112:
313:
3352:
299:
3338:
3364:
3376:
1190:
Bordy, Emese M.; Linkermann, Sean; Prevec, Rose (2011-10-01). "Palaeoecological aspects of some invertebrate trace fossils from the mid- to Upper
Permian Middleton Formation (Adelaide Subgroup, Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), Eastern Cape, South Africa".
681:
Bordy, Emese M.; Linkermann, Sean; Prevec, Rose (2011-10-01). "Palaeoecological aspects of some invertebrate trace fossils from the mid- to Upper
Permian Middleton Formation (Adelaide Subgroup, Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), Eastern Cape, South Africa".
660:
Kitching, J.W., 1977. The distribution of the karroo vertebrate fauna: with special reference to certain genera and the bearing of this distribution on the zoning of the
Beaufort Beds, Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the
1004:
Day, Michael Oliver; Rubidge, Bruce Sidney (2014-12-01). "A brief lithostratigraphic review of the
Abrahamskraal and Koonap formations of the Beaufort Group, South Africa: Towards a basin-wide stratigraphic scheme for the Middle Permian Karoo".
824:
Keyser, A. W., and Smith, R. M. H. (1978). Vertebrate biozonation of the
Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South
1091:
Modesto, Sean P.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Campione, Nicolás E.; Reisz, Robert R. (2011-12-01). "The last "pelycosaur": a varanopid synapsid from the
Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone, Middle Permian of South Africa".
728:
Middle
Permian continental biodiversity changes as reflected in the Beaufort Group of South Africa: a bio-and lithostratigraphic review of the Eodicynodon, Tapinocephalus and Pristerognathus assemblage
1956:
1283:
671:
Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the
Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
1666:
1252:
1176:
811:
3145:
1923:
1961:
3404:
852:
Catuneanu, Octavian; Bowker, Duncan (2001-01-01). "Sequence stratigraphy of the Koonap and
Middleton fluvial formations in the Karoo foredeep South Africa".
1928:
1153:"Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana"
983:
3409:
940:"Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa"
895:
Catuneanu, Octavian; Elango, Henry N (2001-04-15). "Tectonic control on fluvial styles: the
Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin, South Africa".
3419:
3414:
1245:
838:
A bio- and litho- stratigraphic study of the Ecca-Beaufort contact in the southeastern Karoo basin (Albany District, Eastern Cape Province)
1767:
788:"When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa"
3150:
416:) in age. Current thought posits that the eruption of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province caused the middle Permian (end-Guadalupian)
743:
Sami, K. (1992-11-01). "Recharge mechanisms and geochemical processes in a semi-arid sedimentary basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa".
1702:
3368:
3247:
1238:
212:
1048:
Damiani, Ross J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy".
2532:
553:
402:
3202:
3140:
2537:
2522:
2517:
1918:
1775:
3103:
2798:
2542:
1966:
205:
2793:
2527:
251:
1821:
1811:
1785:
3424:
3222:
1747:
2843:
1712:
1363:
1299:
483:
786:
Day, M.O., Ramezani, J., Bowring, S.A., Sadler, P.M., Erwin, D.H., Abdala, F. and Rubidge, B.S. (2015-02-22).
3429:
3192:
2672:
1780:
1495:
1449:
1373:
1261:
939:
542:
432:
424:
398:
362:
346:
156:
111:
3207:
3135:
3098:
1790:
1671:
1434:
1717:
1151:
Cisneros, J.C., Abdala, F., Jashashvili, T., de Oliveira Bueno, A. and Dentzien-Dias, P. (2015-07-01).
