162:
134:
sheet growth, the lighter O isotopes found in ocean water are drawn out as precipitation and consolidate in ice sheets while a higher concentration of O is left behind for foraminifera to utilize. The >180° phase reversal in the 41-kyr obliquity cycle around 14.0 to 13.8 Ma has also been interpreted as a signal of the EAIE.
150:(CRBG), the cessation of kaolin-producing pedogenic processes occurred at the start of the MMCT and has been used as a proxy marker for the end of the MMCO. Southwestern Australia exhibited the most arid conditions it had witnessed over any interval of the Miocene, while northwestern Australia was also hyperarid. In the
116:
about 13.94 Ma, reflecting a mean annual temperature drop of 25-30 °C. Significant sections of ice on the
Antarctic continent are believed to have started growth at the beginning of the Middle Miocene disruption and continued to expand until about 10 Ma. This growth has been attributed primarily to
341:
were noted to have been extant in these northern latitudes prior to the permanent cooling step, but then became extinct between 14 and 13.5 Ma. Another indicator that would lead to extinctions is the conservative estimate that temperatures in the
Antarctic region may have cooled by at least 8 C in
133:
and pH levels in the ocean determined by boron isotopic levels in calcium carbonate. One of the primary indicators for the significant global ice sheet growth is the higher concentration of O found in benthic foraminifera from oceanic sediment cores during this time period. During periods of ice
304:
have been suggested to have brought about this change in ocean circulation. Another hypothesis for the crash involves the shrinkage and shoaling of the
Central American Seaway, limiting water mass exchange between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Evidence for this event is known from the Indian
137:
During the MMCT, the latitudinal precipitation gradient declined in Europe, though it increased during short term warming periods superimposed on the broader cooling trend, whereas the seasonality of mean temperature increased. Global cooling during the MMCT caused aridification in
300:), occurred during the early Tortonian, shortly after the cooling event; this event is generally regarded to have been induced by the changes in thermohaline circulation resulting from the Middle Miocene disruption. Changes in the intensity and seasonality of the Indian
329:, and giant turtles through the Miocene Climatic Optimum (18 to 16 Ma) in Central Europe (45-42°N palaeolatitude). This was then followed by a major and permanent cooling step marked by the Mid Miocene disruption between 14.8 and 14.1 Ma. Two crocodilians of the genera
1177:
Groeneveld, Jeroen; Henderiks, Jorijntje; Renema, Willem; McHugh, Cecilia M.; De
Vleeschouwer, David; Christensen, Beth A.; Fulthorpe, Craig S.; Reuning, Lars; Gallagher, Stephen J.; Bogus, Kara; Auer, Gerald; Ishiwa, Takeshige; Expedition 356 Scientists (5 May 2017).
288:
found that there is a statistically significant mean periodicity (where P is less than .01) of about 26 million years for 12 major extinction events. There is debate whether this potential periodicity is caused by some set of recurrent cycles or biologic factors.
1903:
1627:
308:
One of the other primary effects of the climatic cooling during the Middle
Miocene was the biotic impact on terrestrial and oceanic lifeforms. A primary example of these extinctions is indicated by the observed occurrence of
923:
Flower, B. P.; Kennett, J. P. (December 1993). "Middle
Miocene ocean-climate transition: High-resolution oxygen and carbon isotopic records from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 588A, southwest Pacific".
279:
The Middle
Miocene disruption is considered a significant extinction event and has been analyzed in terms of the importance of there being a possible periodicity between extinction events. A study from
108:
One of the primary effects of the climatic cooling that took place during this time period was the growth of the EAIS, termed the East
Antarctic Ice Sheet Expansion (EAIE). A thermal shift from wet to
2029:
267:
An additional suggested cause for the Middle
Miocene disruption has been attributed to a shift from a solar insolation cycle that is obliquity dominated to one that is dominated by eccentricity (see
264:
is believed to have closed around this time, exacerbating the disruptions of ocean circulation patterns that caused the MMCT. The cooling of the
Southern Ocean was coupled to the growth of the EAIS.
260:(NADW) production. The reduction in water transport from the warm Indian Ocean to the cool Southern Ocean is believed to be responsible for the increase in AABW production. The
1744:
Lübbers, Julia; Kuhnt, Wolfgang; Holbourn, Ann E.; Bolton, Clara T.; Gray, Emmeline; Usui, Yoichi; Kochhann, Karlos G. D.; Beil, Sebastian; Andersen, Nils (16 April 2019).
