828:
956:, but was aided in its military assault on the Soviet Union by Germany from the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, and in its defence against Soviet attacks in 1944 prior to the separate peace with the Soviet Union in 1944. Finland was led by its elected president and parliament during the whole 1939–1945 period. As a result, some political scientists name it as one of the few instances where a democratic country was engaged in a war against one or more other democratic countries, namely the democracies in the Allied forces. However, nearly all Finnish military engagements in World War II were fought solely against an autocratic power, the Soviet Union, and the lack of direct conflicts specifically with other democratic countries leads others to exclude Finnish involvement in World War II as an example of a war between two or more democracies.
851:, a less formal alliance than the Tripartite Pact seen as by the Nazi leadership as a "litmus test of loyalty". The Finnish leadership adhered to many written and oral agreements on practical co-operation with Germany during the conflict. Finland was one of Germany's most important allies in the attack on the Soviet Union, allowing German troops to be based in Finland before the attack and joining in the attack on the USSR almost immediately. The 1947 Paris Peace treaty signed by Finland stated that Finland had been "an ally of Hitlerite Germany" and bore partial responsibility for the conflict.
421:, cutting the country in half. Finally, a drive from the north was intended to capture the Petsamo region. By late December the Soviets had become bogged down, with the two main fronts at a standstill as the Finns counterattacked with greater strength than anticipated. With the failure of two of its three offensives by the end of December, Soviet headquarters ordered a cessation of operations. By 27 December, it was observed that the Soviets were digging in on the Karelian Isthmus. In the north, the Finns had been pushed back to
30:
938:, Finland was anomalous: It was the only European country bordering the Soviet Union in 1939 which was still unoccupied by 1945. It was a country which sided with Germany, but in which native Jews and almost all refugees were safe from persecution. It was the only country that fought alongside Nazi Germany which maintained democracy throughout the war. It was in fact the only democracy in mainland Europe that remained so despite being an involved party in the war.
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thus keeping constant pressure on the
Finnish defenders. It seemed that the Red Army had inexhaustible amounts of ammunition and supplies, as attacks were always preceded by barrages, followed by aerial assaults and then random troop movements against the lines. Finnish military and government leaders realized that their only hope of preserving their nation lay in negotiating a peace treaty with
344:
117:
537:
273:
425:, but with reinforcements, had been able to take the higher ground and halt the Soviet advance south of Petsamo. During this period the Finns harassed supply columns and carried out raids against fortified Soviet positions. A lull followed in January 1940, as the Soviet army reassessed its strategy, and rearmed and resupplied. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet
920:
941:
According to the
Finnish records 19,085 Soviet prisoners of war died in Finnish prison camps during the Continuation War, which means that 29.6% of Soviet POWs taken by the Finns did not survive. The high number of fatalities was mainly due to malnutrition and diseases. However, about 1,000 POWs were
748:
Initially the warfare was cautious on both sides, reflecting the previous cooperation of the two countries against their common enemy, but by the end of 1944 the fighting intensified. Finland and
Germany had made an informal agreement and schedule for German troops to withdraw from Lapland to Norway.
494:
The period of peace following the Winter War was widely regarded in
Finland as temporary, even when peace was announced in March 1940. A period of frantic diplomatic efforts and rearmament followed. The Soviet Union kept up intense pressure on Finland, thereby hastening the Finnish efforts to improve
404:
composed of 16 divisions, with another three being brought into position; meanwhile, the
Finnish army had just 9 smaller divisions. The Soviets also enjoyed overwhelming superiority in the number of armour and air units deployed. The Finns had to defend a border that was some 1287 km (800 miles)
698:
The conditions for peace were similar to those previously agreed in the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty, with
Finland being forced to cede parts of Finnish Karelia, a part of Salla and islands in the Gulf of Finland. The new armistice also handed the whole of Petsamo over to the Soviet Union. Finland also
436:
The last phase began in
February 1940, with a major artillery barrage that began on the 2nd and lasted until the 11th, accompanied by reconnaissance raids at key objectives. The Soviets, using new equipment and materials, also began using the tactic of rotating troops from the reserve to the front,
854:
Finland was an anomaly among German allies in that it retained an independent, democratic government. Moreover, during the war, Finland kept its army outside the German command structure despite numerous attempts by the
Germans to tie them more tightly together. Finland managed not to take part in
460:
was sent to
Helsinki in mid-February. It placed heavy demands on Finland, claiming more land for the USSR and imposing significant diplomatic and military sanctions. By 28 February, Molotov had made his offer into an ultimatum with a 48-hour time limit, which pushed the Finnish leadership to act
798:
as a military base for fifty years. The reparations were initially thought to be crippling for the economy, but a determined effort was made to pay them. The reparations were reduced by 25% in 1948 by the Soviet Union and were paid off in 1952. Porkkala was returned to
Finnish control in 1956.
412:
were the primary focus of the Soviet war effort. A two-pronged attack was launched in this region, with one pincer engaging Finnish forces on the Isthmus while the other went around Lake Ladoga in an attempt at encircling the defenders. This force was then to advance to and capture the city of
580:
for help in restoring peaceful relations between Finland and the Soviet Union on 4 August 1941. Finland's refusal of the Soviet offer of territorial concessions in exchange for a peace treaty would later cause Great Britain to declare war on Finland on 6 December (the US maintained diplomatic
752:
The Germans adopted a scorched-earth policy, and proceeded to lay waste to the entire northern half of the country as they retreated. Around 100,000 people lost their homes, adding to the burden of post-war reconstruction. The actual loss of life, however, was relatively light. Finland lost
232:(7 November 1917 – 16 June 1923). Mannerheim favoured intervention against the Bolsheviks but suspicion of the White Russians who refused to recognise Finnish independence led to his aggressive policy being overruled; then, the Bolshevik victory in Russia forestalled Finnish hostilities.
197:
and peace negotiations between the Bolsheviks and Germany collapsed, German troops intervened in the country and occupied Helsinki and Finland. The Red faction was defeated and the survivors were subjected to a reign of terror, in which at least 12,000 people died. A new government, with
551:
Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941. On 25 June the Soviet Union launched an air raid against Finnish cities, after which Finland declared war and also allowed German troops stationed in Finland to begin offensive warfare. The resulting war was known to the Finns as the
649:
that Finland would not negotiate peace with the Soviet Union for as long as he was the president. In exchange, Germany delivered weapons to the Finns. After the Soviet offensive was halted, however, Ryti resigned. Due to the war, elections could not be held, and therefore the
866:
were not persecuted, and even among extremists of the Finnish Right they were highly tolerated, as many leaders of the movement came from the clergy. Of approximately 500 Jewish refugees, eight were handed over to the Germans, a fact for which Finnish prime minister
630:, attaining vast numerical superiority and surprising the Finnish army. This attack pushed the Finnish forces approximately to the same positions as they were holding at the end of the Winter War. Eventually, the Soviet offensive was fought to a standstill in the
336:. It was subsequently found that the Soviets had in fact shelled their own village, in order to create a pretext for withdrawal from their non-aggression pact with Finland. On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland. The attack was denounced by the
967:
also expressed similar views in 1993. However the view that Finland only fought separately during the Second World War remains controversial within Finland and was not generally accepted outside Finland. In a 2008 poll of 28 Finnish historians carried out by
251:
in the north. The importance of the Murmansk railway, built in 1916, led the Soviet delegation to reject the Finnish border proposal, and the treaty of 14 October 1920 recognised a border agreement in which Finland obtained the northern port of
448:
from other countries was very limited, as none of Finland's neighbors were willing to commit their militaries to a war against the USSR. The need for a diplomatic solution became even more apparent after Soviet forces broke through the
375:, with subsidiary attacks all along the Finnish-Soviet border. This had the effect of instantly unifying the once deeply-divided Finnish people in defense of their homes and country, without any referendums needing to be carried out.
