Serfdom - Knowledge (XXG)

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Within his constraints, a serf had some freedom. Though the common wisdom is that a serf owned “only his belly” – even his clothes were the property, in law, of his lord – a serf might still accumulate personal property and wealth, and some serfs became wealthier than their free neighbors, although this was rather an exception to the general rule. A well-to-do serf might even be able to buy his freedom.

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fed during his service; it was a lord without foresight who did not provide a substantial meal for his serfs during the harvest and planting times. In exchange for this work on the lord's demesne, the serfs had certain privileges and rights, including for example the right to gather deadwood – an essential source of fuel – from their lord's forests.

930:, the lord of the manor, they were expected to spend some of their time working on the lord's fields. The rest of their time was spent farming their own land for their own profit. Villeins were tied to their lord's land and could not leave it without his permission. Their lord also often decided whom they could marry. 926:) represented the most common type of serf in the Middle Ages. Villeins had more rights and higher status than the lowest serf, but existed under a number of legal restrictions that differentiated them from freemen. Villeins generally rented small homes, with a patch of land. As part of the contract with the 1213:

The amount of labour required varied. In Poland, for example, it was commonly a few days per year per household in the 13th century, one day per week per household in the 14th century, four days per week per household in the 17th century, and six days per week per household in the 18th century. Early

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and fees. Taxes were based on the assessed value of his lands and holdings. Fees were usually paid in the form of agricultural produce rather than cash. The best ration of wheat from the serf's harvest often went to the landlord. Generally hunting and trapping of wild game by the serfs on the lord's

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A variety of kinds of villeinage existed in Europe in the Middle Ages. Half-villeins received only half as many strips of land for their own use and owed a full complement of labour to the lord, often forcing them to rent out their services to other serfs to make up for this hardship. Villeinage was

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might leave a person unable to make his own way. In such a case, he could strike a bargain with a lord of a manor. In exchange for gaining protection, his service was required: in labour, produce, or cash, or a combination of all. These bargains became formalised in a ceremony known as "bondage", in

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who owned that land. In return, they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on the lord's fields, but also in his mines and forests and to labour to maintain roads.

1223:"Per household" means that every dwelling had to give a worker for the required number of days. For example, in the 18th century, six people: a peasant, his wife, three children and a hired worker might be required to work for their lord one day a week, which would be counted as six days of labour. 1186:

Within his constraints, a serf had some freedoms. Though the common wisdom is that a serf owned "only his belly" – even his clothes were the property, in law, of his lord – a serf might still accumulate personal property and wealth, and some serfs became wealthier than

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Like other types of serfs, villeins had to provide other services, possibly in addition to paying rent of money or produce. Villeins could not move away without their lord's consent and the acceptance of the lord to whose manor they proposed to migrate to. Villeins were generally able to hold their

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A major difficulty of a serf's life was that his work for his lord coincided with, and took precedence over, the work he had to perform on his own lands: when the lord's crops were ready to be harvested, so were his own. On the other hand, the serf of a benign lord could look forward to being well

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be true and faithful, and love all which he loves and shun all which he shuns, according to the laws of God and the order of the world. Nor will I ever with will or action, through word or deed, do anything which is unpleasing to him, on condition that he will hold to me as I shall deserve it, and

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Serfdom was significantly more common than slavery throughout the feudal period. The villein was the most common type of serf in the Middle Ages. Villeins had more rights and status than those held as slaves, but were under a number of legal restrictions that differentiated them from the freeman.

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The last type of serf was the slave. Slaves had the fewest rights and benefits from the manor. They owned no tenancy in land, worked for the lord exclusively and survived on donations from the landlord. It was always in the interest of the lord to prove that a servile arrangement existed, as this

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A lord of the manor could not sell his serfs as a Roman might sell his slaves. On the other hand, if he chose to dispose of a parcel of land, the serfs associated with that land stayed with it to serve their new lord; simply speaking, they were implicitly sold in mass and as a part of a lot. This

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Often there were arbitrary tests to judge the worthiness of their tax payments. A chicken, for example, might be required to be able to jump over a fence of a given height to be considered old enough or well enough to be valued for tax purposes. The restraints of serfdom on personal and economic

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and survival, and being a villein guaranteed access to land, and crops secure from theft by marauding robbers. Landlords, even were legally entitled to do so, rarely evicted villeins because of the value of their labour. Villeinage was much preferable to being a vagabond, a slave, or an unlanded

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and were essentially rent-paying tenant farmers who owed little or no service to the lord, and had a good degree of security of tenure and independence. In parts of 11th-century England freemen made up only 10% of the peasant population, and in most of the rest of Europe their numbers were also

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and Marche. However, although formal serfdom no longer existed in most of France, the feudal seigneurial laws still granted noble landlords many of the rights previously exercised over serfs, and the peasants of Auvergne, Nivernais and Champagne, though formally not serfs, could still not move

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It was also a matter of discussion whether serfs could be required by law in times of war or conflict to fight for their lord's land and property. In the case of their lord's defeat, their own fate might be uncertain, so the serf certainly had an interest in supporting his lord.

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by generous owners, or flee to towns or to newly settled land where few questions were asked. Laws varied from country to country: in England a serf who made his way to a chartered town (i.e. a borough) and evaded recapture for a year and a day obtained his freedom and became a

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One rationale held that serfs and freemen "worked for all" while a knight or baron "fought for all" and a churchman "prayed for all"; thus everyone had a place. The serf was the worst fed and rewarded however, although unlike slaves had certain rights in land and property.

