(not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by
349:
182:
178:
2461:
2217:
16:
Liquid by-product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals, including humans
4530:
4509:
4429:
3170:
2596:
1795:
that concern water, liquid, diving, rain, and urination (for example Sanskrit
1522:" (fulling) woven wool is preceded by soaking in urine, preferably infantile.
1458:
experimented with numerous poisonous gases as weapons. After the first German
1413:. Urine was used in several ancient cultures for various health, healing, and
1342:
1170:
1108:
1100:
990:
938:
869:
772:
513:
337:
322:
252:
186:
151:
116:
112:
84:
73:
37:
33:
3950:
3631:
3397:
3218:
3010:
2671:
Gastronaut: adventures in food for the romantic, the foolhardy, and the brave
2469:
2382:
2258:
2188:
2108:
1933:
For the amount of other elements in urine, see Rose 2015 and Rich Earth 2021.
4588:
3287:
An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences
3002:
2099:
1904:
1894:
1850:
1846:
1647:
1547:
1539:
1473:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1383:
1241:
1174:
1135:
1090:
1070:
1066:
849:
834:
803:
711:
679:
602:
537:
527:
190:
163:
135:
108:
69:
3969:
3558:
3405:
3068:
3028:
2903:
2740:
2487:
2390:
2206:
2126:
605:
or foods, beverages with green pigments, or from a urinary tract infection.
3825:
Fact or Fiction?: Urinating on a Jellyfish Sting is an Effective Treatment
3162:
Artificial insemination: intrauterine insemination. 31.3.1.2 Gonadotropins
2812:
2725:"[Vesical uric acid lithiasis in a child with renal hypouricemia]"
2614:
4162:
3282:
2885:
2581:"A polymorphism of the ability to smell urinary metabolites of asparagus"
2374:
1581:
1543:
1519:
1459:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1107:
today duly note the color, turbidity, and odor of urine but also include
1095:
1086:
1003:
899:
727:
695:
642:
584:
571:
555:
541:
505:
492:
Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of
306:
302:
92:
3769:
3480:
Jönsson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinnerås, B. and Salomon, E. (2004)
3352:
Johansson M, Jönsson H, Höglund C, Richert Stintzing A, Rodhe L (2001).
2266:
2242:
4534:
4234:
3623:
3596:
Joensson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinneras, B., Salomon, E. (2004).
3257:
2446:"BilR is a gut microbial enzyme that reduces bilirubin to urobilinogen"
2212:
1687:
1623:
1515:
1478:
1463:
1455:
1292:
1078:
795:
791:
756:
497:
248:
65:
3388:
3371:
2858:. Healthguide.howstuffworks.com (2007-05-16). Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
1077:
862 AD) mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the
211:
1808:
1266:
799:
310:
280:
276:
240:
236:
171:
124:
77:
49:
4123:
Trade and Taboo: Disreputable Professions in the Roman Mediterranean
3982:
Swihart, Robert K., Joseph J. Pignatello, and Mary Jane I. Mattina.
3320:
3318:
508:. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of
3476:
3474:
3472:
3434:
4499:
3510:
3508:
1775:
1659:
1593:
1565:
1231:
1222:
1151:
1045:
807:
739:
675:
483:
326:
305:
is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day),
210:
143:
61:
57:
21:
20:
3932:
Osada, Kazumi; Miyazono, Sadaharu; Kashiwayanagi, Makoto (2015).
3494:
3492:
3490:
3326:
4664:
4149:
Witty, Michael (December 2016) "Ancient Roman urine chemistry,"
4009:, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1966), pp.
3276:
3274:
2300:"What Is in Your Urine? Take a Look at the Chemical Composition"
1874:
1865:
1707:
1635:
1631:
1555:
1356:
1284:
1212:, which can be used in diagnostic antibody tests for a range of
1147:
551:
509:
344:
228:
159:
139:
104:
4303:
3908:
Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures
3834:. Scientific American. 4 January 2007. Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
868:
Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder. In the urethra,
3853:. Firstaid.about.com. 22 August 2010. Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
1217:
501:
467:
284:
3328:
Liquid Gold: The Lore and Logic of Using Urine to Grow Plants
2216:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1360:
or aged urine – as a cleaning fluid. Urine was also used for
3598:
Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production
3482:
Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production
3425:
3423:
2420:
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th edition
1760:
1731:
1295:, commonly found in sewage sludge, are much lower in urine.
615:(e.g., in medications) or foods or beverages with blue dyes.
275:
Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of
4125:(Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2016),
3790:
https://littlethings.com/entertainment/jellyfish-sting-news
2503:"Gotta go? We've finally found out what makes urine yellow"
2073:
Yang, P. J.; Pham, J.; Choo, J.; Hu, D. L. (26 June 2014).
1423:) advise against using it. Urine may also be consumed as a
822:
235:. In placental mammals, the urinary system consists of the
3844:
Jellyfish Sting Treatment – How to Treat a Jellyfish Sting
2153:
Rose, C.; Parker, A.; Jefferson, B.; Cartmell, E. (2015).
1482:
episode "The One With the Jellyfish", an early episode of
1763:
1757:
1737:
1099:
refers to any visual examination of the urine, including
4290:
at the University of Utah Eccles Health Sciences Library
3521:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
2159:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
3484:, EcoSanRes Publications Series, Report 2004-2, Sweden
4161:) to urine that had been fermented for several hours.