2022:
1859:
1497:
1329:
1079:
1023:
967:
1245:
305:
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, suggesting the decline of carbonate-producing marine organisms was a global phenomenon.
161:
2015:
1075:"Modeling the effects of global cooling and the Tethyan Seaway closure on North African and South Asian climates during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition"
2251:
2177:
2239:
122:
1127:
799:
2227:
1986:
1806:
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926:
743:
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the summer months 14 Ma. This Antarctic cooling, along with significant changes in temperature gradients in Central Europe as indicated by
182:
concentrations in the atmosphere has been linked to drawdown of the gas into organic material deposited along continental margins like the
165:
Significant drop off in both temperature and deep sea ocean temperature as measured by delta O after the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum.
244:
brought about major climatic and biotic changes. Oceanic circulation changes that took place during the MMCT are defined by increases in
1379:
Diester-Haass, Liselotte; Billups, Katharina; Gröcke, Darren R.; François, Louis; Lefebvre, Vincent; Emeis, Kay C. (18 February 2009).
2117:
2141:
548:; Kennett, James P.; Lea, David W. (17 September 2004). "Middle Miocene Southern Ocean Cooling and Antarctic Cryosphere Expansion".
2165:
2153:
2002:
346:'s study on ectothermic vertebrates, provide evidence that plant and animal life needed to migrate or adapt in order to survive.
1493:"The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling"
77:(MMCO), a period of relative warmth from 18 to 14 Ma. Cooling that led to the Middle Miocene disruption is primarily attributed
2203:
1265:
74:
2533:
1547:
Leutert, Thomas J.; Auderset, Alexandra; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Modestou, Sevasti; Meckler, A. Nele (31 August 2020).
155:
2538:
1441:
433:
Pearson, Paul N.; Palmer, Martin R. (2000). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years".
271:). This change would have been significant enough for conditions near the Antarctic continent to allow for glaciation.
1325:"Climate change during Cenozoic inferred from global carbon cycle model including igneous and hydrothermal activities"
147:
73:
of terrestrial and aquatic life forms that occurred during this climatic interval. This period was preceded by the
794:
2263:
1122:
257:
812:
2215:
2069:
1259:
Bao, Jing; Song, Chunhui; Yang, Yibo; Fang, Xiaomin; Meng, Qingquan; Feng, Ying; He, Pengju (1 February 2019).
842:
199:
113:
54:
1802:"Reorganization of Miocene deep water circulation in response to the shoaling of the Central American Seaway"
678:"Antarctic ice-sheet response to atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and insolation in the Middle Miocene"
2543:
795:"Major middle Miocene global climate change: Evidence from East Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains"
129:
fell temporarily from about 300 to 140 ppm as estimated by the relationship between atmospheric levels of CO
245:
1261:"Reduced chemical weathering intensity in the Qaidam Basin (NE Tibetan Plateau) during the Late Cenozoic"
1745:
1239:
492:
2189:
1851:
1324:
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962:
53:, and resulted in the growth of ice sheet volumes globally, and the reestablishment of the ice of the
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from about 300 to 140ppm and lead to processes of global cooling that helped in the expansion of the
50:
486:
Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J.W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (1 April 2021).
1436:
1380:
1073:
Zhang, Jian; Hu, Yongyun; Zhu, Chenguang; Flögel, Sascha; Fang, Xiaomin; Sun, Jimin (1 June 2023).
1027:. The Neogene of Eurasia: Spatial gradients and temporal trends - The second synthesis of NECLIME.
971:. The Neogene of Eurasia: Spatial gradients and temporal trends - The second synthesis of NECLIME.
682:
545:
376:
268:
118:
97:
85:
1381:"Mid-Miocene paleoproductivity in the Atlantic Ocean and implications for the global carbon cycle"
540:
538:
121:
changes in oceanic and atmospheric currents, with possible amplification by a significant drop in
1775:
1699:
1596:
1298:
1074:
895:
738:
651:
591:
517:
487:
468:
372:"The role of eastern Tethys seaway closure in the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (ca. 14 Ma)"
183:
109:
89:
17:
343:
1019:"Precipitation patterns in the Miocene of Central Europe and the development of continentality"
488:"Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years"
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1982:
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403:
241:
93:
1897:; Johnson, Jesse V.; Leng, Melanie J.; Machlus, Malka L.; Newton, Angela E. (5 August 2008).