1124:
League of nations' expulsion of the USSR 14 December 1939. League of Nations, Official Journal 1939, p. 506 (Council Resolution); p. 540 (Assembly Resolution.) RESOLUTION Adopted by the Council of the League of Nations, 14 December
599:
In December 1941, the Finnish army took defensive positions. This led to a long period of relative calm in the front line, lasting until 1944. During this period, starting at 1941 but especially after the major German defeat in the
86:
The Soviet attempt to conquer Finland in the Winter War was thwarted, and by the end of World War II, Finland remained an independent country. However, Finland ceded approximately 10% of its territory to the Soviet Union, including
604:, intermittent peace inquiries took place. These negotiations did not lead to any settlement. In September 1943, a few months after Stalingrad, Finland indicated its independence of Germany by not recognizing the puppet
827:
569:
898:
for a full-scale investigation by the Finnish authorities of the prisoner exchange. In the subsequent study by Professor Heikki Ylikangas it turned out that about 2,000 of the exchanged prisoners joined the
400:, intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki. The Soviets had been building up their forces on the border during the earlier negotiations, and now fielded four
408:
The Winter War was fought in three stages: the initial Soviet advance, a short lull, and then a renewed Soviet offensive. The war was fought mainly in three areas. The Karelian Isthmus and the area of
332:, and various islands in the Gulf of Finland, all of which were considered by the Finns to be Finnish territory. No agreement was reached. On 26 November the Soviet Union accused the Finnish army of
556:. During the summer and autumn of 1941 the Finnish Army was on the offensive, retaking the territories lost in the Winter War. The Finnish army also advanced further, especially in the direction of
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5889:
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814:(YYA Treaty) with the Soviet Union in which the Soviet Union agreed to the neutral status of Finland. Arms purchases were balanced between East and West until the fall of the Soviet Union.
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5905:
4177:
949:. The first camp was set up on 24 October 1941, in Petrozavodsk. Of these interned civilians 4,361 perished mainly due to malnourishment, 90% of them during the spring and summer of 1942.
224:
on 9 November 1918, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent, German troops left Finland, and British ships patrolled the Baltic Sea. Mannerheim was elected regent by the
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agreed to legalize communist parties and ban fascist organizations. Finally, the armistice also demanded that Finland expel German troops from its territory, which was the cause of the
673:. This, and the heavy casualties inflicted on the Red Army by the Finns, led to the transfer of most troops from the Finnish front. On 4 September 1944 a ceasefire was agreed, and the
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was signed, with hostilities ending the following day. By the terms of the treaty, Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the USSR. This was more territory than the Soviets had
305:, relations between Finland and the Soviet Union were tense. Some elements in Finland maintained the dream of a "Greater Finland" which included the Soviet-controlled part of
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963:, speaking in 2005, said that "For us the world war meant a separate war against the Soviet Union and we did not incur any debt of gratitude to others". Finnish President
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The Soviet Union did not accept this "friendliness" and pressured Finland to take a more active role in pushing the Germans out of Lapland, thus intensifying hostilities.
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relations with Finland until the summer of 1944). The German and Finnish troops in Northern Finland were less successful, failing to take the Russian port city of
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The tenacity of the Finnish people, both military and civilian, in the face of a superior opponent gained the country much sympathy throughout the world; however,
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806:. The country was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union, but was the only country on the Soviet pre-World War II border to retain democracy and a
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264:. Claims on areas of Eastern Karelia were abandoned and the Soviets accepted that the south-eastern border would not be moved west of Petrograd.
638:. However, the war had exhausted Finnish resources and it was believed that the country would not be able to hold against another major attack.
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91:(Finland's second-largest city or fourth-largest city , depending on the census data). Finland was also required to pay out a large amount of
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rendered these efforts fruitless. Finland then turned to Nazi Germany for military aid. As the German offensive against the Soviet Union (
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approximately 1,000 troops and Germany about 2,000. The Finnish army expelled the last of the foreign troops from Finland in April 1945.
498:
Defensive arrangements were attempted with Sweden and the United Kingdom, but the political and military situation in the context of the
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547:(Sturmgeschütz III Ausf. G, "Sturmi"). Photograph was taken on 4 June 1944 during Marshal Mannerheim's birthday parade at Enso, Finland.
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506:) approached, the cooperation between the two countries intensified. German troops arrived in Finland and took up positions, mostly in
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1981:
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Kelly, Bernard. "Drifting Towards War: The British Chiefs of Staff, the USSR and the Winter War, November 1939 – March 1940."
847:. Finland was dependent on food, fuel, and armament shipments from Germany during this period, and was influenced to sign the
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1944:
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691:
The Moscow armistice was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 19 September 1944 ending the Continuation War, though the
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clearance activities lasted until 1950. The mines caused many military and civilian casualties, particularly in Lapland.
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Kivimäki, Ville. "Introduction Three Wars and Their Epitaphs: The Finnish History and Scholarship of World War II." in
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974:, 16 said that Finland had been an ally of Nazi Germany, six said it had not been, and six did not take a position.
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and to formally acknowledge partial responsibility for the Continuation War. Finnish political policy during the
786:, Finland was classified as an ally of Nazi Germany, bearing its responsibility for the war. The treaty imposed
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and Russian troops throughout the country, a process which began on 27 January and led to the beginning of the
17:
1586:– Vuonokari, Tuulikki; university paper at the Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere, 2003.
29:
2165:
677:
between the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on one side and Finland on the other was signed on 19 September.
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The American Presidency Project: Franklin D. Roosevelt – XXXII president of the United States: 1933–1945.
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government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the USSR was willing to negotiate peace.
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634:, while still tens or hundreds of kilometres in front of the main Finnish line of fortifications, the
41:
between Norway, Sweden, and Finland on 27 April 1945, which marked the end of World War II in Finland.
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156:. During the period of Russian rule the country generally prospered. On 6 December 1917, during the
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The Finnish front had become a sideshow for the Soviet leadership, as they were in a race to reach
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1955:
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737:, the northernmost part of Finland. The main strategic interest of Germany in the region was the
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with the Allied Powers, which stipulated expulsion of Nazi German forces from Finnish territory.
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On 12 October the Soviet Union began negotiations with Finland regarding the disposition of the
321:, which included a secret clause demarcating Finland as part of the Soviet sphere of influence.
56:, followed by another, this time offensive, war against the Soviet Union acting in concert with
2290:
Kivimäki, Ville. "Between defeat and victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War."
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Forster, Kent. "Finland's Foreign Policy 1940–1941: An Ongoing Historiographic Controversy,"
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1940:
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Forster, Kent. "Finland's Foreign Policy 1940–1941: An Ongoing Historiographic Controversy,"
1870:
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417:. The second front was in central Karelia, where Soviet forces were to advance to the city of
337:
229:
187:
157:
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928:
831:
In front are Finnish soldiers, and behind are German Waffen-SS volunteers on a rail cart in
686:
674:
553:
529:
519:
499:
325:
310:
80:
68:
166:) declared independence from Russia, which was accepted by the Bolshevik government of the
7852:
7564:
7479:
7437:
7335:
7278:
7146:
6928:
6919:
6448:
6030:
6006:
5602:
5260:
4337:
3542:
3537:
3482:
3391:
3350:
2888:
2588:
1686:
1582:
953:
844:
840:
450:
329:
302:
296:
3214:
1411:
116:
63:
The first two major conflicts in which Finland was directly involved were the defensive
7859:
7395:
7321:
5373:
5232:
3655:
3282:
3100:
2766:
2709:
2443:
1995:
1546:"Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946"
964:
924:
868:
807:
768:
762:
387:
386:
in the north and Helsinki in the south. The leader of the Leningrad Military District,
277:
272:
145:
141:
133:
129:
100:
1988:
Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland
1122:
524:
206:, which had a Finnish-speaking majority, despite never having been a part of Finland.
