31:
344:
hour. His role had been agreed to by the United States and the Soviet Union. Soviet liaison-teams were conducting similar missions in West
Germany. These tours had evolved into a legalized form of intelligence-gathering, usually accepted by both sides. The killing became a diplomatic incident. In retaliation, the United States expelled Soviet military attaché Stanislav Gromov, who was selected for his effectiveness in collecting intelligence on the United States for the Soviet Union from his post in Washington.
269:
departments/ministries and the building of colonial empires. The 20th century brought dramatic changes in the number and background of DAs, owing to the growing number of states, the increasingly complex nature of weapons systems, and the enhanced importance of intelligence gathering, particularly during the Cold War. The DA system was formally recognized in the Vienna
Convention of 1961, which codified the rights and responsibilities of diplomats.
1423:
1435:
327:
served as observers with the land and naval forces of Russia and of Japan. The United States Army detailed eight officers to serve as military attachés with opposing forces in the field; and all served from the start of hostilities in 1904 through the signing of the peace protocols in
September 1905.
247:
and denotes an individual who is assigned ("attached") to a diplomatic mission to fulfill a particular specialized function. Generically, a military or defense attaché may come from any branch of the armed forces, although some governments designate an attaché to represent a specific service branch,
343:
160 kilometres (100 mi) northwest of Berlin. He was reportedly observing from a point not marked off-limits, though near a place that was. According to Sgt. Jessie Schatz, Nicholson's driver, there were no warning shots and the
Soviets refused to give Nicholson medical attention for nearly an
268:
dispatched military officers abroad to liaise with allied powers, monitor military developments and gather intelligence. In the 18th century, DAs were increasingly assigned to embassies, and by the 19th century the practice had become widespread commensurate with the emergence of national defence
328:
After the war, the reports of
British officers attached to the Japanese forces in the field were combined and published in four volumes. During this conflict, some attachés served primarily in Manchuria, and others served primarily in Tokyo. Some, like Italian naval officer
463:: "Subject to the provisions of articles 5, 8, 9 and 11, the sending State may freely appoint the members of the staff of the mission. In the case of military, naval or air attachés, the receiving State may require their names to be submitted beforehand, for its approval."
30:
567:
the
Soviets last shot at an American observer team on March 24, 1985, when Maj. Arthur D. Nicholson Jr., an Army officer, was killed by a Soviet sentry near the East German town of Ludwigslust. Major Nicholson had been observing a Soviet tank
235:
on the host country's armed forces; they may also be tasked with other security issues, such as migration or law enforcement matters. The duties, qualifications, and management of a military attaché varies between governments.
281:, served as the first British military attaché (at first described as "military commissioner") based in Paris for 25 years from 1856 to 1881. Though based in the embassy, he was attached to the French army command during the
379:
374:
324:
580:
292:
of 1904–1905. A series of military officers had been assigned to the
American diplomatic mission in Tokyo since 1901, when the U.S. and Japan were co-operating closely in response to the
631:
485:
603:
A U.S. official said that Gromov was selected for expulsion on the advice of the
Pentagon, which described him as 'very active' in collecting defense information for the Soviets.
231:, with responsibility over all aspects of bilateral military and defense relations. Their main roles include advising diplomatic officials on security matters and gathering
312:. The military attaché's office in Tokyo usually had two assistants and a number of "language officers" who were assigned specifically to learn Japanese while attached to
777:
680:
1471:
642:
638:
488:
460:
335:
The agreed conditions that allow military attachés to gather information can be misunderstood with fatal results. United States military attaché Maj.
914:
590:
316:
regiments as observers. These "language officers" translated training and technical manuals and reported on conditions in
Japanese military units.
628:
729:
163:
646:
525:
297:
1379:
810:
549:
389:
1408:
1461:
305:
288:
The functions of a military attaché are illustrated by actions of U.S. military attachés in Japan around the time of the
967:
677:
1466:
1396:
585:
358:
278:
1386:
1031:
772:
66:
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903:
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834:
823:
789:
722:
156:
131:
111:
106:
86:
1234:
313:
209:
697:
Trumpener, Ulrich. "The
Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918."
