2012:
he vndirstand that quhilk he sayis, and that thairbie the interior prayer of the hairt may be the mair valkinnit, and conseruit the bettir; and gif, onie man pray in ane vther toung, it is also expedient that he vnderstand the mening of the vordis at the lest. For the quhilk caus in the catholik kirk the parentis or godfatheris ar obleist to learne thame quhom thay hald in baptisme the formes of prayeris and beleif, and instruct thame sufficiently thairin, sua that thay vndirstand the same: Albeit the principal thing quhilk God requiris is the hairt, that suppois he quha prayis vndirstand nocht perfytlie the vordis quhilk he spekis, yit God quha lukis in the hairt, vill nocht lat his prayer be in vane. As to the publik prayeris of the kirk, it is not necessar that the pepill vndirstand thame, becaus it is nocht the pepill quha prayis, bot the preistis in the name of the hail kirk, and it is aneuche that thay assist be deuotione liftand vp thair myndis to God or saying thair auin priuate oraisonis, and that be thair deuotione thay may be maid participant of the kirk. As in the synagogue of the Ieuis, the peopill kneu not quhat all thay cerimonies signifeit, quhilk vas keipit be the preistis and vtheris in offering of thair sacrifices and vther vorshipping of god, and yit thay did assist vnto thame; ye, sum of the preistis thame selfis miskneu the significatione of thir cerimoneis Than gif it vas aneuche to the pepill to vndirstand that in sik ane sacrifice consisted the vorshipping of God, suppois thay had not sua cleir ane vndirstanding of euerie thing that vas done thairin, sua in the catholik kirk, quhen the people assistis to the sacrifice of the Mess, thay acknaulege that thairbie God is vorshippit, and that it is institute for the remembrance of
Christis death and passione. Albeit thay vndirstand nocht the Latine toung, yit thay ar not destitut of the vtilitie and fruit thairof. And it is nocht vithout greit caus that as in the inscrptione and titil quhilk pilat fixed vpone the croce of Christ Iesus thir thre toungis var vritt in, Latine, Greik, and Hebreu, sua in the sacrifice and the publik prayeris of the kirk thay ar cheiflie retenit for the conseruatione of vnitie in the kirk and nationis amang thame selfis; for, gif al thingis var turnit in the propir langage of euerie cuntrey, na man vald studie to the Latine toung, and thairbie al communicatione amangis Christiane pepil vald schortlie be tane auay, and thairbie eftir greit barbaritie inseu. Mairatour sik publique prayeris and seruice ar keipit mair perfytlie in thair auin integritie vithout al corruptione; for gif ane natione vald eik or pair onie thing, that vald be incontinent remarkt and reprouit be vther nationis, quhilk culd not be, gif euerie natione had al thai thingis turnit in the auin propir langage; as ye may se be experience, gif ye vald confer the prayeris of your deformit kirkis, togidder vith the innumerabil translationis of the psalmes, quihlk ar chaingit according to euerie langage in the quhilk thay ar turnit. It is not than vithout greit caus, and ane special instinctione of the halie Ghaist, that thir toungis foirspokin hes bene, as thay vil be retenit to the end of the varld. And quhen the Ieuis sall imbrace the Euangel than sall the sacrifice and other publik prayeris be in the Hebreu toung, according to that quhilk I said befoir, that on the Croce of Christ thai thrie toungis onlie var vrittin, to signifie that the kirk of Christ suld vse thay thre toungis cheiflie in his vorshipping, as the neu and auld testament ar in thir thre toungis in greitast authoritie amangis al pepill.
27:
586:(which previously referred to their own language) was increasingly used to refer only to the language south of the border. The first known instance of this shift in terminology was by an unknown man in 1494. In 1559, William Nudrye was granted a monopoly by the court to produce school textbooks, with two of the titles listed as
373:. Middle Scots was fairly uniform throughout its many texts, albeit with some variation due to the use of Romance forms in translations from Latin or French, turns of phrases and grammar in recensions of southern texts influenced by southern forms, misunderstandings and mistakes made by foreign printers.