8000:
7670:
5595:
5444:
5283:
3598:
2458:
2409:
1898:
1784:
1023:
960:
895:
839:
During the Continuation War (1941–1944) Finland's wartime government claimed to be a
478:
2194:
313:(now Saint Petersburg) caused worry among the Soviet leadership. On 23 August 1939,
7969:
7773:
6073:
5978:
5609:
4972:
4736:
4465:
3773:
3763:
3376:
2811:
2571:
2404:
1648:
935:
887:
771:
and the economy. From the autumn of 1944, the Finnish army and navy performed many
717:
356:
314:
276:
Sympathy service on December 20, 1939 in New York: left to right: former President
257:
203:
167:
57:
49:
2218:
Prisoners of war and internees : a book of articles by the National Archives
2015:
1931:
Rentola, Kimmo (2003). Holtsmark, Sven G.; Pharo, Helge Ø.; Tamnes, Rolf (eds.).
1488:
907:
officers, (among them a name-based estimate of 74 Jews), most likely perished in
7608:
7594:
7256:
5932:
5753:
5738:
5092:
3939:
3522:
3093:
3053:
2576:
2395:
993:
712:
700:
561:
409:
343:
340:, and as a result, the Soviet Union was expelled from that body on 14 December.
240:
228:, and Finnish policy became pro-Entente as the western powers intervened in the
149:
137:
76:
72:
2224:(in English, Finnish, and Norwegian). Helsinki: Kansallisarkisto. p. 568.
1575:
536:
6963:
6716:
6695:
5588:
4921:
4849:
3931:
3083:
3036:
2072:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell.
1545:
983:
776:
775:
clearance operations, especially in Karelia, Lapland and the Gulf of Finland.
642:
635:
557:
488:
430:
292:
244:
64:
53:
2155:
Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II
945:
When the Finnish Army controlled East Karelia between 1941 and 1944, several
351:
The aim of the invasion was to liberate the 'Red Finns' and eventually annex
7226:
6631:
6428:
6239:
6037:
5992:
5009:
4413:
4286:
2826:
2786:
2781:
2612:
872:
772:
596:
to demonstrate support for the Soviet Union. These raids were unsuccessful.
528:
Relative strengths of Finnish, German and Soviet troops at the start of the
248:
5513:
2191:
The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army
67:
against an invasion by the Soviet Union in 1939, followed by the offensive
5497:
5225:
3666:
3557:
3194:
3177:
2654:
2602:
2463:
1983:
Finnország függetlenségi harca 1917–1945, Magyar önkéntesek Finnországban
1600:
843:
of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union, and abstained from signing the
832:
803:
795:
791:
623:
582:
379:
368:
364:
96:
2284:
2182:
Nordling, Carl O. "Stalin's insistent endeavors at conquering Finland."
1994:(in Hungarian). Wysocki Légió Hagyományőrző Egyesületnek. Archived from
1937:
Counter Currents: Olav Riste and Norwegian international historiography.
1447:
3641:
3199:
3006:
1903:
Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939–1944
352:
306:
45:
2129:
Finland, Germany, and the Soviet Union, 1940-1941: The Petsamo Dispute
1822:
Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa
6107:
3512:
875:
operated by the Finnish army was probably a unique phenomenon in the
738:
666:
573:
438:
422:
414:
88:
919:
572:, which had never been a part of Finland before. This resulted with
2975:
1907:
How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939–1944
1401:
David Reynolds & Vladimir Pechatnov:The Kremlin Letters page 35
725:
was destroyed by the Germans during their retreat as part of their
202:
as prime minister, pursued a pro-German policy and sought to annex
6295:
3462:
3204:
2627:
918:
859:
despite Hitler's wishes, and refused to cut the Murmansk railway.
826:
722:
535:
523:
482:
342:
271:
236:
115:
28:
2213:
Sotavangit ja internoidut : Kansallisarkiston artikkelikirja
2137:
Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation
3209:
2339:
418:
60:
and then finally fighting alongside the Allies against Germany.
4709:
4705:
4003:
3670:
2979:
2351:
1597:"A Short but Convoluted History for Finland's Jewish Community"
733:
The Lapland War was fought between Finland and Nazi Germany in
619:, called for Finland to disassociate itself from Nazi Germany.
1933:
Motstrøms: Olav Riste og norsk internasjonal historieskrivning
886:
were handed over to the Germans in exchange for roughly 2,200
863:
802:
In subsequent years the position of Finland was unique in the
1105:
1103:
641:
The worsening situation in 1944 had led to Finnish president
239:, in Estonia, with instructions to establish a frontier from
2334:
1974:
Finland in Crisis 1940–1941: A Study in Small-Power Politics
1390:
Finland in Crisis 1940–1941: A Study in Small-Power Politics
1090:
1088:
890:
prisoners of war held by the Germans. In November 2003, the
2044:
Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia
1923:
Polvinen, Tuomo. "The Great Powers and Finland 1941–1944,"
812:
Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
75:
against the Soviets, in 1941–1944. The third conflict, the
2096:
The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War
2046:. Translated by McAlester, G. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
1816:. East Lansing, MI, Michigan University State Press, 1971.
79:
against Germany in 1944–1945, followed the signing of the
2311:
Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations
2173:
Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45
2111:
Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations
1756:
Farber, Henry S. and Gowa, Joanne. "Polities and Peace",
662:, as president and charged him with negotiating a peace.
879:
of the war. Finnish Jews fought alongside other Finns.
405:
in length, putting them at a significant disadvantage.
5367:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1820:
Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).
1653:"Wartime refugees made pawns in cruel diplomatic game"
260:, and a border roughly the same as that of the former
103:
the Soviet Union in order to maintain good relations.
1680:
Heikki Ylikankaan selvitys Valtioneuvoston kanslialle
947:
concentration camps were set up for Russian civilians
2020:(Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press.
7728:
7456:
7297:
7122:
6881:
6733:
6671:
6575:
6566:
6447:
6173:
6083:
5931:
5634:
5625:
5383:
5208:
5061:
4823:
4816:
4650:
4401:
4264:
4218:
4140:
4037:
3954:
3903:
3873:
3847:
3791:
3746:
3739:
3704:
3503:
3424:
3332:
3234:
3119:
3017:
2707:
2587:
2403:
2393:
2254:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2013).
2068:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012).
1392:. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1965, p. 35
894:submitted an official request to Finnish President
2325:An essay about Jews in Finland during World War II
2098:(Michigan: Michigan State university press, 1971).
1773:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
1412:Message Urging Finland to Break with Nazi Germany.
4368:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
1939:] (in Norwegian). Cappelen Akademisk Forlag.
510:, from where they would invade the Soviet Union.
1894:. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1961.
1785:"Historian professorit hautaavat pitkät kiistat"
1769:Russert, Bruce. "The Fact of Democratic Peace,"
1623:"The Simon Wiesenthal Center, press information"
1550:Historical Origins of International Criminal Law
371:. The first attack, on 30 November 1939, was an
8012:Military history of Finland during World War II
2340:Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918–1945 Web Site
2109:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville, eds. (2012).
608:, proclaimed by the Germans in northern Italy.
382:included cutting Finland in half and capturing
309:, while the proximity of the Finnish border to
18:Military history of Finland during World War II
2507:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
2379:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
871:issued an official apology in 2000. The field
451:Finnish defensive line on the Karelian Isthmus
4721:
4031:History of World War II by region and country
4015:
3682:
2991:
2363:
1481:The Cambridge History of the Second World War
566:closing the blockade of the city of Leningrad
8:
1848:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40
1539:
1537:
1252:
1250:
1248:
592:On 31 July 1941 the United Kingdom launched
3988:Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn
1576:Jews in Finland During the Second World War
1109:
1094:
942:shot, primarily when attempting to escape.
