17:
162:. Serving in the Wehrmacht was not motivated solely by a desire for collaboration, but often resulted from the need to adapt to a complex and changing situation, and in some cases was done for opportunistic reasons. In 1943-1945, German losses at the front led to liberalization of the Nazi racial rules and mass recruitment of Poles.
115:. Service in the German military was universal in nature in these areas, however, assessing the number of ethnic Poles involved is difficult due to the fluidity of national identity. At the low end, Polish estimates often place the number of native Poles who served at 250,000. Ryszard Kaczmarek of the
303:
Having served in the German military or being a descendant of such an individual ("grandfather in the
Wehrmacht") has led in Poland to repression, discrimination and ostracization. Even in the 21st century, such persons are often seen as not being an integral part of the Polish national community.
86:
in Poland. Having served in the German military or being a descendant of such an individual has led in Poland to repression, discrimination, and ostracization. Even in the 21st century, such persons are often seen as not being an integral part of the Polish national community.
62:
The
Wehrmacht High Command did not trust the ethnic Poles under their command, who, when taken prisoner by the Allies, tended to enlist in the Polish Army in exile. Nearly 90,000 Poles forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht subsequently fought against Nazi Germany in the
36:, or German armed forces, recruited members from Poland's 2.2% ethnic-German minority, but did not enlist ethnic Poles on racist grounds. When Germany began losing the war in 1943, the Wehrmacht forcibly conscripted ethnic Poles, who were commanded with
388:- During World War II he was conscripted into the Wehrmacht. Shortly before his death, according to some sources, he gave up his seat on the plane that came to pick up wounded soldiers to another, more seriously injured colleague. He died during the
265:, there were 2,500 ex-POWs by June 1944, a number which rose to 18,500 by 1945. Anders' optimism was well-founded, and thanks to POW recruitment the Polish army in the West ended the war as a larger formation than it had started as when the
640:
439:
59:, Germany carried out genocide against the ethnic Poles; at least 1.9 million were murdered, especially those in influential and leadership roles, while the rest were exploited for their labour, including in the military.
377:
Leon
Piesowocki - In 1943, he was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht and sent to Bourg-en-Bresse in France, and then to the vicinity of Livorno in Italy, where he deserted and joined the Allied troops.
617:
412:- In December 1944, he began serving in the Wehrmacht. At the beginning of 1945, he was sent to a unit in Denmark, where he lived in a church and was tasked with protecting one of the bridges. (
681:
1533:
837:
270:
936:
1466:
846:
1384:
1294:
1277:
1265:
1538:
1282:
979:
1416:
119:
produced a conservative estimate of at least 295,000 based on documentary evidence; however, he considers this very low and is inclined to assume category III
472:
1471:
1396:
830:
1046:
1041:
402:- Despite not being a citizen of the Reich, he was conscripted into the Wehrmacht and sent to the Eastern Front. He was wounded in the Battle of Kursk. (
1287:
1272:
126:
1488:
899:
737:
501:
1543:
1162:
1446:
823:
1029:
1483:
1225:
1105:
1210:
1007:
250:
created a special section aimed at recruiting POWs to serve the allied cause. Recruitment efforts intensified in the summer of 1943.
906:
850:
691:
597:
511:
308:
116:
1456:
1374:
969:
1461:
583:
1019:
292:
277:
266:
247:
76:
64:
1359:
179:
who wanted to preserve the Polish character of these lands by preventing mass deportation of their inhabitants. Thus, in the
125:
were mobilized as much as males in the Old Reich, which leads to a maximum estimate of 500,000. Early 1944 estimates by the
1426:
1115:
711:
349:
339:
130:
108:
37:
1336:
1299:
1260:
707:
288:
235:
72:
1401:
1431:
1379:
916:
192:
815:
1508:
1476:
1441:
1421:
1150:
1495:
1411:
1177:
1120:
804:
W znienawidzonym mundurze. Losy Polaków przymusowo wcielonych do wojska niemieckiego w okresie II wojny światowej
197:
1503:
1230:
1034:
974:
964:
889:
589:
316:
172:
1451:
1406:
1364:
1346:
1341:
1255:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1167:
1095:
1002:
959:
921:
150:
Various factors contributed to Poles serving in the
Wehrmacht. From the Nazi perspective, racial theory saw
440:
A Polish heart in a feldgrau uniform – complicated journeys from the
Wehrmacht to the Polish Army in Exile.
