452:
492:
during the time of operation of Area C. Most drivers enter the restricted area only a few times a year, with about two thirds of cars entering 4 times or less during 2014. Moreover, most residents (71%) living inside the area did not use up all the 40 free permits a year. The trend of decreasing traffic continued into 2021, with a marked reduction in vehicle entries during the operational hours of Area C (7:30 - 19:30). That year, the average daily vehicle entries declined to 81,181 from 131,898 in 2011, representing a significant drop of 38.45%.
483:
22:
557:
1872:
1848:
149:
1836:
1860:
33:
486:
Vehicles entering Milan Area C during the day. in light blue: during average working day except
Thursdays; in dark blue: during average Thursday (Area C charge limited to 6 pm); in red: during a working day with Area C not operational (due to a strike); in green: average during Area C (including
469:
The reduced congestion in the city center resulted in increased average speed for public transport, especially for buses and during peak hours. While there has been an increase of only about 3% in the whole day, the average speed in the morning peak hour (8–9 am) for surface public transport was
131:
program expecting a 30% cut in pollution levels and a 10% reduction in traffic. The program imposed a charge on vehicles with higher pollution levels. Ecopass was an incentive for motorists to buy less polluting cars, and in a few years the number of cars with free access were the majority. Although
547:
Opponents called for a referendum to abolish Area C, but failed to reach the minimum number of signatures to propose it. Protests by owners of car parking facilities in the city center, who had seen a decrease in profits, led to a ruling by the
Council of State which suspended the program on 25 July
495:
Taking into account an estimate for the willingness to pay for PM10 reduction, a study estimated that the welfare gain produced by Area C from air pollution reductions alone is $ 3 billion per year, mostly resulting from decreased pollution outside of the ZTL area. This is despite the fact that
473:
The traffic reduction inside Area C restricted area since its implementation, compared to the same period of the previous year, was 34.3% by 30 April 2012. The total traffic reduction in the Milan area was about 7%. By 30 September 2012, Area C had been operating for a total of 140 days (since 16
460:
In the first month 33% fewer cars entered the city center: about 700,000 fewer vehicles during the month or about 40,000 per day. A substantial decrease in traffic congestion in the restricted area was also reported, while traffic outside the area remained unchanged. The congestion charge did not
491:
Later results confirmed the trend in decreasing traffic congestion in the city. In the first six months of 2015 the average number of cars entering the restricted area was 28.6% less than in the same period in 2011, during
Ecopass. There were 21.6 million entrances to the restricted area in 2014
241:
The city government announced in July 2023 that the charge will be increased to €7.50 starting between
October 2023 and January 2024, in order to match rising public transport fares. It will also be extended to every day of the week, including Saturday and Sunday. Following criticism from the
132:
these vehicles had less polluting engines, the free access helped less with the congestion problem. This trend contributed to a return to previous traffic levels and at the same time reduced revenue collected. This threatened the ability to keep the system in operation.
83:. Like its predecessor Ecopass, the congestion charge was highly criticized, although it decreased vehicle entrances into the city by about 30%, increased average speeds of buses, and reduced levels of pollution. The program was temporarily suspended in 2020 due to the
135:
Area C was proposed and accepted in a 2011 referendum. The objective of the program was to drastically reduce the chronic traffic jams that take place in the city of Milan, to promote sustainable mobility and public transport, and to reduce the dangerously unhealthy
455:
A comparison between vehicles entering Milan city center on average per weekday with
Ecopass pollution charge (2011) and Area C congestion charge (2012). Weeks from 16 January to 30 September. The program was suspended during weeks 29 to 35. Data from Comune di
242:
right-wing opposition, the municipality increased the number of free entrances for residents to 50 per year, instead of the previous 40, while not being subjected to any new restricion on weekends. This move has however been criticized by the Greens.
1124:
177:
Normally the charge applies to every vehicle entering the city centre on weekdays (Monday to Friday) from 7:30 am to 7:30 pm, except on
Thursdays, when it is free after 6 pm. Every vehicle entering the charging zone must pay
99:
had one of the highest
European rates of car ownership, as more than half of Milan citizens owned private cars and motorcycles, ranking second only after Rome, and among the highest in the world. A 2007 study by environmental group
516:) and systems to rationalize the distribution of goods. In 2012, the program had a total revenue of about €20.3 million and net earnings after expenses of over €13 million. These resources were used to increase service on the
238:, to avoid overcrowding on public transport. The charge was reactivated on 24 February 2021, following a dangerous rise of pollution in the city, although with a delayed morning start at 10 am instead of 7:30 am.