628:a major strategic offensive against Finland
6572:
5631:
4820:
4728:
4714:
4706:
4022:
4008:
4000:
3743:
3689:
3675:
3667:
3430:
3338:
3240:
3125:
2998:
2984:
2976:
2400:
2390:
2370:
2356:
2348:
695:was not to be signed until 1947 in Paris.
373:aerial bombardment of the city of Helsinki
2309:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville (2011).
1925:Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire
359:. To this end, a puppet government, the
1957:Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940
1470:
1468:
716:
390:, commissioned a celebratory piece from
2064:. Helsinki, Otava Publishing Co., 1967.
1265:
1049:
6553:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3918:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
2162:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–40
2131:(University of Wisconsin Press, 1968).
1840:The Winter War: Russia against Finland
1477:"The diplomacy of the Axis, 1940–1945"
71:, together with Germany and the other
54:defensive war against the Soviet Union
7424:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
6856:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6502:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6458:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5563:Rape during the occupation of Germany
3886:National Defence Training Association
1850:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1080:
170:on 31 December. In January 1918, the
124:, as the country was named until 1917
7:
6546:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5578:Rape during the liberation of France
1458:Australian Treaty Series 1948 No 2.
3860:Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency
2685:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
1842:. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972.
1655:. Helsingin Sanomat. Archived from
367:under the leadership of the exiled
93:war reparations to the Soviet Union
6772:German invasion of the Netherlands
5052:Weather events during World War II
2184:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1425:Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea
1039:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
999:Diplomatic history of World War II
25:
7403:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
2439:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1976:(Cornell University Press, 1965).
1161:
1137:
1004:East Karelian concentration camps
216:Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)
7963:
2535:Russian Liberation People's Army
2062:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns
1962:Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940
1783:Mäkinen, Esa (19 October 2008).
1322:
1149:
915:Finland and World War II overall
790:and stipulated the lease of the
788:heavy war reparations on Finland
654:selected the Marshal of Finland
317:and the Soviet Union signed the
2547:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
2330:Axis History Factbook – Finland
2292:Scandinavian Journal of History
2203:Finland in the Second World War
1892:The Diplomacy of the Winter War
1724:
1712:
1448:Text of the Armistice Agreement
1427:, Naval Institute Press, 2007,
767:The war caused great damage to
461:quickly. On 12 March 1940, the
334:shelling the village of Mainila
7650:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
5360:Territorial changes of Germany
5268:Indonesian National Revolution
3977:List of wars involving Finland
3106:History of independent Finland
2210:Westerlund, Lars, ed. (2008).
1520:"Treaty of Peace With Finland"
1197:
794:area near the Finnish capital
613:President of the United States
453:and moved on towards Viipuri.
235:Paasikivi led a delegation to
1:
7050:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7001:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
6765:German invasion of Luxembourg
5146:Mediterranean and Middle East
2608:Collaborationist Chinese Army
2335:The Battles of the Winter War
1968:(in Finnish). pp. 14–15.
1927:(1985), Issue 62, pp 133–152.
1771:Grasping the Democratic Peace
1198:Clemmesen and Faulkner (2013)
495:the security of the country.
487:Finland's concessions in the
456:A peace proposal authored by
347:First phase of the Winter war
256:(Pechenga), an outlet to the
6957:Invasion of the Soviet Union
6646:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
5964:Independent State of Croatia
2301:(Brill, 2012) pp. 1–46
2103:Contemporary British History
1489:10.1017/CHO9781139524377.015
1460:Treaty of Peace With Finland
1173:
903:. The rest, mostly army and
220:After the extinction of the
7941:End of World War II in Asia
7781:Western invasion of Germany
7288:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
7265:Second Battle of El Alamein
6835:Hundred Regiments Offensive
6807:Battle of the Mediterranean
6660:Italian invasion of Albania
4834:Air warfare of World War II
3865:National Defence University
2449:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
2256:A Companion to World War II
2070:A Companion to World War II
1954:Statistics Finland (1941).
1909:] (in Finnish). Edita.
1475:Goda, Norman J. W. (2015).
1221:
1209:
1185:
1068:
1056:
810:. Finland entered into the
656:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
361:Finnish Democratic Republic
8038:
7867:Naval bombardment of Japan
7235:First Battle of El Alamein
7154:Battle of Christmas Island
7099:Japanese invasion of Burma
6863:Italian invasion of Greece
6779:German invasion of Belgium
6751:German invasion of Denmark
6724:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
6593:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
4857:Comparative military ranks
3913:Allotment system of Sweden
3361:Government-owned companies
3032:Finland under Swedish rule
2638:First Indian National Army
2201:Vehviläinen, Olli (2002).
835:, Karelia, 22 August 1941.
760:
710:
684:
517:
476:
290:
213:
160:, the Finnish parliament (
7956:
7788:Bratislava–Brno offensive
7719:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
7343:Allied invasion of Sicily
7203:Aleutian Islands campaign
7175:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7113:Greek famine of 1941–1944
7008:Second Battle of Changsha
6913:German invasion of Greece
6758:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
5100:North and Central Pacific
4743:
3972:Demilitarization of Åland
3621:
3433:
3372:National income agreement
3341:
3243:
3128:
3064:Golden Age of Finnish Art
2389:
2274:Historiography and memory
1869:(in Finnish). Readme.fi.
1865:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020).
1737:Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot
1462:, Paris, 10 February 1947
1081:Statistics Finland (1940)
952:Finland never signed the
570:occupying Eastern Karelia
541:Finnish Armoured Division
8017:Politics of World War II
7380:Allied invasion of Italy
7357:Solomon Islands campaign
7106:Third Battle of Changsha
6703:First Battle of Changsha
6609:Second Sino-Japanese War
5549:German military brothels
5415:United States war crimes
3248:Administrative divisions
2557:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
2502:National Republican Army
2497:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2422:Albanian Fascist Militia
2186:(2003) 16#1 pp: 137–157.
2105:(2009) 23#3 pp: 267–291.
1846:Edwards, Robert (2006).
1210:Zeiler and DuBois (2012)
1164:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49
1138:Zeiler & DuBois 2013
1057:Zeiler and DuBois (2012)
909:Nazi concentration camps
823:Finland and Nazi Germany
284:and New York City Mayor
8022:20th century in Finland
8007:Finland in World War II
7802:Second Guangxi campaign
7657:Philippines (1944–1945)
7161:Battle of the Coral Sea
7064:Fall of the Philippines
6710:Battle of South Guangxi
6616:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6022:Italian Social Republic
3731:List of senior officers
3079:Finland in World War II
3069:Independence of Finland
2675:Royal Thai Armed Forces
2665:Manchukuo Imperial Army
2650:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
2598:Burma Independence Army
2530:Russian Liberation Army
2492:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
2454:Belarusian Home Defence
2418:Albanian collaborators
2299:Finland in World War II
2283:(1979) 51#2 pp 109–123
2042:Vehviläinen, O (2002).
1980:Ravasz, István (2003).
1887:(1979) 51#2 pp 109–123.
1690:, Government of Finland
1544:Tallgren, Immi (2014).
901:Russian Liberation Army
892:Simon Wiesenthal Center
884:Soviet prisoners of war
632:Battle of Tali–Ihantala
606:Italian Social Republic
397:Suite on Finnish Themes
378:Strategic goals of the
319:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
282:Hendrik Willem van Loon
7387:Armistice of Cassibile
7189:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7140:Battle of the Java Sea
7043:Attack on Pearl Harbor
6943:Syria–Lebanon campaign
6936:Battle of South Shanxi
6906:Invasion of Yugoslavia
6689:Battle of the Atlantic
6303:Korean Liberation Army
6016:(until September 1943)
5973:(until September 1944)
5951:(until September 1944)
3698:Finnish Defence Forces
2660:Malayan Volunteer Army
2526:Russian collaborators
2474:Finnish Defence Forces
1760:, Vol. 20 no. 2, 1995.