793:
Lewis, A.R.; Marchant, D.R.; Ashworth, A.C.; Hemming, S.R.; Machlus, M.L. (1 November 2007).
2038:
1938:
1920:
1868:
1823:
1767:
1716:
1708:
1695:"The Oligo–Miocene closure of the Tethys Ocean and evolution of the proto-Mediterranean Sea"
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1644:
1578:
1570:
1549:"Coupled Southern Ocean cooling and Antarctic ice sheet expansion during the middle Miocene"
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1402:
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Tian, Jun; Yang, Mei; Lyle, Mitchell W.; Wilkens, Roy; Shackford, Julia K. (11 March 2013).
699:
635:
618:
567:
509:
452:
435:
393:
223:
38:) was a relatively steady period of climatic cooling that occurred around the middle of the
194:
drawdown are thought to have been extensive enough to drop atmospheric concentrations in CO
614:"Impacts of orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide on Miocene ice-sheet expansion"
612:
Holbourn, Ann; Kuhnt, Wolfgang; Schulz, Michael; Erlenkeuser, Helmut (24 November 2005).
92:. These may have been amplified by changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation due to
1916:
1819:
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867:
756:
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563:
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448:
389:
1943:
1894:
1852:"The Miocene Climatic Optimum: evidence from ectothermic vertebrates of Central Europe"
1721:
1694:
1222:
1179:
249:
237:
78:
1872:
1667:
1622:
1492:
1350:
174:
The primary cause of the cooling that came out of the MMCO was changing atmospheric CO
2527:
2331:
1801:
1779:
1600:
1518:
1302:
846:
521:
472:
331:
326:
285:
281:
1898:
1548:
1180:"Australian shelf sediments reveal shifts in Miocene Southern Hemisphere westerlies"
595:
513:
899:
655:
337:
322:
261:
253:
151:
139:
371:
1286:
1100:
1044:
988:
739:"Obliquity and long eccentricity pacing of the Middle Miocene climate transition"
677:
1800:
Nisancioglu, Kerim Hestnes; Raymo, Maureen; Stone, Peter H. (11 February 2003).
230:
1904:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1712:
1628:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2394:
2367:
2304:
1574:
613:
318:
187:
143:
70:
1979:
Evolutionary Paleoecology: The Ecological Context of Macroevolutionary Change
1934:
1746:"The Middle to Late Miocene "Carbonate Crash" in the Equatorial Indian Ocean"
1658:
1592:
1526:
1470:
1414:
1358:
1294:
1213:
1156:
1052:
996:
883:
820:
772:
713:
579:
407:
2376:
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1925:
1899:"Mid-Miocene cooling and the extinction of tundra in continental Antarctica"
875:
571:
314:
310:
226:
1952:
1730:
1231:
1205:
891:
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88:
by organic material before becoming caught in different locations like the
1676:
1649:
1123:"Miocene global change recorded in Columbia River basalt–hosted paleosols"
704:
229:
caused the MMCT, but this is contradicted by geological evidence from the
2358:
2349:
2322:
2313:
2295:
2093:
1828:
1771:
1583:
1462:
1406:
370:
Hamon, N.; Sepulchre, P.; Lefebvre, V.; Ramstein, G. (28 November 2013).
158:
sharply decreased around 12.6 Ma, indicating a major aridification event.
47:
963:"Miocene precipitation in Europe: Temporal trends and spatial gradients"
639:
2385:
2340:
1893:
Lewis, Adam R.; Marchant, David R.; Ashworth, Allan C.; Hedenäs, Lars;
764:
301:
206:
39:
1437:"Himalayan-Tibetan Erosion Is Not the Cause of Neogene Global Cooling"
1017:
Bruch, Angela A.; Utescher, Torsten; Mosbrugger, Volker (1 May 2011).
947:
1148:
847:"Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present"
456:
2007:
732:
730:
209:
deposits at this time, also contributed heavily to the reduction in
205:
Organic carbon burial on land, evidenced by widespread formation of
190:, an explanation known as the Monterey Hypothesis. These sites of CO
1121:
Hobbs, Kevin Michael; Parrish, Judith Totman (1 September 2016).