59:
and based on the same designated traffic restricted zone. The area is about 8.2 km (3.2 sq mi) with 77,000 residents (4.5% and 6% of the city total, respectively) and is accessible through gates monitored by
120:). Due to its lingering air pollution problems and associated health problems, in 2007, and for a trial period, the city banned 170,000 older cars and motorcycles that do not pass strict environmental emission standards.
465:
level, which decreased by about 30% in the ZTL. Data from the first two months showed that traffic also decreased outside the restricted zone: about 6% fewer vehicles outside the ZTL compared to the same months of 2011.
140:. It was introduced on 16 January 2012 as a 18-month pilot program, replacing Ecopass. Area C was definitively approved as a permanent program on 27 March 2013, in advance of the expiration of the experimental period.
1173:
1042:
1531:
1397:
564:
Area B is a larger restricted traffic zone, which came into force on 25 February 2019. It was introduced to restrict access to the city to the most polluting vehicles and to large vehicles.
170:
area. The ZTL encompasses about 8.2 km (3.2 sq mi) and 77,000 residents (4.5% and 6% of the city total, respectively). The area is accessible through 43 gates, monitored by
1368:
1339:
683:
1686:
1287:
1450:
182:
regardless of its pollution level. Residents of the restricted area must also pay to reach their houses, but they have 40 free accesses per year and a discounted fare of
986:
532:
Area C, like its predecessor
Ecopass, has been highly criticized, especially from right-wing politicians. Demonstrations were held against Area C and an item of
1713:
649:
1098:
1606:
900:
791:
1553:
1012:
1902:
927:
234:
after protests by owners of car parking facilities in the center of Milan. The congestion charge was suspended from 5 November 2020 due to the
451:
1803:
1256:
765:
871:
691:
1798:
1782:
849:
1146:
1907:
1897:
1808:
1706:
611:
1749:
108:
in Europe. It ranked third among large
European cities both in terms of average annual level and number of days exceeding the
1200:
1826:
1423:
1226:
1912:
1892:
1699:
1632:
1476:
268:
193:
105:
959:
235:
84:
1766:
1813:
657:
1761:
1736:
622:
606:
231:
227:) were exempt until 1 January 2013. This was later extended until the end of 2016 and later to September 2022.
508:, including the redevelopment, protection and development of public transport, "soft mobility" (pedestrians,
1754:
616:
474:
January). During this period there was a decrease of 32.8% in vehicles entering the area, compared to 2011.
224:
209:
1127:[Area C, the program is reintroduced from 17 September for 6 months] (in Italian). Comune di Milano
208:, public utilities' vehicles, police and emergency vehicles, buses and taxis are exempt from the charge.
1020:
548:
2012 for further investigations of its legitimacy. Area C was reactivated on 17 September of that year.
1657:
482:
1580:
1342:[Expected results and monitoring: Early results on surface public transport commercial speed].
1313:
934:
903:[Area C takes off: auto traffic decreased 40% in the center after the toll goes into force].
589:
504:
All net earnings from the scheme are invested to promote sustainable mobility and policies to reduce
205:
166:
80:
21:
594:
230:
The program was temporarily suspended between 25 July and 17 September 2012 due to a ruling by the
216:
556:
1852:
1722:
574:
487:
Thursdays). The gray shading represents the normal period of activation of the congestion charge.
44:
1340:"Prime valutazioni degli effetti sulle velocità commerciali dei mezzi pubblici di superficie"
1876:
1847:
1840:
1506:
541:
423:
201:
157:
76:
68:
1871:
1451:"Milano, finito l'effetto Area C nel 2014 gli accessi in centro sono ritornati a crescere"
1290:[Area C, 700,000 cars less in a month, and now payment by Telepass is available].
901:"Area C è partita: calate del 40% le auto in centro dopo l'entrata in vigore del pedaggio"
124:
1227:"Cambiano le regole per Area C: più ingressi gratuiti e weekend "liberi" (non per tutti)"
820:
171:
109:
61:
26:
1099:"Area C, torna il ticket anti traffico da 5 euro Al giovedì telecamere spente alle 18"
156:
The congestion charge is based on the same designated traffic restricted zone or ZTL (
1886:
505:
190:
1864:
1288:"Area C, in un mese 700.000 auto in meno E ora si può pagare anche con il Telepass"
584:
579:
462:
148:
1554:"Area C, busta con un bossolo indirizzata a Pisapia intercettata dai carabinieri"
496:
Milan's vehicle fleet is relatively clean compared to other cities in the world.
1556:[Area C, a letter with a bullet for Pisapia intercepted by the Police].
1259:[Area C, payment with Telepass also available, 700 thousand cars less].
743:
717:
537:
517:
101:
32:
1069:
520:, on surface public transportation network and to finance the extension of the
1510:
1101:[Area C, the 5 euro ticket is back. Cameras off at 6 pm on Thursday].