3279:
3237:
3187:
1893:
1884:
1581:
1324:
1200:
1101:
1057:
1014:
951:
904:
861:
752:
691:
584:
493:
394:
326:
125:
3382:
3356:
3242:
3083:
1837:
1730:
1686:
1661:
1532:
1398:
1388:
1348:
366:
3217:
3182:
2466:
1906:
1901:
1740:
1735:
1646:
1544:
1515:
1444:
1393:
1304:
1133:
975:
497:
487:
447:
3307:
3212:
2888:
2481:
1911:
1576:
1571:
1549:
1505:
1500:
1468:
1456:
1378:
1309:
1216:
1170:
1125:
1117:
1073:
1030:
967:
920:
877:
805:
768:
707:
538:
479:
312:
146:
431:. However, the mudstones are notably redder in colour in the Middleton formation than in the
2436:
2316:
2301:
2125:
2028:
1566:
1554:
1485:
1319:
1208:
1109:
1065:
1022:
959:
912:
869:
760:
699:
574:
534:
439:
417:
382:
370:
3312:
3067:
2999:
2964:
2928:
2732:
2707:
2632:
2486:
2471:
2386:
2200:
2140:
2120:
2038:
1676:
1656:
1651:
1539:
1478:
1429:
1358:
599:
1204:
1105:
1061:
1018:
955:
908:
865:
756:
695:
3342:
3232:
3062:
2984:
2938:
2913:
2858:
2777:
2702:
2687:
2667:
2657:
2607:
2562:
2501:
2416:
2346:
2306:
2100:
1987:
1816:
1806:
1641:
1636:
1490:
1473:
1439:
393:
The Middleton Formation is the eastern correlate of the Teekloof Formation. Both these
378:
244:
136:
31:
1069:
916:
873:
3398:
3166:
3093:
3031:
2903:
2898:
2873:
2823:
2742:
2727:
2717:
2642:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2567:
2451:
2426:
2396:
2341:
2291:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2205:
2195:
2160:
2130:
2105:
2079:
2018:
1879:
1874:
1314:
1212:
1152:
1026:
963:
787:
764:
703:
354:
330:
70:
27:
1137:
979:
3337:
3227:
3197:
2989:
2979:
2943:
2868:
2848:
2828:
2772:
2757:
2747:
2652:
2637:
2592:
2491:
2441:
2421:
2391:
2381:
2331:
2321:
2286:
2265:
2245:
2240:
2185:
2170:
2048:
2033:
2013:
1757:
634:
630:
603:
580:
508:
504:
463:
455:
401:. The upper Middleton Formation correlates with eastern exposures of the uppermost
374:
358:
342:
338:
334:
304:
286:
726:
836:
3057:
2994:
2969:
2948:
2933:
2863:
2838:
2767:
2762:
2712:
2697:
2682:
2647:
2587:
2577:
2476:
2461:
2456:
2411:
2406:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2311:
2180:
2165:
2150:
2115:
2043:
1752:
1707:
1631:
1599:
1522:
1383:
1343:
611:
531:
413:
45:
552:
yielded from the Middleton Formation are the same as those associated with the
523:
as its western correlate, the Teekloof Formation. This is particularly true of
3088:
3052:
2923:
2908:
2893:
2883:
2833:
2752:
2737:
2722:
2662:
2622:
2582:
2572:
2376:
2351:
2326:
2215:
2210:
2175:
2155:
2135:
1982:
1869:
1527:
1408:
1113:
626:
588:
571:
560:
546:
524:
436:
90:
55:
1220:
1121:
1077:
1034:
971:
924:
881:
772:
711:
361:
onwards. The Middleton Formation's type locality lies near the small hamlet,
266:
253:
227:
214:
3036:
3015:
2974:
2692:
2677:
2496:
2446:
2431:
2401:
2356:
2336:
2296:
2190:
2145:
2110:
2095:
2074:
2058:
1997:
1992:
1681:
595:
500:
475:
459:
443:
193:
183:
95:
39:
1129:
116:
Middleton Formation exposures are found in the Eastern Cape of South Africa
1230:
2878:
2853:
2818:
2270:
2220:
2053:
2023:
1725:
615:
567:
490:
467:
451:
428:
349:, and is the eastern correlate, East of 24ºE, of the Teekloof Formation.
179:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3317:
2627:
607:
435:. The Middleton mudstones contain wave-and current-ripples, as well as
409:
350:
100:
75:
2918:
619:
591:
563:
549:
527:
520:
377:. The Middleton Formation forms part of the Adelaide Subgroup of the
622:
471:
3296:
3268:
3124:
1945:
1858:
1620:
1272:
1234:
602:, feeding trails and other evidence of shallow-water-dwelling
16:
Late middle Permian geological formation in the Eastern Cape
938:
Rubidge, B. S.; Hancox, P. J.; Catuneanu, O. (1998-12-01).
1957:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1284:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
420:, during which the Middleton Formation rocks formed.
470:
were deposited in a shallow, low-energy, freshwater
353:
and exposures of the Middleton Formation range from
3175:
3159:
3076:
3045:
3024:
3008:
2957:
2811:
2786:
2555:
2510:
2279:
2088:
2067:
2006:
1975:
1830:
1799:
1766:
1695:
1667:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
1592:
1419:
1333:
1292:
511:, suggesting that the deposits were nutrient-rich.
486:. These disturbances are associated with extensive
292:
282:
243:
204:
199:
189:
175:
170:
162:
152:
142:
131:
121:
21:
519:The Middleton Formation does not contain as many
3146:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
1924:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
482:events infrequently disturbed this low-energy
1962:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
1246:
423:The Middleton Formation, like the underlying
369:. Other exposures lie in hillsides along the
8:
1175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
810:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
633:also offer evidence for the presence of the
541:in the Middleton Formation compared to the
3375:
3293:
3265:
3156:
3121:
2783:
2507:
1972:
1942:
1929:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
1855:
1692:
1617:
1289:
1269:
1253:
1239:
1231:
311:
110:
18:
856:. African Renaissance and Geosciences.
653:
454:. These sandstone layers are important
1168:
803:
7:
365:, approximately 25 km south of
3405:Geologic formations of South Africa
3151:Geological Society of South Africa
725:Day, Michael Oliver (2014-03-04).
14:
1703:List of volcanoes in South Africa
1193:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1007:Journal of African Earth Sciences
854:Journal of African Earth Sciences
684:Journal of African Earth Sciences
594:. These trace fossils lie in the
442:, which weather out brown. Minor
381:, which itself forms part of the
3374:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3336:
3248:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
1213:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.06.002
1027:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.001
964:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00078.x
704:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.06.002
583:are more commonly found in this
474:environment. Observation of the
297:
2533:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
986:from the original on 2018-09-17
598:and include preserved burrows,
3410:Geography of the Northern Cape
3141:Evolutionary Studies Institute
2538:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
566:appear most frequently in the
166:up to 300 m (980 ft)
1:
3420:Geography of the Western Cape
3415:Geography of the Eastern Cape
2523:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
2518:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
1919:Minerals Council South Africa
1776:1620 Robben Island earthquake
1070:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4
917:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00190-1
874:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00095-1
835:Mason, Richard (2008-10-27).