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Croatian encyclopedia, 1780 queen Maria Theresa introduced the regulations in Royal Croatia. 1785. King Joseph II introduced the Patent of freedom of movement of Serfs which gave them the right of movement, education and property, also ended their dependence to feudal

1413:) on a portion of the latter's land; his services to the lord are always undefined. Although his condition is servile, he retains the right to abandon his holding on giving due notice to the lord and surrendering to him two thirds of the products of his husbandry." 819:

To become a serf was a commitment that encompassed all aspects of the serf's life. The children born to serfs inherited their status, and were considered born into serfdom. By taking on the duties of serfdom, people bound themselves and their progeny.

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and living there for more than a year; but this action involved the loss of land rights and agricultural livelihood, a prohibitive price unless the landlord was especially tyrannical or conditions in the village were unusually difficult.

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even as it spread through eastern Europe. Serfdom reached Eastern Europe centuries later than Western Europe – it became dominant around the 15th century. In many of these countries serfdom was abolished during the

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to enable the heir to keep the right to till what land he had. Any young woman who wished to marry a serf outside of her manor was forced to pay a fee for the right to leave her lord, and in compensation for her lost labour.

560: 1488:'s peasants, or 13 to 14 million people, were serfs whose material lives were barely distinguishable from slaves. Perhaps another 1.5 million were formally enslaved, with Russian slaves serving Russian masters. 643:. Serfdom, indeed, was an institution that reflected a fairly common practice whereby great landlords were assured that others worked to feed them and were held down, legally and economically, while doing so. 1197:

The landlord could not dispossess his serfs without legal cause and was supposed to protect them from the depredations of robbers or other lords, and he was expected to support them by charity in times of

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unified system preserved for the lord long-acquired knowledge of practices suited to the land. Further, a serf could not abandon his lands without permission, nor did he possess a saleable title in them.

1048:(1604 onwards) removed the cottars' right to any land: "before the Enclosures Act the cottager was a farm labourer with land and after the Enclosures Act the cottager was a farm labourer without land". 3206: 2154: 2511: 1051:

The bordars and cottars did not own their draught oxen or horses. The Domesday Book showed that England comprised 12% freeholders, 35% serfs or villeins, 30% cotters and bordars, and 9% slaves.

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in Russia, could, by contrast, be traded like regular slaves, could be abused with no rights over their own bodies, could not leave the land they were bound to, and could marry only with their

726:, the term changed meaning into the modern concept of "serf". The word "serf" is first recorded in English in the late 15th century, and came to its current definition in the 17th century. 1161:

the peasant family perhaps might owe an extra dozen eggs, and at Christmas, a goose was perhaps required, too. When a family member died, extra taxes were paid to the lord as a form of

5096: 1033:, garden and just enough land to feed a family. In England, at the time of the Domesday Survey, this would have comprised between about 1 and 5 acres (0.4 and 2.0 hectares). Under an 1476:

in the 17th century. Serfdom only existed in central and southern areas of the Russian Empire. It was never established in the North, in the Urals, and in Siberia. According to the

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own property, unlike slaves. Villeinage, as opposed to other forms of serfdom, was most common in Continental European feudalism, where land ownership had developed from roots in

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assessed taxes based on both land and the inhabitants of that land, it became administratively inconvenient for peasants to leave the land where they were counted in the census.

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can be differentiated into smaller categories. These distinctions were often less clear than suggested by their different names. Most often, there were two types of peasants:

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Serfdom was formally abolished in France on 4 August 1789, and the remaining feudal rights that gave landlords control rights over peasants were abolished in 1789-93.

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as having had serfdom until 1959, but whether or not the Tibetan form of peasant tenancy that qualified as serfdom was widespread is contested by other scholars.

1137:. The remainder of the serf's time was spent tending his own fields, crops and animals in order to provide for his family. Most manorial work was segregated by 2851: 3198: 1427:

Serfdom in Poland became the dominant form of relationship between peasants and nobility in the 17th century, and was a major feature of the economy of the

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provided him with greater rights to fees and taxes. The status of a man was a primary issue in determining a person's rights and obligations in many of the

450:. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, feudalism was never fully established, and serfdom did not exist; in Denmark, serfdom-like institutions did exist in both 372:, serfs could not be bought, sold, or traded individually, though they could, depending on the area, be sold together with land. Actual slaves, such as the 4871: 4746: 3755: 2507: 3176: 5101: 4756: 3296: 3266: 2655: 511: 443: 2902: 3553: 2060: 5014: 3782: 1454:. Over the course of the 19th century, it was gradually abolished on Polish and Lithuanian territories under foreign control, as the region began to 611:

faced a labour shortage. Large Roman landowners increasingly relied on Roman freemen, acting as tenant farmers, instead of slaves to provide labour.

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In Eastern Europe, the institution persisted until the mid-19th century. In Russia, serfdom gradually evolved from the usual European form to become

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Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1986). "Re-examining Choice, Dependency and Command in the Tibetan Social System-'Tax Appendages' and Other Landless Serfs".

