143:). These expensive seedlings do not readily tolerate competition from grass or introduced woody weeds, and have a high mortality rate. The natural succession of native forest growth from a cleared area, such as a slip, would involve several stages, taking several hundred years altogether to reach their climax cover. On the other hand, planting eucalypts is relatively cheap, and the grass and other problematic weeds are soon shaded out. Seeds of a range of native species are brought in by birds and grow readily on the forest floor. It is thus usually quicker and cheaper to use non-indigenous trees as a
131:
102:
22:
214:
Milnthorpe
Arboretum lies at sea-level in a warm, wet, fairly wind-free microclimate. Examples of similar plantings from other regions and microclimates must be examined before a useful generalisation could be made. A study of three such situations – including Milnthorpe – was undertaken by Forbes in
121:
There is a widespread backlash, particularly from the farming community, against large conversions of farmland to forestry. In New
Zealand, pine trees receive the most opprobrium, but in several other countries the target is eucalyptus plantations. Natives, on the other hand, have a favourable image
84:
in 2023 forecast farm profitability to fall by 31% for the 2023–24 year, following a decline of 32% in 2022. This means profits for farmers have more than halved in two years. For example, it is now common for sheep farmers to spend more money on shearing their sheep than the return from their
112:
is about the conversion of a low-carbon ground cover such as pasture of short scrub to a forest with more biomass, and therefore carbon. Eucalypts, in particular, can create a huge volume of wood and in a short time, although this will depend on the exact species of eucalyptus and the growing
138:
It is desirable to plant eucalypts or other fast growing introduced species in New
Zealand, in order to create a native forest. It is prohibitively expensive, in most cases, to directly plant natives (particularly with some of the preferred canopy species, such as
122:
everywhere. In New
Zealand, this is accentuated because indigenous forest occupied nearly all suitable land in the fairly recent past, and because New Zealanders have a great love for their own flora, much of which is endemic.
88:
There are several motives for seeking to afforest marginal farmland. First, it is often profitable to do so. The returns from wood can exceed the returns from livestock. In addition, there are payments from the sale of
49:
179:
needed to be planted by humans. In the light shade that eucalypts provide, and in the weed-free forest floor, their rate of survival and growth is excellent.
93:. Lastly, there can be environmental benefits compared to pastoral farmland, in terms of reduced soil erosion, water quality, and buffering of flood peaks.
524:
1278:
1435:
1368:
339:
316:
1395:
1390:
1303:
266:
1554:
491:; Forbes, Adam S. (August 2021). Transitioning Exotic Plantations to Native Forest: A Report on the State of Knowledge (Report).
492:
1482:
1020:
459:
399:"Opportunities and limitations of exotic Pinus radiata as a facilitative nurse for New Zealand indigenous forest restoration"
61:
1559:
517:
1221:
947:
282:
1410:
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1153:
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884:
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289:
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81:
450:
390:
1564:
1513:
1456:
1363:
1261:
1206:
1133:
1120:
1100:
645:
455:"Restoring mature-phase forest tree species through enrichment planting in New Zealand's lowland landscapes"
236:
398:
1518:
1440:
1323:
909:
834:
782:
650:
208:
42:
1425:
1358:
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176:
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160:
109:
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45:
ex-pasture in order to establish a forested environment where indigenous canopy species can thrive.
1569:
1533:
1523:
1400:
772:
752:
742:
196:
80:
Recent years have been particularly tough for sheep and beef farmers in New
Zealand. A report from
635:
1288:
1231:
1216:
919:
562:
57:
34:
1497:
1420:
1353:
1333:
1308:
1236:
813:
787:
595:
420:
262:
204:
172:
60:, New Zealand. This marginal land was progressively planted from 1973 to create what is now a
680:
615:
1105:
894:
818:
620:
570:
547:
468:
410:
366:
200:
1461:
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1138:
995:
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533:
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488:
232:
130:
101:
1528:
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1385:
1373:
1318:
1186:
1163:
957:
927:
803:
590:
442:
188:
53:
21:
52:) roadshow on carbon forestry and derives from a 162-hectare (400-acre) property near
1548:
1226:
1128:
1055:
1030:
1000:
942:
937:
777:
706:
1298:
1211:
1110:
1070:
1050:
1040:
962:
952:
932:
879:
155:
There is a pleasant mix of native understory species in the at
Milnthorpe, such as
1060:
72:
species, predominantly natives, and is a popular location for recreational walks.
1338:
1143:
1095:
1045:
1035:
1010:
889:
737:
701:
625:
502:
1343:
1082:
972:
711:
665:
640:
371:
354:
192:
144:
140:
69:
38:
424:
415:
600:
156:
65:
655:
630:
473:
454:
1415:
854:
849:
767:
660:
605:
164:
716:
610:
575:
335:
721:
355:"Science, policy, and sustainable indigenous forestry in New Zealand"
353:
McGlone, Matt S.; Bellingham, Peter J.; Richardson, Sarah J. (2022).
