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and industrial efficiency. Milburn would have benefited significantly from enhanced crop yields and from the opening of the mines which also occurred at this time (references to the rich
Silverband mine on Dun Fell, behind the village, appear from 1709). The scale of the improvement in rural fortunes is demonstrated by the stylish ambition guiding the design of the replacement buildings. Doors are adorned with classical features such as architraves and pediments, and windows are surrounded by elaborate mouldings. It seems likely that medieval structures first began to disappear at this time, the process being consolidated as the improvement in the wealth of the village continued during the 19th century. The flimsy nature of the earlier structures has ensured that nothing from the medieval phase survives, though it is notable that many of the replacement buildings contain timbers which have clearly had an earlier history. It is very common, for example, to find exposed oak beams which now support floors but which contain joints which show they used to be part of a roof. Similarly many beams are drilled to show they once formed part of wattle and daub partitions.
634:. It is some 20m high and is topped by a heavy metal weather cock. Such maypoles are a common feature of villages in the Eden valley and there has been a maypole on this site in Milburn for at least 150 years. There is no tradition of "dancing round the maypole" here however and the weather vane is the only useful feature. Nevertheless, the maypole is obviously much-loved by the village, perhaps as a link with earlier times, and it has been replaced frequently over the years. The maypole erected in 1995 at the expense of the Lord of the Manor displayed a pronounced lean which may have been due to the fact that it was struck by lightning shortly after its installation. The present Maypole was erected in 2014 after it was agreed by the school and parish council that the old one was becoming unsafe.
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focus of settlement (as opposed to isolated farmsteads) was here. The church, together with the churchyard, occupies a neck of land bounded by two becks flowing in steep-sided ravines which contain several natural strong-running springs. One of these at NY 649/292 is so voluminous and reliable that in recent years it has been capped as a farm supply. In a copse at NY 657/292 there is yet another spring. This is known as Keld Well and is believed by Page to have had religious significance as a place of pilgrimage. A second possibility for a site of settlement is the curious wiggle in Low Street at the point where the road from
Newbiggin crosses to enter the outskirts of the present village. This might well be the fossil record of some sort of hamlet.
471:, Lord of the Barony of Cottingham near Hull. The term "forest" in this context refers to an area suitable for hunting rather than forestry in its modern sense. Of course, this in no sense implies that the modern village dates from this period, nor that there was necessarily a "Burn" and a "Mill" here. Goodchild argues that the name is actually derived from Mil Borran, meaning a stone by a Roman road. Curiously on the edge of the road at the entrance to the lonning leading to the church at NY65360/29165 there is an ancient stone which is registered on the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) as a cross base. Nevertheless, there was evidently a settlement somewhere in the vicinity which projected at least the continuity of its name into modern times.
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properties to accord with the current layout would have taken place as houses were gradually improved and replaced and it was found convenient to regard the green as the centre of the village. In support of his view he point out that access to farm buildings on the south east side has always been from the back lane, whereas on the north west side the gaps between houses have always been much larger, so enabling access to the farmyards to be made from the green. There has never been a back lane on the north west side, although there are vestiges of such lanes on the north east and south west. The modern "front gardens" of properties round the green were enclosed gradually over a number of years with the consent of the Lord of the Manor.
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more or less completely disguised by substantial 17th century modifications, but within the unremarkable shell created by this later work lie two three-storey towers, each 64 feet by 33 feet with walls about 9/10 feet thick connected by a wall over ten feet thick and over 40 feet long. This wall contains two superimposed flights of stairs providing communication between the towers. Originally, the ground floors of each tower were accessible only from the first floor. The position of the original entrance in this unusual scheme is unknown.
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416:. Disappointingly, however, no buildings from "Reiving" times (late 13th to the end of the 16th century) survive, at least within the vicinity of the green itself. In fact the earliest structures here date from the mid-18th century, with the majority reflecting a major period of rebuilding in the 19th century. The quality of these buildings, however, is of such interest that Milburn has been selected by Brunskill to provide an exemplar of Lake District architecture.
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interest as a large rock above the entrance has been inscribed with the initials of some of the miners. Some of these belong to families whose descendants still live in
Milburn. The largest mine in the area, Silver Band, is outside Milburn Parish but was a major source of employment in the village. Miners would walk to work—a journey taking about two hours in each direction and involving a climb from Milburn of around 800 metres.