2011:
Thair be tua kynd of prayeris in the kirk, the ane is priuat, quhilk euerie man sayis be him self, the vthir is publik, quhilk the preistis sayis in the name of the hail kirk. As to the priuate prayeris, na
Catholik denyis bot it is verie expedient that euerie man pray in his auin toung, to the end
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spelling for every word, but operated a system of free variation based on a number of spelling variants. Some scribes used their own variants, but this was relatively rare. The least variation occurred in the later 16th century as printers moved towards fixed
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2236:
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Later in the period southern influence on the language increased, owing to the new political and social relations with
England prior to and following the accession of
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Ane Schort
Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung
2029:
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477:
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churches, send their sons to
Lowland schools and withdraw their patronage from the hereditary guardians of Gaelic culture – the
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641:. Use of Middle Scots spelling variants ended in the 17th century when printers began to adopt imported English conventions.
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91:
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The Older Scots Vowels: A History of the
Stressed Vowels of Older Scots From the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century
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999:
37:
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275:
451:
309:
228:
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in Jones C. (ed) The
Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. p.356
2125:
in Jones C. (ed) The
Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. p.180
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in Jones C. (ed) The
Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. p.161
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identification with the lowland language had finally secured the division of
Scotland into two parts, the
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is assumed to have come into fruition between the early Middle Scots and late Middle Scots period. Here
602:
498:
2209:
Jones C. (ed) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press.
1870:
The major differences to contemporary southern English were the now well established early merger of
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598:
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446:
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1991:
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in Ireland as well as Scotland) had been adopted for what had become the national language of the
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from the late 14th century. These had introduced the Lowland tongue which then began to replace
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601:, some 200,000 Scots settled in the north of Ireland, taking what were to become the
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365:. Subsequently, the orthography of Middle Scots differed from that of the emerging
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environment. The affected vowels tended to be realised fully long in end-stressed
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can also be a ligature of long s and z whereas the Middle Scots ligature cannot.
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establishing parish schools in the Highlands with the aim of extirpating the
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Middle Scots used a number of now obsolete letters and letter combinations:
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after sibilate and affricate consonants and other voiced consonants, and
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990:
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51: in this History. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1149:. Both the verbal noun and present participle had generally merged to
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On the whole Middle Scots scribes never managed to establish a single
2199:
in A Dictionary of Older Scots Vol. 12. Oxford University Press 2002.
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901:
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350:
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in the period from 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 15th century, its
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2001:
This is an excerpt from Nicol Burne's anti-reformation pamphlet
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Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin
20:
594:, but there is no evidence that the books were ever printed.
895:. The older Scots spelling surviving in place names such as
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959:
and remained in use as an orthographic device to indicate
316:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1012:
after a vowel was also used to denote vowel length, e.g.
2072:
The Anglicization of Scots in Seventeenth-Century Ulster
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in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
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after other voiceless consonants, later contracted to
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was generally adopted as the literary language though
2055:
History of the Burgh and Parish Schools of Scotland
361:, which was virtually indistinguishable from early
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2232:The Palaeography of Scottish Documents 1500 - 1750
2074:Studies in Scottish Literature, Volume 26 Issue 1.
1859:, before word or morpheme boundaries and before
2174:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons. p. 218
559:. In 1467 the islands became part of Scotland.
2057:, vol. 1 (William Collins, 1876), pp. 56–57:
471:
8:
663:was often indistinguishable from the letter
2009:
1992:Scottish literature § Early modern era
1357: ↗
1139:
1110:
508:. The adherence of many Highlanders to the
2123:The Inflectional Morphology of Older Scots
2110:The Inflectional Morphology of Older Scots
2030:Phonological history of the Scots language
612:to the English throne. By the time of the
478:
464:
380:
122:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2262:Languages attested from the 15th century
2151:. Edinburgh, The Scottish Text Society.
1162:The development of Middle Scots vowels:
2046:
1127:differentiated itself from the present
418:
390:
383:
310:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2059:Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland
921:was often (and still is) silent i.e.