3126:Research and administration
2799:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
2543:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
765:10.1016/0022-1694(92)90193-Y
606:. The invertebrates include
245:Approximate paleocoordinates
2794:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
2528:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
3446:
1822:Vredefort impact structure
1812:Morokweng impact structure
1786:2006 Mozambique earthquake
3330:
3303:
3292:
3275:
3264:
3223:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
3131:
3120:
3104:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
1967:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
1952:
1941:
1865:
1854:
1748:Barberton Greenstone Belt
1627:
1616:
1279:
1268:
1114:10.1007/s00114-011-0856-2
478:reveals that high-energy
329:that extends through the
310:
109:
26:
2844:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
1713:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
1364:Table Mountain Sandstone
1300:Bushveld Igneous Complex
484:depositional environment
345:. It overlies the lower
3357:South Africa portal
3193:Charles Kimberlin Brain
1781:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
1496:Abrahamskraal Formation
1450:Sundays River Formation
1374:Abrahamskraal Formation
1262:Geology of South Africa
543:Abrahamskraal Formation
450:layers, interspace the
433:Abrahamskraal Formation
425:Abrahamskraal Formation
399:Abrahamskraal Formation
347:Abrahamskraal Formation
157:Abrahamskraal Formation
3208:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
3136:Council for Geoscience
3099:West Coast Fossil Park
1791:2014 Orkney earthquake
1672:Terra Australis Orogen
1622:Tectonics and orogeny
1435:Buffelskloof Formation
503:deposits contain many
1718:Prince Edward Islands
1274:Geological formations
408:, and is late Middle
3280:Geology of Cape Town
3238:John Talbot Robinson
3188:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
1894:Coal in South Africa
1885:Banket (mining term)
1582:Normandien Formation
1325:Transvaal Supergroup
745:Journal of Hydrology
327:geological formation
126:Geological formation
3243:George William Stow
3084:Cradle of Humankind
1838:Bellsbank meteorite
1731:Finsch diamond mine
1687:Witwatersrand Basin
1662:Makhonjwa Mountains
1533:Whitehill Formation
1511:Middleton Formation
1399:Whitehill Formation
1389:Ganigobis Formation
1349:Ganigobis Formation
1205:2011JAfES..61..238B
1106:2011NW.....98.1027M
1094:Naturwissenschaften
1062:2004GondR...7..165D
1019:2014JAfES.100..227D
956:1998BasR...10..417C
909:2001SedG..140..291C
897:Sedimentary Geology
866:2001JAfES..33..579C
757:1992JHyd..139...27S
696:2011JAfES..61..238B
323:Middleton Formation
263: /
224: /
135:Adelaide Subgroup,
28:Stratigraphic range
22:Middleton Formation
3343:Geology portal
3218:Alfred W. Crompton
3183:Andrew Geddes Bain
2467:Pristerognathoides
1907:Titanium in Africa
1902:Platinum in Africa
1898:Iron ore in Africa
1741:Koffiefontein mine
1736:Jagersfontein Mine
1647:Gondwanide orogeny
1545:Bushveld Sandstone
1516:Teekloof Formation
1445:Kirkwood Formation
1394:Teekloof Formation
1305:Fig Tree Formation
629:. The formation's
3392:
3391:
3326:
3325:
3308:Pothole (geology)
3288:
3287:
3270:Regional articles
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3213:H. Basil S. Cooke
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
2889:Heterodontosaurus
2807:
2806:
2551:
2550:
2482:Promoschorhynchus
1937:
1936:
1912:Uranium in Africa
1860:Mineral deposits
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1577:Molteno Formation
1572:Katberg Formation
1550:Clarens Formation
1506:Katberg Formation
1501:Balfour Formation
1469:Drakensberg Group
1457:Kalahari Deposits
1379:Balfour Formation
1310:Komatii Formation
1100:(12): 1027–1034.
1050:Gondwana Research
539:species diversity
537:caused a drop in
319:
318:
228:32.949°S 25.816°E
147:Balfour Formation
3437:
3425:Karoo Supergroup
3378:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3294:
3266:
3157:
3122:
2784:
2508:
2437:Macroscelesaurus
2317:Cistecephaloides
2302:Blattoidealestes
2126:Cistecephaloides
2029:Deltacephalaspis
1973:
1943:
1856:
1693:
1618:
1567:Elliot Formation
1555:Elliot Formation
1486:Karoo Supergroup
1320:Onverwacht Group
1290:
1270:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
935:
929:
928:
892:
886:
885:
849:
843:
842:
841:(Thesis thesis).
832:
826:
822:
816:
815:
809:
801:
799:
798:
783:
777:
776:
740:
734:
733:
732:(Thesis thesis).