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Costumes of slaves or serfs, from the sixth to the twelfth centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel from original documents in European libraries

2377: 1521:: neyfs (serfs) disappeared by the late 14th century, except in the salt and coal mining industries, where a form of serfdom survived until the 4843: 4174: 3820: 799:. These oaths bound the lord and his new serf in a feudal contract and defined the terms of their agreement. Often these bargains were severe. 1210:

Forms of serfdom varied greatly through time and regions. In some places, serfdom was merged with or exchanged for various forms of taxation.

4838: 3498: 3365: 2938: 2845: 2806: 2310: 2302: 392:, and to a certain extent the serfs, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter. 4848: 2575:"The Pictorial History of England: Being a History of the People, as Well as ... – George Lillie Craik, Charles MacFarlane –Google Książki" 2152:

Edikt den erleichterten Besitz und den freien Gebrauch des Grundeigentums so wie die persönlichen Verhältnisse der Land-Bewohner betreffend

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A serf could grow what crop he saw fit on his lands, although a serf's taxes often had to be paid in wheat. The surplus he would sell at

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Lee, James; Campbell, Cameron (1998). "Headship succession and household division in three Chinese banner serf populations, 1789–1909".

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were the lowest class of serfs in the medieval and early modern Russia. They had status similar to slaves, and could be freely traded.

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in the form of seasonally appropriate labour. Usually, a portion of the week was devoted to ploughing his lord's fields held in

3460: 4731: 3599: 2440: 2294: 74: 2944: 2574: 2129: 5121: 5024: 4796: 4791: 4275: 2773: 2742: 2399:"Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery" 1741: 1727: 1041: 5019: 4853: 4818: 4769: 4493: 1982: 1830: 1522: 403:, which reached Europe in 1347 and caused massive fatalities, disrupting society. Conversely, serfdom grew stronger in 5106: 4973: 4963: 4830: 4038: 3773: 2485: 1778: 1493: 1361:("old dwelling-house") were low-ranked semi-free servile tenants similar to serfs. According to Laurence Ginnell, the 435: 310: 117: 2835: 1289:

more common from that point onward, and by the 18th-century, serfdom had become relatively rare in most of France.

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Russia's over 23 million (about 38% of the total population) privately held serfs were freed from their lords by

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Barnett, Robert (2008) "What were the conditions regarding human rights in Tibet before democratic reform?" in:

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not a purely uni-directional exploitative relationship. In the Middle Ages, land within a lord's manor provided

856:, generally comprising the younger sons of villeins; vagabonds; and slaves, made up the lower class of workers. 5136: 4923: 4913: 4270: 4082: 3160: 1754: 1187:

their free neighbours, although this happened rarely. A well-to-do serf might even be able to buy his freedom.

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that he will perform everything as it was in our agreement when I submitted myself to him and chose his will.

5131: 5070: 4968: 4903: 3791: 3550: 2456: 2056: 1691: 1044:, the cottage had to be built with at least 4 acres (0.02 km; 0.01 sq mi) of land. The later 770:

became a serf usually through force or necessity. Sometimes the greater physical and legal force of a local

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choice were enforced through various forms of manorial customary law and the manorial administration and

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were kinship estates, quite distinct from feudalism. James Lee and Cameron Campbell describe the Chinese

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rights, could neither sue nor appear as witnesses, and were not free in the matter of entering into

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of 1789, between 140,000 and 1,500,000 serfs remained in France, most of them on clerical lands in

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were hereditary unfree knights tied to their lord, that formed the lowest rung of nobility in the

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held similarities to serfdom. Even at its height, slaves only ever made up 2% of the population.

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or other person to whom they belonged, or whom they served, or by obtaining from an aire of the

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Serfs served on occasion as soldiers in the event of conflict and could earn freedom or even

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Wunder, Heide. "Serfdom in later medieval and early modern Germany" in T. H. Aston et al.,

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and most of the Middle Ages, what are now called serfs were usually designated in Latin as

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of the early 19th century, though in some it persisted until mid- or late- 19th century.

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On Architectural Jurisprudence; in which the Constitutions, Canons, Laws and Customs etc

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in 1846 was a revolt against serfdom, directed against manorial property and oppression.

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system of the late Roman Empire can be considered the predecessor of Western European

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The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord of the manor and the

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Forms of Servitude in Northern and Central Europe. Decline, Resistance and Expansion

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From Savage to Citizen: The Invention of the Peasant in the French Enlightenment

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From Savage to Citizen: The Invention of the Peasant in the French Enlightenment

1967: 1952: 1931: 1656: 1644: 1286: 1231: 1227: 1171: 1134: 1133:, harvesting crops, digging ditches, repairing fences, and often working in the 951: 885: 803: 647: 519: 487: 475: 400: 342: 253: 52: 39: 3732: 3041:

Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century: France, Germany, Russia and ...

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Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century: France, Germany, Russia and ...

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Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century: France, Germany, Russia and ...

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The French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Republic: Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

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Wu, Ta-k'un (February 1952). "An Interpretation of Chinese Economic History".