871:
232:
213:
1438:
1320:
1204:
1194:
1089:
1003:
908:
473:
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91:
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1199:
1169:
1144:
1134:
1109:
1079:
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920:
784:
654:
Reports of the Military Observers attached to the Armies in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War
617:
Craig, Gordon A. "Military diplomats in the Prussian and German service: the attachés, 1816-1914."
336:
228:
221:
126:
35:
692:
The Russo-Japanese War, Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field
502:
The Russo-Japanese War, Reports from British Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field
1426:
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1285:
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1229:
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955:
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661:
Military Diplomacy in the Dual Alliance: German Military Attaché Reporting from Vienna, 1879–1914
554:
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The Russo-Japanese War: Reports from Officers Attached to the Japanese Forces in the Field
293:
244:
217:
76:
34:
The Chilean defense attaché in Panama (left) receiving a briefing on the armament of the
1300:
1270:
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1008:
1455:
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883:
878:
652:
_____, Office of the Chief of Staff, Second (military) Information Division. (1906).
353:
81:
340:
101:
703:
The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918
486:"Preparing for battle: Learning Lessons in the US Army during World War I," p. 16.
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17:
1332:
894:
805:
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was killed on March 24, 1985, while photographing a military installation in
256:
As a formal diplomatic practice, the defence attaché system is traced to the
1348:
1013:
738:
309:
227:
Generally, a military attaché serves as a representative of their country's
629:"Preparing for battle: Learning Lessons in the US Army during World War I."
707:
1048:
742:
369:
197:
193:
671:
656:, Vol. I; (1907). Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
432:
622:
1189:
815:
520:. Modern Asian History Series. Vol. 1 to 3. Ganesha Publishing.
71:
472:
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London:
711:
418:
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)
380:
Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War
666:
Prout, John. "The origins of the military attaché corps."
325:
military attachés from many Western military organizations
461:
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (18 April 1961)
375:
Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War
581:"U.S. Expels Soviet Attache In Retaliation For Shooting"
296:
of 1899–1901 in China. The military attaché advised the
550:"U.S. Serviceman Wounded By Russian in East Germany"
1367:
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1067:
996:
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694:, Vol. I; (1908). Vol. II. London: General Staff.
474:US Military Intelligence Reports, Japan, Context
449:ATTACHÉ | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
300:on military matters, acted as a liaison between
678:"The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned."
723:
157:
8:
639:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
489:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
260:(1618–1648), when French Foreign Secretary
762:
753:
730:
716:
708:
164:
150:
44:
433:THE ORIGINS OF THE MILITARY ATTACHÉ CORPS
332:, saw service both at sea and in Tokyo.
41:from the ship's executive officer (2010)
29:
400:
248:such as an air force or naval attaché.
47:
915:Conseiller chargé des investissements
7:
1434:
427:
425:
408:
406:
404:
548:Pear, Robert (September 18, 1987).
1472:Military command staff occupations
285:of 1853–1856 and later campaigns.
25:
298:United States Ambassador to Japan
1433:
1422:
1421:
699:The International History Review
589:. April 27, 1985. Archived from
514:Dobson, Sebastian, ed. (2000) .
390:United Nations Military Observer
308:, and gathered and disseminated
208:. They are usually high-ranking
1409:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
647:Combined Arms Research Library
1:
668:American Intelligence Journal
437:American Intelligence Journal
306:Imperial General Headquarters
1404:Twin towns and sister cities
676:Sisemore, James D. (2003).
619:Political Science Quarterly
504:, Vol. I; (1908). Vol. II.
439:21, no. 1/2 (2002): 47–55.
273:Duties and responsibilities
210:members of the armed forces
1498:
1397:Plenipotentiary Conference
586:United Press International
1417:
279:Edward Stopford Claremont
188:), sometimes known as a "
1387:Parliamentary delegation
1266:Diplomatic accreditation
1032:African Diplomatic Corps
773:Permanent representative
663:(Lexington Books, 2015).
627:Cullen, Glen T. (1999).
484:Cullen, Glen T. (1999).
67:Permanent representative
835:Deputy chief of mission
790:Resident representative
266:First Duke of Richelieu
87:Deputy chief of mission
1281:Diplomatic credentials
359:Defense Attaché System
314:Imperial Japanese Army
262:Armand Jean du Plessis
218:full diplomatic status
42:
872:Resident commissioner
844:Bilateral-subnational
701:9#4 (1987): 621-638.