722:
716:
715:
678:
672:
669:
663:
658:
535:extinction event
418:extinction event
383:Karoo Supergroup
371:Great Fish River
315:
303:
301:
300:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
114:
105:
42:
19:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3351:
3349:
3335:
3322:
3313:Steep structure
3299:
3284:
3271:
3252:
3176:Paleontologists
3171:
3155:
3127:
3108:
3072:
3068:Vulpes skinneri
3041:
3020:
3004:
3000:Ptychoceratodus
2965:Acanthohoplites
2953:
2929:Ptychoceratodus
2803:
2782:
2733:Ptychoceratodus
2708:Platycraniellus
2633:Ictidosuchoides
2547:
2506:
2487:Scalopocephalus
2472:Pristerognathus
2387:Homodontosaurus
2275:
2201:Ictidosuchoides
2141:Dicynodontoides
2121:Charassognathus
2084:
2063:
2039:Gondwanascorpio
2002:
1971:
1948:
1933:
1861:
1842:
1826:
1795:
1762:
1691:
1677:Transvaal Basin
1657:Kalahari Craton
1652:Kaapvaal Craton
1623:
1604:
1588:
1540:Stormberg Group
1479:Uitenhage Group
1430:Uitenhage Group
1415:
1359:Bokkeveld Group
1329:
1288:
1275:
1264:
1259:
1229:
1228:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1003:
1002:
998:
989:
987:
937:
936:
932:
894:
893:
889:
851:
850:
846:
834:
833:
829:
823:
819:
802:
796:
794:
785:
784:
780:
742:
741:
737:
724:
723:
719:
680:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
659:
655:
650:
557:Assemblage Zone
555:Pristerognathus
517:
464:paleontologists
406:Assemblage Zone
404:Pristerognathus
391:
298:
296:
271:
269:
265:
262:
257:
254:
252:
250:
249:
233:-32.949; 25.816
232:
230:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
211:
210:
117:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3430:Beaufort Group
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3360:
3346:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:James Kitching
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3063:Panthera shawi
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Macroscaphites
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Sefapanosaurus
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Massospondylus
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Erythrotherium
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2778:Zorillodontops
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Plateosauravus
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Olivierosuchus
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Microgomphodon
2665:
2660:
2658:Melanorosaurus
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Erythrotherium
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Batrachosuchus
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2502:Uranocentrodon
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Lanthanostegus
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Cynariognathus
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Brachyprosopus
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2280:Beaufort Group
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Alopecognathus
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Onychopterella
1985:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:Tswaing crater
1814:
1809:
1807:Kalkkop crater
1803:
1801:
1800:Impact craters
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Ellisras Basin
1639:
1637:Cape Fold Belt
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1491:Beaufort Group
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:Enon Formation
1471:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Enon Formation
1437:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:Carboniferous
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1293:Palaeoarchaean
1287:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1199:(3): 238–244.
1182:
1143:
1083:
1056:(1): 165–173.
1040:
996:
950:(4): 417–439.
944:Basin Research
930:
903:(3): 291–313.
887:
860:(3): 579–595.
844:
827:
817:
778:
735:
717:
690:(3): 238–244.
673:
664:
661:Witwatersrand.