71:
1945, nearly a third of the Polish soldiers in the West had formerly served in the German military. On the
941:
473:"A Polish heart in a feldgrau uniform–complicated journeys from the Wehrmacht to the Polish Army in Exile"
451:
A Polish heart in a feldgrau uniform – complicated journeys from the
Wehrmacht to the Polish Army in Exile
269:
began. Aside from recruits from the
Wehrmacht, the Anders Army also absorbed 176 former soldiers from the
258:
1200:
984:
254:
1309:
1157:
1145:
1135:
989:
949:
613:
389:
379:
239:
217:
205:
810:
1314:
1215:
1130:
1014:
284:
in 1945, nearly a third of Polish soldiers in the West had formerly served in the German military.
281:
68:
1024:
555:
535:
29:
761:
1389:
894:
687:
648:
593:
507:
413:
409:
403:
371:
367:
345:
262:
159:
994:
954:
547:
399:
291:, prisoner-of-war camps for Wehrmacht soldiers were a significant recruitment pool for the
246:
soldiers. After realizing that a high number of prisoners were Polish, the
British and the
75:, prisoner-of-war camps for Wehrmacht soldiers were a substantial recruitment pool for the
16:
1436:
1073:
663:
385:
176:
142:
were in fact mostly ethnically Polish, and marked their military documents with "Pole".
1319:
1304:
1247:
1085:
911:
393:
222:
200:. Many of its members were trained in the Third Reich. As soon as the war started, the
1527:
1100:
1090:
926:
877:
559:
355:
324:
213:
112:
45:
1354:
1051:
872:
738:"Tak było z Tonym Halikiem. Służył w Wehrmachcie. I co z tego? [KOMENTARZ]"
359:
320:
243:
209:
25:
803:
450:
276:
Ultimately, nearly 90,000 Poles formerly employed by the
Wehrmacht served in the
20:
Aftermath of the Nazi-Soviet attack; divisions of Poland into spheres of interest
1061:
863:
312:
50:
551:
335:
187:. The number of residents who refused registration was relatively negligible.
167:
151:
138:
121:
83:
715:
1369:
1329:
1324:
1125:
363:
155:
103:
97:
33:
625:
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police
Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
43:
Nazi Germany regarded Poland's ethnic-German minority as racially superior
1172:
931:
180:
261:
assured him replacements would be recruited at the front lines. In the
257:
expressed concern over the lack of Polish replacement troops, General
536:"Discrimination Against Minorities in Poland on the Basis of History"
331:
Examples of Poles in the Wehrmacht: (Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine)
171:
was not only encouraged by the German authorities, but also by the
1140:
55:
15:
348:- In September 1943 he was incorporated into the Kriegsmarine. (
819:
806:- In Polish, but with many articles and books on the matter.
136:
German authorities assumed those classified as category III
238:, Polish prisoners were first encountered by the allies in
95:
Some Polish citizens of diverse ethnicities served in the
53:. In addition to murdering 3 million Polish Jews in the
271:
14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)
82:
The term "grandfather in the Wehrmacht" has become a
1245:
1072:
871:
861:
190:There was also a German storm brigade known as the
1226:Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam
1534:German occupation of Poland during World War II
338:- Incorporated into the Wehrmacht LW in 1943. (
183:district, 1.4 million people registered in the
980:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
847:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
831:
680:M. Bennett; P. Latawski (November 30, 2004).
500:M. Bennett; P. Latawski (November 30, 2004).
8:
621:(PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete)
529:
527:
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577:
575:
573:
571:
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129:are similar, at 400,000-450,000 Poles from
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858:
838:
824:
816:
627:. Penguin Books. pp. 51, 98, 109, 124
466:
464:
462:
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458:
675:
673:
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425:
1539:Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
1030:Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists
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657:
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435:
433:
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370:from where he joined the Polish Army.(
165:In the annexed areas, registration as
7:
582:Kulczycki, John J. (March 7, 2016).
1211:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
540:International Journal of Sociology
109:parts of Poland annexed by Germany
14:
907:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
309:2005 Polish presidential election
117:University of Silesia in Katowice
1008:Russian People's Liberation Army
970:National Committee of Azerbaijan
327:having served in the Wehrmacht.