3515:
Rose, C; Parker, A; Jefferson, B; Cartmell, E (2015).
2919:"Urine is not sterile, and neither is the rest of you"
2668:
Stefan Gates; Max La Riviere-Hedrick (15 March 2006).
2218:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2075:"Duration of urination does not change with body size"
1802:
1796:
1634:) to cleanse grease stains from clothing. The emperor
1189:
for fertility therapy. One such commercial product is
726:
Green urine during long term infusion of the sedative
193:
urine and feces also require proper management if the
2793:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
1766:
1740:
1646:) on the urine industry, continued by his successor,
2839:. Nlm.nih.gov (2011-03-28). Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
2630:"Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems"
1734:
1325:, which are also part of the wastes excreted by the
530:, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions.
4705:
4630:
4565:
4523:
4477:
4470:
4428:
4382:
4351:
4341:
3502:
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
2359:"Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine"
2357:Udert, K.M.; Larsen, T.A.; Gujer, W. (2006-12-01).
1791:.), which is cognate with ancient words in various
1754:
1728:
860:Human urine has a specific gravity of 1.003–1.035.
641:is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a
3802:"Old Wives' Tale? Urine as Jellyfish Sting Remedy"
3154:
3152:
2323:von Münch, Elisabeth; Winker, Martina (May 2011).
1281:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants
829:, acidic urine can contribute to the formation of
158:. Historically, aged or fermented urine (known as
3993:Journal of chemical ecology 17.4 (1991): 767-777.
2031:Arthur C. Guyton; John Edward Hall (2006). "25".
1614:The fermentation of urine by bacteria produces a
3289:(CD release ed.). Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe
3088:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2849:Discovery Health "Urine PH – Medical Dictionary"
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
3354:"Urine Separation – Closing the Nitrogen Cycle"
2326:Technology review of urine diversion components
2079:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1869:is a word for aged urine, originating from the
1019:
340:, varying by what is introduced into the body.
1829:was at first used mostly in medical contexts.
1679:
1626:in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron.
1259:Reuse of human excreta § Urine as a fertilizer
4315:
3745:Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpeter
3448:"Urine Separation — Swedish Experiences"
3165:. New York, New York: Springer. p. 489.
1851:expressions used between parents and children
1673:
516:during the destruction of aging blood cells.
130:Urine plays an important role in the earth's
8:
3207:"Wall Street; A Fertility Drug Grows Scarce"
2948:Michael T. Madigan; Thomas D. Brock (2009).
1992:Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
1960:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583.
1667:
883:Bacterial isolates in human urine and cows'
848:, chlorothiazide diuretics, and methenamine
251:. The system produces urine by a process of
4085:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2674:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 87–.
1778:
1651:
1630:used fermented human urine (in the form of
1605:
1599:
1585:
1378:Urine was used before the development of a
4474:
4348:
4322:
4308:
4300:
4049:(Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1976),
3376:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3307:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3256:H. M. Vines, & Wedding, R. T. (1960).
3071:. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08
2830:Urine pH: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1702:urine in 1669. In 1773 the French chemist
1283:). Concentrations of heavy metals such as
1196:Urine from pregnant women contains enough
1111:, which chemically analyzes the urine and
470:are often present in urination of humans.
354:
3959:
3949:
3600:. Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
3548:
3387:
3018:
2893:
2604:
2579:Lison M, Blondheim SH, Melmed RN (1980).
2477:
2196:
2178:
2116:
2098:
496:, interactions with drugs, compounds and
3247:. Clinchem.org. Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
881:
40:in humans and in many other animals. In
3715:Esthetic Dentistry in Clinical Practice
3053:"History of diabetes mellitus - PubMed"
1946:
1917:
1833:is also used in such colloquialisms as
652:
3881:Neurobiology of Chemical Communication
3878:Mucignat-Caretta, Carla (2014-02-14).
3300:
3159:Carrell, D.T.; Peterson, C.M. (2010).
3081:
2772:from the original on December 17, 2008
2068:
2066:
1957:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1954:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
1861:, and many others) have long existed.
185:or human excreta, and are managed via
4229:
4227:
2980:
2978:
1472:states that urine works well against
7:
4235:https://www.etymonline.com/word/piss
2768:. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2237:
2235:
2233:
1618:; hence fermented urine was used in
877:Gram-negative rod and cocci bacteria
872:lining the urethra are colonized by
710:Pinkish urine due to consumption of
227:and, to a lesser extent in terms of
195:livestock population density is high
2707:Foods that Affect the Odor of Urine
1607:Urina ergo est colamentum sanguinis
662:Dark urine due to low fluid intake.
601:can result from the consumption of
570:due to certain medications such as
564:is often indicative of dehydration.
550:can result from the consumption of
309:when < 400 mL are produced, and
3498:von Münch, E., Winker, M. (2011).
2646:from the original on July 27, 2021
2037:(11 ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
1240:Urine can also be used to produce
1085:got its name because the urine is
611:can be caused by the ingestion of
14:
4140:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie
4047:The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii
3905:Wyatt, Tristram D. (2014-01-23).
2929:from the original on 22 June 2018
2917:Engelhaupt, Erika (22 May 2014).
2418:(2016). "The liver as an organ".