1758:International Security
1739:– Laine, Antti; 1982,
931:
836:
730:
647:his personal guarantee
611:On 16 March 1944, the
548:
533:
491:
348:
288:
262:Grand Duchy of Finland
125:
122:Grand Duchy of Finland
42:
7551:Second Battle of Guam
7447:Bengal famine of 1943
7417:Second Battle of Kiev
7373:Battle of the Dnieper
7078:Battle of Wake Island
6950:East African campaign
6892:Battle of South Henan
6537:atrocities by Germans
6310:Korean Volunteer Army
5291:Occupation of Germany
5045:Music in World War II
2680:Russian Fascist Party
2469:Croatian Armed Forces
2294:37.4 (2012): 482–504.
2205:. Palgrave-Macmillan.
2139:. C. Hurst & Co.
2135:Kirby, D. G. (1979).
1701:Finland and Holocaust
1685:8 August 2007 at the
922:
830:
727:scorched earth policy
720:
617:Franklin D. Roosevelt
539:
527:
486:
363:, was established in
346:
275:
222:Hohenzollern monarchy
178:to use local Finnish
119:
32:
7837:Surrender of Germany
7315:Battle of West Hubei
7272:Guadalcanal campaign
7242:Battle of Stalingrad
7168:Battle of Madagascar
5942:Albania protectorate
5729:(formerly Swaziland)
5438:Wehrmacht war crimes
5254:Expulsion of Germans
5038:Art and World War II
4936:British contribution
4885:Governments in exile
3881:Finnish Border Guard
3716:President of Finland
3609:World Heritage Sites
2645:Inner Mongolian Army
2633:Indian National Army
2517:Royal Hungarian Army
2512:Romanian Land Forces
2281:Scandinavian Studies
2014:Reiter, Dan (2009).
1885:Scandinavian Studies
1651:(16 November 2003).
1629:on 26 September 2007
1581:3 March 2016 at the
1014:Finnish Armed Forces
622:On 9 June 1944, the
602:Battle of Stalingrad
587:Operation Silver Fox
568:from the north, and
543:- Sturmkanone 40 or
504:Operation Barbarossa
200:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
140:. Finland entered a
132:seized Finland from
112:Finnish independence
48:participated in the
7927:Potsdam Declaration
7816:Italy (Spring 1945)
7579:Liberation of Paris
7036:Siege of Sevastopol
6054:(until August 1944)
5957:Wang Jingwei regime
5779:from September 1943
5739:from September 1944
5677:from September 1944
5537:Romanian war crimes
5528:Persecution of Jews
5514:Croatian war crimes
5484:Japanese war crimes
5298:Occupation of Japan
5247:First Indochina War
4959:Military production
4871:Declarations of war
4480:Carpathian Ruthenia
3799:Ministry of Defence
3721:Minister of Defence
2690:Takasago Volunteers
2618:Gando Special Force
2542:Security Battalions
2258:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2171:Nenye, Vesa et al.
2160:Nenye, Vesa et al.
1838:Condon, Richard W.
1677:Ylikangas, Heikki,
1522:. 1947. p. 229
849:Anti-Comintern Pact
467:originally demanded
463:Moscow Peace Treaty
429:and recognized the
427:Terijoki Government
392:Dmitri Shostakovich
39:three-country cairn
7920:Surrender of Japan
7753:Battle of Iwo Jima
7602:Belgrade offensive
7015:Siege of Leningrad
6899:Battle of Shanggao
6828:British Somaliland
6793:Dunkirk evacuation
6744:Norwegian campaign
6682:Invasion of Poland
6509:Japanese prisoners
5477:Italian war crimes
5408:British war crimes
5323:Soviet occupations
5107:South-West Pacific
4994:Allied cooperation
4952:Military equipment
4070:French West Africa
4050:British Somaliland
3946:War in Afghanistan
3891:Territorial Forces
3712:Commander-in-chief
3402:Telecommunications
3042:Great Northern War
2552:Slovene Home Guard
2189:Sander, Gordon F.
2127:Krosby, H. Peter.
2001:on 20 October 2017
1972:Upton, Anthony F.
1867:Talvisota Väreissä
1699:Hannu Rautkallio,
1388:Upton, Anthony F.
1034:Siege of Leningrad
1019:History of Finland
959:Finnish President
932:
882:About 2,600–2,800
857:siege of Leningrad
837:
784:Paris Peace Treaty
731:
693:final peace treaty
660:commander-in-chief
549:
534:
492:
349:
289:
286:Fiorello LaGuardia
243:in the south, via
182:to disarm Finnish
126:
43:
7994:
7993:
7952:
7951:
7795:Battle of Okinawa
7694:Burma (1944–1945)
7528:Mariana and Palau
7308:Tunisian campaign
7133:Fall of Singapore
7057:Fall of Hong Kong
6800:Battle of Britain
6653:Operation Himmler
6562:
6561:
6226:Dutch East Indies
5869:Southern Rhodesia
5621:
5620:
5521:Genocide of Serbs
5424:German war crimes
5401:Soviet war crimes
5394:Allied war crimes
5240:Division of Korea
5219:Chinese Civil War
5017:Strategic bombing
4929:Manhattan Project
4703:
4702:
4294:Dutch East Indies
4132:Southern Rhodesia
4065:French Somaliland
3997:
3996:
3923:Finnish Civil War
3899:
3898:
3778:list of equipment
3768:list of equipment
3754:Finnish Air Force
3664:
3663:
3617:
3616:
3420:
3419:
3328:
3327:
3310:Political parties
3263:Foreign relations
3230:
3229:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2952:
2808:
2703:
2702:
2591:collaborationists
2567:Wehrmacht foreign
2562:Waffen-SS foreign
2478:
2412:collaborationists
2241:on 15 August 2014
2153:Lunde, Henrik O.
2120:978-90-04-21433-0
2113:. Leiden: BRILL.
2079:978-1-4051-9681-9
1916:978-951-37-5278-1
1876:978-952-373-053-3
1857:978-0-297-84630-7
1831:978-90-04-24908-0
1789:Helsingin Sanomat
1423:Howard D. Grier.
1009:Nazism in Finland
971:Helsingin Sanomat
338:League of Nations
230:Russian Civil War
188:Finnish Civil War
158:Russian Civil War
33:Finnish soldiers
16:(Redirected from
8029:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7970:World portal
7968:
7967:
7943:
7936:
7929:
7922:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7830:Prague offensive
7825:
7823:Battle of Berlin
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7767:Vienna offensive
7762:
7755:
7748:
7746:Battle of Manila
7741:
7721:
7712:
7703:
7696:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7636:
7627:
7620:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7539:
7530:
7523:
7514:
7505:
7496:
7489:
7487:Korsun–Cherkassy
7482:
7471:
7449:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7329:Bombing of Gorky
7324:
7317:
7310:
7290:
7283:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7196:Battle of Midway
7191:
7184:
7182:Battle of Gazala
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7092:Battle of Borneo
7087:
7085:Malayan campaign
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7029:Bombing of Gorky
7024:
7022:Battle of Moscow
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6874:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6786:Battle of France
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6639:Munich Agreement
6634:
6627:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6595:
6588:
6573:
6555:
6548:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6524:Soviet prisoners
6518:
6511:
6504:
6495:
6488:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6464:German prisoners
6460:
6440:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6002:
6000:French Indochina
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5944:
5924:
5915:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5847:from August 1944
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5730:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5632:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5573:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5539:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5491:Nanjing Massacre
5486:
5479:
5470:
5468:Nuremberg trials
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5201:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5072:Asia and Pacific
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5003:
5001:Mulberry harbour
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4843:
4836:
4821:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4707:
4454:Military history
4208:Native Americans
4024:
4017:
4010:
4001:
3936:Continuation War
3826:Plans and Policy
3758:list of aircraft
3744:
3726:Chief of Defence
3691:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3592:Independence Day
3582:National symbols
3431:
3339:
3241:
3133:Cities and towns
3126:
3111:Military history
3089:Continuation War
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2950:
2806:
2522:Royal Iraqi Army
2476:
2401:
2391:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2314:
2269:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2234:. Archived from
2223:
2206:
2150:
2124:
2083:
2060:Warner, Oliver.