887:also occurred in other words such as
705:leading to the modern spellings with
582:) was used instead for Gaelic, while
7:
2147:Aitken, A.J. (2002) Macafee C. (Ed)
1894:(except intervocalically and before
826:, because the character for German
49:adding citations to reliable sources
811:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE SCOTS S
597:From 1610 to the 1690s, during the
562:By the early 16th century the name
2227:Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd
2090:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons
14:
2061:, 5:2 (Edinburgh, 1957), no. 658.
1641: ↗ →
824:LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE SCOTS S
2035:Dictionary of the Scots Language
1105:Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis
1098:, and was pronounced similar to
369:standard that was being used in
25:
1701:
1693: ↗
1417:
1282: ↘
1253: ↗
1199:
1137:, in Middle Scots, for example
655:) was equivalent to the modern
36:needs additional citations for
1:
2025:History of the Scots language
767:was equivalent to the modern
757:was equivalent to the modern
566:(previously used to describe
2204:How to Pronounce Older Scots
1112:a sateer o the three estates
792:(with variant readings like
1886:'lie'), early 15th century
1141:techynge, cryand and bydand
363:Northumbrian Middle English
357:had diverged markedly from
2288:
2197:A History of Scots to 1700
2168:Smith, G. Gregory (1902).
2084:Smith, G. Gregory (1902).
2010:
1989:
1829:Scottish Vowel Length Rule
1281:
1087:as well as the indefinite
743:) in initial position was
551:had been held by Scottish
2247:The Scottish Text Society
2171:Specimens of Middle Scots
2087:Specimens of Middle Scots
2070:Michael Montgomery (1991)
1171:
1076:); this was unpronounced.
1064:, some scribes affixed a
624:remained the vernacular.
543:The Danish dependency of
296:
130:
2003:Of the praying in Latine
1083:represented the numeral
1053:were often interchanged.
963:. Hence the place names
935:were often interchanged.
788:, is sometimes used for
778:and short s (ſs, italic
229:Northumbrian Old English
1140:
1111:
734:
697:. It later changed to
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672:
532:. This was followed in
2016:
840:was a stylised single
298:This article contains
16:West Germanic language
2136:Syntax and Morphology
2007:
1942:remained unaffected,
782:), similar to German
667:and often written so.
142:, to some extent the
2202:Aitken, A.J. (1977)
1934:occurred partially,
1102:usage. For example,
875:as in Modern Scots -
614:Union of Parliaments
605:dialects with them.
599:Plantation of Ulster
524:chiefs to establish
490:The now established
367:Early Modern English
234:Early Middle English
45:improve this article
2237:Reading Older Scots
1918:, medial and final
1847:before voiced oral
1145:—-the motto of the
157:by mid-18th century
2272:Medieval languages
1835:is conditioned by
1147:Gordon Highlanders
574:kingdom. The term
188:North Sea Germanic
1932:Great Vowel Shift
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1119:The verbal noun (
941:was often silent.
693:as in the French
616:in 1707 southern
512:faith during the
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306:rendering support
302:phonetic symbols.
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774:A ligature of
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618:Modern English
534:1616 by an act
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2089:
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2053:James Grant,
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2018:
2015:
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1996:
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1702:Short Vowels
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1172:Middle Scots
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954:
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940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
925:is = barren.
