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211:" even in modern Polish historiography he is sometimes referred to by his contemporary nickname, 'Wieszatiel' ('hangman'). To many nationally minded Russians, Muravyov was a hero and the de facto head of the "Russian Party". They flooded Muravyov with congratulatory telegrams on his nameday, November 8, 1863, a form of public expression previously unknown in Russia.
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After defeating the rebels militarily, Muravyov began a series of deep reforms which aimed at the liquidation of the breeding grounds for future uprisings. He strengthened the economic, educational and social positions of
Orthodox Belarusian peasants who made up the majority of the Krai's population
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at these times. He paid much attention to the restoration of the
Orthodox character of Belarus since he regarded this as the best mean against potential disloyalty and because he was convinced that he liberates ancient Russian (Rus') lands from Polish subjugation.
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societies, and, although he didn't actively participate in the movement after 1820, he was briefly apprehended by the police after their failed uprising in
December 1825. By some sources he was cooperating with the investigation buying out his freedom this way.
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were among the rebel leaders executed on his orders. Those settlements where the rebels were reported had to pay enormous contributions. As a consequence, for Poles and liberal
Russian circles Muravyov became known as the "hangman of
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in
Belarus, prohibiting construction of new churches and converting the existing ones to Eastern Orthodox chapels. Muravyov justified his Russification policies by claiming that Polish and Lithuanian administration undertook
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of 1830 persuaded him that two principal agents responsible for the spread of the Polish nationalism were the Roman
Catholic priests and Polish students. As a consequence, he made it his priority to close
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and to expel
Catholic priests from other educational facilities. He was reported as saying that, "What Russian rifle did not succeed in doing, will be finished off by Russian schools."
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46:) was a Russian imperial statesman of the 19th century, most known for brutally putting down of Polish and Lithuanian uprisings and leading subsequent cultural and social
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In the long term, Muravyov's policy proved mixed. In 1905 Polish rebellion once again took place against
Russian Empire. He was however instrumental in rooting out
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in printed content. The ban was lifted in 1904. He managed to promptly subdue the rebellion. About 9000 insurgents were resettled to
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142:. His administration of state-owned peasant households proved catastrophic and effectively reduced many of them to bankruptcy.
274:, bitterly joked that Muravyov should replace Alexander II on the throne as a more consistent and forceful nationalist. In
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appointed him
Minister of State Properties, a position which Muravyov used to lead the reactionary party opposed to the
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78:, Muravyov set up the Mathematical Society, of which he would later become president. He volunteered during the
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Assessment of
Muravyov's activity by the educated strata of the Russian society varied from enraptured odes by
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and spent late 1865 and early 1866 writing his memoirs. At the time of his death, Muravyov was investigating
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On May 1, 1865, Muravyov was relieved from his duties. For his vital services to the Empire, he received a
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345:: The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire's Northwestern Region after 1863"
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Upon the intercession of his high-placed relatives, Muravyov was appointed Vice-Governor of
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he has been viewed as a personification of tsarist repression and Russification.
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policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries
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Reconstruction of Nations : Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999
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270:. After the suppression of the 1863 uprising, the celebrated emigre writer
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Polish drawing of Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky during January Uprising
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in 1828. At these posts, he became known for his harsh policy of
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We are at one with our tsar who serves the Fatherland as we do
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the following year. In 1850, he was made a member of the
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Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
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no. 11, 1883, p. 405. quoted in Mikhail Dolbilov, "
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Opening ceremony of a Muravyov memorial in Vilnius, 1898
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Founding members of the Russian Geographical Society
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Prophets and conspirators in prerevolutionary Russia
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772:Burials at Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)
130:. In the 1850s he served as Vice-President of the
62:). He should not be confused with his grandson,
16:Russian noble and Imperial official (1796–1866)
86:. In 1816 he became a co-founder of the first
757:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
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8:
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337:See A.N. Mosolov, "Vilenskie ocherki", in
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762:Russian people of the January Uprising
632:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933
7:
380:, scan of first Polish edition, 1916
234:'s attempt to assassinate the tsar.
106:. Muravyov's experiences during the
747:Politicians from the Russian Empire
128:State Council of the Russian Empire
28:Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov
752:History of the Lithuanian language
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310:. Yale University Press. p.
36:Граф Михаи́л Никола́евич Муравьёв
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361:, Transaction Publishers, 1998,
162:of 1863, Muravyov was appointed
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737:Senators of the Russian Empire
652:Russification in modern Russia
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667:Ukrainian orthography of 1933
64:Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov
23:Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov
732:Counts of the Russian Empire
564:Anti-Russification activists
178:). He instituted a complete
132:Russian Geographical Society
727:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
493:Organizers of Russification
455:Great Russification program
190:, 127 were demonstratively
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510:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
218:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
180:ban on the Latin alphabet
164:Governor General of Vilna
140:emancipation of the serfs
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168:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
82:of 1812 and was wounded
74:During his years at the
722:Politicians from Moscow
98:in 1826, and appointed
42:– 12 September 1866 in
423:By annexed territories
266:to caustic satires by
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238:Contemporary reactions
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122:, only to be moved to
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586:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
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38:; 12 October 1796 in
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647:Lithuanian press ban
550:Alexander Lukashenko
196:Konstanty Kalinowski
100:Governor of Mogilyov
76:University of Moscow
204:Antanas Mackevičius
200:Zygmunt Sierakowski
184:Lithuanian language
450:February Manifesto
440:Bessarabia/Moldova
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113:Vilnius University
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571:Kastus Kalinouski
540:Nikita Khrushchev
363:Google Print: p.8
357:Adam Bruno Ulam,
244:Roman Catholicism
118:In 1831 Muravyov
108:November Uprising
52:Northwestern Krai
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530:Nikolay Bobrikov
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378:Muravyov Diaries
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339:Russkaia starina
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272:Alexander Herzen
268:Nikolai Nekrasov
232:Dmitry Karakozov
160:January Uprising
146:Governor General
44:Saint Petersburg
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601:Albert Razin
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581:Eduard Polón
576:Leo Mechelin
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505:Alexander II
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249:Polonization
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174:and part of
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136:Alexander II
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27:
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717:1866 deaths
712:1796 births
525:Nicholas II
375:(in Polish)
158:During the
84:at Borodino
70:Early years
701:Categories
500:Nicholas I
430:Azerbaijan
352:References
251:measures.
88:Decembrist
662:Trasianka
467:Lithuania
280:Lithuania
172:Lithuania
60:Lithuania
54:(today's
688:Category
642:Ems Ukaz
302:(2003).
182:and the
166:(former
657:Surzhyk
477:Ukraine
445:Finland
435:Belarus
209:Vilnius
188:Siberia
176:Belarus
96:Vitebsk
56:Belarus
32:Russian
482:Crimea
472:Poland
462:Latvia
318:
276:Poland
192:hanged
170:, now
40:Moscow
625:Other
286:Notes
124:Minsk
316:ISBN
278:and
202:and
58:and
50:of
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312:49
198:,
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34::
407:e
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30:(
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