348:'infidel countries' to save themselves from the oppressive governments of their homelands. He goes even further stating that immigration is allowed also 'in order to enforce the Muslims and weaken the infidels. One of the goals of immigration is the revival of the duty of Jihad and enforcement of their power over the infidels. Immigration and Jihad go together: one is the consequence of the other and dependent upon it. The continuance of the one is dependent upon the continuation of the other.'
373:
of the world that were previously cut off it also ignores and bypasses other regions, and along with this produces enemies whilst it incorporates participants. The circulation of commodities, technology, money and ideas facilitate networks of terror as well as trade and travel. Although it was supposed to promote democracy it was often the case that globalization forces inhibited it leading to an intensification of local and global political conflicts as was the case of the Middle East.
360:
Prior to the changes that accompanied globalization each community had the opportunity to determine its own interpretation of the
Islamic message, whereas now the norms are increasingly imposed by conservative Islamic groups. Given the circumstances, it seems that rather than opposing globalization, the Islamic world has found its own way of leading the process in a totally different direction. Therefore, globalization means 'many things to many people.'
425:, where attempts to block foreign influences have often not succeeded. Still, given the incompatibility that characterizes the two views, neither Islamic terrorists nor the West can come to an intellectual compromise. Moreover, the Anglo-American invasion and occupation of Iraq have inhibited the chance for gradual change to occur in the region. The war polarised regimes and Islamist oppositions not only in Saudi Arabia but also in
1715:
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unpredictable nature of a globally connected and networked society where a hidden network dedicated its whole activity to attacking the US. According to
Hinnebusch it is no accident that the Middle East has witnessed by far the highest number of international terrorist incidents, or that the US is increasingly becoming the target for these attacks. Osama Bin Laden and his following of '
1726:
218:, institutions and ideas. In this context globalization was seen as a form of surrender to a dominant, non-indigenous standpoint. Islam, a religion governed by its own set of laws, developed an alternate world view with many of the elements of globalization contradicting it. It has a powerful and cohesive community which at times acts like a cultural defence wall against the
393:. In her book, Laura Guazzone points out the paradox of US hegemony in the region: while at the military level it stabilizes the Middle East against revisionist states, its biased and inequitable application continually stimulates the nationalist and Islamic reaction at the societal level that keeps the regional pot boiling.
372:
as "the first war of the twenty-first century" and the first major war in the age of globalization brought into focus the contradictions generated by this phenomenon. We are now experiencing an extremely complex phenomenon which both divides and unifies the world we live in. While connecting parts
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Technological achievements, capital mobility and free movement of people that resulted from the process thus allowed terrorism to express its local grievances and attack key symbols of
American power in a way that had never been done before. In the case of 9/11 Al Qaeda presented an example of the
166:
civilization. The inability to separate religious and mundane matters or religion and state has therefore created resistance and rigidity which at times has culminated in a defensive call for a fight against the enemy. Globalized organizations inspired by globalization are now fighting against it.
359:
are no longer counterparts. Islamist movements are themselves the driving forces behind globalization influencing its direction and outcome. Probably one of the most important outcomes of this process has been the creation of a standard understanding for what the words "Islam" and "Islamic" mean.
69:
Against most expectations, the processes of globalization hence proved highly turbulent and have generated new conflicts, hostilities and exclusions throughout the world. Oppositional individuals and groups are now able to participate in global culture and politics through gaining access to global
134:
There is also a minority who strongly advocates globalization. In their opinion, globalisation has become the "discourse of the age" and Dr. Fuad
Zakariya, an Egyptian professor of philosophy, is amongst them. He argues that those who oppose globalization in fact do not understand its meaning and
70:
communication and media networks and to circulate local struggles and oppositional ideas through these media. Initially globalization was expected to spread the zone of peace by delivering economic prosperity which people would not want to sacrifice in conflicts. Instead the imposition of
474:, unlocking the possibilities of destruction and violence as well as democracy, free trade, and cultural and social exchange. In effect, decisions of the states to open up to international traffic and capital flows are reversible and may occur given the threats that globalization carries.
