1794:, the "socialist argument" defined "individual liberty" as " 'freedom from' obstacles". He argued that this definition only "confused" and obscured the aim of "securing individual freedom", because it permitted a possible "identification of freedom with power." The subsequent "collective power over circumstances" misappropriated "the physical 'ability to do what I want', the power to satisfy our wishes, or the extent of the choice of alternatives open to us." Hayek maintained that once any possible "identification of freedom with power is admitted," a "totalitarian state" coalesced where "liberty has been suppressed in the name of liberty."
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1980:
In Arendt's view, political action is an interruption of automatic process, either natural or historical. The freedom to begin anew is thus an extension of "the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before, which was not given, not even as an object of cognition or imagination, and
1851:
takes issue with
Friedman's concept of economic freedom, asserting that there will be infringements on the freedom of others whenever anyone exercises their own economic freedom. He argues that such infringements produce conflicts that are resolved through property rights systems, and therefore it is
1731:
societies. Political freedom has been described as freedom from oppression or coercion, the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions, or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society. Although political freedom
1948:
spoke of a compromise between positive and negative freedoms, saying that an agent must have full autonomy over themselves. In this view, freedom is a triadic relationship because it is about three things, namely the agent, the constraints they need to be free from and the goal they are aspiring to.
1843:
A study on 123 nations shows that the Hayek–Friedman hypothesis of the necessity of economic freedom for political freedom holds well. Only in few cases, there was relatively high political freedom without high economic freedom, and even those cases diminished over time. A later study found just one
1976:
or will-power since in ancient Greece and Rome the concept of freedom was inseparable from performance and did not arise as a conflict between the will and the self. Similarly, the idea of freedom as freedom from politics is a notion that developed in modern times. This is opposed to the idea of
1964:
politics. According to her study, the concept of freedom was historically inseparable from political action. Politics could only be practiced by those who had freed themselves from the necessities of life so that they could participate in the realm of political affairs. According to Arendt, the
1800:
see negative and positive liberty as complementary concepts of freedom. Such a view of rights may require utilitarian trade-offs, such as sacrificing the right to the product of one's labor or freedom of association for less racial discrimination or more subsidies for housing. Social anarchists
1815:
described it as "a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man's freedom of action in a social context". To such libertarians, positive liberty is contradictory since so-called rights must be traded off against each other, debasing legitimate rights which by definition trump other moral
1782:
or the enabling of a group or individual to determine their own life or realize their own potential. In this sense, freedom may include freedom from poverty, starvation, treatable disease, and oppression as well as freedom from force and coercion, from whomever they may issue.
2517:
1969:, or inner freedom, around the 5th century CE and since then freedom as a form of political action has been neglected even though, as she says, freedom is "the raison d'ĂŞtre of politics".
1816:
considerations. Any alleged right which calls for an end result (e.g. housing, education, medical services and so on) produced by people is in effect a purported right to enslave others.
1744:
and possibilities for action and the exercise of social or group rights. The concept can also include freedom from internal constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social
995:
1977:
freedom as the capacity to "begin anew", which Arendt sees as a corollary to the innate human condition of natality, or our nature as "new beginnings and hence beginners".
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essential to decide what is a better or a worse property rights system, yet
Friedman simply takes for granted the existing property rights and does not question them.
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2357:"You Have Nothing to Lose but Your Chains? Re-examining the Hayek-Friedman Hypothesis on the Relationship Between Capitalism and Political Freedom"
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Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to and a condition of power relations, or the power of action upon actions, by
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1904:. They maintain there is no such thing, for instance, as freedom to pollute or freedom to deforest given that such activities create
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stated: "The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities."
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posits that the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals, namely freedom as
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1748:, consistency, or inauthentic behaviour). The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of
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2254:"; Nikolas Kompridis, "Struggling Over the Meaning of Recognition: A Matter of Identity, Justice or Freedom?" in
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Nikolas
Kompridis, "The Idea of a New Beginning: A Romantic Source of Normativity and Freedom" in
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1874:. It has also been closely identified with certain kinds of artistic and cultural practice by
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as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action, it can also refer to the
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Michel
Foucault, "The Subject and Power" in Paul Rabinow and Nikolas S. Rose, eds.,
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clear counter-example, Belarus after 1991, and its freedom was lost over time.
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often argue that political freedoms should include some constraint on use of
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2006:
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theorized freedom in terms of our social interdependence with other people.
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hold different views about what they believe constitutes political freedom.
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2334:"Examining the Hayek–Friedman hypothesis on economic and political freedom"
1778:
political philosophy generally couples the notion of freedom with that of
2974:
2679:
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Friedrich August von Hayek, "Freedom and
Coercion" in David Miller (ed),
2113:
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1812:
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507:
350:
2355:
Gabriel
Benzecry, Nicholas Reinarts, and Daniel J. Smith (11 Feb 2024).