989:[Pisapia launches Area C program with a target: reduce traffic 20%].
533:
419:
113:
987:"Pisapia lancia l'operazione Area C l'obiettivo: -20 per cento di traffico"
1835:
197:
513:
509:
213:
128:
56:
1174:"Torna l'Area C a Milano da mercoledì 24 febbraio, cambiano gli orari"
1691:
521:
55:. It was introduced in 2012, replacing the previous pollution charge
1494:
560:
Map of Milan with the boundaries of Area C (green) and Area B (red)
1495:"The effects of road pricing on driver behavior and air pollution"
555:
481:
147:
96:
75:
in the city. All net revenues from the system are used to promote
52:
48:
31:
20:
1687:
Official website Area C, Municipality of Milan – Comune di Milano
1125:"Area C, dal 17 settembre riparte la sperimentazione per 6 mesi"
430:, NCC) with more than nine seats pay higher entrance fees, from
137:
117:
72:
1695:
1257:""Area C", si paga anche con il Telepass "Tolte" 700 mila auto"
461:
appreciably affect pollution levels, with the exception of the
104:
found that Milan also had some of the highest concentration of
1477:"Milan's Area C Statistics – Impact on Traffic & Polution"
220:
200:
Euro 0, and private vehicles over 7 m (23 ft) long.
872:"Milano, Area C definitiva Via libera dal Consiglio comunale"
540:
and text against the congestion charge was sent to the mayor
67:
The objective of the program is to reduce traffic, promote
1607:"Area C, niente referendum il Pdl fa un flop sulle firme"
1201:"Milano, Area C più cara dal 30 ottobre: da 5 a 7,5 euro"
792:"La "nebbia metropolitana" che avvelena la vita in città"
1314:"Il primo bilancio di Area C un'auto su sette non paga"
413:
3. includes public transport, emergency vehicles, taxis
1824:
1398:"Sintesi risultati traffico – Gennaio-Settembre 2012"
650:"Milan Introduces Congestion Charge To Cut Pollution"
1493:
Gibson, Matthew; Carnovale, Maria (September 2015).
928:"Milano: from pollution charge to congestion charge"
821:"Milano, area C al via: le risposte ai vostri dubbi"
16:
Congestion charge in the city center of Milan, Italy
1791:
1775:
1729:
850:"Area C. Istituita la congestion charge definitiva"
684:"Milan drivers face trend-setting pollution charge"
815:
813:
411:2. residents have also 40 free accesses per year
164:) used by Ecopass, corresponding to the central
87:; as of August 2023, it has been reactivated.
1707:
1488:
1486:
1019:(in Italian). 16 January 2012. Archived from
438:100, depending on the length of the vehicle.
8:
1064:
1062:
1060:
895:
893:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1250:
1248:
1172:Giannattasio, Maurizio (20 February 2021).
844:
842:
677:
675:
1714:
1700:
1692:
766:"Cede l'effetto-diga, 7 mila auto in più"
470:about 10% higher than pre-Area C levels.
1392:
1390:
1363:
1361:
1147:"Milano – Area C sospesa dal 5 novembre"
1093:
1091:
985:Monestiroli, Teresa (18 December 2011).
450:
244:
116:per cubic metre of coarse particulates (
1831:
1583:[A referendum against Area C].
711:
709:
643:
641:
639:
635:
1424:"Sintesi risultati al 30 Giugno 2015"
1369:"Sintesi risultati al 30 Aprile 2012"
1255:Santucci, Gianni (16 February 2012).
682:Ciancio, Antonella (2 January 2008).
329:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
123:In January 2008, the mayor of Milan,
71:, and to decrease the high levels of
7:
764:Santucci, Gianni (12 January 2009).
189:Access to the area is forbidden for
152:Area C traffic restricted zone (ZTL)
648:Bertacche, Marco (3 January 2008).
718:"Smog-hit Milan tests vehicle ban"
601:Similar congestion pricing schemes
14:
1449:Carra, Ilaria (17 January 2015).
960:"L'Area C di Milano torna attiva"
744:"Milan introduces traffic charge"
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1015:[Summary Sheet Area C].
612:San Francisco congestion pricing
1658:"Area B: cos'è e come funziona"
1581:"Un referendum contro l'area C"
1402:Risultati attesi e monitoraggio
1373:Risultati attesi e monitoraggio
1344:Risultati attesi e monitoraggio
1105:(in Italian). 14 September 2012
1903:Road congestion charge schemes
1534:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
1430:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
1404:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
1375:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
1346:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
1294:(in Italian). 15 February 2012
1045:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
852:(in Italian). Comune di Milano
798:(in Italian). 26 December 2011
716:Duff, Mark (1 February 2007).