126:
The second group of Arab thinkers welcomes globalization as the age of modern science, advanced technology and global communications. It calls for interaction with globalization in order to benefit from its "positive opportunities" without necessarily losing the Arab-Islamic cultural
317:
block, globalization is feeding a great debate within the
Islamic civilization about how Muslims should adjust to modernity. Much more than being against the West, Muslims are interested in re-establishing an Islamic unity and incorporating Western technology and science into Islam.
448:
The terrorists who believe that the very existence of the West is a threat will continue to use violence to fight a foe which cannot be ignored. Their understanding of the concept of globalization will continue to be affected by negative factors like high illiteracy rates,
246:
were some of the tools used to convince the masses that anti-globalization was the only way of defending the Arab nation and Islam. People were thus discouraged from supporting elements of globalization like democracy, free enterprise, civil and human rights.
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on both the
Islamist and nationalist fronts. The idea is sustained by the fact that students who have studied in the West often return home to reinforce even further a rejection of the society they have experienced. They may focus on the shortcomings of the
258:
contests that by imposing itself and its values on the entire world through the globalization process, the West is creating the conditions for conflict to occur between other cultures. It has made itself impossible to ignore and was at the very cause of an
412:. This led to a general increase in fear and anxiety and September 11 was probably the most powerful alarm towards the danger that globalization carries within: new technologies empower angry disempowered people with technologies of mass destruction.
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is at great value in the Middle East. For this reason, Arab and Muslim intellectuals have been deeply concerned about maintaining their cultural identity and independence in the face of globalization, especially as it is seen by most as equivalent to
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In conclusion, the same place which once fuelled the world's first truly global industry with its vast reserves of oil may also become the centre of forces that reverse the globalizing tendencies of the states. The more open society has become a
326:
There is considerable debate about Middle
Eastern participation in globalization and about who is influencing whom along the way. While some critics argue that the Arab world is opposing globalization some others feel that it has strengthened
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will supposedly allow
Muslims to see through the West's lies and to force the seemingly powerful but cowardly West to retreat from the Islamic world and await its final defeat. The imperialistic domination of the Muslim world, the support for
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Some authors claim that the general reaction to globalization among the Arab states has been a negative or a defensive one. The key reason for the rejection may be the lack of previous cultural penetration of the
Islamic Middle East by
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by facilitating extensive networks of formerly dissociated
Muslims. In this view the Middle East can even be considered as one of its driving forces. The increase in the flow of information, communication and mobility has served Muslim
115:" that regulates all aspects of their life, including economic transactions, marriage and divorce, and matters of state. According to Fauzi Najjar, the Arab intelligentsia is divided into three different attitudes toward globalization:
344:'s book of rulings, where he uses the Islamic principle of "the necessities allow the prohibited". Here he claims that, just as Muslims can drink wine or eat pork in order to save themselves from starving, they can also migrate to the
184:
have intensified Muslim fears and increased hatred towards the West, making them "view globalization with terror." Globalization threatens to undermine Islam and to remove it from the everyday "thought and actions" of Muslims.
420:
The West's ideals will inevitably circulate throughout the world and as Rubin argues even the most extreme rejection of globalization does not mean that it fails to infiltrate into society. A good example of this is
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but in a different way from the West. Whereas the latter is more profit-driven, the Islamists ideal of a globalized society is a network-connection of all Muslims in order to promote their definition of the world.
267:. Globalization brought face to face two very confident and incompatible ideas and the battle for dominance has been transformed into what is known as terrorism or "the dark side of globalization".
302:, which imposes its Jihad on local culture and tradition, wanting to create the world in its own image. Just as Al Qaeda dreams of imposing a radical Islam on the world, taking over and destroying
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technology to groups and individuals that previously had no or restricted access to. Conventional instruments of mass transport or communication have been, and can be at any time converted into
286:. Though violent, it can also be seen as an unacceptable response to destructive imperial national policies which themselves must be transformed if a world without terror is possible.