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by 1959, but he believes that less than or about 10% of poor peasants were in

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Change in the land use system in Bhutan: Ecology, History, Culture, and Power

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Serf, Seigneur, and Sovereign: Agrarian Reform in Eighteenth-century Bohemia

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In many medieval countries, a villein could gain freedom by escaping from a

935: 636: 624:, saw their condition steadily erode. Because the tax system implemented by 523: 338: 216: 201: 2477: 482:, the concept of feudalism can also be applied to the societies of ancient 431: 1472:

Serfdom became the dominant form of relation between Russian peasants and

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which a serf placed his head in the lord's hands, akin to the ceremony of

411:, where it had previously been less common (this phenomenon was known as " 4675: 4647: 4633: 4500: 4466: 4424: 4409: 4369: 4114: 2180: 1997: 1914: 1884: 1857: 1800: 1540: 1518: 1473: 1392: 1384: 1305: 1270: 927: 646:

This arrangement provided most of the agricultural labour throughout the

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Serfdom to Self-Government: Memoirs of a Polish Village Mayor, 1842–1927

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The Decline of Serfdom in Late Medieval England: From Bondage to Freedom

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United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

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in 1861. The owners were compensated through taxes on the freed serfs.

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abolished serfdom in all Crown lands in France. On the outbreak of the

1236: 1202:. Many such rights were enforceable by the serf in the manorial court. 1142: 1130: 1037: 1030: 955: 917: 842: 829: 771: 651: 439: 399:

has sometimes been attributed to the widespread plague epidemic of the

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Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfdom: Eastern Europe" in Peter N. Stearns, ed,

1094:-cases of the period. Also, runaway slaves could be beaten if caught. 4643: 4456: 4389: 4329: 4324: 4131: 3634:

Serfdom and social control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a village in Tambov

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owners into dependency. Often a few years of crop failure, a war, or

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in 1792 and finally abolished it in October 1807, in the wake of the

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Richard Oram, 'Rural society: 1. medieval', in Michael Lynch (ed.),

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encouraged the establishment of serfdom as a source of agricultural

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Kahan, Arcadius. "Notes on Serfdom in Western and Eastern Europe,"

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The World of Work: Servitude, Slavery and Labor in Medieval England

3487:Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne 2329:(1982). "Tibet as a Stateless Society and Some Islamic Parallels". 2268:

Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1988). "On the Nature of Tibetan Peasantry".

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in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.

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Vadey, Liana. "Serfdom: Western Europe" in Peter N. Stearns, ed,

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The first steps towards abolition of serfdom were enacted in the

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In the later Middle Ages, serfdom began to disappear west of the

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resembled that of the medieval serfs. By the 3rd century AD, the

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Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the

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A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective

1431:, although its origins can be traced back to the 12th century. 1214:

serfdom in Poland was mostly limited to the royal territories (

750:. Thus, the manorial system exhibited a degree of reciprocity. 3748: 2630:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 1126: 1122: 548:

is described by Tashi Wangchuk, a Bhutanese civil servant, as

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from the prehistoric period (500 BC or earlier) up until the

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for valour in combat. Serfs could purchase their freedom, be

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Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton

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had abolished serfdom in the territories he gained from the

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pp. 81–83. Eds. Anne-Marie Blondeau and Katia Buffetrille.

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In addition to service, a serf was required to pay certain

714:. As slavery gradually disappeared and the legal status of 422:

slavery, though it continued to be called serfdom. In the

3789:(1970), "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis", 3686:

Re-Thinking Kinship and Feudalism in Early Medieval Europe

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The usual serf (not including slaves or cottars) paid his

810:

By the Lord before whom this sanctuary is holy, I will to

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persisted right through the Middle Ages, but it was rare.

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United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commission

1833:. There are differences depending on the region and sect. 1730:: First steps in 1780 and 1785. Final step on 8 May 1848. 1675:: 18 March 1812 (first step; second step: 26 August 1837) 1395:

to which they belonged permission to sue in his name." A

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also prohibits serfdom as a practice similar to slavery.

3199:"An interesting life through the eyes of a slave driver" 3679:

Encyclopedia of European Social History: from 1352–2000

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Encyclopedia of European Social History: from 1352–2000

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Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions,

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Hollister, Charles Warren; Bennett, Judith M. (2002).

1442:. However, these reforms were partly nullified by the 888:, held their land by one of a variety of contracts of 635:

around the 10th century. During this period, powerful

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Medieval serfdom really began with the breakup of the

2435:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 298. 962:

In medieval England, two types of villeins existed –

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Serfs had a specific place in feudal society, as did

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Social institutions similar to serfdom were known in

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The Agrarian History of England and Wales: 1042–1350

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Feudal Society: The Growth of the Ties of Dependence

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where serfdom had not existed in centuries, if ever)

1145:, the whole family was expected to work the fields. 1002:

deriving from the native Anglo-Saxon tongue whereas

5002: 4894: 4862: 4829: 4755: 4718: 4619: 4576: 4536: 4518: 4437: 4355: 4315: 4224: 4217: 4172: 4075: 3921: 3875: 836:freemen, workers whose tenure within the manor was 534:(1644–1912) as also maintaining a form of serfdom. 77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3658:Unfree labor: American slavery and Russian serfdom 2626:Hallam, H.E.; Finberg; Thirsk, Joan, eds. (1988). 3596:From Slavery to Feudalism in South-Western Europe 2370: 2368: 2263: 2261: 2241: 2239: 2228:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1561:: 1 November 1781 (first step; second step: 1848) 1555:: 1 November 1781 (first step; second step: 1848) 1141:during the regular times of the year. During the 1025:Status-wise, the bordar or cottar ranked below a 2057:"Villeins in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages" 1573:: 22 August 1785 (first step; second step: 1848) 1281:Serfdom in France started to diminish after the 3438:J. A. Cannon, 'Serfdom', in John Cannon (ed.), 3086:Democratic Crisis and Global Constitutional Law 1482: 808: 451: 5097:3rd-century establishments in the Roman Empire 3783:The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis 2722:. London: Longman Green & Co. p. 100. 2433:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History 2321: 2319: 2285: 2283: 2088:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 1881:– Spanish serfdom transplanted to the Americas 1029:in the social hierarchy of a manor, holding a 3814: 3618:Frantzen, Allen J., and Douglas Moffat, eds. 2678: 2676: 2546:Studies of field systems in the British Isles 345:, and similar systems. It was a condition of 311: 8: 4498: 3665:The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762–1907 2426: 2424: 1329:, a political and social system existing in 151: 1659:in 1812 (as the area was incorporated into 1438:, and it was essentially eliminated by the 1396: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 970:that could be traded separately from land. 865: 721: 715: 709: 699: 434:continued to exist until 1848. Serfdom was 4724: 4715: 4702: 4221: 4072: 4059: 3872: 3821: 3807: 3799: 3480: 3478: 444:General State Laws for the Prussian States 353:with similarities to and differences from 318: 304: 150: 30:"Serf" redirects here. For the saint, see 3611:Freedman, Paul, and Monique Bourin, eds. 3442:(Oxford: University Press, 2002), p. 852. 3426:(Oxford: University Press, 2005), p. 549. 3411:Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762–1907 3229:"Bothachs and Sen-Cleithes – Brehon Laws" 137:Learn how and when to remove this message 3582:The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe 3424:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 2840:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 63. 2558:An Economic History of the British Isles 2548:, by Alan R. H. Baker, Robin Alan Butlin 1641:: 9 October 1807 (effectively 1811–1823) 1273:were the Byzantine equivalent of serfs. 576: 526:. Wu Ta-k'un argued that the Shang-Zhou 512:Islamic-ruled Northern and Central India 3440:The Oxford Companion to British History 2048: 1543:: August 6, 1749 (land reforms in 1864) 1537:: August 5, 1746 (land reforms in 1864) 1017:. Whipping was a common punishment for 720:became nearly identical to that of the 3354:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 2933:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 425. 2700:. London: W.Benning. pp. 178–179. 2488:from the original on 12 September 2017 2221: 1062:were a type of serfs above kholops in 795:placed his hands between those of his 3785:, discussion and full online text of 3434: 3432: 3209:from the original on 21 February 2019 2908:from the original on 13 November 2021 2776:from the original on 17 February 2020 2764:McIntosh, Matthew (4 December 2018). 2745:from the original on 17 February 2020 2733:McIntosh, Matthew (4 December 2018). 2388:Nature Conservation Section. DoF, MoA 442:declared serfdom unacceptable in its 7: 3463:from the original on 20 October 2017 3351:Encyclopedia of Human Rights: Vol. 1 3329:from the original on 6 February 2021 3299:from the original on 31 January 2021 3269:from the original on 7 February 2021 3140:from the original on 7 February 2021 2063:from the original on 5 November 2018 1819:Bhutan: officially abolished by 1959 848:Lower classes of peasants, known as 75:adding citations to reliable sources 34:. For the type of magnetometer, see 3591:. Princeton University Press, 1956. 2514:from the original on 13 August 2021 2132:from the original on 7 January 2010 1285:, when the lack of work force made 550:having officially abolished serfdom 4064: 3130:"eDIL – Irish Language Dictionary" 3100:"eDIL – Irish Language Dictionary" 2947:from the original on 14 April 2017 2854:from the original on 23 March 2021 2815:from the original on 19 March 2022 27:Status of peasants under feudalism 25: 5102:1894 disestablishments in Iceland 3693:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 3598:Cambridge University Press, 1991 3387:Donald Mackenzie Wallace (1905). 