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usage. There are regular meetings, for example, of a Film Club, a
Badminton Club, an Art Club, a Handicrafts Circle, MAGIC, the Milburn Amateur Gardening Club, and various Further Education classes. Other long-standing activities include a weekly Youth Group and an active WI. For many years the Hall has been used by the School for its annual Christmas production and is also now increasingly used for PE and the like.
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although he accepts that an earlier date, prompted by raids into
England by De Bruys in 1311 would also be possible. He points out that once the Lancasters became Lords of the Manor soon after 1335, they had a direct vested interest in protecting both their tenants and their tenants livestock, so that the laying out of a defensible village and the building of Howgill Castle might have gone hand in hand
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professional and construction services now operate in the village, and local non-agricultural work accounted for the employment of a further 20%. The remaining 55% commuted out of the village to their employment. Of the total population, 30% were retired. The village retains its primary school though the majority of the pupils now come from outside the parish.
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fashion. It is his belief that the original village consisted of a single line of cottages (presumably cruck-framed, thatched with turf or heather and with walls of wattle and daub, clay or roughly-piled field stones) along the south-east side of the green and fronting onto the back lane that runs alongside this side of the village. This theory of course
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school has flourished. In 2008 it had 37 pupils, a male head-teacher (highly unusual for a small rural school), three part-time
Assistant Teachers, and three part-time Teaching Assistants. In 2010 accommodation consisted of two classrooms, a school office, a food-preparation area and a modern toilet-block, all integrated into a single building.
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concerned about the effect of over-grazing. Sheep numbers are now closely controlled. English Nature is also attempting to develop the diversity of the fell side habitat and has planted selected areas with hardy indigenous species such as juniper. A particular aim is to re-introduce the black grouse to the area.
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According to
Butterworth, "ainims" means land taken into cultivation; "bulber" is bull hill; "haghill" is the clearing on the hill; "leaseds" is the pasture clearing; "mask hill" is marsh hill; "mell becks" is the land between the streams; "peaseber" is the peas hill; "pica land" is the pointed land;
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The
Moorhouse Nature Reserve is entered immediately above the intake wall, the final drystone wall of the enclosed grazing. The Reserve stretches right over the Pennine ridge and down into Teesdale. It is a wilderness area of great beauty, traversed in the East-West direction by the Pennine Way which
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From an agricultural perspective, however, the
Geopark is simply an area of poorly drained grazing that becomes progressively less useful as its altitude increases. Nevertheless, the lower slopes of the inlier are still sufficiently valuable to be enclosed, largely with drystone walling, and are used
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Higher up the fell side to the north, the St Bees
Sandstone is overlain by limestone. A number of ruined lime kilns and small quarries indicate that the limestone has been burnt in the past to produce lime for building and agricultural purposes. Lime makes an excellent mortar for sandstone buildings.
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The subsequent waves of rebuilding which have resulted in the total eradication of the earlier medieval structures are easily explained by the parallel phases of development seen elsewhere in the county. In particular the "Age of Improvement", roughly from 1750 to 1850 saw rapid gains in agricultural
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reverses the current orientation of the houses on this side, but Butterworth sees no problem here. Under his theory, the green would then have taken the form of an enclosure behind these properties and he suggests that further properties would then have spread around this enclosure. Re-orientation of
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The annual children's Sports Day and the Village Show are the survivors of the Milburn Gala. The first gala was held in 1887 and it persisted as an annual event until 1939 and the outbreak of the Second World War. In the past, the gala was an elaborate event involving a marquee for dancing, a flower
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and Milburn is no exception. The swirling, noisy gusts are a frequent feature of life in the village. Uttley has written a detailed account of the effects of the wind and provided a detailed theory of its causes. The wind is experienced when the wind blows from the north-east. Many houses appear to
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In 2002 a grant from the English National Lottery Community Fund permitted a major refurbishment. Modern heating and insulation were installed and these improvements have both reduced running costs and increased the attraction of the facilities. As a result, there has been a significant increase in
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The Village Hall is a substantial sandstone building on the outskirts of the village to the south of the Green. It was erected by the Parish Council in 1912 at a cost of £300. Over the years it has benefited from numerous improvements and fills a variety of social needs both for the village and for
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In the nineteenth century, seven years after Queen Victoria's Jublilee, a major reconstruction took place. A new bellcote was built, retaining the old finials. A new north window was added, matching the south windows. The west window was restored where the doorway had been, and the south door which
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In the fourteenth century, Edward II seized the properties of the Knights Templar, who had been founded to protect pilgrims to Jerusalem. An effigy of a Knight Templar was sent from Temple Sowerby to Milburn and placed against the south wall, where it still stands. The west windows were re-set. The
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The site, with its secluded position above the deep ravine of Stank Beck and its association with nearby strongly-flowing springs is extremely difficult to interpret. Page makes a good case for a correlation between springs and pre-Christian worship at the site of modern-day churches in Cumbria. He
