550:'s 7 June rejection of an appeal in the case of Pal Cseresznyés, an ethnic Hungarian serving a 10-year sentence for attempted murder as a result of his involvement in the Târgu Mureș incidents of March 1990. Cseresznyés participated in the savage beating of an ethnic Romanian, which an international journalist captured on film. The UDMR's complaint centered on the length of his sentence and on the fact that he was the only one of those filmed who was brought to trial. The court maintained that, regardless of the fates of the others involved, Cseresznyes had received a fair trial and was guilty as charged. Thus it found no legal reason to grant an appeal.
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escalated as word spread that buses of ethnic
Romanian peasants from neighboring villages were heading toward town to support the Romanians in the square. By 2:30 p.m., the Chief of Police gave assurances to ethnic Romanian and Hungarian leaders in the square that the police had blocked off entrances to the city. However, unconfirmed reports indicated that the police allowed buses of ethnic Romanians through the roadblocks. Romanian peasants from villages outside Târgu Mureş arrived in the town center long after the roads should have been closed, and joined the Romanians already in the square.
489:
822:, "the authorities... failed to respond in an adequate manner to protect the citizens of Târgu Mureș". In this sense, the riots can be seen as a symptom of the fact that police, and the law enforcement agencies in general were very weak and morally compromised at the time because of how the communist regime had fallen. That opinion is reinforced by the similar pattern in some subsequent events (Piața Universității and the
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904:, directed by Peter Swain and produced by ethnic Hungarian Paul Neuberg. According to its director, the filming crew arrived in Transylvania after the events, and most footage, including that of Mihăilă Cofariu, were provided by the Hungarian producer team, who let them believe that Cofariu was really a Hungarian being beaten by Romanians.
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Many
Hungarians claim that the government was slow to act and failed to stem the violence at the beginning and thus responsible for its escalation. They support their arguments with filmed scenes in which police or other representatives of the authorities overlook events. They also criticise the fact
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village brought to Târgu Mureș along with others to beat
Hungarians was severely beaten even after he fell unconscious. Following that he remained neurologically disabled. The event was presented in international media as a Hungarian being beaten by Romanians. He was brought in coma to the county's
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Around 5:00 p.m., violence erupted between ethnic
Romanians and ethnic Hungarians, breaking the single line of 50 police that the authorities had sent to divide the two groups. Although the police and army had been made aware of the potential for violence by both Hungarian and Romanian leaders, who
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The media enlarged the tensions and contributed, by inflammatory discourse, to the worsening of the situation. The parliamentary report on the events confirmed that the media reported falsely about the heavy influx of
Hungarians to help their co-nationals in their fight for a separate Transylvania.
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Most
Hungarians maintain, however, that rumours about Hungarian violence against Romanians and/or state institutions were unjustified or widely exaggerated. Hungarians also state that rumours about Hungarian violence were spread to undermine legitimate Hungarian demands (such as language, cultural
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In March, violence broke out between ethnic
Hungarians and Romanians in the Transylvanian city of Târgu Mureș. On 19 March, the headquarters of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) was attacked by a large group of ethnic Romanians. The police and army did not respond to the UDMR's
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The events are viewed differently by the sides that were involved. The 16 March incident at "Pharmacy no. 28" is an example of the capacity of the media to present the same event with opposite connotations. A news brief was presented, by both the
Romanian and the Hungarian press, both using it to
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On the following morning, some 15,000 ethnic
Hungarians gathered in the town square to protest the previous day's events. A group of approximately 3,000 ethnic Romanians hostile to the Hungarians' demands for autonomy began to gather on one side of the square in the early afternoon. Tensions
618:, as an act of reconciliation. The other convicted perpetrator, Ernő Barabás, emigrated to Hungary. He has also received a 10-year imprisonment sentence, but the Hungarian authorities denied all requests for extradition from the Romanian authorities. In 2020, both a Romanian newspaper
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emergency hospital and spent several months in hospitals in
Romania and Germany. One of the perpetrators, ethnic Hungarian Pál Cseresznyés, was tried, convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison, but he was released in 1996 by Romanian President
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The prevalent opinion in the Romanian public is that the incidents were triggered by direct attacks by Hungarians against Romanian institutions, symbols, statues and policemen. They claim that the riots were part of a plan to separate part of
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The next day, groups of heavily intoxicated Romanians began to attack state-owned stores in which ethnic Hungarians had changed the signage to include Hungarian. Students sang anti-Hungarian songs and pillaged a Hungarian Protestant church.