961:
Böhme, Madelaine; Winklhofer, Michael; Ilg, August (1 May 2011).
222:
Another hypothesis is that increased silicate weathering of the
210:
2011:
248:(AABW) production, the halting of saline water delivery to the
43:
1323:
Kashiwagi, Hirohiko; Shikazono, Naotatsu (25 October 2003).
813:
10.1130/0016-7606(2007)119[1449:MMMGCC]2.0.CO;2
676:
Langebroek, P. M.; Paul, A.; Schulz, M. (22 October 2009).
1688:
1686:
365:
363:
361:
359:
1491:
Flower, Benjamin P.; Kennett, James P. (1 April 1994).
918:
916:
428:
426:
424:
292:A sharp drop in carbonate production, known as the
1693:Torfstein, Adi; Steinberg, Josh (14 August 2020).
1435:Clift, Peter D.; Jonell, Tara N. (28 April 2021).
607:
605:
1860:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1623:"Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past"
1498:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1330:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1080:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1024:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
968:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1621:Raup, D. M.; Sepkoski, J. J. (1 February 1984).
2023:
1977:Allmon, Warren D.; Bottjer, David J. (2001).
841:Zachos, James C.; Pagani, Mark; Sloan, Lisa;
8:
1244:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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2016:
2008:
1942:
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1827:
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703:
397:
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1480:– via American Geophysical Union.
355:
1237:
1128:Geological Society of America Bulletin
845:; Billups, Katharina (27 April 2001).
800:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1807:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
1751:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
1386:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
927:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
100:factors may also have played a role.
7:
1368:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1110:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1062:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1006:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
744:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1850:Böhme, Madelaine (November 2001).
32:Middle Miocene Climatic Transition
25:
18:Middle Miocene Climate Transition
2512:Millions of years before present
1266:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
514:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503
240:concentrations, alterations to
236:As well significant changes in
75:Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum
67:Middle Miocene extinction peak,
1:
1873:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00367-5
1351:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00506-6
1519:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90251-8
1442:Geophysical Research Letters
1287:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.10.018
1166:– via GeoScienceWorld.
1101:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111541
1045:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.002
989:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.028
148:Columbia River Basalt Group
2565:
1713:10.1038/s41598-020-70652-4
123:atmospheric carbon dioxide
59:Middle Miocene disruption,
2045:
2003:Middle Miocene global map
1575:10.1038/s41561-020-0623-0
258:North Atlantic Deep Water
63:Middle Miocene extinction
114:Transantarctic Mountains
84:being pulled out of the
55:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
1926:10.1073/pnas.0802501105
876:10.1126/science.1059412
572:10.1126/science.1100061
294:Miocene Carbonate Crash
1206:10.1126/sciadv.1602567
399:10.5194/cp-9-2687-2013
246:Antarctic Bottom Water
166:
1650:10.1073/pnas.81.3.801
705:10.5194/cp-5-633-2009
493:Earth-Science Reviews
164:
125:(ppm): atmospheric CO
112:is recorded from the
27:Mass extinction event
2534:Langhian extinctions
2252:Cretaceous–Paleogene
1829:10.1029/2002PA000767
1772:10.1029/2018PA003482
1463:10.1029/2020GL087742
1407:10.1029/2008PA001605
807:(11–12): 1449–1461.
546:Shevenell, Amelia E.
69:refers to a wave of
2539:Miocene extinctions
2204:Ordovician-Silurian
2178:Cambrian-Ordovician
2118:Cenomanian-Turonian
1917:2008PNAS..10510676L
1911:(31): 10676–10680.
1820:2003PalOc..18.1006N
1764:2019PaPa...34..813L
1641:1984PNAS...81..801R
1567:2020NatGe..13..634L
1511:1994PPP...108..537F
1455:2021GeoRL..4887742C
1399:2009PalOc..24.1209D
1343:2003PPP...199..167K
1279:2019JAESc.170..155B
1198:2017SciA....3E2567G
1141:2016GSAB..128.1543H
1135:(9–10): 1543–1554.