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regimes and the absence of democracy and human rights It may be the case that the next generation will be even more closed after experiencing much more intense and systematic
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The third group he says "naively" calls for finding a middle ground, an appropriate form of globalization that is compatible with the national and cultural interests of people.
741:
Walton, C. Dale (2004) ‘The West and Its Antagonists: Culture, Globalization, and the War on Terrorism', Comparative Strategy, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 303 – 312 (July 2004).
503:
702:"Globalization, Terrorism and Democracy : 9/11 and its Aftermath", in : Confronting Globalization : Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics
813:
Alamdari, Kazem. (2003), 'Terrorism cuts across the East and the West: deconstructing Lewis's Orientalism' Third World Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 177–186
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and, due to its ambiguity created a contradictory and tension filled situation. Globalization thus often acted as an obstacle rather than an impetus to
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34:) and refers to the spread throughout the globe of ideas, customs, institutions, and attitudes originated in one part of the world which are usually
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381:' were partly a US creation and it was not the religious or cultural differences that turned them against the US but its continuous presence in
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154:(domain of Islam) and Dar al-Kufr (domain of infidelity). Globalization is thought to lead to unrestricted freedom in the name of
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50:, renewed economic dependency and continuing insecurity. Globalization was ushered into the Middle East by a war which gave the
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Paz, Reuven (2002) ‘Middle East Islamism in the European Arena’, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 6, No. 3
437:, countries where the freedom scores diminished the most in the last couple of years. It is thus probable that the American "
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wants to destroy local and traditional eating habits and cuisine and replace them with a globalized and universalized menu.
135:
implications fully and reminds his compatriots that there are certain problems that can only be tackled at a global level.
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Campbell, Kurt M. (2002), ‘Globalization’s First War?’ The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 7–14 (Winter 2002)
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550:"The clash of Globalisations in the Middle East" in Louise Fawcett (ed.), "International Relations of the Middle East"
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230:. The rejection of globalization also appeared due to the political systems that governed the Middle East. Mostly
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Global terrorism and terror events were made possible due to the availability of new powerful and sometimes
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One example showing how Muslims use globalization to strengthen and promote their community can be found in
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Najjar, Fauzi (2005), ‘The Arabs, Islam and Globalization’. Middle East Policy, Vol. 12, No. 3, (Fall 2005)
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network represents bad globalization and the perverted use of technology but in a sense the Al Qaeda
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The Middle East in Global Change: The Politics and Economics of Interdependence versus Fragmentation
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represents nostalgia (for pre-modern civilisation) and has been the result of a clash between
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and is still widely regarded as an external threat rather than as an opportunity. In the
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A more balanced view on the Arab response is that rather than creating a unified anti-
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system and fear the effects of such ideas or institutions in their own countries.
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in origin. For this reason it has often been perceived as largely equivalent to
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have learned how to survive and mobilize mass support against globalization.
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are perceived as hidden instruments of power which serve the interests of
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appear to be among the main constituents of Islamic opposition movements.
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The first group consists of those who reject it as "the highest stage of
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the decade of globalization was marked by endless wars, intrusive US
441:" following the attacks of 11 September 2001 will lead to further
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have always been proud and sensitive about their religion because
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victors excessive power over the region and created a violent
758:
The West and the Rest: Globalisation and the Terrorist Threat
252:
The West and the Rest: Globalisation and the Terrorist Threat
704:. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 172–188.
368:
The experiences of September 11 categorized by President
162:, the distinguishing characteristics of the decadence of
385:, its perceived control over the Arab oil, the siege of
404:, or at least of mass terror producing a situation of
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of women, disparities between rich and poor, corrupt
150:(call) for the elimination of the boundaries between
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struggle. As some authors argue, it has strengthened
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552:. Oxford: The University Press. pp. 105–112.