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In March 1990, brief but violent clashes occurred there between the two ethnic groups in the town, involving ethnic Romanians from neighbouring villages. The clashes left 5 people dead and 300 injured. The riots were broadcast nationally on
357:. The local Hungarians tried to defend it, and the area fell into violence. The involvement of the Romanian government in connection with the stimulation of ethnic violence is not completely unfounded (Andreescu 2001, Gallagher, 2005).
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Western media, picking up the story from the documentary, presented the Mihăilă Cofariu footage in the same way: as a Hungarian being beaten by Romanians. That falsehood is often used in Romanian media to link various similar cases of
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The quality of the Western media's coverage of the riots is contested by many Romanians. An often-cited example is the gruesome footage of Mihăilă Cofariu, who was presented as a Hungarian being beaten by Romanians in the documentary
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draw attention to the danger represented by the actions of "the others". Romanian media announced that the pharmacist wiped inscriptions in Romanian, and the Hungarian press wrote that the Romanians wiped the Hungarian inscription.
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The nature of the involvement of the Romanian government is also disputed. The official account is that the government quickly succeeded in calming the situation and ended the clashes. However, that has been disputed:
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Also, during filming, the crew had no contact at all with any ethnic Romanian, and all documentation was gathered only from Hungarian sources, including some Hungarian contacts from the political scene.
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331:, and a statue of another Romanian personality in a neighboring town was stolen. A Romanian newspaper referred to events of the same kind that took place before the 1940 Romanian-Hungarian conflict.
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talks about the influx of 10,000 Hungarian "tourists" who were officially coming to commemorate the Revolution of 1848. There are accounts in the same period of the desecration of the statues of
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Many ethnic Romanians claim that the government did not intervene fast enough to protect the population and that clearly-identified Hungarians involved in the violence were not prosecuted.
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There were 5 dead (three ethnic Hungarians and two ethnic Romanians) and 278 injured. During the penal investigation and the court trials that followed, two ethnic Hungarians (
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had made numerous reports of the escalating tensions in the square, the authorities once again failed to respond in an adequate manner to protect the citizens of Târgu Mureș.
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1343:[HELL Energy confirms that the owner Ernő Barabás is the executioner of Mihăilă Cofar, the Romanian lynched at Tg. Mures] (in Romanian). Evz.ro. 28 April 2020
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1404:, Human Rights Watch World Report for the year 1990. The section dealing with Romania contains a description of the events and their context. Accessed 17 Jan 2006.
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Several teams of cameramen from the Romanian army filmed numerous episodes of an explicitly anti-Romanian turn. There were shown groups of Hungarians who chanted "
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1277:[Hungarian Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén promises protection for all Hungarian criminals convicted outside Hungary] (in Romanian). Historia.ro
598:(UDMR). With several bones broken and being blinded in one eye, he was carried to the Bucharest Military Hospital, then, later, by a military aircraft to
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At the beginning of March 1990, two episodes involving Romanian statues occurred. Graffiti was found on the statue of the Romanian historical figure
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1321:[From the sugar market to Bruce Willis and beyond - Hell Energy and the Barabás family] (in Hungarian). magyarnarancs.hu. 15 October 2020
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1299:[Exclusive. Hell's Millionaire: Ernő Barabás, Mihailă Cofar's aggressor in 1990, lives in Hungary] (in Romanian). Evz.ro. 22 April 2020
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181:) is a Romanian town with an ethnically mixed population that was almost equally distributed between Romanians and Hungarians after the
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On 19 March, Romanian villagers, dispatched by coach and train, arrived in the city and violently attacked the headquarters of the
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calls for protection until several hours after the attack began. Many ethnic Hungarians trapped inside were seriously injured.
