642:
334:: type I and type II. Type I and type II males have different reproductive strategies, and can be distinguished from each other based on physical characteristics. Type I males are eight times larger in body mass, and have much larger vocal organs. Type II males’ reproductive organs are seven times larger in size than those of type I males. Female and type II male midshipman fish can be distinguished from each other by the female's slightly larger size, and the type II male midshipman's large reproductive organs.
343:
135:
111:
957:
791:
Lopes-Ferreira, Mônica; Ramos, Anderson Daniel; Martins, Itamar Alves; Lima, Carla; Conceição, Katia; Haddad, Vidal (August 2014). "Clinical manifestations and experimental studies on the spine extract of the toadfish
Porichthys porosissimus".
321:
and bury themselves in sand or mud in the intertidal zone during the day, to float just above the seabed at night. Some species have venomous dorsal spines and are capable of inflicting serious injuries if handled.
830:
Brantley, Richard K.; Bass, Andrew H. (26 April 2010). "Alternative Male
Spawning Tactics and Acoustic Signals in the Plainfin Midshipman Fish Porichthys notatus Girard (Teleostei, Batrachoididae)".
292:
refers to the well developed pores on the fish, and this led to the common name "Porous
Catfish". The other common name, "Midshipman" is based on the pattern of button-like luminous spots (
667:
Mating in midshipman fishes depends on auditory communication. Male midshipman fish produce several different vocalizations while females only make grunts in non-breeding situations.
662:
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Cooper, James Graham; Suckley, George; Cooper, William; Gibbs, George; Gray, Asa; LeConte, John L. (1859).
544:
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859:"Dimorphic male midshipman fish: reduced sexual selection or sexual selection for reduced characters?"
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368:
313:
129:
120:
1142:
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Jordan, David S.; Bollman, Charles H. (1889). "Scientific results of explorations by steamer
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43:
996:
346:
304:
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296:) which resemble the buttons on the uniforms of young naval officers known as
293:
88:
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349:
on an
Atlantic midshipman. Midshipman fish are named after their photophores.
875:
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146:
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There are currently 14 recognized extant species in this genus:
971:
311:. Typical midshipman fishes, such as the plainfin midshipman (
980:
288:). Historically, there have been two common names.
857:Lee, Jonathan S. F.; Bass, Andrew H. (July 2006).
721:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
774:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
663:Reproduction and vocalization in midshipman fish
686:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
8:
757:. New York: Bailliere Brothers. p. 356.
755:The Natural History of Washington Territory
303:Midshipman fish are distinguished by their
968:
825:
823:
109:
20:
874:
676:
7:
844:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01011.x
690:Bulletins of American Paleontology
14:
1189:Extant Miocene first appearances
955:
133:
733:California Academy of Sciences
330:Male midshipman fish have two
1:
806:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.014
657:Reproduction and vocalization
258:
1205:
660:
256:
249:
238:
231:
130:Scientific classification
128:
117:
108:
23:
893:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
540:Porichthys pauciradiatus
935:Porichthys pedemontanus
684:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
622:Porichthys pedemontanus
613:Porichthys margaritatus
575:Porichthys porosissimus
490:(Specklefin midshipman)
444:Porichthys margaritatus
653:
527:Porichthys oculofrenum
395:Porichthys ephippiatus
382:Porichthys bathoiketes
350:
1138:Paleobiology Database
907:. April 2012 version.
876:10.1093/beheco/ark015
719:Eschmeyer, William N.
696:: 560. Archived from
649:Porichthys plectrodon
644:
570:(Atlantic midshipman)
557:Porichthys plectrodon
522:(Smalleye midshipman)
504:(Plainfin midshipman)
431:Porichthys kymosemeum
426:(Greene's midshipman)
377:(Darkedge midshipman)
345:
118:Plainfin midshipman (
964:at Wikimedia Commons
645:Atlantic midshipman
509:Porichthys oculellus
477:Porichthys myriaster
472:(Mimetic midshipman)
459:Porichthys mimeticus
1184:Bioluminescent fish
408:(Saddle midshipman)
895:"Species in genus
863:Behavioral Ecology
654:
495:Porichthys notatus
454:(Daisy midshipman)
413:Porichthys greenei
351:
314:Porichthys notatus
271:is any species of
240:Porichthys notatus
121:Porichthys notatus
1166:
1165:
1125:Open Tree of Life
974:Taxon identifiers
960:Media related to
728:Catalog of Fishes
597:Porichthys analis
584:
569:
552:
535:
521:
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489:
471:
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439:
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364:Porichthys analis
275:belonging to the
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187:Batrachoidiformes
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918:Onzole Formation
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27:Temporal range:
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24:Midshipman fish
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16:Genus of fishes
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1179:Batrachoididae
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950:External links
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891:Froese, Rainer
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869:(4): 670–675.
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838:(3): 213–232.
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661:Main article:
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602:Early Pliocene
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589:Fossil species
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545:D. K. Caldwell
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387:C. R. Gilbert
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373:L. P. Schultz
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736:. Retrieved
726:
723:"Porichthys"
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:the original
693:
689:
679:
666:
646:
620:
611:
595:
573:
562:D. S. Jordan
555:
538:
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514:H. J. Walker
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233:Type species
217:
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36:11.6–0
29:Late Miocene
18:
1073:iNaturalist
1006:Wikispecies
940:Fossilworks
922:Fossilworks
482:C. L. Hubbs
369:C. L. Hubbs
347:Photophores
326:Description
305:photophores
294:photophores
284:(in family
244:Girard 1854
203:Subfamily:
1173:Categories
1026:Porichthys
1012:Porichthys
982:Porichthys
962:Porichthys
897:Porichthys
780:: 149–183.
704:2008-01-08
671:References
626:Robba 1970
518:Rosenblatt
468:Rosenblatt
404:Rosenblatt
298:midshipmen
290:Porichthys
281:Porichthys
218:Porichthys
800:: 28–39.
770:Albatross
630:Tortonian
607:, Ecuador
581:G. Cuvier
319:nocturnal
307:and four
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
997:Q1909490
991:Wikidata
904:FishBase
832:Ethology
814:24814010
273:toadfish
259:See text
193:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
31:-Present
1091:1374400
1065:2350811
794:Toxicon
738:18 July
637:Biology
583:, 1829)
452:, 1844)
338:Species
317:), are
251:Species
213:Genus:
183:Order:
173:Class:
1156:158783
1130:720417
1104:164413
812:
616:- idem
568:, 1882
564:&
551:, 1963
547:&
534:, 1968
520:, 1988
516:&
502:, 1854
500:Girard
488:, 1939
484:&
470:, 1988
466:&
438:, 1968
424:, 1904
422:Starks
420:&
406:, 1988
402:&
389:, 1968
375:, 1939
371:&
332:morphs
224:Girard
1151:WoRMS
1143:35690
1117:45383
1086:IRMNG
1078:60022
1052:63Q9C
632:Italy
277:genus
1112:NCBI
1099:ITIS
1060:GBIF
1039:2907
1034:BOLD
942:.org
924:.org
810:PMID
740:2018
226:1854
44:PreꞒ
1047:CoL
1021:AFD
938:at
920:at
871:doi
840:doi
802:doi
772:".
694:364
1175::
1153::
1140::
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861:.
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822:^
808:.
798:86
796:.
778:12
776:.
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628:-
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267:A
124:)
94:Pg
38:Ma
899:"
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873::
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842::
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804::
742:.
707:.
651:)
647:(
619:†
610:†
594:†
579:(
448:(
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
33:~
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