25:
Exotics and natives combine to make a popular recreational ecosystem
129:
100:
20:
259:
Man, slasher, wheelbarrow: The story of
Milnthorpe Park Arboretum
506:
187:
In
Milnthorpe, prior to planting there were large areas of
48:
The expression was coined in 2010 during a nationwide MAF (
151:
Lessons from
Milnthorpe Arboretum for native establishment
332:
Trees in the
Greenhouse: Forest Research Bulletin No. 219
313:
Environmental Effects of Planted Forests in New Zealand
134:
Indigenous epiphytes colonising a wilding radiata pine
16:
Fast-growing non-indigenous trees used as a nurse crop
207:. In the wetland areas, there were masses of stunted
1506:
1470:
1449:
1249:
1177:
1119:
1081:
986:
918:
867:
827:
796:
730:
689:
561:
554:
105:
Indigenous species under a cover of mixed eucalypts
167:. Occasionally, there are examples of self-sown
126:Desirability of fast-growing introduced species
518:
436:
434:
384:
382:
8:
147:rather than directly establishing natives.
915:
558:
525:
511:
503:
472:
414:
370:
33:describes a situation where fast-growing
175:, but most other canopy species such as
403:New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
359:New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
224:
1436:Westhaven (Te Tai Tapu) Marine Reserve
340:New Zealand Forest Research Institute
317:New Zealand Forest Research Institute
7:
50:Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
441:Forbes, Adam S.; Wallace, Kiri J.;
76:Importance of the Milnthorpe Model
14:
493:Ministry for Primary Industries
1483:Golden Bay-Motueka Rugby Union
460:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1:
1222:Rotopōhueroa / Lake Constance
1106:Tokangawhā / Split Apple Rock
283:"New Season Outlook 2023–24"
1411:Tonga Island Marine Reserve
1294:Gowanbridge railway station
1284:Brightwater railway station
1217:Rotomairewhenua / Blue Lake
1026:Motuareronui / Adele Island
885:Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane
330:Maclaren, J. Piers (2000).
311:Maclaren, J. Piers (1996).
97:Benefit of eucalyptus trees
1586:
1349:Nelson Lakes National Park
1250:Facilities and attractions
1212:Pourangahau / Mount Robert
1179:Nelson Lakes National Park
117:Importance of native trees
1257:Abel Tasman National Park
988:Abel Tasman National Park
541:
372:10.33494/nzjfs522022x182x
68:. It has an abundance of
1369:Richmond railway station
1314:Kawatiri railway station
1202:Maniniaro / Angelus Peak
1169:Wharepapa / Arthur Range
416:10.33494/nzjfs492019x45x
183:Nationwide applicability
113:conditions of the site.
1555:Forestry in New Zealand
1514:Collingwood Area School
1364:Pupu Hydro Power Scheme
1279:Appleby railway station
1134:Ellis Basin cave system
1121:Kahurangi National Park
1101:Moturoa / Rabbit Island
290:Beef + Lamb New Zealand
257:Gaffney, Sally (2020).
237:Tasman District Council
82:Beef + Lamb New Zealand
1519:Golden Bay High School
1441:Wharariki Ecosanctuary
968:Te Waikoropupū Springs
474:10.20417/nzjecol.44.10
135:
106:
26:
1426:Wai-iti Dark Sky Park
1396:Stoke railway station
1359:Onekaka Power Station
133:
104:
24:
1560:Forestry initiatives
1493:Richmond Athletic FC
1304:Hope railway station
110:Carbon sequestration
1534:Waimea Intermediate
1524:Motueka High School
1391:St Michael's Church
1380:Rutherford memorial
868:Geographic features
195:(on better soils),
1488:New Zealand Energy
1289:Cobb Power Station
1232:Saint Arnaud Range
920:Golden Bay / Mohua
563:Golden Bay / Mohua
447:Clarkson, Bruce D.
443:Buckley, Hannah L.
395:Carswell, Fiona E.
233:"Property Details"
136:
107:
27:
1542:
1541:
1421:Tour de Vineyards
1354:Onekaka Ironworks
1334:Motueka Aerodrome
1309:Karamea Aerodrome
1245:
1244:
1237:Spenser Mountains
863:
862:
445:; Case, Brad S.;
389:Forbes, Adam S.;
261:. Sally Gaffney.
163:(whiteywood) and
91:carbon offsetting
1577:
1401:Tākaka Aerodrome
1329:Milnthorpe Model
1021:Fisherman Island
916:
559:
555:Populated places
527:
520:
513:
504:
497:
496:
485:
479:
478:
476:
451:Norton, David A.
438:
429:
428:
418:
391:Norton, David A.
386:
377:
376:
374:
350:
344:
343:
327:
321:
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308:
302:
301:
299:
297:
287:
279:
273:
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248:
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31:Milnthorpe Model
1585:
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1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1502:
1466:
1445:
1431:Wangapeka Track
1241:
1173:
1139:Kahurangi Point
1115:
1077:
996:Armchair Island
982:
978:Wharariki Beach
914:
859:
828:Lakes-Murchison
823:
792:
726:
685:
550:
537:
534:Tasman District
531:
501:
500:
487:
486:
482:
440:
439:
432:
397:(6 July 2019).