408:where weaker individuals and groups can attack
504:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
389:and the support for Israeli oppression of the
222:influence and, as a result, limits the use of
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861:. London: Macmillan Press. pp. 237–258.
660:"Globalization and the Middle East: Part Two"
626:The International Politics of the Middle East
594:"Globalization and the Middle East: Part One"
8:
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16:Overview of globalization in the Middle East
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111:is not only a faith but also a law, a "
167:In their view, the use of violence or
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1263:New international division of labour
158:, as understood in the West, and to
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22:has been internalized in Arabic as
658:Griffel, Frank (21 January 2003).
270:Rather than reflecting a specific
14:
91:The Arab and Muslim intellectuals
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1714:
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832:Short, J. & Kim, Y. (1999).
592:Rubin, Barry (16 January 2003).
494:Middle East Economic Association
489:Middle East economic integration
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628:. Manchester University Press.
762:. London: Continuum. pp.
263:movement and an international
1:
514:Irreligion in the Middle East
624:Hinnebusch, Raymond (2003).
146:view globalization as a new
981:Environmental globalization
956:Anti-globalization movement
799:Barber, Bnjamin R. (1995).
416:Globalization in the future
402:weapons of mass destruction
24:
1778:
1129:Offshore financial centres
834:Globalization and the City
548:Clement, M. Henry (2005).
499:Economy of the Middle East
209:Reactions to globalization
1757:Globalization by location
1709:
915:
836:. New York, NY: Longman.
700:Kellner, Douglas (2005).
971:Democratic globalization
857:Guazzone, Laura (1997).
351:From this point of view
322:Who is influencing whom?
298:is the reverse image of
1253:Investor-state disputes
1206:Illicit financial flows
1050:Political globalization
998:Global financial system
80:economic liberalization
1762:Cultural globalization
1594:Christopher Chase-Dunn
1362:Primitive accumulation
1045:Military globalization
976:Economic globalization
961:Cultural globalization
329:Islamic fundamentalism
86:Views on globalization
60:Islamic fundamentalism
604:on 25 September 2015.
234:, the Middle Eastern
176:and the invasions of
72:structural adjustment
1659:Immanuel Wallerstein
1320:Capital accumulation
1186:Endangered languages
801:Jihad Versus McWorld
670:on 10 February 2003.
364:September 11 attacks
1731:Business portal
1290:Transnational crime
1196:Forced displacement
1181:Economic inequality
1055:Trade globalization
951:Alter-globalization
519:Islam and modernity
1504:Andre Gunder Frank
1278:Race to the bottom
1268:North–South divide
986:Global citizenship
224:European languages
56:anti-globalization
1739:
1738:
1705:
1704:
1564:K. Anthony Appiah
1559:Daniele Archibugi
1308:
1307:
1097:COVID-19 pandemic
1003:Global governance
773:978-1-882926-81-7
306:infidel culture,
205:, in particular.
144:Radical Islamists
96:Cultural identity
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1717:
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1670:
1579:Jean Baudrillard
1547:
1494:Giovanni Arrighi
1482:
1439:Branko Milanović
1419:Jagdish Bhagwati
1397:
1392:
1283:pollution havens
1248:Invasive species
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1018:Global workforce
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666:. Archived from
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600:. Archived from
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509:Moral syncretism
439:War on Terrorism
406:asymmetrical war
201:nations, and of
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1614:Anthony Giddens
1589:Manuel Castells
1554:Arjun Appadurai
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1538:
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1478:
1473:
1469:Joseph Stiglitz
1409:Richard Baldwin
1395:
1387:
1381:
1340:Fiscal localism
1304:
1258:McDonaldization
1176:Development aid
1150:
1145:
1114:Multilingualism
1109:Labor arbitrage
1085:Climate justice
1071:
1059:
1013:Global politics
966:Deglobalization
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451:marginalization
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216:Western culture
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101:Americanization
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64:democratization
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1134:Tax inversions
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1104:Digital divide
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1080:Climate change
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803:. Times Books.