1236:Fresh human urine after excretion
1119:of the urine is performed when a
4102:"The laundries of the Ancients,"
4070: : 277–312. Available at:
3435:https://doi.org/10.15480/882.481
3104:"Medical Definition of UROSCOPY"
2874:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2805:10.1001/jama.1994.03510340041031
2688:from the original on 26 May 2013
2211:
2051:from the original on 26 May 2013
1825:, but is now considered vulgar.
1750:
1724:
1706:discovered the organic compound
1601:De urinarum differencia negocium
1257:This section is an excerpt from
1244:, which is used clinically as a
1042:Examination for medical purposes
771:. Additionally, the presence of
719:
703:
687:
667:
655:
181:are collectively referred to as
166:production, household cleaning,
76:, urine is excreted through the
4188:from the original on 2010-10-18
4100:Rousset, Henri (31 March 1917)
3862:Mentioned by an interviewee in
3752:from the original on 2007-10-13
3187:from the original on 2022-04-07
2991:The Pan African Medical Journal
2951:Brock biology of microorganisms
2501:Rayne, Elizabeth (2024-01-27).
2397:from the original on 2022-03-08
2339:from the original on 2020-10-28
1879:referring to urine in general.
1514:Urine has often been used as a
1362:whitening teeth in Ancient Rome
891:Bacterial percentage in humans
4713:Fractional excretion of sodium
4112:Scientific American Supplement
3911:. Cambridge University Press.
3205:Adelson, Andrea (1995-02-26).
2534:. Princeton University Press.
2034:Textbook of medical physiology
1160:from it (Ede, the Netherlands)
215:The chemical structure of urea
1:
4007:Studies in Ancient Technology
3541:10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761
3283:"10. The Usefulness of urine"
2954:. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
2180:10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761
1198:human chorionic gonadotropins
894:Bacterial percentage in cows
83:Urine contains water-soluble
3446:Håkan Jönsson (2001-10-01).
3141:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.014
2560:National Library of Medicine
2528:Miklósi, Ádám (2018-04-03).
2363:Water Science and Technology
1809:
1183:follicle stimulating hormone
1134:. The exception occurs when
1074:
647:acute intermittent porphyria
91:metabolism that are rich in
4691:Effective renal plasma flow
4535:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
3051:Ahmed, A. M. (2021-06-08).
2556:"Maple syrup urine disease"
2247:The British Medical Journal
1841:, and the slang expression
1813:meaning 'to urinate'). The
1803:
1797:
779:) can cause it to smell of
639:Black or dark-colored urine
313:being < 100 mL per day.
4785:
4640:Glomerular filtration rate
4632:Assessment and measurement
4495:Atrial natriuretic peptide
3868:, a 2004 documentary film.
3713:Geissberger, Marc (2010).
3359:. Stockholm Water Company.
2531:The Dog: A Natural History
2462:10.1038/s41564-023-01549-x
2243:"Composition Of The Urine"
2004:Ewer, R. F. (2013-12-11).
1807:meaning 'water' and Greek
1397:
1371:
1256:
1145:
790:. Likewise consumption of
581:Dark orange to brown urine
477:
331:Urine under the microscope
320:
204:
4723:Tubuloglomerular feedback
4650:Augmented renal clearance
4607:Bicarbonate buffer system
4331:Physiology of the kidneys
4182:"Hygiene in Ancient Rome"
3938:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3325:Steinfeld, Carol (2004).
3171:10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1
2597:10.1136/bmj.281.6256.1676
2422:. Elsevier. p. 885.
1994:. Vol. 45. No. 107. 1980.
777:maple syrup urine disease
633:purple urine bag syndrome
154:. Some animals use it to
4612:Respiratory compensation
4369:Clearance of medications
3951:10.3389/fnins.2015.00363
3682:, Book 65, chapter 14,5
1907:, an attraction to urine
1051:A Doctor Examining Urine
56:and is ejected from the
4718:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
4453:Countercurrent exchange
4258:www.merriam-webster.com
4211:www.merriam-webster.com
4146:(23) : 355–360.
3742:Joseph LeConte (1862).
3108:www.merriam-webster.com
3003:10.4314/pamj.v5i1.56188
2100:10.1073/pnas.1402289111
1875:
1793:Indo-European languages
1546:species often contains
1532:olfactory communication
1526:Olfactory communication
1488:, as well as the films
1173:, Urowave). Urine from
1121:urinary tract infection
1017:The study also states:
874:facultatively anaerobic
775:in urine (diagnosed as
761:urinary tract infection
138:, urine fertilizes the
44:, urine flows from the
3779:, US Army Field Manual
3281:Morgan, Peter (2004).
1801:meaning 'it rains' or
1779:
1710:by boiling urine dry.