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
838:
832:
829:
799:
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781:
777:
773:
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766:
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742:
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541:
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481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
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459:
458:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Central Scots
435:
433:
430:
428:
427:Insular Scots
425:
424:
423:
422:
417:
412:
409:
407:
404:
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389:
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269:Linguist List
265:
261:
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236:
235:
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231:
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220:
204:
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193:Anglo-Frisian
191:
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186:
185:
184:
183:West Germanic
181:
180:
179:
176:
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174:
173:Indo-European
170:
166:
160:
156:
152:
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141:
138:
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129:
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115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This History
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2203:
2196:
2176:. Retrieved
2170:
2163:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2086:
2079:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1927:
1923:
1906:merged with
1902:and usually
1883:
1879:
1869:
1833:vowel length
1826:
1200:Long Vowels
1161:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1100:Modern Scots
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1009:
998:
989:
980:
971:
968:/ˈbɑːməkoːm/
964:
961:vowel length
952:
948:
944:
938:
932:
928:
922:
918:
914:
906:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
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856:
852:
841:
836:
827:
793:
789:
783:
779:
768:
764:
758:
754:
748:
732:
723:
714:
710:
706:
694:
682:
670:
664:
660:
656:
648:
643:
634:standardised
631:
622:Modern Scots
607:
603:Ulster Scots
596:
591:
587:
583:
575:
563:
561:
542:
489:
447:Ulster Scots
411:Modern Scots
406:Middle Scots
405:
327:Middle Scots
326:
325:
297:
290:
283:
203:Middle Scots
202:
155:Modern Scots
126:Middle Scots
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2094:17 February
1997:Sample text
1849:continuants
1418:Diphthongs
1125:-yng (-ing)
986:/kərˈkɑːdi/
955:had become
628:Orthography
514:Reformation
452:Doric Scots
401:Early Scots
359:Early Scots
343:orthography
312:instead of
239:Early Scots
223:Early forms
2256:Categories
2041:References
1986:Literature
1922:was lost (
1129:participle
1074:-cht, -tht
1066:pleonastic
977:/ˈfɑːkɪrk/
965:Balmalcolm
849:inflection
540:language.
526:Protestant
355:vocabulary
71:newspapers
1926:'devil',
1845:syllables
1841:morphemic
1474:#, ?
1158:Phonology
1079:The word
1004:/ˈkuːtər/
995:/ˈkuːrəs/
982:Kirkcaldy
957:vocalised
917:after an
727:/ˈkʌnjiː/
639:spellings
499:Highlands
347:accidence
339:phonology
285:Glottolog
257:ISO 639-3
2134:Beal J.
2121:King A.
2108:King A.
2019:See also
2005:(1581):
1837:phonetic
1153:by 1700.
835:initial
821:ꟗ
808:Ꟗ
720:/ˈmɪŋʌs/
695:Bretagne
610:James VI
553:magnates
549:Shetland
520:forcing
510:Catholic
506:Lowlands
501:and the
419:Dialects
329:was the
318:Help:IPA
178:Germanic