652:
651:
649:
646:
559:. When found,
516:
513:
390:
387:
379:Beaufort Group
317:
316:
308:
307:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
247:
241:
240:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
137:Beaufort Group
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
107:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
32:Middle Permian
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3442:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3167:Hans Merensky
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Scylacorhinus
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Africanacetus
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Litargosuchus
2902:
2900:
2899:Lesothosaurus
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Gigantoscelus
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Abrictosaurus
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Scaloposaurus
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Proterosuchus
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Progalesaurus
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Lepidodendron
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Euskelosaurus
2616:
2614:
2613:Eucnemesaurus
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Erythrosuchus
2601:
2599:
2598:Ericiolacerta
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Blikanasaurus
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Pelictosuchus
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Lepidodendron
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Ictidochampsa
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Cryptocynodon
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Anomocephalus
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Thliptosaurus
2259:
2257:
2256:Theriognathus
2254:
2252:
2251:Stereosternum
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Scylacosaurus
2234:
2232:
2231:Procynosuchus
2229:
2227:
2226:Odontocyclops
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Lepidodendron
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Ictidognathus
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Dwykaselachus
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Crapartinella
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Anomocephalus
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:Lepidodendron
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:Carboniferous
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Antarctilamna
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:Paleontology
1944:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:Witwatersrand
1878:
1876:
1875:Merensky Reef
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Moodies Group
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
997:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
839:
831:
828:
821:
818:
813:
807:
793:
789:
782:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
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331:Northern Cape
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267:62.7°S 29.3°W
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38:265–256
33:
29:
25:
20:
3381:
3367:
3348:
3334:
3228:Andre Keyser
3203:Alfred Brown
3198:Robert Broom
2990:Nqwebasaurus
2980:Kangnasaurus
2944:Sphenosuchus
2869:Geranosaurus
2849:Dracovenator
2829:Antetonitrus
2773:Ufudocyclops
2758:Tetracynodon
2748:Scymnosaurus
2653:Lystrosaurus
2638:Kannemeyeria
2593:Elliotherium
2492:Silpholestes
2442:Moschorhinus
2422:Leontosaurus
2392:Icticephalus
2382:Euchambersia
2332:Colobodectes
2322:Choerosaurus
2287:Aelurosaurus
2266:Trochosaurus
2246:Simorhinella
2241:Scymnosaurus
2186:Glossopteris
2171:Eunotosaurus
2049:Serenichthys
2034:Diplacanthus
2014:Africanaspis
1758:Karoo-Ferrar
1510:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1160:. Retrieved
1157:ResearchGate
1156:
1146:
1097:
1093:
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988:. Retrieved
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795:. Retrieved
792:ResearchGate
791:
781:
751:(1): 27–48.
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687:
683:
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667:
656:
641:
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612:oligochaetes
579:
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518:
515:Paleontology
498:argillaceous
488:argillaceous
458:markers for
448:argillaceous
422:
403:
397:overlie the
392:
375:Eastern Cape
359:Eastern Cape
343:South Africa
339:Eastern Cape
335:Western Cape
322:
320:
305:South Africa
287:Eastern Cape
272:-62.7; -29.3
3058:Homo naledi
3046:Pleistocene
2995:Paranthodon
2970:Algoasaurus
2949:Tritheledon
2934:Pulanesaura
2864:Fabrosaurus
2839:Coelophysis
2787:Assemblages
2768:Trirachodon
2763:Thrinaxodon
2713:Procolophon
2698:Pentasaurus
2683:Noteosuchus
2673:Micropholis
2648:Lydekkerina
2588:Dinanomodon
2578:Cynognathus
2511:Assemblages
2477:Procolophon
2462:Pristerodon
2457:Polycynodon
2412:Ictidostoma
2407:Ictidodraco
2372:Eohyosaurus
2367:Eodicynodon
2362:Dinanomodon
2312:Broomistega
2181:Glanosuchus
2166:Endothiodon
2151:Dinanomodon
2116:Bulbasaurus
2044:Priscomyzon
1768:Earthquakes
1753:Drakensberg
1708:Pilanesberg
1632:Algoa Basin
1600:Algoa Group
1523:Dwyka Group
1426:Cretaceous
1405:Ordovician
1384:Dwyka Group
1344:Dwyka Group
1013:: 227–242.