1680:
1674:
1668:
1652:
1643:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1530:Urine plays a role in
1409:is the consumption of
1382:in the manufacture of
1237:
1229:
1208:. Urine also contains
1161:
1058:
1039:
864:Bacteria and pathogens
752:
694:Dark red urine due to
674:Dark red urine due to
534:Reddish or brown urine
489:
401:Chemical oxygen demand
348:little protein and an
332:
216:
156:mark their territories
26:
4655:Renal clearance ratio
4574:Darrow Yannet diagram
4207:"Definition of URINE"
3695:Greek/French (66, 14)
3652:Sueton, Vespasian 23
3057:Saudi Medical Journal
1597:
1569:
1235:
1226:
1165:Source of medications
1155:
1146:Further information:
1067:Abdul Malik Ibn Habib
1049:
743:
487:
412:800 – 2000 mg/L
330:
321:Further information:
214:
25:Sample of human urine
24:
4680:Hemodialysis product
4660:Urea reduction ratio
4645:Creatinine clearance
4485:Antidiuretic hormone
4335:acid–base physiology
4254:"Definition of PISS"
4045:Moeller, Walter O.,
3865:Lomax the Songhunter
3719:John Wiley & Son
3580:Rich Earth Institute
3573:"Urine in my garden"
2886:10.1128/JCM.02876-13
2713:. December 27, 2010.
2375:10.2166/wst.2006.921
1987:MacDonald, David W.
1845:to mean heavy rain.
1694:by German alchemist
1534:, since it contains
1439:US Army Field Manual
1420:US Army Field Manual
1313:diammonium phosphate
1115:its constituents. A
1105:Clinical urine tests
623:blue diaper syndrome
583:can be a symptom of
480:Abnormal urine color
162:) was also used for
146:to grow. Therefore,
4556:Transcellular fluid
4540:Extracellular fluid
4458:Filtration fraction
4159:potassium carbonate
4118:(2152) : 197.
4072:Elizabethan Costume
3612:Fertilizer Research
3533:2015CREST..45.1827R
3452:EcoEng Newsletter 1
3429:Winker, M. (2009).
3331:. Ecowaters Books.
2450:Nature Microbiology
2171:2015CREST..45.1827R
2091:2014PNAS..11111932Y
2085:(33): 11932–11937.
2007:Ethology of Mammals
1650:. The Latin saying
1620:Classical Antiquity
1616:solution of ammonia
1577:Red Book of Hergest
1187:luteinizing hormone
884:
393:Nitrate and nitrite
357:
4617:Renal compensation
4546:Interstitial fluid
4286:2007-01-17 at the
4240:2022-03-18 at the
4151:Acta Archaeologica
4132:2021-07-05 at the
4107:2021-07-05 at the
4094:2021-07-05 at the
4077:2021-01-26 at the
4056:2021-07-05 at the
4038:2021-07-05 at the
4027:2021-07-05 at the
4016:2021-07-05 at the
3989:2021-10-18 at the
3849:2008-09-29 at the
3830:2007-10-11 at the
3775:2009-06-12 at the
3700:2013-03-26 at the
3689:2022-04-17 at the
3670:2022-04-17 at the
3659:2021-07-13 at the
3624:10.1007/bf00750100
3243:2011-07-25 at the
3211:The New York Times
2854:2010-03-30 at the
2835:2016-06-09 at the
2628:Hashemi, Shervin.
2369:(11–12): 413–420.
2253:(579): 133. 1872.
2223:2017-10-16 at the
1821:predates the word
1638:instituted a tax (
1612:
1592:
1497:The Heartbreak Kid
1331:Over-fertilization
1238:
1230:
1162:
1059:
882:
753:
593:Gilbert's syndrome
490:
385:Ammonium/ammonia-N
355:
333:
219:Most animals have
217:
121:nitrogenous wastes
27:
4754:Animal physiology
4741:
4740:
4675:Dialysis adequacy
4670:Standardized Kt/V
4626:
4625:
4584:Davenport diagram
4567:Acid–base balance
4466:
4465:
4443:Renal plasma flow
3918:978-0-521-11290-1
3891:978-1-4665-5341-5
3770:Water Procurement
3527:(17): 1827–1879.
3389:10.1021/jf0717891
3382:(21): 8657–8663.
3338:978-0-9666783-1-4
2961:978-0-13-232460-1
2729:An. Esp. Pediatr.
2681:978-0-15-603097-7
2637:s-space.snu.ac.kr
2541:978-1-4008-8999-0
2165:(17): 1827–1879.
2044:978-0-8089-2317-6
2017:978-1-4899-4656-0
1967:978-0-226-87013-7
1774:) comes from the
1718:The English word
1380:chemical industry
1374:Potassium nitrate
1177:women is rich in
1123:is suspected, as
1083:Diabetes mellitus
1025:) and 12.5–100% (
1015:
1014:
888:Humans aged 5–11
846:ammonium chloride
749:olfactory signals
621:can be caused by
619:Blue urine stains
562:Dark yellow urine
536:may be caused by
464:
463:
261:tubular secretion
221:excretory systems
148:urine can be used
42:placental mammals
4776:
4696:Extraction ratio
4599:Winters' formula
4475:
4438:Renal blood flow
4364:Pharmacokinetics
4349:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4301:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4172:
4121:Bond, Sarah E.,
4083:Smith, William,
4000:
3994:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3953:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3875:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3841:
3835:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3710:
3704:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3512:
3503:
3496:
3485:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3454:. Archived from
3443:
3437:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3391:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3278:
3269:
3262:Plant Physiology
3254:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3156:
3147:
3129:European Urology
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2865:
2859:
2846:
2840:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2743:. Archived from
2720:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2591:(6256): 1676–8.