1093:2023PPP...61911541Z
1037:2011PPP...304..202B
981:2011PPP...304..212B
940:1993PalOc...8..811F
868:2001Sci...292..686Z
757:2013GGG....14.1740T
696:2009CliPa...5..633L
683:Climate of the Past
640:10.1038/nature04123
632:2005Natur.438..483H
564:2004Sci...305.1766S
558:(5691): 1766–1770.
506:2021ESRv..21503503S
449:2000Natur.406..695P
390:2013CliPa...9.2687H
377:Climate of the Past
269:Milankovitch cycles
156:silicate weathering
110:cold-based glaciers
2142:Rainforest collaps
1895:Hemming, Sidney R.
1700:Scientific Reports
765:10.1002/ggge.20108
184:Monterey Formation
178:levels. Falling CO
167:
90:Monterey Formation
86:Earth's atmosphere
61:alternatively the
2521:
2520:
2240:Triassic–Jurassic
2166:Smithian-Spathian
2094:Toarcian turnover
2039:Extinction events
1988:978-0-231-10994-9
1554:Nature Geoscience
948:10.1029/93pa02196
862:(5517): 686–693.
626:(7067): 483–487.
443:(6797): 695–699.
256:, and additional
242:ocean circulation
94:continental drift
57:(EAIS). The term
46:(Ma), during the
44:million years ago
16:(Redirected from
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170:Suggested causes
96:. Additionally,
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1971:Further reading
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1814:(1): 6-1–6-12.
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119:orbitally paced
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98:orbitally paced
82:
28:
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2160:
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2130:Middle Miocene
2124:
2123:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2070:End-Ediacaran?
2064:
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2020:
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1997:External links
1995:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1885:
1842:
1792:
1758:(5): 813–832.
1736:
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52:
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42:, roughly 14
41:
37:
33:
19:
2276:Major events
2275:
2129:
2058:Minor events
2057:
1978:
1956:. Retrieved
1908:
1902:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1864:
1858:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1811:
1805:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1755:
1749:
1739:
1707:(1): 13817.
1704:
1698:
1632:
1626:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1558:
1552:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1502:
1496:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1446:
1440:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1390:
1384:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1334:
1328:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1270:
1264:
1254:
1240:cite journal
1189:
1183:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1132:
1126:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1084:
1078:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1028:
1022:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
972:
966:
956:
931:
925:
903:. Retrieved
859:
853:
836:
824:. Retrieved
804:
798:
788:
776:. Retrieved
748:
742:
717:. Retrieved
687:
681:
671:
659:. Retrieved
623:
617:
555:
549:
525:. Retrieved
497:
491:
481:
440:
434:
411:. Retrieved
381:
375:
338:Diplocynodon
336:
330:
323:Tomistominae
307:
297:
293:
291:
278:
266:
254:Indian Ocean
235:
221:
211:
204:
173:
152:Qaidam Basin
140:North Africa
136:
107:
66:
62:
58:
35:
31:
29:
1606:31 December
1532:31 December
1308:31 December
1273:: 155–165.
826:31 December
778:31 December
527:24 December
413:31 December
231:Indus River
186:of coastal
71:extinctions
2528:Categories
2395:Quaternary
2368:Cretaceous
2305:Ordovician
2154:Capitanian
1476:11 January
1420:11 January
1364:11 January
1162:11 January
1087:: 111541.
1058:11 January
1002:11 January
500:: 103503.
350:References
319:Cordylidae
315:chameleons
282:David Raup
188:California
144:South Asia
2412:Palæozoic
2377:Paleogene
2287:Ediacaran
2082:Lau event
1935:0027-8424
1780:146593169
1659:0027-8424
1601:221381641
1593:1752-0908
1527:0031-0182
1471:0094-8276
1415:0883-8305
1359:0031-0182
1303:133933898
1295:1367-9120
1214:2375-2548
1157:0016-7606
1053:0031-0182
997:0031-0182
884:0036-8075
821:0016-7606
773:1525-2027
714:1814-9332
580:0036-8075
522:233579194
473:205008176
408:1814-9332
311:Varanidae
252:from the
227:Himalayas
224:uplifting
146:. In the
2549:Langhian
2426:Cenozoic
2419:Mesozoic
2359:Jurassic
2350:Triassic
2323:Devonian
2314:Silurian
2296:Cambrian
2264:Holocene
1958:19 April
1953:18678903
1878:19 April
1835:21 April
1785:19 April
1731:32796882
1232:28508066
905:19 April
892:11326091
661:19 April
648:16306989
596:27369039
588:15375266
465:10963587
233:system.