2057:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1969:
1967:
1950:
1920:
1880:
1861:
1835:
1812:Chew, Allen F..
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:, New York, 1987
1697:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1625:. Archived from
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1599:. Archived from
1593:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:Enkenberg, p.215
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1150:Vehviläinen 2002
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:, pp. 7–10.
1110:Vehviläinen 2002
1107:
1098:
1095:Vehviläinen 2002
1092:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1026:, devastated by
989:Continuation War
929:Molotov cocktail
687:Moscow armistice
681:Moscow armistice
675:Moscow Armistice
554:Continuation War
530:Continuation War
520:Continuation War
514:Continuation War
500:Second World War
446:material support
326:Karelian Isthmus
174:ordered General
163:Suomen Eduskunta
81:Moscow Armistice
69:Continuation War
50:Second World War
21:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8026:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7983:
7976:
7962:
7960:
7948:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7886:
7881:Atomic bombings
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7842:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7724:
7717:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7639:
7630:
7623:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7584:
7577:
7572:Eastern Romania
7570:
7565:Warsaw Uprising
7563:
7558:Tannenberg Line
7556:
7549:
7544:Western Ukraine
7542:
7533:
7526:
7517:
7508:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7474:
7465:
7452:
7445:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7336:Battle of Kursk
7334:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7293:
7286:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7224:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7147:St Nazaire Raid
7145:
7138:
7131:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6985:
6971:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6929:Anglo-Iraqi War
6927:
6920:Battle of Crete
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6877:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6849:Eastern Romania
6847:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6667:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6591:
6584:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6535:
6528:
6523:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6491:
6484:
6475:
6468:
6463:
6456:
6443:
6436:
6427:
6420:
6415:
6410:Western Ukraine
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6354:Northeast China
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6060:Slovak Republic
6058:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6031:Empire of Japan
6029:
6020:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5940:
5927:
5920:
5911:
5904:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5733:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5617:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5576:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5543:Sexual violence
5542:
5535:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5466:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5312:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5266:
5261:Greek Civil War
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5204:
5197:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5086:South-East Asia
5084:
5077:
5070:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4945:Military awards
4943:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4734:
4704:
4699:
4695:Pacific Islands
4690:Solomon Islands
4670:Gilbert Islands
4652:
4646:
4625:Channel Islands
4397:
4260:
4214:
4136:
4033:
4028:
3998:
3993:
3950:
3895:
3869:
3843:
3804:Defence Command
3787:
3735:
3700:
3695:
3665:
3660:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3613:
3587:Public holidays
3499:
3416:
3324:
3288:Law enforcement
3226:
3115:
3047:The Great Wrath
3013:
3004:
2974:
2965:
2728:Italian Albania
2699:
2583:
2408:
2385:
2376:
2345:
2321:
2308:
2276:
2266:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2221:
2209:
2200:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2108:
2094:Chew, Allen F.
2091:
2089:Further reading
2086:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1979:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1930:
1917:
1897:
1890:Jakobson, Max.
1877:
1864:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1814:The White Death
1808:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1731:
1725:Westerlund 2008
1723:
1719:
1713:Westerlund 2008
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1687:Wayback Machine
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1603:on 4 April 2013
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:Wayback Machine
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1379:Jakobson, p.238
1378:
1374:
1370:Jakobson, p.239
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1242:Jakobson, p.157
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1162:Manninen (2008)
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1097:, pp. 5–7.
1093:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1028:Soviet partisan
980:
954:Tripartite Pact
917:
845:Tripartite Pact
825:
820:
782:As part of the
765:
759:
721:The village of
715:
709:
689:
683:
645:giving Germany
522:
516:
481:
475:
330:Hanko Peninsula
303:Interwar period
299:
297:Mannerheim Line
291:Main articles:
270:
218:
212:
210:Treaty of Tartu
204:Russian Karelia
176:Carl Mannerheim
152:with extensive
114:
109:
52:initially in a
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8035:
8033:
8025:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
7999:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7900:
7897:South Sakhalin
7893:
7892:
7891:
7877:
7870:
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7399:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7376:
7369:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7322:Battle of Attu
7318:
7311:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
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7284:
7275:
7268:
7261:
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7128:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7071:Battle of Guam
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6994:Battle of Kiev
6990:
6983:
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6493:United Kingdom
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5897:British Empire
5890:United Kingdom
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5839:
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5804:
5797:
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5706:Czechoslovakia
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5669:
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5648:
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5629:
5623:
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5603:Rape of Manila
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5389:
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5378:
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5374:United Nations
5370:
5363:
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5319:
5310:
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5287:
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5271:
5264:
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5233:Decolonization
5229:
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4906:United Kingdom
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4615:British Empire
4610:United Kingdom
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
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4583:Basque Country
4575:
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4459:Basque Country
4456:
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4429:Czechoslovakia
4426:
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3982:Military ranks
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3495:Welfare system
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3448:Climate change
3445:
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3404:
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3392:Stock exchange
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3353:
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3329:
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3320:Prime Minister
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3163:National parks
3160:
3158:Municipalities
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Extreme points
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Finlandization
3098:
3097:
3096:
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3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
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2725:
2723:German Albania
2714:
2712:
2710:Axis countries
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2695:Vanguard Youth
2692:
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2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Armistice Army
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:Balli Kombëtar
2424:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2383:Imperial Japan
2377:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2319:External links
2317:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2295:
2288:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:978-1405196819
2264:
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2106:
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2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2027:978-0691140605
2026:
2011:
1977:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1899:Manninen, Ohto
1895:
1888:
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1659:on 4 June 2011
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1323:Trotter (2002)
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1174:Rentola (2003)
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1099:
1084:
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1030:attack in 1944
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
979:
976:
965:Mauno Koivisto
925:Satchel charge
916:
913:
869:Paavo Lipponen
841:co-belligerent
824:
821:
819:
816:
808:market economy
769:infrastructure
763:Finlandization
761:Main article:
758:
755:
711:Main article:
708:
705:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
671:Western Allies
658:, the Finnish
518:Main article:
515:
512:
477:Main article:
474:
471:
388:Andrei Zhdanov
369:O. W. Kuusinen
278:Herbert Hoover
269:
266:
214:Main article:
211:
208:
146:Russian Empire
142:personal union
130:Russian Empire
113:
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35:raise the flag
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7904:Kuril Islands
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7671:Syrmian Front
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7617:Market Garden
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6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:Baltic states
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6486:United States
6483:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:Quốc dân Đảng
6419:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:Liechtenstein
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:United States
5903:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:Comfort women
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5580: /
5579:
5575:
5572:
5569: /
5568:
5565: /
5564:
5560:
5557:
5556:Camp brothels
5553:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:The Holocaust
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5431:forced labour
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:Marshall Plan
5281:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5137:Eastern Front
5134:
5131:
5130:Western Front
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:Puppet states
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:Naval history
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4913:United States
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Liechtenstein
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Latin America
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:South America
4217:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:United States
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:North America
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Belgian Congo
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Civil defence
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3782:list of ships
3779:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Ship-building
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:Baltic states
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Golden Square
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Golden Square
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Blue Division
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:Cham Albanian
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2231:9789515331397
2227:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2195:online review
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:0-905838-15-7
2142:
2138:
2133:
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2126:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2107:
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2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
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2075:
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2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:0-333-80149-0
2049:
2045:
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1746:
1745:951-1-06947-0
1742:
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1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Jakobson, Max
1644:
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1602:
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1498:9781139524377
1494:
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1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:1-59114-345-4
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1414:16 March 1944
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1361:Warner, p.157
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:Warner, p.155
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1325:, pp. 234–235
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:Warner, p.153
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1286:Warner, p.150
1283:
1280:
1277:Warner, p.148
1274:
1271:
1268:, p. 98.