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2296:
2271:
2270:
2239:
2228:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2182:
2150:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2102:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1951:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1878:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1698:when distilling
1692:white phosphorus
1683:
1678:), and Romania (
1677:
1671:
1657:
1654:Pecunia non olet
1609:
1603:
1589:
1587:Ansoddau'r Trwnc
1550:that serve as a
1339:ammonium nitrate
1076:
1037:
952:Escherichia coli
885:
870:epithelial cells
788:asparagusic acid
745:Dogs communicate
723:
707:
691:
671:
659:
409:Total phosphorus
358:
207:Renal physiology
177:Human urine and
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4701:
4622:
4561:
4519:
4471:Other functions
4462:
4448:Ultrafiltration
4424:
4378:
4374:Urine flow rate
4337:
4328:
4294:Urine Chemistry
4288:Wayback Machine
4277:
4272:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4242:Wayback Machine
4232:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4134:Wayback Machine
4109:Wayback Machine
4096:Wayback Machine
4079:Wayback Machine
4058:Wayback Machine
4040:Wayback Machine
4029:Wayback Machine
4018:Wayback Machine
4001:
3997:
3991:Wayback Machine
3981:
3977:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3857:
3851:Wayback Machine
3842:
3838:
3832:Wayback Machine
3823:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3777:Wayback Machine
3768:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3702:Wayback Machine
3691:Wayback Machine
3672:Wayback Machine
3661:Wayback Machine
3651:
3647:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3428:
3421:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3255:
3251:
3245:Wayback Machine
3236:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2856:Wayback Machine
2847:
2843:
2837:Wayback Machine
2828:
2824:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2274:
2241:
2240:
2231:
2225:Wayback Machine
2152:
2151:
2134:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1885:
1753:
1749:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1704:Hilaire Rouelle
1644:vectigal urinae
1564:
1542:. The urine of
1528:
1512:
1491:The Real Cancun
1430:Full article...
1425:sexual activity
1402:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:. In contrast,
1323:sodium chloride
1310:
1306:
1302:
1271:chemically burn
1262:
1254:
1181:that can yield
1167:
1150:
1144:
1044:
1038:
1033:
866:
858:
827:hyperuricosuria
819:
813:
738:
731:
724:
715:
708:
699:
692:
683:
672:
663:
660:
645:or non-melanin
576:phenazopyridine
482:
476:
452:4970 mg/L
436:3450 mg/L
428:1500 mg/L
420:2740 mg/L
404:6000 mg/L
396:0.06 mg/L
380:8830 mg/L
325:
319:
298:
293:
291:Characteristics
273:
245:urinary bladder
209:
203:
170:of leather and
142:and thus helps
54:urinary bladder
17:
12:
11:
5:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4515:Prostaglandins
4512:
4507:
4505:Erythropoietin
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4276:
4275:External links
4273:
4270:
4269:
4245:
4223:
4198:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4147:
4136:
4119:
4098:
4081:
4060:
4043:
4005:Forbes, R.J.,
3995:
3975:
3924:
3917:
3897:
3890:
3870:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3793:
3781:
3762:
3734:
3727:
3705:
3645:
3618:(2): 149–154.
3602:
3589:
3564:
3504:
3486:
3468:
3438:
3419:
3362:
3344:
3337:
3314:
3270:
3249:
3230:
3197:
3179:
3148:
3135:(6): 865–868.
3119:
3095:
3063:(4): 373–378.
3043:
3034:
2974:
2960:
2940:
2909:
2880:(3): 871–876.
2860:
2841:
2822:
2783:
2757:
2731:(in Spanish).
2715:
2711:livestrong.com
2699:
2680:
2660:
2620:
2571:
2547:
2540:
2520:
2493:
2456:(1): 173–184.
2435:
2429:978-1455770052
2428:
2407:
2349:
2315:
2272:
2229:
2132:
2062:
2043:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1980:
1966:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1889:Drinking urine
1884:
1881:
1715:
1712:
1628:Ancient Romans
1574:text from the
1563:
1560:
1554:against their
1536:semiochemicals
1527:
1524:
1511:
1508:
1445:
1395:
1392:
1372:Main article:
1369:
1366:
1351:
1348:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1175:postmenopausal
1166:
1163:
1143:
1140:
1055:Trophime Bigot
1043:
1040:
1031:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
987:
986:
983:
980:
974:
973:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
941:
935:
934:
931:
928:
922:
921:
918:
915:
913:Staphylococcus
909:
908:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
889:
865:
862:
857:
854:
818:
815:
737:
734:
733:
732:
725:
718:
716:
709:
702:
700:
693:
686:
684:
673:
666:
664:
661:
654:
651:
650:
636:
631:may be due to
626:
616:
613:methylene blue
606:
599:Greenish urine
596:
589:rhabdomyolysis
578:
565:
559:
545:
531:
475:
472:
462:
461:
460:230 mg/L
458:
454:
453:
450:
446:
445:
444:120 mg/L
442:
438:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
388:460 mg/L
386:
382:
381:
378:
377:Total nitrogen
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
318:
315:
297:
294:
292:
289:
272:
269:
265:urinary meatus
225:urinary system
205:Main article:
202:
199:
134:. In balanced
132:nitrogen cycle
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4781:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:PAH clearance
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:Fluid balance
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Oligopeptides
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3884:. CRC Press.
3883:
3882:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3728:9780813828251
3724:
3721:. p. 6.