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http://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-mures/targu-mures-conflictul-martie-90-fost-fortat-presa-1_50bd3ed47c42d5a663c8fcef/index.html
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Hungarian prosecutors do not accept Cofariu's hit man turn over/Procurorii unguri nu vor sa-l dea pe agresorul lui Cofariu
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that the vast majority of those taken into custody after the events were ethnic Hungarians, which suggests an ethnic bias.
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in December 1989. It has been an important cultural and political center for the Hungarian minority in Transylvania.
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The exact cause is still widely disputed. The roles of the media and the Romanian government are also questioned.
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1275:"Vicepremierul Ungariei, Zsolt Semjén, promite protecţie tuturor ungurilor condamnaţi penal în afara Ungariei"
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http://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/escaladarea-conflictelor-din-targu-mures-farmacia-si-trabantul-538671.html
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1341:"Firma HELL Energy confirmă că patronul Ernő Barabás e călăul lui Mihăilă Cofar, românul linșat la Tg. Mureș"
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1410:, 31 January 1994, US State Department (Archive), Romania Human Rights Practices. Accessed 17 Jan 2006.
1297:"Exclusiv. Milionarul Iadului: Ernő Barabás, agresorul lui Mihailă Cofar în 1990, trăiește în Ungaria"
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Also, the "road signs war" started and would continue for years throughout Transylvania. One of the
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1078:"Corespondentul TVR Dorin Suciu, despre Revoluţie şi incidentele din martie 1990 de la Tg. Mureş"
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Resurgent Romanian Nationalism: In the Wake of the Interethnic Clashes in Tirgu Mures March 1990
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Incitements about "separatist" trends were used in an effort to manufacture ethnic conflict.
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1427:. September 2005. Senior thesis in politics and Society, New Anglo-American College, Prague.
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During the celebrations of the Hungarian community on the national day of the Hungarians (
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Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks
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According to the correspondent of the Romanian television, in the neighbouring town of
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445:, Horthy!", "Death to Romanians!" and "Transylvania to Hungary!" A 2010 article from
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1436:("Târgu Mureș 1990 – remembering some unelucidated dramas"), article of divers.ro.
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1319:"A cukorpiactól Bruce Willisig és még tovább - a Hell Energy és a Barabás család"
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There were victims on both sides, two of which received particular attention:
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in March 1990. The clashes were the bloodiest inter-ethnic incidents of the
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Artificial tensions from Budapest, article in Ziua, 2006 (reference below).
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Les relations roumano-hongroises dans la perspective de la construction ...
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1229:[The chronology of the Hungarian minority in Romania 1990-2017].
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Artificial tensions from Budapest/Tensiuni artificiale de la Budapesta
1368:"Culisele manipulării conflictului româno-maghiar din 20 martie 1990"
1210:[With a bloody dawn against Hungarian-Romanian coexistence].
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Ethnic Struggle, Coexistence, and Democratization in Eastern Europe
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According to the US State Department Human Rights Report for 1993:
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was seriously beaten when Romanians attacked the offices of the
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1990 period of anti-Hungarian violence in Transylvania, Romania
1227:"A romániai magyar kisebbség történeti kronológiája 1990-2017"
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2019 disputes regarding the military cemetery in Valea Uzului
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On 20 March 1990, Mihăilă Cofariu, an ethnic Romanian from
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Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank (Translyvanian Hungarian Database)
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Human Rights Report, 31 January 1994, US State Department.
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2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project
500:
235:
1461:, a BBC interview with András Sütő, Hungarian writer.
1180:"Ethnic Hungarian Writer and Activist Andras Suto, 79"
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Ildikó Lipcsey; Sabin Gherman; Adrian Severin (2006).
1446:("The truth about three reprobate days"), article in
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Tirgu Mures 1990 – rememorarea unei drame neelucidate
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signs at the entry into the city was replaced with a
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Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale
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rights or possible ethnic-based regional autonomy).
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Romanian employees, who restored the Romanian sign.
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1601:
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1208:"Véres virradattal a magyar-román együttélés ellen"
1044:. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 104.
1013:Guntram Henrik Herb; David H. Kaplan, eds. (1999).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1127:Human Rights Watch World Report for the year 1990.
801:, President of Romania at the time of the incident
434:was knocked down, generating vehement protests of
393:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
902:And the walls came tumbling down: Bad Neighbours
628:confirmed that Ernő Barabás is the owner of the
438:, a far-right, ultranationalistic organization.