1267:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1233:Warner, p.147
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:Reiter (2009)
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:Ravasz (2003)
1182:
1179:
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1106:
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1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:Reiter (2009)
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
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1044:
1040:
1037:
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1032:
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990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
973:
972:
966:
962:
961:Tarja Halonen
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
939:
937:
930:
926:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
896:Tarja Halonen
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
877:Eastern Front
874:
870:
865:
860:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
834:
829:
822:
817:
815:
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797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
764:
756:
754:
750:
746:
744:
741:mines in the
740:
736:
728:
724:
719:
714:
706:
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696:
694:
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609:
607:
603:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:, (east from
559:
555:
546:
542:
538:
531:
526:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
490:
485:
480:
479:Interim Peace
473:Interim peace
472:
470:
468:
464:
459:
454:
452:
447:
442:
440:
434:
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428:
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246:
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217:
209:
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201:
196:
195:Eastern Front
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:In 1809, the
123:
118:
111:
106:
104:
102:
99:was aimed at
98:
94:
90:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
7978:Bibliography
7961:
7774:Project Hula
7739:Vistula–Oder
7708:
7641:
7632:
7616:
7586:
7535:
7519:
7510:
7501:
7467:
7364:
7279:
7255:
7225:
6976:
6869:
6814:North Africa
6516:Soviet Union
6470:Soviet Union
6396:Soviet Union
6164:Vatican City
6074:Vichy France
5979:German Reich
5970:
5876:Soviet Union
5862:South Africa
5855:Sierra Leone
5808:Newfoundland
5734:
5627:Participants
5610:Marocchinate
5314:
5305:
5275:
5153:North Africa
5114:Indian Ocean
4973:Nazi plunder
4864:Cryptography
4737:World War II
4637:Vatican City
4556:Soviet Union
4443:
4304:West Sumatra
4173:Newfoundland
4127:South Africa
4122:Sierra Leone
4100:North Africa
3986:
3967:Conscription
3928:World War II
3927:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:Intelligence
3811:
3807:
3806:(Divisions:
3774:Finnish Navy
3764:Finnish Army
3740:Organization
3642:Bibliography
3559:The Kalevala
3558:
3533:Coat of arms
3518:Architecture
3453:Demographics
3377:Nordic model
3351:Central bank
3273:Human rights
3253:Constitution
3078:
2919:Soviet Union
2807:(until 1944)
2803:
2572:Afrika Korps
2477:(until 1944)
2344:
2310:
2298:
2291:
2280:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2217:
2212:
2202:
2190:
2183:
2172:
2161:
2154:
2136:
2128:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2069:
2061:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2017:How Wars End
2016:
2003:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1987:
1982:
1973:
1961:
1956:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1906:
1902:
1891:
1884:
1866:
1847:
1839:
1821:
1813:
1806:Bibliography
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1678:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1591:
1574:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1553:
1549:
1524:. Retrieved
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1480:
1454:
1443:
1424:
1419:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1266:Edwards 2006
1261:
1238:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1076:
1064:
1052:
969:
958:
951:
944:
940:
936:World War II
933:
881:
861:
853:
838:
801:
781:
766:
751:
747:
732:
697:
690:
664:
640:
621:
610:
598:
594:Operation EF
591:
550:
532:in June 1941
497:
493:
455:
443:
435:
407:
395:
377:
357:Soviet Union
350:
323:
315:Nazi Germany
300:
258:Arctic Ocean
234:
225:
219:
192:
180:White Guards
171:
168:Soviet Union
162:
127:
85:
62:
58:Nazi Germany
44:
26:
7709:Bodenplatte
7595:Gothic Line
6821:West Africa
6368:Philippines
6347:Netherlands
6212:Czech lands
6150:Switzerland
6094:Afghanistan
6045:Philippines
5913:Puerto Rico
5829:Philippines
5815:New Zealand
5801:Netherlands
5754:Free France
5505:Prosecution
5306:Osoaviakhim
5176:West Africa
5160:East Africa
4807:Conferences
4685:New Zealand
4651:Oceania and
4605:Switzerland
4566:Byelorussia
4521:Netherlands
4363:Philippines
4203:Puerto Rico
4158:El Salvador
3940:Lapland War
3848:Specialized
3346:Agriculture
3190:Urban areas
3094:Lapland War
3059:Grand Duchy
3054:Finnish War
2924:Byelorussia
2894:Philippines
2884:Netherlands
2577:Ostlegionen
2396:Axis forces
1483:: 276–300.
1352:Chew, p.146
1176:pp. 188–217
994:Lapland War
713:Lapland War
707:Lapland War
701:Lapland War
669:before the
562:Lake Ladoga
410:Lake Ladoga
301:During the
241:Lake Ladoga
150:grand duchy
138:Finnish War
77:Lapland War
73:Axis Powers
8001:Categories
7809:West Hunan
7642:Pointblank
6978:Silver Fox
6964:Summer War
6717:Winter War
6696:Phoney War
6477:Azerbaijan
6438:Yugoslavia
6333:Luxembourg
6175:Resistance
5922:Yugoslavia
5787:Luxembourg
5589:Sook Ching
5385:War crimes
4987:Technology
4980:Opposition
4922:Lend-Lease
4899:Australian
4892:Home front
4850:Blitzkrieg
4800:Casualties
4791:Commanders
4763:Operations
4680:New Guinea
4660:Antarctica
4653:Antarctica
4642:Yugoslavia
4561:Azerbaijan
4516:Luxembourg
4299:New Guinea
4198:New Mexico
4188:California
4095:Madagascar
4080:Gold Coast
4075:The Gambia
3932:Winter War
3830:C5 Systems
3818:Operations
3705:Leadership
3553:Literature
3468:Healthcare
3305:Parliament
3268:Government
3084:Winter War
3037:Cudgel War
3027:Prehistory
2874:Luxembourg
2245:25 October
2033:29 October
2005:26 January
1946:8202218284
1794:7 February
1607:8 November
1560:25 October
1526:23 October
1504:25 October
1304:Chew, p.71
1295:Chew, p.70
1024:Seitajärvi
984:Winter War
818:Assessment
652:Parliament
643:Risto Ryti
636:Salpa Line
558:Lake Onega
489:Winter War
293:Winter War
268:Winter War
245:Lake Onega
193:After the
184:Red Guards
107:Background
65:Winter War
7874:Manchuria
7760:Indochina
7536:Bagration
6987:Lithuania
6632:Anschluss
6429:Viet Minh
6326:Lithuania
6268:Hong Kong
6038:Manchukuo
5993:Azad Hind
5652:Australia
5452:Aftermath
5315:Paperclip
5210:Aftermath
5010:Total war
4878:Diplomacy
4841:In Europe
4665:Australia
4630:Gibraltar
4588:Catalonia
4511:Lithuania
4373:Singapore
4321:Indochina
4311:Hong Kong
4287:Manchuria
4256:Venezuela
4226:Argentina
4163:Greenland
4117:Nyasaland
3874:Auxiliary
3822:Logistics
3808:Personnel
3577:Mythology
3473:Languages
3458:Education
3412:Transport
3315:President
3278:Judiciary
3258:Elections
3215:Jyväskylä
3168:Provinces
3121:Geography
3074:Civil War
2951:(limited)
2854:Indonesia
2832:Indochina
2782:Manchukuo
2750:Lithuania
2708:Lists by
2613:Gakutotai
2394:Lists by
2193:. (2013)
1824:. Brill.