593:on September 21, 2013
229:defense establishment
216:while being accorded
33:
1004:Apostolic nunciature
904:Agricultural attaché
396:Notes and references
132:Agricultural attaché
1296:Diplomatic immunity
1256:Consular assistance
785:Ambassador-at-large
337:Arthur D. Nicholson
1354:Letter of credence
1316:Diplomatic uniform
1311:Diplomatic service
1291:Diplomatic illness
1286:Diplomatic history
1039:Diplomatic mission
956:Diplomatic courier
936:Trade commissioner
799:Bilateral-national
683:2009-03-04 at the
634:2009-03-04 at the
555:The New York Times
321:Russo-Japanese War
302:United States Army
290:Russo-Japanese war
202:diplomatic mission
43:
1467:Diplomats by role
1462:Military attachés
1449:
1448:
1359:Letter of protest
1327:Persona non grata
1261:Consular immunity
1059:Exclusive mandate
992:
991:
944:
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909:Chargé de mission
860:Bilateral-insular
824:Chargé d'affaires
811:High commissioner
365:Defence diplomacy
258:Thirty Years' War
212:who retain their
200:matters within a
190:military diplomat
174:
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107:Chargé d'affaires
97:Resident minister
62:High commissioner
16:(Redirected from
1489:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1276:Diplomatic cable
1054:Protecting power
1027:Diplomatic corps
968:Foreign minister
961:King's Messenger
926:Military attaché
921:Cultural attaché
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330:Ernesto Burzagli
196:responsible for
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122:Military attaché
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27:Diplomat by role
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18:Military Attaché
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1306:Diplomatic rank
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1044:High commission
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984:Diplomatic rank
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931:Science attaché
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830:Head of mission
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690:_____. (1907).
685:Wayback Machine
670:(2002): 47-55.
636:Wayback Machine
621:(1949): 65-94.
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385:Science attaché
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294:Boxer Rebellion
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182:defence attaché
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137:Science attaché
77:Head of mission
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597:September 9,
595:. Retrieved
591:the original
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559:. Retrieved
553:
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531:. Retrieved
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417:
341:East Germany
334:
318:
310:intelligence
287:
276:
255:
238:
233:intelligence
226:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
121:
102:Papal legate
37:
1251:Appeasement
949:Other roles
459:Article 7,
319:During the
283:Crimean War
1456:Categories
1333:Soft power
1205:Preventive
1195:Pilgrimage
1090:Commercial
806:Ambassador
757:Diplomatic
612:References
533:19 October
239:The term "
214:commission
57:Ambassador
1349:Exequatur
1342:Documents
1200:Ping-pong
1170:Migration
1145:Guerrilla
1135:Freelance
1110:Debt-trap
1080:Checkbook
1014:Consulate
743:diplomats
739:Diplomacy
192:", is an
48:Diplomats
36:USS
1428:Category
1380:Agencies
1321:Protocol
1230:Track II
1125:Economic
1100:Culinary
1095:Cultural
1085:Coercive
1049:Legation
1020:De facto
867:Resident
681:Archived
632:Archived
370:Diplomat
348:See also
304:and the
277:General
222:immunity
198:military
194:official
92:Minister
1482:Attaché
1440:Commons
1225:Stadium
1220:Shuttle
1215:Science
1165:Medical
1155:Hostage
1150:Gunboat
1115:Digital
1105:Defence
1022:embassy
997:Offices
895:Attaché
252:History
241:attaché
206:embassy
117:Attaché
38:Freedom
1477:Titles
1392:Summit
1244:Topics
1210:Public
1190:Parley
1130:Energy
1120:Dollar
1075:Caviar
851:Consul
816:Nuncio
672:online
623:online
524:
245:French
112:Consul
72:Nuncio
1180:Panda
1068:Types
879:Envoy
750:Roles
687:CGSC.
568:shed.
243:" is
82:Envoy
1160:Iron
741:and
643:CGSC
599:2013
563:2013
535:2020
522:ISBN
361:(US)
220:and
1175:New
645:),
435:."
224:.
180:or
1458::
601:.
583:.
565:.
552:.
424:^
416:"
403:^
264:,
186:DA
176:A
897:)
731:e
724:t
717:v
649:.
641:(
537:.
491:.
412:"
184:(
165:e
158:t
151:v
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