48:Langhian
2386:Neogene
2341:Permian
2190:Olson's
1944:2495011
1913:Bibcode
1816:Bibcode
1760:Bibcode
1722:7427807
1677:6583680
1637:Bibcode
1563:Bibcode
1507:Bibcode
1451:Bibcode
1395:Bibcode
1339:Bibcode
1275:Bibcode
1223:5425240
1194:Bibcode
1137:Bibcode
1089:Bibcode
1033:Bibcode
977:Bibcode
936:Bibcode
900:2365991
864:Bibcode
855:Science
753:Bibcode
692:Bibcode
656:4406410
628:Bibcode
560:Bibcode
551:Science
502:Bibcode
445:Bibcode
386:Bibcode
302:monsoon
207:lignite
104:Effects
40:Miocene
2272:
2106:Aptian
2054:
1985:
1951:
1941:
1933:
1778:
1729:
1719:
1675:
1668:344925
1665:
1657:
1599:
1591:
1525:
1469:
1413:
1357:
1301:
1293:
1230:
1220:
1212:
1155:
1106:4 July
1051:
995:
898:
890:
882:
819:
771:
719:4 July
712:
654:
646:
619:Nature
594:
586:
578:
520:
471:
463:
436:Nature
406:
1855:(PDF)
1776:S2CID
1597:S2CID
1449:(8).
1393:(1).
1299:S2CID
896:S2CID
850:(PDF)
652:S2CID
592:S2CID
518:S2CID
469:S2CID
51:stage
2495:−100
2489:−150
2483:−200
2477:−250
2471:−300
2465:−350
2459:−400
2453:−450
2447:−500
2441:−550
2435:−600
1983:ISBN
1960:2023
1949:PMID
1931:ISSN
1880:2023
1837:2023
1787:2023
1727:PMID
1673:PMID
1655:ISSN
1608:2023
1589:ISSN
1534:2023
1523:ISSN
1478:2024
1467:ISSN
1422:2024
1411:ISSN
1366:2024
1355:ISSN
1310:2023
1291:ISSN
1246:link
1228:PMID
1210:ISSN
1164:2024
1153:ISSN
1108:2024
1060:2024
1049:ISSN
1004:2024
993:ISSN
907:2023
888:PMID
880:ISSN
828:2023
817:ISSN
780:2023
769:ISSN
721:2024
710:ISSN
663:2023
644:PMID
584:PMID
576:ISSN
529:2023
461:PMID
415:2023
404:ISSN
335:and
284:and
200:EAIS
142:and
36:MMCT
30:The
2501:−50
1939:PMC
1921:doi
1909:105
1869:doi
1865:195
1824:doi
1768:doi
1717:PMC
1709:doi
1663:PMC
1645:doi
1579:hdl
1571:doi
1515:doi
1503:108
1459:doi
1403:doi
1347:doi
1335:199
1283:doi
1271:170
1218:PMC
1202:doi
1145:doi
1133:128
1097:doi
1085:619
1041:doi
1029:304
985:doi
973:304
944:doi
872:doi
860:292
809:doi
805:119
761:doi
700:doi
636:doi
624:438
568:doi
556:305
510:doi
498:215
453:doi
441:406
394:doi
298:MCC
65:or
2530::
1947:.
1937:.
1929:.
1919:.
1907:.
1901:.
1863:.
1857:.
1822:.
1812:18
1810:.
1804:.
1774:.
1766:.
1756:34
1754:.
1748:.
1725:.
1715:.
1705:10
1703:.
1697:.
1685:^
1671:.
1661:.
1653:.
1643:.
1633:81
1631:.
1625:.
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1587:.
1577:.
1569:.
1559:13
1557:.
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1521:.
1513:.
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1465:.
1457:.
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154:,
79:CO
2507:0
2505:│
2499:│
2493:│
2487:│
2481:│
2475:│
2469:│
2463:│
2457:│
2451:│
2445:│
2439:│
2433:│
2260:↓
2248:↓
2236:↓
2224:↓
2212:↓
2200:↓
2186:↓
2174:↓
2162:↓
2150:↓
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