1924:
can clash. This leads at times to serious confrontations and clashes of
2650:
1840:, and that without economic freedom there cannot be political freedom.
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1720:
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and freedom as the ability to cooperatively initiate a new beginning.
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367:
2613:
2456:"Fur Challenge: Unzip That Collar and Expose Cruelty | Action"
2608:"Brief review of trends in political change: freedom and conflict"
1965:
concept of freedom became associated with the
Christian notion of
1836:
that there are two types of freedom, namely political freedom and
1929:
1913:
1727:
and political thought and one of the most important features of
2623:
2384:
Hahnel, R. (2009-03-01). "Why the Market
Subverts Democracy".
2299:
Alasdair MacIntyre, "The
Virtues of Acknowledged Dependence",
1972:
Arendt says that political freedom is historically opposed to
1933:
2535:
Between Past and Future: Eight exercises in political thought
2145:
Between Past and Future: Eight
Exercises in Political Thought
2619:
1981:
which therefore, strictly speaking, could not be known".
1920:
has been used as evidence that some ideas of freedom and
2602:"Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism"
2301:
Rational Dependent Animals: Why Humans Need the Virtues
2232:
Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers
1801:
describe the negative liberty-centric view endorsed by
2555:(Reprinted ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp.
1847:
In his article "Why the Market Subverts Democracy",
2942:
2766:
2720:
2657:
996:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2548:
2314:
1928:reflected in advertising campaigns, e.g. that of
2338:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
2332:Robert A. Lawson & J.R. Clark (June 2010).
2156:Iris Marion Young, "Five Faces of Oppression",
19:"Freedoms" redirects here. For other uses, see
2635:
1689:
1021:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
991:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
8:
2369:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1960:traces the conceptual origins of freedom to
1811:see negative rights as a consistent system.
2960:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2642:
2628:
2620:
2587:Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?", p. 151.
2160:(Princeton University press, 1990), 39–65.
1696:
1682:
25:
2397:
2230:, "What's Wrong With Negative Liberty?",
1026:International Federation of Liberal Youth
2020:, which is related to freedom of privacy
16:Concept in history and political thought
2483:The History of Freedom and Other Essays
2133:
1006:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
37:
2362:
2171:Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?
2158:Justice and the Politics of Difference
2965:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2614:"Freedom: The Great Gift of the West"
2064:Global Social Change Research Project
7:
2256:European Journal of Political Theory
2139:
2137:
2604:(PDF). Harvard University and NBER.
2533:Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?",
2432:(New York: Routledge, 2007), 32–59.
2258:July 2007 vol. 6 no. 3 pp. 277–289.
2143:Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?",
1046:Liberal South East European Network
2173:(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010).
2018:unreasonable searches and seizures
14:
1036:Liberal Network for Latin America
469:(contributions to liberal theory)
2523:from the original on 2011-01-25.
1663:
1651:
45:
2600:Alberto Abadie (October 2004).
2503:"Negative and Positive Freedom"
2501:MacCallum, Gerald (July 1967).
2462:from the original on 2022-08-30
2074:Libertarianism (disambiguation)
2950:Liberty, equality, brotherhood
2321:. University of Chicago Press.
410:Separation of church and state
1:
2486:. London: Macmillan. p.
2386:American Behavioral Scientist
2147:, (New York: Penguin, 1993).
2084:Negative and positive rights
2814:Freedom from discrimination
2234:(Cambridge, 1985), 211–229.
2120:Two Treatises of Government
3047:
3021:Civil rights and liberties
2675:Personification of Liberty
2537:(New York: Penguin, 1993).
2079:List of indices of freedom
1997:Civil and political rights
1790:philosopher and economist
18:
2955:All men are created equal
2430:Philosophical Romanticism
2313:Friedman, Milton (1962).
1768:Various groups along the
1633:Sexually liberal feminism
1540:Bias in American academia
1011:European Democratic Party
467:List of liberal theorists
2510:The Philosophical Review
2458:. PETA.org. 2016-02-09.
2408:10.1177/0002764208327672
2198:, "Alienated Labour" in
292:Labor theory of property
2547:Hannah, Arendt (1965).
2480:Acton, John D. (1907).
1946:Gerald C. MacCallum Jr.
1922:ecological conservation
1001:Arab Liberal Federation
191:Consent of the governed
2443:The Essential Foucault
2317:Capitalism and Freedom
2243:Ralph Waldo Emerson, "
2184:Development as Freedom
2034:Freedom of association
1906:negative externalities
1855:Political philosopher
1833:Capitalism and Freedom
1819:Political philosopher
1805:as "selfish freedom".