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3680:Roman History
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3458:on 2009-04-27
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:(6), 820–825.
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3180:9781441914361
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:(10): 751–4.
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2747:on 2009-03-27
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Urine therapy
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:onomatopoetic
1811:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1745:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1394:Survival uses
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:phytotoxicity
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:gonadotropins
1176:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1027:Gram-negative
1024:
1023:Gram-positive
1018:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
886:
880:
878:
875:
871:
863:
861:
855:
853:
851:
847:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:kidney stones
764:
762:
758:
750:
746:
742:
735:
729:
722:
717:
713:
706:
701:
697:
690:
685:
681:
677:
670:
665:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
617:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
577:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
553:
549:
548:Pinkish urine
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
486:
481:
473:
471:
469:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
359:
353:
351:
346:
341:
339:
329:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
295:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:, removed by
230:
226:
222:
213:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
174:of textiles.
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
4732:
4390:Solvent drag
4383:Reabsorption
4343:
4296:at drugs.com
4281:Urinanalysis
4261:. Retrieved
4257:
4248:
4215:. Retrieved
4213:. 2024-05-07
4210:
4201:
4190:. Retrieved
4176:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4122:
4115:
4111:
4089:pp. 551–553.
4084:
4067:
4063:
4046:
4006:
3998:
3978:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3907:
3900:
3880:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3839:
3820:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3784:
3765:
3754:. Retrieved
3744:
3737:
3714:
3708:
3679:
3648:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3567:
3524:
3520:
3460:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3451:
3441:
3430:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3347:
3327:
3291:. Retrieved
3286:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3233:
3222:. Retrieved
3210:
3200:
3189:. Retrieved
3161:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3107:
3098:
3084:cite journal
3073:. Retrieved
3060:
3056:
3046:
3037:
2994:
2990:
2967:10 September
2965:. Retrieved
2950:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2923:Science News
2922:
2912:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2816:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2776:December 26,
2774:. Retrieved
2760:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2735:(3): 273–6.
2732:
2728:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2670:
2663:
2655:
2648:. Retrieved
2636:
2623:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:
2550:
2530:
2523:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:Ars Technica
2506:
2496:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2419:
2416:John E. Hall
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2366:
2362:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2325:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2250:
2246:
2162:
2158:
2082:
2078:
2055:26 September
2053:. Retrieved
2033:
2026:
2010:. Springer.
2006:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1956:
1949:
1929:
1920:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1843:pissing down
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1788:
1784:
1719:
1717:
1696:Hennig Brand
1686:
1669:vespasiennes
1613:
1575:
1538:that act as
1529:
1513:
1503:The Paperboy
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1470:Urban legend
1468:
1449:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1377:
1355:
1353:
1327:renal system
1297:
1276:annual crops
1264:
1246:thrombolytic
1239:
1216:, including
1195:
1168:
1129:
1094:
1060:
1050:
1020:
1016:
867:
859:
843:
839:
820:
812:
785:
765:
754:
638:
629:Purple urine
628:
618:
608:
598:
580:
568:Orange urine
567:
561:
547:
533:
524:Bloody urine
523:
518:
491:
465:
342:
334:
317:Constituents
299:
274:
257:reabsorption
233:perspiration
218:
176:
129:
95:and must be
82:
64:through the
48:through the
32:is a liquid
29:
28:
18:
4759:Body fluids
4728:Natriuresis
4593:Delta ratio
4579:Base excess
4490:Aldosterone
4064:Ciba Review
3676:Dio Cassius
1891:(urophagia)
1871:Old English
1835:to piss off
1666:in France (
1500:(2007) and
1452:World War I
1228:fertilizer.
1132:dehydration
1125:bacteriuria
1093:. The name
978:Pseudomonas
926:Citrobacter
781:maple syrup
773:amino acids
338:metabolites
183:human waste
119:can detect
101:bloodstream
85:by-products
74:vertebrates
72:. In other
4764:Sanitation
4748:Categories
4603:Buffering
4531:Body water
4510:Calcitriol
4430:Filtration
4263:2024-05-08
4217:2024-05-08
4192:2010-02-09
3811:2024-05-08
3756:2007-10-19
3462:2009-04-19
3293:6 December
3224:2024-05-08
3191:2013-03-26
3113:2024-05-08
3075:2024-05-08
2766:"Urine pH"
2751:2008-12-25
2565:2022-06-10
2514:2024-01-28
2401:2021-08-02
2343:2020-11-28
2309:2024-05-08
1941:References
1847:Euphemisms
1688:Alchemists
1681:vespasiene
1675:vespasiani
1672:), Italy (
1548:kairomones
1540:pheromones
1398:See also:
1343:phosphorus
1252:Fertilizer
1210:antibodies
1171:Urecholine
1113:quantifies
1109:urinalysis
1101:microscopy
1063:Hermogenes
991:Salmonella
939:Klebsiella
609:Blue urine
526:is termed
514:hemoglobin
478:See also:
323:Urinalysis
253:filtration
201:Physiology
187:sanitation
152:fertilizer
136:ecosystems
117:urinalysis
113:creatinine
103:, such as
38:metabolism
34:by-product
4589:Anion gap
4359:Clearance
4352:Secretion
4342:Creating
3632:0167-1731
3398:0021-8561
3303:cite book
3219:0362-4331
3146:28754533.