1966:became
1946:became
1882:'die',
1851:except
1089:article
1056:After -
991:Culross
973:Falkirk
923:barrand
893:Scottis
798:Unicode
751:'year'.
716:Menzies
661:thae. þ
572:Stewart
564:Scottis
492:Stewart
392:History
377:History
371:England
314:Unicode
276:sco-smi
131:Scottis
85:scholar
2213:
2178:31 May
2155:
1890:where
1857:hiatus
1581:ɑː(aː)
1575:ɑː(aː)
1195:c1600
1121:gerund
1068:final
1000:Culter
947:after
908:Wemyss
902:Glamis
897:Fowlis
889:Inglis
818:
816:U+A7D7
805:
803:U+A7D6
776:long s
747:as in
724:Cunyie
659:as in
584:Inglis
568:Gaelic
545:Orkney
538:Gaelic
503:Anglic
496:Gaelic
351:syntax
198:Anglic
136:Region
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1874:with
1855:, in
1597:# ↗ →
1374:u̞lːC
1221:ɛ(ː)i
1190:c1575
1188:Early
1184:Scots
1180:Early
1060:and -
681:) in
653:thorn
580:Irish
530:bards
92:JSTOR
78:books
2211:ISBN
2180:2020
2153:ISBN
2096:2008
1980:/ɛː/
1978:and
1964:/aː/
1962:and
1948:/oː/
1944:/ɔː/
1940:/øː/
1938:and
1924:deil
1916:/uː/
1914:and
1912:/ou/
1908:/au/
1904:/ul/
1900:/ol/
1892:/al/
1872:/ei/
1865:/dʒ/
1863:and
1861:/rd/
1839:and
1827:The
1683:14b:
1653:14a:
1635:13a:
1587:12a:
1402:ø(ː)
1370:u̞lː
1349:u(ː)
1305:e(ː)
1243:i(ː)
1193:Late
1151:/ən/
1135:/ən/
1132:-and
1094:and
1049:and
1037:/øː/
1032:and
1030:/oː/
1024:/eː/
1017:/aː/
997:and
951:and
931:and
905:and
891:and
883:or -
871:and
865:/ɪs/
861:/ɪz/
847:The
833:The
813:and
749:ȝear
741:yogh
722:and
711:y as
709:and
703:/nj/
689:was
679:yogh
590:and
576:Erse
557:Norn
547:and
522:clan
353:and
291:None
64:news
1976:eː/
1968:/ɛi
1960:ɛː/
1952:/iː
1936:/u/
1928:ser
1920:/v/
1898:),
1896:/d/
1884:ley
1880:dey
1876:/e/
1853:/l/
1804:19:
1782:18:
1760:17:
1738:16:
1723:) →
1707:15:
1687:ɛːu
1629:o̞u
1623:o̞u
1617:o̞u
1613:13:
1595:alC
1593:#,
1565:12:
1538:11:
1526:u̞i
1516:10:
1504:o̞i
1498:o̞i
1488:e̞ː
1478:# →
1467:8b:
1449:aiː
1429:# →
1423:8a:
1408:) →
1380:u̞l
1372:#,
1366:6a:
1315:o̞ː
1085:ane
1081:ane
873:/s/
869:/z/
855:, -
800:as
794:sis
765:sch
755:quh
745:/j/
713:in
701:or
699:/ŋ/
691:/ɲ/
333:of
300:IPA
150:Era
47:by
2258::
1982:.
1974:,
1972:iː
1970:,
1958:,
1956:eː
1954:,
1950:,
1910:,
1867:.
1814:u̞
1808:u̞
1786:o̞
1733:)
1731:ɛ̽
1721:ɛ̽
1691:ɛu
1689:→
1677:ju
1675:,
1673:iu
1667:iu
1661:iu
1659:→
1657:iu
1645:ol
1639:ol
1607:al
1601:al
1591:al
1569:au
1560:#
1552:iː
1546:eː
1544:→
1542:ei
1532:öi
1520:ui
1510:oɪ
1494:9:
1482:aː
1476:ɑː
1472:äː
1461:ei
1455:æi
1445:8:
1439:ɛi
1433:ɛi
1427:ai
1412:øː
1406:iː
1396:øː
1392:7:
1386:öl
1343:uː
1337:uː
1333:6:
1327:oː
1321:oː
1311:5:
1299:ɛː
1293:aː
1289:4:
1270:eː
1264:ɛː
1260:3:
1237:iː
1231:eː
1227:2:
1215:ei
1209:iː
1205:1:
1123:)
1092:an
1070:-t
1062:th
1058:ch
1045:,
1034:ui
1027:oi
1021:ei
1019:,
1014:ai
988:,
979:,
970:,
899:,
885:is
881:ys
857:is
853:ys
837:ff
780:ſs
769:sh
759:wh
685:nȝ
657:th
349:,
345:,
341:,
2182:.
2098:.
1878:(
1820:ö
1816:→
1810:→
1798:o
1794:→
1792:o
1788:→
1776:a
1772:→
1770:a
1766:→
1764:a
1754:ɛ
1750:→
1748:ɛ
1744:→
1742:ɛ
1729:(
1727:ɪ
1719:(
1717:ɪ
1713:→
1711:ɪ
1669:→
1663:→
1625:→
1619:→
1603:→
1577:→
1571:→
1558:i
1554:→
1548:→
1528:→
1522:→
1506:→
1500:→
1484:→
1470:?
1457:→
1451:→
1435:→
1404:(
1398:→
1382:→
1376:→
1345:→
1339:→
1323:→
1317:→
1301:→
1295:→
1266:→
1239:→
1233:→
1217:→
1211:→
1116:.
1096:a
1072:(
1051:w
1047:v
1043:u
1039:.
1010:i
1006:.
953:o
949:a
945:l
939:h
933:j
929:i
919:n
915:d
911:.
877:s
851:-
844:.
842:f
828:ß
790:s
785:ß
771:.
761:.
739:(
735:ȝ
729:.
707:z
677:(
673:ȝ
665:y
651:(
649:þ
578:(
479:e
472:t
465:v
320:.
262:–
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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