2684:Medieval History and Civilization 2607:from the original on 7 April 2022 2409:from the original on 12 June 2018 2102:from the original on 1 April 2019 1829:, but use of "serf" for Tibet is 1647:: October 1807 (effectively 1820) 5066: 5065: 3688:(2nd ed. Ashgate Variorum, 2000) 3681:(2001) volume 2 pp. 369–378 3629:(2001) volume 2 pp. 379–388 3368:from the original on 13 May 2016 3239:from the original on 16 May 2021 3179:from the original on 12 May 2022 3110:from the original on 12 May 2022 2798:Medieval Europe: A Short History 2581:from the original on 12 May 2022 1531:: obsolete by 15th–16th century. 1484:In 1649 up to three-quarters of 159: 51: 3691:Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. 3348:David P. Forsythe, ed. (2009). 2082:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 1576:Denmark: 20 June 1788 (part of 1243:Serfdom by country and location 734:Dependency and the lower orders 426:, serfdom was abolished by the 62:needs additional citations for 4707: 3577:Oxford University Press, 2003. 3071:A History of French Public Law 2996:A History of French Public Law 2720:The Village Labourer 1760–1832 2295:University of California Press 1825:, People's Republic of China: 1429:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1: 3795:30:1 (March), pp. 18–32. 3709:(Cambridge UP, 1983), 249–272 3702:(U of Minnesota Press, 1966). 3575:The Worlds of Medieval Europe 2896:"Everyday Life of the Aztecs" 2573:Craik, George Lillie (1846). 2210:(inactive 9 September 2024). 2124:A Dictionary of World History 1508:Emancipation dates by country 1042:Erection of Cottages Act 1588 3622:. Glasgow: Cruithne P, 1994. 2927:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). 2801:. McGraw-Hill. p. 171. 2431:Mackay, Christopher (2004). 1983:Serfdom in Tibet controversy 1813:Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1918 1619:: 19 December 1804 (part of 1523:Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 1478:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 1157:property was prohibited. On 998:) as interchangeable terms, 3641:Journal of Economic History 3389:"Chapter XXVIII. The Serfs" 3162:The Story of the Irish Race 2560:, by Arthur Birnie. p. 218 1779:Emancipation reform of 1861 1379:. They had no political or 966:that were tied to land and 341:, specifically relating to 5153: 3913:Weberian (three-component) 3491:Humanitas publishing house 2874:Białogłowa w dawnej Polsce 2653:Imperial Russia, 1801–1905 1740:abolishing serfdom in the 1736:The proclamation by count 1504:were emancipated in 1866. 1465: 1436:Constitution of 3 May 1791 1420: 915: 570: 395:The decline of serfdom in 29: 5061: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4071: 4058: 3871: 3842: 3774:An excerpt from the book 3672:The Peasantries of Europe 3551:Emancipation of the Serfs 3187:– via Google Books. 3159:MacManus, Seumas (2005). 2208:10.1017/s0268416098003063 1452:first partition of Poland 1257:In the Aztec Empire, the 1006:derived from the French. 806:"Oath of Fealty" states: 695:and was derived from the 471:, from 1490 until 1894). 18:Emancipation of the serfs 5035:Pre-industrial East Asia 3764:Peasantry (social class) 3556:7 September 2006 at the 2457:"Ways of ending slavery" 2331:Journal of Asian Studies 1409:,' settled by the lord ( 1292:In 1779, the reforms of 828:The social class of the 448:Prussian Reform Movement 153:Feudal titles and status 4083:Administrative detainee 3792:Economic History Review 3768:Encyclopædia Britannica 3756:Encyclopædia Britannica 3726:Encyclopædia Britannica 3600:excerpt and text search 3587:Coulborn, Rushton, ed. 3485:Djuvara, Neagu (2009). 3083:Christopher Thornhill, 2482:Encyclopedia Britannica 1692:Governorate of Courland 1337:(12th century AD), the 990: 984: 691: 522:) and Japan during the 333:was the status of many 4499: 3233:www.libraryireland.com 2930:A History of Byzantium 2766:"A History of Serfdom" 2735:"A History of Serfdom" 1988:Serfs Emancipation Day 1865:– early medieval serfs 1744: 1704:Governorate of Livonia 1682:Governorate of Estonia 1661:Grand Duchy of Finland 1635:(Poland): 22 July 1807 1490: 1397: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1118: 1022: 866: 817: 722: 716: 710: 700: 679: 618:, eventually known as 585: 452: 357:. It developed during 5040:Pre-industrial Europe 3573:Backman, Clifford R. 2834:Bailey, Mark (2014). 2696:Elmes, James (1827). 2650:Chapman, Tim (2001). 2196:Continuity and Change 2037:– English freeholders 1923:– ancient Greek serfs 1735: 1283:Black Death in France 1109: 1012: 974:Bordars and cottagers 677: 580: 5122:Indentured servitude 4897: or countries 4708:By country or region 3946:Class discrimination 3643:March 1973 33:86–99 3605:2 April 2016 at the 3589:Feudalism in History 3584:(Princeton UP, 1978) 2663:. Routledge. p. 83. 2380:27 June 2008 at the 2375:BhutanStudies.org.bt 1775:: 19 February 1861 ( 730:was coined in 1850. 686:originated from the 664:Napoleonic invasions 592:. The status of the 351:indentured servitude 71:improve this article 38:. For the film, see 4429:Vanniar (Chieftain) 3698:Wright, William E. 3650:12 May 2022 at the 3594:Bonnassie, Pierre. 3538:29 October 2004 at 3457:www.hoodfamily.info 3205:. 5 February 2017. 2682:Daniel D. McGarry, 2658:13 May 2016 at the 2508:"Serfdom in Europe" 2157:12 May 2022 at the 1448:Frederick the Great 1444:partition of Poland 1349:(perhaps linked to 436:abolished in Russia 428:1781 Serfdom Patent 155: 5107:Agricultural labor 5010:18th-century Spain 4864:Standard of living 4568:Upper middle class 4563:Lower middle class 4154:Political prisoner 3936:Chattering classes 3908:Spoon class theory 3729:(on-line edition). 