3011:1937-8688
2650:March 15,
2470:2058-5276
2383:0273-1223
2304:ThoughtCo
2259:0007-1447
2189:1064-3389
2109:0027-8424
1905:Urolagnia
1895:Ureotelic
1853:(such as
1839:piss poor
1700:fermented
1648:Vespasian
1584:, called
1570:Medieval
1558:species.
1552:repellent
1474:jellyfish
1406:Urophagia
1400:Urophagia
1384:gunpowder
1368:Gunpowder
1242:urokinase
1214:pathogens
1204:, namely
1202:estrogens
1136:diuretics
1087:plentiful
1071:Andalusia
850:mandelate
835:uric acid
804:tuna fish
751:in urine.
712:beetroots
680:hematuria
603:asparagus
538:porphyria
528:hematuria
494:hydration
441:Magnesium
417:Potassium
361:Parameter
191:Livestock
189:systems.
164:gunpowder
125:mammalian
109:uric acid
99:from the
70:urination
4478:Hormones
4400:Chloride
4284:Archived
4238:Archived
4186:Archived
4163:Struvite
4130:Archived
4105:Archived
4092:Archived
4075:Archived
4054:Archived
4036:Archived
4025:Archived
4014:Archived
3987:Archived
3970:26500485
3847:Archived
3828:Archived
3806:ABC News
3773:Archived
3750:Archived
3698:Archived
3687:Archived
3668:Archived
3657:Archived
3640:24528286
3585:storage.
3559:26246784
3414:11255276
3406:17894454
3241:Archived
3185:Archived
3069:11953758
3029:21293739
2927:Archived
2904:24371246
2852:Archived
2833:Archived
2770:Archived
2741:11676906
2692:27 April
2686:Archived
2641:Archived
2585:Br Med J
2488:38172624
2479:10769871
2395:Archived
2391:17302346
2334:Archived
2267:25231362
2221:Archived
2207:26246784
2127:24969420
2049:Archived
1973:16 April
1883:See also
1714:Language
1582:uroscopy
1544:predator
1520:waulking
1510:Textiles
1494:(2003),
1485:Survivor
1460:chlorine
1442:advises
1415:cosmetic
1350:Cleaning
1321:such as
1206:Premarin
1191:Pergonal
1096:uroscopy
1081:empire.
1032:—
1004:Shigella
900:Bacillus
728:propofol
696:choluria
643:melanoma
585:jaundice
572:rifampin
556:beeturia
542:beeturia
506:urobilin
498:pigments
449:Chloride
425:Sulphate
307:oliguria
303:Polyuria
296:Quantity
271:Duration
93:nitrogen
89:cellular
4420:Protein
4410:Glucose
4167:bittern
4127:p. 112.
3961:4595651
3944:: 363.
3684:English
3654:English
3550:4500995
3529:Bibcode
3020:3032614
2933:22 June
2895:3957746
2813:8093138
2615:7448566
2606:1715705
2198:4500995
2167:Bibcode
2118:4143032
2087:Bibcode
1827:Urinate
1798:varṣati
1664:urinals
1624:mordant
1562:History
1516:mordant
1479:Friends
1464:ammonia
1456:Germans
1450:During
1444:against
1293:cadmium
1289:mercury
1248:agent.
1117:culture
1079:Umayyad
965:Proteus
856:Density
796:alcohol
792:saffron
757:ammonia
457:Calcium
281:rodents
249:urethra
241:ureters
237:kidneys
168:tanning
123:of the
97:cleared
68:during
66:urethra
52:to the
50:ureters
46:kidneys
4551:Plasma
4395:Sodium
4051:p. 20.
4031:, and
3968:
3958:
3915:
3888:
3725:
3674:. Cf.
3638:
3630:
3557:
3547:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3335:
3217:
3177:
3067:
3027:
3017:
3009:
2997:: 12.
2958:
2902:
2892:
2811:
2739:
2678:
2613:
2603:
2538:
2486:
2476:
2468:
2426:
2389:
2381:
2265:
2257:
2205:
2195:
2187:
2125:
2115:
2107:
2041:
2014:
1964:
1810:ourein
1291:, and
1267:ecosan
1011:12.8%
972:23.1%
969:18.2%
959:23.1%
956:36.4%
946:12.8%
933:12.8%
904:10.4%
831:stones
806:, and
800:coffee
747:using
433:Sodium
364:Value
350:excess
311:anuria
277:mammal
259:, and
247:, and
172:dyeing
144:plants
127:body.