1:
1560:(in Italian). 17 January 2012
1153:(in Italian). 5 November 2020
907:(in Italian). 16 January 2012
47:active in the city center of
1662:Portale del Comune di Milano
1199:HDmotori.it (12 July 2023).
1074:Portale del Comune di Milano
1532:"Bilancio Economico Area C"
1013:"Scheda riassuntiva Area C"
878:(in Italian). 27 March 2013
528:Criticism and controversies
106:airborne particulate matter
1929:
1499:Journal of Urban Economics
1261:Corriere della Sera Milano
1043:"Regolamentazione accesso"
991:Corriere della Sera Milano
905:Corriere della Sera Milano
236:COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
85:COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
1637:urbanaccessregulations.eu
1613:(in Italian). 18 May 2012
1511:10.1016/j.jue.2015.06.005
742:BBC News (2 March 2008).
398:
395:
392:
386:
383:
369:
366:
363:
349:
346:
343:
326:
323:
320:
317:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
267:
247:
623:Stockholm congestion tax
607:London congestion charge
162:Zona a Traffico Limitato
1908:Transportation planning
1898:Road traffic management
617:Electronic Road Pricing
428:Noleggio con conducente
409:1. until September 2022
561:
488:
457:
427:
161:
153:
37:
29:
559:
524:bike sharing scheme.
485:
454:
151:
35:
24:
770:Corriere della Serra
590:Road space rationing
217:natural gas vehicles
167:Cerchia dei Bastioni
81:sustainable mobility
1611:Corriere della Sera
1585:Corriere della Sera
1558:Corriere della Sera
1178:Corriere della Sera
1103:Corriere della Sera
1017:Corriere della Sera
595:Transport economics
415:4. with exceptions
1913:Transport in Milan
1893:Low-carbon economy
1723:Congestion pricing
1579:Masseroli, Carlo.
1023:on 19 January 2012
660:on 20 January 2014
575:Transport in Milan
562:
489:
458:
204:, motorcycles and
154:
38:
30:
1822:
1821:
940:on 4 October 2015
926:Martino, Angelo.
416:
406:
405:
257:Hybrid / bi-fuel
202:Electric vehicles
45:congestion charge
1920:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1284:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
964:www.alvolante.it
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
939:
933:. Archived from
932:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
888:
887:
885:
883:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
846:
837:
836:
834:
832:
825:www.alvolante.it
817:
808:
807:
805:
803:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
713:
704:
703:
701:
699:
694:on 26 March 2009
690:. Archived from
679:
670:
669:
667:
665:
656:. Archived from
654:The New York Sun
645:
542:Giuliano Pisapia
437:
433:
408:
245:
232:Council of State
185:
181:
77:public transport
69:public transport
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1787:
1771:
1725:
1720:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
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1225:
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1183:
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1171:
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1166:
1156:
1154:
1151:Quattroruote.it
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
937:
930:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
891:
881:
879:
870:
869:
865:
855:
853:
848:
847:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
811:
801:
799:
790:
789:
785:
775:
773:
763:
762:
758:
748:
746:
741:
740:
736:
726:
724:
715:
714:
707:
697:
695:
681:
680:
673:
663:
661:
647:
646:
637:
632:
627:
570:
554:
530:
502:
480:
449:
444:
435:
431:
414:
412:
410:
384:public service
248:Engine class →
210:Hybrid electric
183:
179:
172:traffic cameras
146:
127:, launched the
125:Letizia Moratti
93:
62:traffic cameras
25:Area C gate in
17:
12:
11:
5:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1884:
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1843:
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1806:
1801:
1795:
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1789:
1788:
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1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
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1752:
1744:
1739:
1733:
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1704:
1696:
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1681:External links
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1205:HDmotori.it
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776:24 February
749:15 February
727:18 February
698:24 February
664:15 February
619:(Singapore)
538:bullet case
518:Milan Metro
364:commercial
269:Euro levels
144:Description
102:Legambiente
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1887:Categories
1804:Manchester
1767:Gothenburg
1755:since 1998
1746:Singapore
1668:4 February
1642:4 February
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630:References
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344:residents
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1750:1975–1998
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260:Electric
251:Gasoline
1792:Proposed
1350:24 March
1324:24 March
1049:10 April
722:BBC News
568:See also
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424:Italian
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214:bi-fuel
158:Italian
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856:13 May
552:Area B
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396:banned
390:banned
330:banned
324:banned
194:Euro 3
191:diesel
41:Area C
1865:Italy
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1080:4 May
938:(PDF)
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359:free
339:free
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1670:2019
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