3684:White, Stephen D. 3518:3 May 2016 at the 2181:10.1093/past/1.1.1 2173:Past & Present 2000:– Japanese serfdom 1927:Indentured servant 1797:Georgia: 1864–1871 1751:: 7 September 1848 1745: 1742:Kingdom of Croatia 1700:: 18 November 1817 1669:: 1 September 1812 1617:Schleswig-Holstein 1549:: 19 December 1771 1440:Połaniec Manifesto 1119: 1023: 1013:Punishment with a 964:villeins regardant 890:feudal land-tenure 680: 633:Carolingian Empire 586: 582:Galician slaughter 573:History of serfdom 5079: 5078: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 4890: 4889: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4591:Lumpenproletariat 4093:illegal immigrant 4054: 4053: 3966:Classless society 3745:Vinogradoff, Paul 3500:978-973-50-2490-1 3053:Amy S. Wyngaard, 3023:Amy S. Wyngaard, 2940:978-1-4051-8471-7 2847:978-1-84383-890-6 2808:978-0-07-112109-5 2311:978-0-520-24928-8 2303:978-0-520-24464-1 2025:Taxation as theft 1910:Fugitive peasants 1842: 1841: 1816:Afghanistan: 1923 1627:Swedish Pomerania 1596:Batavian Republic 1590:Helvetic Republic 1547:Piedmont-Sardinia 1529:England and Wales 1468:Serfdom in Russia 1423:Serfdom in Poland 1343:("hut-dweller"), 1298:French Revolution 968:villeins in gross 906:Holy Roman Empire 748:manor of his lord 480:Joseph R. Strayer 385:lord of the manor 363:Early Middle Ages 328: 327: 194:Lord of the manor 147: 146: 139: 121: 16:(Redirected from 5144: 5069: 5068: 4896: 4797:Mexican-American 4725: 4716: 4703: 4504: 4447:Business magnate 4337:Knowledge worker 4222: 4110:dual or multiple 4073: 4060: 4014:Social exclusion 4009:Social cleansing 3923: 3873: 3862:Economic classes 3823: 3816: 3809: 3800: 3760: 3759:(11th ed.). 3752: 3733:The Hull Project 3670:Scott, Tom, ed. 3656:Kolchin, Peter. 3632:Hoch, Steven L. 3560: 3548: 3542: 3530: 3524: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3395:. 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735: 732: 706:Late Antiquity 704:("slave"). In 671: 668: 616:tenant farmers 571:Main article: 568: 565: 500:Middle Kingdom 494:from the late 413:second serfdom 409:Eastern Europe 397:Western Europe 359:late antiquity 326: 325: 323: 322: 315: 308: 300: 297: 296: 290: 289: 271: 270: 264: 263: 257: 256: 250: 249: 243: 242: 224: 223: 209: 208: 190: 189: 183: 182: 176: 175: 169:Lord paramount 165: 164: 145: 144: 59: 57: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5149: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4994:United States 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895:Other regions 4893: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 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3990: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982:Nouveau riche 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:Class traitor 3954: 3952: 3951:Class society 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Gilbert model 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663:Moon, David. 3662: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540:archive.today 3537: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3517: 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2026: 2023: 2021:– Welsh serfs 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1993:Sharecropping 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1958:Ministerialis 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1832: 1831:controversial 1828: 1827:29 March 1959 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738:Josip Jelačić 1734: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1629:: 4 July 1806 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1600:Code Napoléon 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1456:industrialize 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302:Franche-Comté 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1239:of the town. 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1163:feudal relief 1160: 1159:Easter Sunday 1155: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1113:and serfs in 1112: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1019:Russian serfs 1016: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 988:(bordar) and 986: 981: 980:Domesday Book 973: 971: 969: 965: 960: 957: 954:to a city or 953: 948: 945: 939: 937: 931: 929: 925: 919: 911: 909: 907: 903: 902:Ministeriales 897:Ministeriales 896: 894: 891: 887: 879: 877: 875: 870: 869: 859: 857: 855: 851: 844: 841: 839: 835: 834: 833: 831: 823: 821: 816: 813: 807: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 761: 759: 755: 751: 749: 745: 741: 733: 731: 729: 724: 718: 712: 707: 702: 698: 693: 689: 688:Middle French 685: 676: 669: 667: 665: 660: 655: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 622: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 599: 598:ancient Greek 595: 591: 590:ancient times 583: 579: 574: 566: 564: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 474:According to 472: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 386: 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Retrieved 3456: 3447: 3439: 3423: 3418: 3410: 3409:David Moon, 3405: 3397:the original 3392: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3350: 3343: 3333:26 September 3331:. Retrieved 3322: 3313: 3303:26 September 3301:. Retrieved 3292: 3283: 