111:, and
78:cloaca
4769:Urine
4733:Urine
4706:Other
4500:Renin
4344:urine
4002:See:
3665:Latin
3636:S2CID
3576:(PDF)
3410:S2CID
3357:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
2633:(PDF)
2337:(PDF)
2330:(PDF)
2263:JSTOR
1912:Notes
1876:hland
1873:word
1823:urine
1817:term
1780:urina
1776:Latin
1720:urine
1640:Latin
1572:Welsh
1411:urine
1388:salts
1319:salts
1091:sweet
1008:7.8%
998:5.1%
995:3.9%
985:2.6%
982:9.1%
943:7.8%
930:3.9%
920:2.6%
917:2.6%
907:5.1%
808:onion
676:blood
591:, or
552:beets
512:from
474:Color
179:feces
150:as a
62:vulva
58:penis
30:Urine
4665:Kt/V
4405:Urea
4333:and
3966:PMID
3913:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3628:ISSN
3555:PMID
3402:PMID
3394:ISSN
3333:ISBN
3309:link
3295:2011
3215:ISSN
3175:ISBN
3144:PMID
3090:link
3065:PMID
3025:PMID
3007:ISSN
2969:2011
2956:ISBN
2935:2018
2900:PMID
2809:PMID
2778:2008
2737:PMID
2694:2011
2676:ISBN
2652:2021
2611:PMID
2536:ISBN
2484:PMID
2466:ISSN
2424:ISBN
2387:PMID
2379:ISSN
2255:ISSN
2203:PMID
2185:ISSN
2123:PMID
2105:ISSN
2057:2011
2039:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1975:2024
1962:ISBN
1866:Lant
1849:and
1831:Piss
1819:piss
1708:urea
1636:Nero
1632:lant
1556:prey
1436:The
1357:lant
1285:lead
1220:-1.
1185:and
1148:Lant
1142:Uses
1089:and
821:The
736:Odor
574:and
510:heme
502:dyes
468:ions
372:6.2
345:Urea
285:bats
283:and
229:urea
160:lant
140:soil
115:. A
105:urea
3956:PMC
3946:doi
3620:doi
3545:PMC
3537:doi
3384:doi
3167:doi
3137:doi
3015:PMC
2999:doi
2890:PMC
2882:doi
2801:doi
2797:271
2601:PMC
2593:doi
2589:281
2474:PMC
2458:doi
2371:doi
2193:PMC
2175:doi
2113:PMC
2095:doi
2083:111
1859:pee
1855:wee
1804:vār
1785:-ae
1761:ɜːr
1732:juː
1684:).
1660:son
1580:on
1427:. (
1218:HIV
1158:hCG
1069:of
833:of
500:or
87:of
60:or
36:of
4750::
4533::
4256:.
4226:^
4209:.
4184:.
4155:87
4153:,
4144:49
4142:,
4116:83
4114:,
4066:,
4033:65
4022:48
4020:,
4011:19
3964:.
3954:.
3940:.
3936:.
3804:.
3717:.
3693:,
3678:,
3663:,
3634:.
3626:.
3616:40
3614:.
3582:.
3578:.
3553:.
3543:.
3535:.
3525:45
3523:.
3519:.
3507:^
3489:^
3471:^
3450:.
3433:.
3422:^
3408:.
3400:.
3392:.
3380:55
3378:.
3374:.
3317:^
3305:}}
3301:{{
3285:.
3273:^
3266:35
3264:,
3260:.
3213:.
3209:.
3183:.
3173:.
3151:^
3133:72
3131:.
3106:.
3086:}}
3082:{{
3061:23
3059:.
3055:.
3023:.
3013:.
3005:.
2993:.
2989:.
2977:^
2925:.
2921:.
2898:.
2888:.
2878:52
2876:.
2872:.
2815:.
2807:.
2795:.
2733:55
2727:.
2709:.
2684:.
2654:.
2639:.
2635:.
2609:.
2599:.
2587:.
2583:.
2558:.
2505:.
2482:.
2472:.
2464:.
2452:.
2448:.
2393:.
2385:.
2377:.
2367:54
2365:.
2361:.
2302:.
2275:^
2261:.
2249:.
2245:.
2232:^
2201:.
2191:.
2183:.
2173:.
2163:45
2161:.
2157:.
2135:^
2121:.
2111:.
2103:.
2093:.
2081:.
2077:.
2065:^
2047:.
1857:,
1837:,
1787:,
1748:,
1642::
1454:,
1433:)
1364:.
1329:.
1307::K
1287:,
1193:.
1075:d.
1053:.
852:.
823:pH
817:pH
802:,
798:,
794:,
783:.
763:.
682:).
587:,
544:).
369:pH
267:.
255:,
243:,
239:,
197:.
107:,
80:.
4698:)
4689:(
4595:)
4591:(
4558:)
4544:(
4323:e
4316:t
4309:v
4266:.
4220:.
4195:.
4068:9
4042:.
3972:.
3948::
3942:9
3921:.
3894:.
3814:.
3759:.
3731:.
3642:.
3622::
3561:.
3539::
3531::
3465:.
3416:.
3386::
3341:.
3311:)
3297:.
3227:.
3194:.
3169::
3139::
3116:.
3092:)
3078:.
3031:.
3001::
2995:5
2971:.
2937:.
2906:.
2884::
2803::
2780:.
2754:.
2696:.
2617:.
2595::
2568:.
2544:.
2517:.
2490:.
2460::
2454:9
2432:.
2404:.
2373::
2346:.
2312:.
2269:.
2251:1
2227:.
2209:.
2177::
2169::
2129:.
2097::
2089::
2059:.
2020:.
1977:.
1789:f
1783:(
1770:/
1767:n
1764:ɪ
1758:j
1755:ˈ
1752:/
1744:/
1741:n
1738:ɪ
1735:r
1729:ˈ
1726:/
1722:(
1309:2
1305:5
1303:O
1301:2
1279:(
1261:.
1073:(
1057:.
730:.
714:.
698:.
678:(
649:.
635:.
625:.
595:.
558:)
554:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