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The higher fellsides are also rich in mineral deposits and were formerly mined extensively. A typical site situated just above the Middle Tongue Beck at NY 692/321 is known as the New Greuve Shop and seems to have yielded a variety of minerals ranging from coal to lead. This level is of particular
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The village is bounded both to the north and to the south by geological faults. The southerly fault (the Lounthwaite Fault) is considered particularly important in relation to the development of the village as it is associated with a line of strong-running springs. These may have been attractive to
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Assuming, for the sake of romance at least, that the development was indeed planned, Butterworth considers whether the modern arrangement of houses and farms round the central green took shape as a single act of concerted construction or, as would seem more likely, took place in a staged, "organic"
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That Milburn had an earlier history on its present site is clearly signalled by the field-system radiating from the existing village. The evidence of a typical medieval layout is plain to see, with long narrow fields separated by hedges where groups of strips from the old open town fields have been
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The houses round the green present a continuous frontage broken only by narrow lanes giving access to the farmyards, barns and fields which lie behind. Roads and tracks enter at the corners of the green and access is so restricted at some points that it has been suggested that the village has been
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In 2006 the total population of the parish was approximately 170, representing a total of 74 households. Agriculture still provided the single most significant source of employment and this accounted for approximately 25% of the employment of the working population. A number of businesses offering
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Howgill Castle is a fortified manor house lying approximately 1 km to the east of the main village and at a slightly higher elevation. Butterworth believes that it dates from about 1340. It is defended to the north west by a deep ravine and commands extensive views. The original structure is
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outbreak of 2001. The "hefted" herds which had previously acquired a useful territorial instinct were all lost and are now only slowly being replaced. The old "commoner" system, whereby grazing (and other) rights were granted exclusively to individuals, has also been bought out by English Nature,
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The glacial deposits have given rise to heavy, fertile soils which are suitable for both arable and livestock farming. The soils also contain many rounded boulders of varying sizes which, because of their hardness provide a valuable building material to augment the softer, easily worked sandstone.
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This road has unusual features. It is noticeably straight and, between Long Marton and Milburn, it is known as High Street. Then, as it goes past Milburn, it becomes Low Street. Richardson has suggested that it is a very ancient track way (based on alignment considerations). Butterworth postulates
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The Ordnance Survey map shows the complex web of fields around the village, but it does not reveal that many of the fields have local names. Sometimes a name is simply those of the owner, but sometimes it says something about the nature of the ground or the use to which it has been put. The field
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The church (extensively restored in 1894) still retains its unpretentious character. It consists of a nave, chancel and south aisle, part of which is now the porch and vestry. There is a small bellcote. The south door is late Norman and a number of decorated stones of Norman date are set into the
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Further to the north still, sandwiched between these intake fields and the steep slopes of the Pennine escarpment itself lies a complex geological zone known as the Cross Fell Inlier (see Burgess and Wadge). It consists of a lens of older rocks faulted upwards between the much younger layers that
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The village stands on a shelf of Saint Bees sandstone, overlain here by a thick layer of glacial deposits. This sandstone underlies most of the Eden Valley and, in fact, runs right beneath the volcanic deposits of the Lake District to emerge eventually on the Solway coast, whence its name. It is
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In common with many other rural locations, public transport facilities to Milburn fall well below the national standard. Whereas the village was once served by several buses each day there are currently only two service buses per week. For car users this poses little difficulty (as long as fuel
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The former Methodist Wesleyan Chapel located at the west end of the Green is now a private residence. It was built in 1834 and accommodated 90 seated. Butterworth estimates that by the 1860s half of the village's population were probably Methodists. However, the size of the congregation declined
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St Cuthbert's Church lies in an isolated position about 0.5 km across fields to the south west of the village. Although Pevsner considers the sandstone masonry of the chancel to be Norman, it is claimed that the body of St Cuthbert rested here in 876 when monks from Lindisfarne fleeing the
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The existence of other significant relics of occupation outside the present village area suggests that when significant nucleated settlement did occur it initially happened elsewhere. In particular, the existence of the church to the south of the modern village strongly suggests that the initial
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Pupil numbers have varied widely over the years and during the 60s and 70s reached a low-point of 12. At this time the County Council had a policy of closing small schools and several attempts were made to close Milburn school. This was vigorously opposed by the village and in recent years the
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The Village School is situated at the northern end of the Green. According to Butterworth there has been a school in the village since at least the 18th century and the present building was constructed in 1851 replacing an earlier, thatched one which was burnt down by one of the pupils in 1850.