1544:Collaboration with Nazi Germany
1020:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
293:Polish Armed Forces in the East
278:Polish Armed Forces in the West
248:Polish Armed Forces in the West
77:Polish Armed Forces in the East
65:Polish Armed Forces in the West
641:PDF cache archived by WebCite.
1:
1116:Collaborationist Chinese Army
350:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
340:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
131:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
534:Nijakowski, Lech M. (2009).
471:Kowalska, Magdalena (2015).
366:but deserted and joined the
1101:Central Asian collaborators
917:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
193:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1560:
1151:First Indian National Army
766:historiapolskiegotenisa.pl
712:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
552:10.2753/IJS0020-7659390302
362:he was forced to join the
1222:Vietnamese collaborators
1121:Defenders of the Homeland
857:
198:German minority in Poland
1207:Taiwanese collaborators
1035:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
975:National Republican Army
965:Latvian Auxiliary Police
890:Albanian Fascist Militia
686:. Springer. p. 35.
614:Browning, Christopher R.
590:Harvard University Press
506:. Springer. p. 36.
173:Polish Underground State
1188:Royal Thai Armed Forces
1183:Manchukuo Imperial Army
1168:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1106:East Turkestan military
1096:Burma Independence Army
1003:Russian Liberation Army
960:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
922:Belarusian Home Defence
886:Albanian collaborators
762:"HPT - Adam Baworowski"
708:"DYWIZJA SS "GALIZIEN""
585:Belonging to the Nation
253:In January 1944, after
1192:Russian collaborators
1178:Malayan Volunteer Army
999:Russian collaborators
942:Finnish Defence Forces
714:. 2001. Archived from
480:Edukacja Humanistyczna
49:, and ethnic Poles as
21:
1201:Russian Fascist Party
1057:Polish Wehrmacht Army
985:Romanian Armed Forces
937:Croatian Armed Forces
323:on account of Tusk's
255:Henry Maitland Wilson
208:of Poles and Jews in
19:
1163:Korean collaborators
1158:Inner Mongolian Army
1146:Indian National Army
990:Royal Hungarian Army
390:Battle of Stalingrad
380:Reichsgau Wartheland
315:was attacked by the
240:prisoner-of-war camp
220:, together with the
218:Reichsgau Wartheland
206:widespread massacres
1216:Takasago Volunteers
1131:Gando Special Force
1082:Arakan Defense Army
1015:Security Battalions
811:Deutsche Volksliste
618:"Arrival in Poland"
230:Polish Armed Forces
107:, in particular in
1025:Slovene Home Guard
787:Urodzony na boisku
742:poznan.wyborcza.pl
718:on 9 December 2011
127:Polish underground
30:invasion of Poland
22:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1351:
1241:
1240:
1112:Chin Defense Army
1076:collaborationists
1047:Wehrmacht foreign
1042:Waffen-SS foreign
946:
880:collaborationists
656:External link in
414:Gau Upper Silesia
404:Gau Upper Silesia
372:Gau Upper Silesia
368:French Resistance
346:Sylwester Kaliski
160:Volksgemeinschaft
1551:
1498:
1349:
995:Royal Iraqi Army
944:
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859:
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785:Zaremba, Rafał.
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400:Albin Siekierski
267:Italian campaign
259:Władysław Anders
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1266:Italian Albania
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798:Further reading
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386:Adam Baworowski
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317:Law and Justice
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263:Polish II Corps
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177:Catholic Church
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40:against them.
38:racist policies
12:
11:
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1261:German Albania
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1248:Axis countries
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895:Balli Kombëtar
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394:Reichsgau Wien
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223:Einsatzgruppen
196:formed by the
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813:In German.
325:grandfather
313:Donald Tusk
307:During the
282:Victory Day
204:engaged in
69:Victory Day
1528:Categories
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771:2023-12-17
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420:References
392:in 1942. (
336:Tony Halik
185:Volksliste
168:Volksliste
152:Kashubians
146:Motivation
139:Volksliste
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1397:Indonesia
1375:Indochina
1325:Manchukuo
1288:Lithuania
1246:Lists by
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862:Lists by
722:9 October
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560:146137884
364:Wehrmacht
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156:Silesians
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1462:Slovakia
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1074:Japanese
932:Chetniks
649:cite web
319:party's
181:Katowice
111:such as
101:and the
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1489:Ukraine
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1452:Romania
1390:Vietnam
1365:Hungary
1347:Finland
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1295:Belgium
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299:Postwar
287:On the
234:On the
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