472:Hungarian sign. The change sparked anger from
457:and some arson attempts on Romanian houses in
397:Please help improve this article, possibly by
1777:2012–2014 Romanian protests against shale gas
1506:
315:Romanian troops on the streets of Târgu Mureș
8:
948:Romania and Transylvania in the 20th Century
240:introducing citations to additional sources
197:and were covered by media around the world.
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916:falsehoods in Hungarian and Western media.
762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
675:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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867:. Please do not remove this message until
1444:Adevarul despre cele trei zile blestemate
1019:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 279.
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887:Learn how and when to remove this message
782:Learn how and when to remove this message
695:Learn how and when to remove this message
355:Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
177:in Transylvania. Târgu Mureș (Hungarian:
153:) refer to violent incidents between the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
863:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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230:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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590:On 19 March 1990, the Hungarian writer
1370:(in Romanian). Adevărul. 14 March 2010
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307:Demonstration for Hungarian education
7:
760:adding citations to reliable sources
712:from Romania to reintegrate it with
673:adding citations to reliable sources
401:the article and/or by introducing a
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1867:Anti-Hungarian sentiment in Romania
1852:Riots and civil disorder in Romania
1782:2012 Romanian constitutional crisis
567:) and seven others were convicted.
1694:1990 ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș
1674:Timișoara student movement of 1956
1669:Bucharest student movement of 1956
1568:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
1459:Sok keserves küzdelem vár még ránk
1402:Romania, Human Rights Developments
724:Involvement of Romanian government
346:began to be heard from Romanians.
25:
1847:History of Romania (1989–present)
1679:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
622:as well as a Hungarian newspaper
555:Casualties and legal consequences
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223:relies largely or entirely on a
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1816:2020 Ditrău xenophobic incident
1704:Bridge of Flowers demonstration
405:, or discuss this issue on the
251:"Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș"
165:and surrounding settlements in
69:"Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș"
45:needs additional citations for
1821:2023 Romanian teachers' strike
1609:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
1593:1888 Romanian Peasants' revolt
1442:Mihai Mincan, Laurențiu Mihu,
818:According to a 1990 report by
596:Democratic Union of Hungarians
520:1990 Human Rights Watch report
1:
1583:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
1206:Kincses, Előd (9 June 2021).
1040:Stroschein, Sherrill (2012).
951:. Corvinus Pub. p. 193.
1877:March 1990 events in Romania
1857:20th century in Transylvania
1659:Ghimeș Valley peasant revolt
1639:1920 Romanian general strike
1578:Moldavian Revolution of 1848
834:Involvement of Western media
1767:2012–2015 unrest in Romania
1573:Wallachian uprising of 1821
992:Anamaria Dutceac Segesten,
869:conditions to do so are met
1918:
1902:Discrimination in Romania
1799:2017–19 Romanian protests
1423:Christoffer M. Andersen,
996:, Lexington Books, 2011,
1689:1989 Romanian Revolution
1408:1993 Human Rights Report
1872:Anti-Romanian sentiment
1729:September 1991 Mineriad
1112:8 December 2015 at the
1882:1990 crimes in Romania
1792:2015 Romanian protests
1772:2012 Romanian protests
1739:February 1999 Mineriad
1719:February 1990 Mineriad
1654:Grivița strike of 1933
1543:and predecessor states
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1664:Legionnaire rebellion
1649:Lupeni strike of 1929
1619:1918 Bucharest strike
1614:Romanian Fleet mutiny
1146:Bustan, René (2007).
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1644:Tatarbunary Uprising
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1588:Republic of Ploiești
756:improve this section
669:improve this section
236:improve this article
54:improve this article
1762:2006 Ferentari riot
1746:1993 Hădăreni riots
1255:on 11 February 2015
1185:The Washington Post
856:of this article is
637:Dispute over causes
616:Emil Constantinescu
403:disambiguation page
195:Romanian television
1724:June 1990 Mineriad
1225:Udvardy, Frigyes.
820:Human Rights Watch
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571:Emblematic victims
499:. You can help by
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136:ethnic clashes of
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