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The prospect of planned settlement actually arises rather earlier with an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 1092 which refers to King William (Rufus) travelling north to Carlisle with a large army, restoring the town, raising the castle and driving out Dolfin who earlier had ruled the land
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Still further to the north, the steep fellsides above the Inlier are unenclosed and grazed exclusively by sheep. In the past this would perhaps be best described as "ranching" as, in the summer the sheep would range freely over the top of the Pennine escarpment and down into Teesdale. Regular
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Whatever the precise stimulus and the exact date of the migration of the village to its present site, it must have occurred in time to create the medieval field system. Butterworth argues that the most likely date would have been around 1340 to coincide with the construction of Howgill castle,
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Following the departure of the Romans, the Saxons built churches for Christian worship, and the present structure contains re-used stones, some with sundial markings, which can be seen arranged haphazard in the masonry. The building you see today consists of a nave chancel and south aisle.
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had been bricked up was re-opened. The old oak box pews were removed and there panels placed against the walls. The east window was redesigned and revealed a coffin lid dated c.1300 used as a memorial to a one time Rural Dean, with shears to cut the tonsure of the priesthood.
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It seems possible, therefore, that the unusual coherence of the layout of Milburn on its present site arises from the fact that when settlement finally took place the site was still largely or wholly undeveloped. This further suggests a concerted, motivated development.
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and other traces of early occupation on the fell side above Milburn at NY69700/30290, NY69230/32120 and NY68720/32700. A bronze celt was found in a field above Lounthwaite to the west of the village. Further afield there are presumed Iron Age "farmsteads" at Kirkland and
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remains affordable) but for non-drivers the lack of public transport is a serious concern. A county-supported car scheme subsidises the mileage-costs of local volunteers who donate their time freely to provide transport to shops and doctors surgeries etc.
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brought together. This evidence is further underlined by remnants of ridge and furrow in many of the fields. However, Roberts argues that village development was taking place in most cases before 1200 and in some cases as much as two centuries earlier.
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the surrounding community. At one stage it housed a small library and reading room. In its early days the Hall was always referred to as "The Institute", or simply "The Insti". In the late 1940s children would have school dinners at the Institute.
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quarried locally at numerous sites and has provided the principal building material for most of the older houses in the village. Its soft, red colouration gives the village a warm, welcoming appearance, a characteristic of the whole Eden Valley.
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In the case of Milburn there is the strong presumption of prehistoric occupation in the general area. Brennand states that cereal pollen dating to 4000BC has been found at Howgill on the outskirts of the village. Goodchild describes evidence of
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Originally it consisted of just one room designed to accommodate up to 55 pupils under the control of a single teacher. At this time children would generally stay at the school until they reached leaving age – by 1911 this was age 14.
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In the seventeenth century, Sir Richard Sandforth of Howgill extended the south side and put a third window there in memory of his wife Anne. The church received its 'chalise and paten' in 1633 and in 1669 the ' bellcot' was erected.
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The bus shelter is a well-built sandstone structure erected in 1953 to commemorate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. It is roofed with slates salvaged from the derelict farmstead at Windy Hall. It was built by Arthur Craig.
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Viking invaders toured the county bearing the holy relics of their saint with them. The clue here is in the dedication of the church. If the legend were true it would imply that the present building had an earlier precursor.
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In the thirteenth century, Robert de Veteripont 1st Baron of Westmorland received the Chapel of Milnebourne from King John. To the church the present nave was added. The north wall had two windows and the west wall one.
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bound it. The whole North Pennines AONB, of which the Inlier forms part, is in fact of such interest to geologists that in 2003 it was designated a Geopark under a Unesco programme to promote public interest in geology.