1715:, pp. 8–9
1556:(21): 512
1256:Chew, p.6
1045:Footnotes
905:political
873:synagogue
833:Kiestinki
626:launched
578:Roosevelt
545:StuG IIIG
311:Leningrad
249:White Sea
226:Eduskunta
172:Eduskunta
144:with the
101:appeasing
7985:Category
7934:document
7844:document
7701:Ardennes
7685:Budapest
7633:Crossbow
7511:Overlord
7350:Smolensk
6568:Timeline
6403:Slovakia
6389:Thailand
6240:Ethiopia
6205:Bulgaria
6129:Portugal
6067:Thailand
5949:Bulgaria
5727:Eswatini
5720:Ethiopia
5673:Bulgaria
5498:Unit 731
5459:Response
5276:Keelhaul
5226:Cold War
5199:Americas
5190:timeline
5183:Atlantic
5063:Theaters
4551:Slovenia
4546:Slovakia
4536:Portugal
4424:Bulgaria
4378:Thailand
4353:Mongolia
4326:Cambodia
4246:Suriname
4236:Colombia
4060:Ethiopia
3834:Training
3747:Branches
3651:Category
3548:Folklore
3490:Religion
3438:Abortion
3397:Taxation
3387:Startups
3367:Industry
3293:Military
3236:Politics
3222:Wildlife
3195:Helsinki
3011:articles
2956:Thailand
2936:Chechnya
2914:Slovakia
2837:Cambodia
2787:Mongolia
2762:Bulgaria
2655:Makapili
2603:Chinilpa
2589:Japanese
2464:Chetniks
1901:(2008).
1683:Archived
1579:Archived
1224:, p. 124
1140:, p. 210
1071:, p. 124
978:See also
923:Finnish
862:Finnish
804:Cold War
796:Helsinki
792:Porkkala
777:Sea mine
757:Post-war
624:Red Army
583:Murmansk
380:Red Army
365:Terijoki
154:autonomy
97:Cold War
7911:Shumshu
7678:Hungary
7625:Estonia
7609:Lapland
7587:Dragoon
7520:Neptune
7502:Ichi-Go
7468:Tempest
7410:Changde
7365:Cottage
7257:Jubilee
6973:Finland
6871:Compass
6577:Prelude
6530:Finland
6416:Vietnam
6382:Romania
6254:Germany
6233:Estonia
6219:Denmark
6198:Belgium
6191:Austria
6184:Albania
6115:Ireland
6101:Andorra
6085:Neutral
6052:Romania
5986:Hungary
5971:Finland
5843:Romania
5735:Finland
5713:Denmark
5659:Belgium
5645:Algeria
5351:Romania
5337:Hungary
5093:Pacific
4817:General
4771:Leaders
4756:Battles
4749:Outline
4593:Galicia
4571:Ukraine
4541:Romania
4491:Ireland
4486:Iceland
4476:Hungary
4466:Germany
4444:Finland
4439:Estonia
4434:Denmark
4419:Belgium
4414:Austria
4409:Albania
4251:Uruguay
4183:Arizona
4110:Morocco
4105:Tunisia
4090:Liberia
3905:History
3855:FINCENT
3792:Command
3628:Outline
3538:Cuisine
3505:Culture
3483:Swedish
3478:Finnish
3426:Society
3407:Tourism
3334:Economy
3200:Tampere
3173:Regions
3148:Islands
3143:Geology
3019:History
3007:Finland
2941:Ukraine
2929:Belarus
2904:Romania
2847:Vietnam
2822:Hungary
2804:Finland
2799:Denmark
2794:Croatia
2757:Belgium
2740:Estonia
2718:Albania
2410:Italian
2177:excerpt
2175:(2016)
2166:excerpt
2164:(2015)
2157:(2011).
1747:, Otava
1663:31 July
1633:28 June
1152:, p. 70
934:During
743:Petsamo
735:Lapland
585:during
576:asking
508:Lapland
458:Molotov
415:Viipuri
384:Petsamo
355:to the
353:Finland
307:Karelia
254:Petsamo
247:to the
136:in the
89:Viipuri
46:Finland
37:at the
7888:Debate
7860:Taipei
7853:Borneo
7431:Tarawa
6625:Europe
6586:Africa
6375:Poland
6361:Norway
6340:Malaya
6319:Latvia
6261:Greece
6247:France
6143:Sweden
6108:Bhutan
5836:Poland
5822:Norway
5794:Mexico
5761:Greece
5747:France
5685:Canada
5666:Brazil
5636:Allies
5582:Serbia
5571:Poland
5344:Poland
5330:Baltic
5123:Europe
4825:Topics
4777:Allied
4600:Sweden
4531:Poland
4526:Norway
4501:Latvia
4471:Greece
4449:France
4402:Europe
4388:Turkey
4348:Malaya
4277:Ceylon
4231:Brazil
4193:Nevada
4168:Mexico
4148:Canada
4038:Africa
3656:Portal
3528:Cinema
3513:Anthem
3365:
3356:Energy
3185:Rivers
3009:
2961:Taiwan
2909:Serbia
2899:Poland
2889:Norway
2879:Malaya
2817:Greece
2812:France
2772:Ceylon
2745:Latvia
2405:German
2303:online
2285:online
2262:
2228:
2220:]
2143:
2117:
2076:
2050:
2024:
1990:]
1964:]
1943:
1913:
1873:
1854:
1828:
1743:
1727:, p. 8
1495:
1431:
1212:p. 210
1059:p. 210
888:Finnic
745:area.
739:nickel
667:Berlin
574:Stalin
439:Moscow
423:Nautsi
402:armies
328:, the
134:Sweden
7664:Leyte
7494:Narva
7480:Anzio
7438:Makin
7396:Burma
7280:Torch
7249:Rzhev
7210:Kiska
6296:Korea
6282:Japan
6275:Italy
6157:Tibet
6136:Spain
6014:Italy
5775:Italy
5768:India
5692:China
5567:Japan
5167:Italy
5079:China
5031:Women
4675:Nauru
4620:Wales
4578:Spain
4496:Italy
4383:Tibet
4358:Nepal
4343:Japan
4316:India
4282:China
4272:Burma
4085:Kenya
4055:Egypt
3955:Other
3838:Legal
3635:Index
3604:Sport
3599:Sauna
3572:Music
3567:Media
3463:Finns
3443:Crime
3205:Turku
3178:Åland
3153:Lakes
2948:Spain
2869:Korea
2864:Italy
2827:India
2777:China
2767:Burma
2628:Heiho
2239:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
2216:[
1999:(PDF)
1992:(PDF)
1986:[
1966:(PDF)
1960:[
1935:[
1905:[
1437:p. 31
1200:p. 76
723:Ivalo
237:Tartu
148:as a
7730:1945
7458:1944
7299:1943
7227:Blue
7217:Attu
7124:1942
6883:1941
6735:1940
6673:1939
6602:Asia
6449:POWs
6289:Jews
6007:Iraq
5933:Axis
5883:Tuva
5699:Cuba
4784:Axis
4393:Tuva
4338:Iraq
4333:Iran
4265:Asia
4153:Cuba
3938:and
3543:Flag
3298:NATO
3210:Oulu
2859:Iraq
2842:Laos
2670:PETA
2487:Hiwi
2381:and
2260:ISBN
2247:2016
2226:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2035:2010
2022:ISBN
2007:2015
1941:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1796:2021
1741:ISBN
1665:2014
1635:2007
1609:2012
1562:2020
1528:2020
1506:2020
1493:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1188:p. 3
1125:1939
927:and
864:Jews
855:the
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