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752:Scruton, Roger
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459:indoctrination
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370:George W. Bush
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357:Westernization
334:fundamentalism
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127:individuality.
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40:Westernization
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1644:George Ritzer
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1367:Social change
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909:Globalization
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883:
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870:
868:0-333-67079-5
864:
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853:
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843:0-582-36912-6
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559:0-19-926963-7
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485:
484:Western world
482:
481:
477:
475:
473:
472:Pandora's Box
467:
465:
460:
456:
455:authoritarian
452:
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436:
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353:globalization
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297:
293:
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280:modernization
277:
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268:
266:
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257:
256:Roger Scruton
253:
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41:
37:
26:
21:
20:Globalization
1692:John R. Saul
1677:Noam Chomsky
1669:Non–academic
1609:Susan George
1604:Nancy Fraser
1574:Walden Bello
1519:David Harvey
1509:Stephen Gill
1429:Jayati Ghosh
1335:Earth system
1201:Human rights
1141:Water crisis
1038:early modern
858:
852:
833:
827:
818:
809:
800:
794:
757:
746:
701:
668:the original
663:
625:
602:the original
597:
549:
468:
447:
443:polarization
419:
395:
391:Palestinians
383:Saudi Arabia
379:Arab Afghans
375:
367:
350:
339:
325:
312:
269:
251:
250:In his book
249:
212:
187:Human rights
156:human rights
152:Dar al-Islam
142:
139:The Jihadist
133:
94:
68:
18:
1752:Middle East
1687:Naomi Klein
1569:Ulrich Beck
1544:Politics /
1534:Robert Wade
1524:Ronen Palan
1514:Peter Gowan
1464:Amartya Sen
1454:Dani Rodrik
1404:David Autor
1330:Development
1211:Imperialism
1159:Brain drain
410:superpowers
244:demagoguery
228:Middle East
182:Afghanistan
160:libertinism
121:imperialism
44:Middle East
1746:Categories
1629:Paul Hirst
1624:David Held
1489:Samir Amin
1479:Political
1414:Ravi Batra
1355:history of
1350:ecological
1325:Dependency
1273:Offshoring
1236:scientific
1226:linguistic
1191:Fair trade
1171:Care drain
1124:Tax havens
1119:Population
1028:History of
664:YaleGlobal
598:YaleGlobal
525:References
308:McDonald's
240:Repression
232:autocratic
1654:John Urry
1546:sociology
1396:Economics
1300:World war
1023:Globality
991:education
342:Abu Basir
288:Bin Laden
284:tradition
276:terrorism
195:democracy
169:terrorism
76:terrorism
1719:Category
1388:scholars
1313:Theories
1221:cultural
1216:academic
920:Journals
754:(2002).
478:See also
292:Al Qaeda
272:ideology
48:hegemony
1481:economy
1386:Notable
1164:reverse
1092:Disease
1033:archaic
944:Aspects
935:Studies
930:Outline
764:172–188
464:Western
435:Tunisia
427:Algeria
346:Western
315:Western
304:Western
300:McWorld
261:Western
236:regimes
226:in the
220:Western
203:America
199:Western
191:freedom
164:Western
105:Muslims
52:Western
36:Western
31:العولمة
25:awlaama
1241:social
1072:Global
1064:Issues
865:
840:
770:
632:
556:
398:lethal
174:Israel
113:sharia
1231:media
1151:Other
431:Egypt
296:Jihad
265:Jihad
259:anti-
148:dawah
109:Islam
863:ISBN
838:ISBN
768:ISBN
630:ISBN
554:ISBN
433:and
423:Iran
387:Iraq
355:and
282:and
242:and
193:and
180:and
178:Iraq
290:'s
1748::
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103:.
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901:e
894:t
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28:(
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