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The core village consists of a tight cluster of houses, many dating from the mid-18th century, ranged around a roughly rectangular green. A medieval church and a fortified manor house lie outside the main village area.
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and is one of a chain of villages following the 200 metres (660 ft) contour of the escarpment. The fellside forms part of the North Pennines Area of Natural Beauty which in 2003 was awarded the status of
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The village has operated a recycling scheme since 2006. Now situated at the bottom of Fell Lane it accepts paper, bottles, cans, foil and plastics. A garden waste skip is also available on a regular basis.
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The larger boulders are frequently seen in use as building foundations, while the smaller cobbles are widely employed in the drystone field-walls which form another characteristic feature of the area.
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The most striking feature of Milburn is the consistency of its layout. This appears to imply a high degree of planning, and the history of the village may most usefully be described in this context.
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two arches were rebuilt to stand as now on the south side. An aumbry (a recess to store sacred vessels near the altar) with a pointed arch, in the south wall of the chancel belongs to this period.
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That there was a time during the civilised period when there was no significant occupation at all on the present site is strongly suggested by the fact that the main road from
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show and races around the green. Cumberland Wrestling was a popular feature. The current Sports Day and Village Show are more modest events but continue to be well-supported.
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that it may be Roman (from naming evidence and its straightness). The main point is that the road appears to be of ancient origin and takes no account of the village
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In the final year (2011) of its 60-year history, Milburn WI completed a large scale map recording these field names on a map of the parish from around 1800.
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there. It goes on to say: " afterwards returned south here and sent very many peasants there with women and with livestock to live there to till that land."
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According to Butterworth, the first documentary reference to "Milburn" dates from 1200/1 when King John (1199–1215) granted the forest of Milburn to
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Taken together with a very limited number of recent developments dating from the 20th and 21st centuries, this is the village in its present form.
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535:"gathers" would be held to round them up for dipping and shearing. Much has changed in this respect, however, since the catastrophic
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for grazing sheep and cattle. Fell ponies are also raised here. Immediately above the village, this area is known as Red Carle.
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runs along the very crest of the escarpment. During winter months conditions up here are best described as Arctic.
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There are Guy Fawkes celebrations on the green every 5 November, complete with hot-dogs, bonfire and fireworks.
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and includes the Moorhouse Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve. The parish includes the outlying hamlets of
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have been constructed with the Helm in mind and window areas in this direction have been kept to a minimum.
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by-passes the modern village entirely, running to the south between the modern green and the church.
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663:"raten mire" is the rat-infested bog; "thornber" is the thorn hill and "turnber" is the round hill.
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392:, respectively 0.5 miles (0.8 km) and 1.25 miles (2.0 km) from Milburn village centre.
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In the eighteenth century the south windows were altered in imitation sixteenth century style.
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People and the Land : Settlement in the Eden Valley, prehistory to the present day
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Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
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Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
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Spread on the land it also reduces the acidity of soil and improves its fertility.
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In the centre of the Green, sited on a small mound known as Butt Hill, stands a
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Many of the villages on the Eden Valley's eastern fell side are subject to the
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372:. The parish had a population of 171 in both the 2001, and 2011 censuses.
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1015:"Penrith. Cumbria and the Lake District. Tourist information for Penrith"
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steeply during the late 20th century and the chapel closed in 1989.
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names therefore represent a valuable repository of social history.
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The west tower now contains a door removed from Appleby prison.
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Richardson, Alan (1984). "An Old Road in the Eden Valley".
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Goodchild, Wilbert (1932). "Milburn Archaeological Notes".
882:"People and Medieval Planning : Of Cumbrian Villages"
904:"Research Framework for Archaeology in the North West"
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constructed on defensive lines – possibly against the
891:. Appleby: Appleby Archaeology Group. pp. 30–37.
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It lies beneath Cross Fell, the highest point of the
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804:"Local Area Report – Milburn Parish (E04002555)"
1079:(nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
837:"Local Area Report – Milburn Parish (16UF045)"
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994:. North West Catholic History Society, Wigan.
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867:Vernacular Architecture of the Lake District
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911:Appeby Archaeology Winter Lecture Programme
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368:, about 9 miles (14.5 km) east of
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1077:Cumbria County History Trust: Milburn
913:. Appleby: Appleby Archaeology Group.