642:Atherstonia
638:Namaichthys
635:bony fishes
545:. However,
532:Guadalupian
414:Guadalupian
270: /
231: /
206:Coordinates
3399:Categories
3160:Geologists
3089:Planolites
3053:Boskop Man
2958:Cretaceous
2924:Pegomastax
2909:Lycorhinus
2894:Ledumahadi
2884:Gyposaurus
2834:Arcusaurus
2753:Shansiodon
2738:Regisaurus
2723:Prolacerta
2663:Mesosuchus
2623:Galesaurus
2583:Diademodon
2573:Bolotridon
2377:Emyduranus
2352:Cynosaurus
2327:Clelandina
2216:Mesosaurus
2211:Lycosuchus
2176:Galechirus
2156:Dinogorgon
2136:Cynosaurus
1983:Notiodella
1976:Ordovician
1870:Kimberlite
1831:Meteorites
1722:Diatremes
1528:Ecca Group
1409:Soom Shale
1162:2019-02-06
990:2019-02-06
797:2019-02-06
648:References
627:planolites
610:, aquatic
600:track ways
596:sandstones
589:vertebrate
577:deposits.
572:calcareous
561:vertebrate
547:vertebrate
530:. The end-
525:vertebrate
476:sandstones
472:lacustrine
460:geologists
444:sandstones
437:calcareous
395:formations
219:25°48′58″E
216:32°56′56″S
3037:Nummulite
3016:Nummulite
3009:Paleogene
2975:Baculites
2693:Orosaurus
2678:Myosaurus
2497:Tamboeria
2447:Paliguana
2432:Lycideops
2402:Ictidodon
2357:Diictodon
2337:Compsodon
2297:Basilodon
2191:Hofmeyria
2146:Diictodon
2111:Basilodon
2096:Abdalodon
2075:Dadoxylon
2059:Umzantsia
1998:Soomaspis
1993:Promissum
1696:Volcanism
1682:Witteberg
1563:Triassic
1465:Jurassic
1355:Devonian
1334:Paleozoic
1221:1464-343X
1122:1432-1904
1078:1342-937X
1035:1464-343X
972:1365-2117
925:0037-0738
882:1464-343X
773:0022-1694
712:1464-343X
616:nematodes
585:formation
501:sandstone
468:mudstones
452:mudstones
367:Cookhouse
363:Middleton
194:Sandstone
184:siltstone
171:Lithology
163:Thickness
143:Underlies
3383:Glossary
3369:Category
2879:Gryponyx
2854:Eocursor
2819:Aardonyx
2812:Jurassic
2556:Triassic
2271:Youngina
2221:Moschops
2054:Tutusius
2024:Bainella
2007:Devonian
1726:Big Hole
1593:Cenozoic
1420:Mesozoic
1370:Permian
1171:cite web
1138:27865550
1130:22009069
984:Archived
980:56420970
806:cite web
608:annelids
568:mudstone
494:deposits
491:overbank
429:mudstone
351:Outcrops
200:Location
180:Mudstone
153:Overlies
3318:Swazian
3025:Neogene
2628:Howesia
2089:Permian
1201:Bibcode
1102:Bibcode
1058:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
952:Bibcode
905:Bibcode
862:Bibcode
825:Africa.
753:Bibcode
692:Bibcode
592:fossils
564:fossils
550:fossils
528:fossils
521:fossils
480:fluvial
440:nodules
410:Permian
389:Geology
373:in the
357:in the
293:Country
258:29°18′W
255:62°42′S
176:Primary
132:Unit of
2919:Ngwevu
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625:, and
623:larvae
620:insect
575:nodule
496:. The
466:. The
337:, and
302:
283:Region
3298:Other
3077:Other
1134:S2CID
976:S2CID
729:zones
587:than
325:is a
190:Other
1217:ISSN
1177:link
1126:PMID
1118:ISSN
1074:ISSN
1031:ISSN
968:ISSN
921:ISSN
878:ISSN
812:link
769:ISSN
708:ISSN
640:and
570:and
462:and
321:The
122:Type
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1209:doi
1110:doi
1066:doi
1023:doi
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