388:
387:
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352:
351:
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128:
119:
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78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1583:
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1573:
1572:
1567:
1565:Carbon finance
1562:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:Waimea College
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Talley's Group
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Golden Bay Air
1474:
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1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
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1447:
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1444:
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1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Takaka Tramway
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:Stafford Place
1383:
1376:
1374:RNZAF Dip Flat
1371:
1366:
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1356:
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1336:
1331:
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1319:Langford Store
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1229:
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1209:
1207:Mount Franklin
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Braeburn Range
1183:
1181:
1175:
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1172:
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1164:Nettlebed Cave
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948:Lake Killarney
945:
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935:
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928:Cobb Reservoir
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804:Aniseed Valley
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731:Moutere-Waimea
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292:. October 2023
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127:
124:
118:
115:
98:
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62:scenic reserve
54:Parapara Inlet
41:, are used to
37:trees such as
35:non-indigenous
15:
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3:
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1471:Organisations
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1324:Memorial Park
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1227:Sabine Valley
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1154:Mount Burnett
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1129:Bulmer Cavern
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1056:Torrent River
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Simonet Creek
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
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1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Awapoto River
999:
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989:
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971:
969:
966:
964:
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956:
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951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Harwoods Hole
941:
939:
938:Farewell Spit
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
911:
910:Waimea Plains
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Mārahau River
893:
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779:
778:Upper Moutere
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707:Lower Moutere
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536:, New Zealand
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268:9780473526290
264:
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197:prickly hakea
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40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1378:
1328:
1299:Heaphy Track
1267:Inland Track
1197:Lake Rotoroa
1192:Lake Rotoiti
1149:Mount Arthur
1111:Waimea Inlet
1066:Wainui River
1051:Tonga Island
1041:Tata Islands
1006:Awaroa River
963:Tata Islands
953:Rawhiti Cave
933:Druggans Dam
905:Tākaka River
900:Ngārua Caves
880:Buller River
845:Saint Arnaud
671:Upper Tākaka
636:Port Pūponga
489:Te Uru Rākau
483:
464:
458:
406:
402:
362:
358:
348:
331:
325:
312:
306:
294:. Retrieved
277:
258:
252:
240:. Retrieved
227:
213:
203:, and a few
199:, post-fire
186:
154:
137:
120:
108:
87:
79:
47:
30:
28:
18:
1339:Moutere Inn
1262:Coast Track
1144:Lake Matiri
1096:Best Island
1091:Bell Island
1046:Tinline Bay
1036:Torrent Bay
1016:Falls River
1011:Ballon Rock
958:Tākaka Hill
890:Hope Saddle
875:Brown River
738:Brightwater
702:Kaiteriteri
626:Patons Rock
591:East Tākaka
586:Collingwood
205:five finger
85:wool-clip.
70:understorey
1570:Golden Bay
1549:Categories
1450:Government
1344:Mussel Inn
1159:Mount Owen
1083:Tasman Bay
973:Wainui Bay
666:Tata Beach
219:References
193:blackberry
157:tree ferns
145:nurse crop
58:Golden Bay
1061:Tōtaranui
835:Murchison
788:Woodstock
783:Wakefield
763:Ngātīmoti
646:Rockville
601:Ligar Bay
425:1179-5395
169:kahikatea
141:podocarps
66:arboretum
39:eucalypts
1416:Tophouse
1272:Monument
855:Tophouse
850:Tapawera
819:Richmond
797:Richmond
768:Ruby Bay
748:Dovedale
697:Brooklyn
661:Tarakohe
621:Parapara
606:Motupipi
596:Ferntown
548:Richmond
453:(2020).
165:coprosma
43:colonise
1507:Schools
1457:Council
840:Rotoroa
809:Appleby
717:Motueka
712:Mārahau
690:Motueka
681:Waitapu
676:Waikato
651:Seaford
641:Pūponga
616:Pākawau
611:Onekaka
581:Clifton
576:Bainham
336:Rotorua
296:1 April
242:1 April
64:and an
773:Tasman
753:Mahana
743:Bronte
722:Riwaka
656:Tākaka
631:Pōhara
571:Aorere
423:
265:
215:2021.
209:mānuka
201:kanuka
173:tōtara
1462:Mayor
1071:Falls
758:Māpua
467:(1).
409:(6).
365:(8).
286:(PDF)
189:gorse
161:māhoe
814:Hope
544:Seat
421:ISSN
298:2024
263:ISBN
244:2024
177:rimu
29:The
469:doi
411:doi
367:doi
171:or
56:in
1551::
546::
465:44
463:.
457:.
449:;
433:^
419:.
407:49
405:.
401:.
393:;
381:^
363:52
361:.
357:.
338::
334:.
315:.
288:.
235:.
211:.
191:,
159:,
526:e
519:t
512:v
495:.
477:.
471::
427:.
413::
375:.
369::
342:.
319:.
300:.
271:.
246:.
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