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777:Listed buildings in Milburn, Cumbria
1030:The geology of the Cross Fell area
1028:I.C.Burgess and A.J.Wadge (1974).
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1345:List of civil parishes in Cumbria
1088:Cumberland and Westmorland Herald
976:. Titus Wilson & Son, Kendal.
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1004:Sites and Monuments Record 1995
586:includes Milburn in his lists.
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1084:"800 years of village History"
845:Office for National Statistics
812:Office for National Statistics
490:Milburn Village Layout OS 1859
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423:Milburn Field System: OS 1900
1362:Parliamentary constituencies
1060:The Anatomy of the Helm Wind
902:Brennand, M (October 2008).
613:exterior of the south wall.
1100:(an article about the book
972:Butterworth, David (1997).
738:Sports Day and Village Show
87:OS grid reference
18:Human settlement in England
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1387:Grade II* listed buildings
1045:Cumberland and Westmorland
1433:Civil parishes in Cumbria
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990:Page, Jim Taylor (1990).
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1382:Grade I listed buildings
974:Milburn : A History
865:R. W. Brunskill (1988).
1177:Westmorland and Furness
1043:Pevsner, Sir Nicholas.
880:Roberts, Brian (2007).
382:UNESCO European Geopark
352:is a small village and
1205:Appleby-in-Westmorland
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565:Plan of Howgill Castle
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281:Penrith and the Border
207:Postcode district
1220:Bowness-on-Windermere
1104:by David Butterworth)
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638:Culture and community
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469:William de Stuteville
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1230:Broughton-in-Furness
577:St Cuthbert's Church
187:Sovereign state
1428:Villages in Cumbria
1188:(cities in italics)
1165:Unitary authorities
992:Cumbrian Holy Wells
651:Milburn field names
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1102:Milburn: A History
1058:D. Uttley (1998).
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273:UK Parliament
219:Dialling code
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1262:Grange-over-Sands
1252:Dalton-in-Furness
1215:Barrow-in-Furness
1186:Major settlements
1140:Ceremonial county
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137:Shire county
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1397:Lord Lieutenants
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1090:. 4 October 1997
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693:Recycling scheme
617:Methodist Chapel
519:early settlers.
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66:Location within
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931:. xxxii: 107.
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1092:. Retrieved
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848:. Retrieved
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815:. Retrieved
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680:Village Hall
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360:district of
354:civil parish
349:
348:
103:Civil parish
15:
1247:Cockermouth
711:Bus shelter
643:Field names
434:hut circles
366:Eden Valley
335: /
1422:Categories
1337:Workington
1332:Windermere
1322:Whitehaven
1172:Cumberland
783:References
702:Car scheme
320:54°39′25″N
262:North West
163:North West
78:Population
1341:See also:
1317:Ulverston
1200:Ambleside
833:UK Census
800:UK Census
726:Helm Wind
720:Helm Wind
552:Landmarks
506:Geography
323:2°32′10″W
257:Ambulance
197:Post town
1307:Sedbergh
1292:Maryport
1287:Longtown
1257:Egremont
1236:Carlisle
1225:Brampton
1210:Aspatria
1094:24 March
850:11 April
835:(2001).
817:11 April
802:(2011).
755:See also
450:Blencarn
377:Pennines
119:District
94:NY655293
1407:Museums
1392:History
1312:Silloth
1302:Penrith
1272:Keswick
1146:Cumbria
632:Maypole
626:Maypole
404:History
370:Penrith
362:Cumbria
356:in the
350:Milburn
309:Cumbria
304:England
250:Cumbria
238:Cumbria
201:PENRITH
179:England
173:Country
145:Cumbria
110:Milburn
68:Cumbria
60:Milburn
35:Milburn
24:Milburn
1367:Places
1355:Topics
1327:Wigton
1297:Millom
1267:Kendal
1195:Alston
446:Dufton
439:Dufton
233:Police
223:017683
155:Region
1372:SSSIs
907:(PDF)
885:(PDF)
841:Nomis
808:Nomis
1096:2009
852:2021
819:2021
388:and
358:Eden
245:Fire
212:CA10
127:Eden
1143:of
448:to
1424::
1086:.
982:^
952:^
919:^
909:.
887:.
843:.
839:.
810:.
806:.
791:^
441:.
299:UK
1131:e
1124:t
1117:v
1098:.
1062:.
1047:.
1032:.
1017:.
869:.
854:.
821:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