3271:. Retrieved 3262: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3232: 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3202: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3161: 3154: 3142:. Retrieved 3133: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3103: 3094: 3084: 3079: 3069: 3064: 3054: 3049: 3039: 3034: 3024: 3019: 3009: 3004: 2994: 2989: 2979: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2949:. Retrieved 2929: 2922: 2910:. Retrieved 2889: 2873: 2868: 2856:. Retrieved 2836: 2829: 2817:. Retrieved 2797: 2790: 2778:. Retrieved 2769: 2759: 2747:. Retrieved 2738: 2728: 2719: 2712:Hammond, J L 2706: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2651: 2646: 2627: 2621: 2609:. Retrieved 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2532:Marc Bloch, 2528: 2516:. Retrieved 2502: 2490:. Retrieved 2481: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2451: 2432: 2411:. Retrieved 2402: 2393: 2385: 2334: 2330: 2290: 2273: 2269: 2254:(4): 79–112. 2251: 2247: 2224:cite journal 2199: 2195: 2189: 2172: 2166: 2150: 2146: 2134:. Retrieved 2123: 2116: 2104:. Retrieved 2084: 2077: 2065:. Retrieved 2051: 1836: 1788:Hawaii: 1835 1776: 1766: 1758: 1610: 1606: 1592:: 4 May 1798 1498:Alexander II 1491: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1433: 1426: 1410: 1403:D. A. Binchy 1388: 1374: 1324: 1311: 1291: 1280: 1268: 1256: 1253:Aztec Empire 1225: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1176: 1168: 1151: 1147: 1120: 1096: 1088: 1077: 1058: 1050: 1024: 1003: 999: 977: 967: 963: 961: 949: 940: 932: 923: 921: 900: 886:free tenants 884:Freemen, or 883: 863: 847: 827: 824:Class system 818: 811: 809: 801: 774:intimidated 765: 756: 752: 737: 727: 683: 681: 656: 645: 637:feudal lords 630: 620: 613: 609:Roman Empire 587: 558: 556:situations. 536: 532:Qing dynasty 516:Zhou dynasty 498:through the 473: 466: 460: 456: 419: 417: 394: 382: 367: 347:debt bondage 330: 329: 274: 148: 133: 124: 114: 107: 100: 93: 81: 69:Please help 64:verification 61: 44: 4964:New Zealand 4681:Untouchable 4606:Proletariat 4596:Pea-pickers 4546:Bourgeoisie 4234:Aristocracy 4120:naturalized 4115:native-born 3787:Evsey Domar 3203:Independent 2951:12 November 2780:17 February 2749:17 February 2462:21 February 2413:23 February 2276:(1): 61–65. 2175:(1): 1–12. 2136:12 February 1953:Manorialism 1932:Josephinism 1785:Tonga: 1862 1698:Württemberg 1657:Old Finland 1645:Mecklenburg 1502:State serfs 1287:manumission 1228:ennoblement 1172:court baron 1135:manor house 1068:Kievan Rus' 1035:Elizabethan 804:Anglo Saxon 776:freeholders 648:Middle Ages 520:Han dynasty 518:and end of 496:Old Kingdom 488:Mesopotamia 476:medievalist 401:Black Death 343:manorialism 254:Free tenant 40:Serf (film) 5086:Categories 4954:Luxembourg 4844:Inequality 4509:Superclass 4300:Hereditary 4276:Post-Roman 4267:Patrician 4137:adolescent 3961:Classicide 3467:7 February 3134:www.dil.ie 3104:www.dil.ie 2770:Brewminate 2739:Brewminate 2442:0521809185 2067:5 November 2043:References 1905:Freeholder 1879:Encomienda 1808:Vistarband 1364:sencléithe 1358:sencléithe 1232:manumitted 1206:Variations 947:labourer. 944:sustenance 916:See also: 784:brigandage 762:Initiation 626:Diocletian 601:city-state 540:described 486:, ancient 478:historian 468:vistarband 462:stavnsbånd 247:Husbandman 206:Liege lord 187:Mesne lord 97:newspapers 32:Saint Serf 5117:Feudalism 4979:Sri Lanka 4872:Education 4839:Household 4732:Affluence 4667:Rat tribe 4629:Ant tribe 4601:Precariat 4586:Lazzaroni 4528:Bohemians 4489:Overclass 4484:Old money 4420:Spartiate 4395:Kshatriya 4385:Hashashin 4342:Professor 4283:Political 4256:Oligarchy 4246:Hanseaten 4164:Stateless 4144:Convicted 4076:By status 4039:Subaltern 3971:Euthenics 3903:New class 3323:téarma.ie 3259:"bothach" 3183:3 October 2912:12 August 2858:3 October 2819:3 October 2611:3 October 2585:3 October 2478:"Serfdom" 2359:163321743 2305:(cloth); 2216:144755944 2014:Subjugate 1890:Feudalism 1535:Wallachia 1385:contracts 1309:freely. 1304:, Berry, 1117:, c. 1310 936:Roman law 876:serfdom. 830:peasantry 682:The word 670:Etymology 524:Shogunate 514:, China ( 438:in 1861. 339:feudalism 217:Gentleman 127:July 2020 86:"Serfdom" 5127:Peasants 5071:Category 5003:Historic 4924:Colombia 4914:Cambodia 4849:Personal 4747:Mobility 4676:Freedman 4662:Plebeian 4648:Prisoner 4634:Commoner 4520:Creative 4501:Seigneur 4467:Nobility 4425:Vanniyar 4410:Pendekar 4370:Cossacks 4004:Snobbery 3876:Theories 3747:(1911). 3648:Archived 3645:in JSTOR 3603:Archived 3554:Archived 3536:Archived 3516:Archived 3461:Archived 3366:Archived 3327:Archived 3319:"fuidir" 3297:Archived 3289:"fuidir" 3273:3 August 3267:Archived 3243:3 August 3237:Archived 3213:3 August 3207:Archived 3177:Archived 3144:3 August 3138:Archived 3114:3 August 3108:Archived 3074:, p. 327 3059:, p. 159 3029:, s. 159 2999:, s. 327 2945:Archived 2903:Archived 2852:Archived 2813:Archived 2774:Archived 2743:Archived 2718:(1912). 2656:Archived 2605:Archived 2603:. 1842. 2579:Archived 2512:Archived 2486:Archived 2407:Archived 2378:Archived 2155:Archived 2130:Archived 2100:Archived 2061:Archived 1968:Ritsuryō 1915:Hacienda 1885:Fengjian 1858:Birkarls 1846:See also 1801:Kalmykia 1769:in 1878) 1767:de facto 1757:: 1858 ( 1755:Bulgaria 1613:in 1830) 1607:de facto 1602:in 1811) 1541:Moldavia 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