1016:European Liberal Youth
986:Africa Liberal Network
211:Economic globalization
2271:(1991) pp. 80, 85–86.
2186:(Anchor Books, 2000).
1876:Cornelius Castoriadis
1732:is often interpreted
1658:Liberalism portal
1530:Anti-authoritarianism
1031:Liberal International
3000:Right-libertarianism
2980:Civil libertarianism
2934:Water and sanitation
2670:Moral responsibility
2099:Political repression
2054:Freedom of the press
1740:exercise of rights,
462:Age of Enlightenment
415:Separation of powers
2990:Left-libertarianism
2985:Drug liberalization
2303:(Open Court, 2001).
2069:Internet censorship
2044:Freedom of religion
2039:Freedom of movement
2029:Freedom of assembly
1967:freedom of the will
1830:argues in his book
1809:Anarcho-capitalists
1670:Politics portal
373:Civil and political
346:Popular sovereignty
206:Economic liberalism
3026:Political concepts
2286:2019-10-06 at the
2250:2011-03-23 at the
2109:Scientific freedom
2094:Political prisoner
2089:Political equality
2059:Freedom of thought
1940:John Dalberg-Acton
1821:Alasdair MacIntyre
1770:political spectrum
1713:political autonomy
341:Permissive society
321:Limited government
3008:
3007:
2665:Cognitive liberty
2049:Freedom of speech
1898:Environmentalists
1857:Nikolas Kompridis
1798:Social anarchists
1709:Political freedom
1706:
1705:
1545:Bias in the media
1061:Regional variants
378:Natural and legal
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2692:Positive liberty
2687:Negative liberty
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2012:Economic freedom
2002:Decentralization
1992:Academic freedom
1888:Jacques Rancière
1838:economic freedom
1780:positive liberty
1717:political agency
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1567:Radical centrism
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331:Natural monopoly
282:Internationalism
99:Internationalist
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2839:Internet access
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2281:"Anarchism FAQ"
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1880:Antonio Gramsci
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1828:Milton Friedman
1792:Friedrich Hayek
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1719:) is a central
1711:(also known as
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1608:
1606:Land value tax
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Egalitarianism
1576:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Anti-communism
1532:
1526:
1524:Related topics
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1478:Arizona School
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:United Kingdom
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
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1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
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1249:
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1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
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1207:
1202:
1197:
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1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Wollstonecraft
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
464:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
425:Social justice
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
365:
364:
363:
358:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Market economy
323:
318:
317:
316:
311:
301:
294:
289:
287:Invisible hand
284:
279:
277:Harm principle
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
256:
255:
250:
235:
230:
229:
228:
223:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
142:
141:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
90:
89:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3043:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Morphological
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Morphological
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2566:9780140184211
2562:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:On revolution
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2344:(3): 230–239.
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:Self-Reliance
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:Isaiah Berlin
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:Amartya Sen,
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Right to arms
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Freedom House
2022:
2019:
2016:Freedom from
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:ancient Greek
1959:
1958:Hannah Arendt
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:According to
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:Individualism
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:United States
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Latin America
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
978:Organizations
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
756:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
482:
477:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
443:
440:
436:
435:Welfare state
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
300:
299:
298:Laissez-faire
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2899:Self-defense
2757:
2743:Intellectual
2583:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2482:
2475:
2464:. Retrieved
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2118:
1979:
1971:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1918:urban sprawl
1896:
1869:
1865:independence
1854:
1849:Robin Hahnel
1846:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1767:
1754:human rights
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1628:Pirate Party
1488:Jeffersonian
1396:South Africa
886:Lloyd George
481:Philosophers
388:To bear arms
336:Open society
296:
67:Conservative
2844:Information
2809:Family life
2779:Association
1974:sovereignty
1456:Gladstonian
1416:Switzerland
1401:South Korea
1344:Philippines
1304:New Zealand
1299:Netherlands
956:Verhofstadt
951:Balcerowicz
760:Politicians
688:Collingwood
628:Tocqueville
503:Montesquieu
395:Rule of law
196:Due process
3015:Categories
2804:Fair trial
2466:2022-08-31
1932:regarding
1902:ecosystems
1826:Economist
1803:capitalism
1788:neoliberal
1746:conformity
1742:capacities
1734:negatively
1729:democratic
1584:Empiricism
1555:Democratic
1550:Capitalism
1461:Manchester
1294:Montenegro
1279:Luxembourg
1215:Venizelism
1145:Costa Rica
400:Secularism
233:Federalism
185:Principles
77:Democratic
39:Liberalism
2970:Anarchism
2904:Sexuality
2799:Education
2758:Political
2712:Free will
2394:CiteSeerX
2196:Karl Marx
2007:Dissident
1776:Left-wing
1599:Anarchist
1507:Venezuela
1483:Classical
1451:Cobdenism
1354:Cracovian
1309:Nicaragua
1274:Lithuania
1133:Hong Kong
1088:Australia
926:Roosevelt
896:StĂĄhlberg
891:Venizelos
846:Sarmiento
836:Gladstone
796:Lamartine
766:Jefferson
618:Martineau
568:De Gouges
553:Condorcet
538:Priestley
201:Democracy
173:Third Way
134:Christian
129:Religious
62:Classical
2975:Autonomy
2943:See also
2884:Religion
2874:Property
2859:Movement
2774:Assembly
2767:By right
2748:Internet
2738:Economic
2728:Academic
2680:Libertas
2658:Concepts
2575:25458723
2518:Archived
2460:Archived
2416:56576412
2365:cite web
2284:Archived
2248:Archived
2114:Suffrage
1985:See also
1861:autonomy
1813:Ayn Rand
1738:positive
1589:Humanism
1562:Centrism
1512:Zimbabwe
1466:Whiggism
1426:Thailand
1391:Slovenia
1386:Slovakia
1361:Portugal
1334:Paraguay
1257:Liberism
1222:Honduras
1140:Colombia
1113:Bulgaria
906:Rathenau
881:Milyukov
801:Macaulay
771:Kołłątaj
743:Kymlicka
723:Friedman
668:Cassirer
658:Hobhouse
593:Constant
588:Humboldt
548:Beccaria
513:Rousseau
508:Voltaire
351:Property
314:Positive
309:Negative
265:Religion
243:Economic
216:Equality
139:Catholic
109:National
104:Muscular
82:Feminist
72:Cultural
31:a series
29:Part of
2919:Thought
2909:Silence
2879:Protest
2869:Privacy
2834:Housing
2721:By type
2651:Liberty
2359:. SSRN.
2269:Liberty
2216:Liberty
1953:History
1725:history
1721:concept
1502:Uruguay
1441:Ukraine
1431:Tunisia
1376:Senegal
1366:Romania
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1289:Moldova
1232:Iceland
1227:Hungary
1205:Germany
1200:Georgia
1190:Finland
1185:Estonia
1175:Ecuador
1170:Denmark
1165:Czechia
1150:Croatia
1103:Bolivia
1098:Belgium
1093:Austria
1083:Armenia
1078:Albania
946:Jenkins
941:Kennedy
931:Pearson
916:Einaudi
901:Gokhale
861:Itagaki
856:Naoroji
851:Mommsen
831:Lincoln
821:Mazzini
806:Kossuth
791:Broglie
786:BolĂvar
781:Artigas
776:Madison
638:Spencer
623:Emerson
613:Bastiat
598:Ricardo
558:Bentham
498:Spinoza
455:History
356:Private
304:Liberty
238:Freedom
158:Secular
146:Islamic
124:Radical
56:Schools
21:Freedom
2914:Speech
2894:Resist
2889:Repair
2829:Health
2789:Choice
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1495:Modern
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1381:Serbia
1371:Russia
1349:Poland
1329:Panama
1324:Norway
1284:Mexico
1269:Latvia
1247:Israel
1210:Greece
1195:France
1160:Cyprus
1118:Canada
1108:Brazil
1068:Europe
966:Macron
911:Madero
876:Deakin
866:Levski
841:Cavour
826:Juárez
816:Cobden
748:Badawi
738:Nozick
718:Berlin
708:Popper
683:Keynes
678:Ortega
643:Arnold
603:Guizot
563:Korais
528:Turgot
488:Milton
368:Rights
361:Public
270:Speech
248:Market
221:Gender
168:Techno
163:Social
151:Jewish
87:Equity
2929:Truth
2864:Press
2794:Death
2733:Civil
2521:(PDF)
2516:(3).
2506:(PDF)
2412:S2CID
2128:Notes
1764:Views
1758:state
1621:Right
1406:Spain
1264:Japan
1252:Italy
1237:India
1180:Egypt
1128:China
1123:Chile
961:Obama
936:Ohlin
871:Kemal
728:Rawls
703:Hayek
693:ÄŚapek
673:Mises
663:Croce
653:Weber
648:Acton
578:Staël
543:Paine
533:Burke
518:Smith
493:Locke
260:Press
253:Trade
226:Legal
94:Green
2849:Life
2819:Food
2571:OCLC
2561:ISBN
2371:link
1930:PETA
1916:and
1914:golf
1910:SUVs
1890:and
1752:and
1616:Left
1339:Peru
1242:Iran
1155:Cuba
921:King
811:Deák
713:Aron
633:Mill
608:List
523:Kant
119:Ordo
2824:Gun
2557:211
2404:doi
1934:fur
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1723:in
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