Military history of the Soviet Union

1424: 30: 3618: 2019:, aircraft and other equipment in sufficient numbers to make such operations practical. To avoid overestimating the power of the Soviet army, although before 1941 Soviet formations of a given level were at least equal to and often stronger than equivalent formations of other armies, huge wartime losses and reorganisation based on war experience reversed the trend during the later war years. Thus, for example, the Soviet Tank Corps was equivalent in armored vehicle power to an American armored division, and a Soviet rifle (infantry) division, unless specifically reinforced, was often equivalent to an American infantry regiment. 2397: 270: 2437:, in part because mobilized troops with winterized clothing from Siberia were transferred from there after Stalin realized that Japan was not going to attack the Soviet Union (Japan had just attacked Pearl Harbor). The Red Army launched a powerful winter counteroffensive which pushed the Germans back from the outskirts of Moscow. At the start of 1942, the weakened Axis armies abandoned their march on Moscow and advanced south towards the 2503: 2086: 1943:'s years in power marked the height of party-military cooperation as he provided ample resources to the armed forces. In 1973 the minister of defense became a full Politburo member for the first time since 1957. Yet Brezhnev evidently felt threatened by the professional military, and he sought to create an aura of military leadership around himself in an effort to establish his authority over the armed forces. 1656: 1376: 2768:" model. More important from the perspective of the speed of the Soviet program, the Soviets had developed more uranium reserves than specialists in the American military had thought possible. From the late 1940s, the Soviet armed forces focused on adapting to the Cold War in the era of nuclear arms by achieving parity with the United States in strategic nuclear weapons. 2366: 4483: 2108:." Thanks to his control over and support from the Party and state bureaucracy, Stalin prevailed and Trotsky was removed as war commissar in 1925, resulting in a turn away from the policy of spreading the revolution abroad in favour of focusing on domestic issues and defending the country against the possibility of foreign invasion. 2855:, reflecting the Red Army doctrine that favored the use of these weapons if war came in Europe. The remainder (approximately 25,000) were strategic ICBMs. These weapons were considered both offensive and defensive in nature. The production of these weapons is one of the factors that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. 3637:

between third countries as a means of advancing their strategic interests while avoiding direct conflict between the superpowers in the nuclear age (or, in the case of the Spanish Civil War, avoiding a direct conflict with Nazi Germany at a time when neither side was prepared for such a war). In many

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from the late 1920s onwards emphasized military production over investment in the civilian economy. The high priority given to military production traditionally enabled military-industrial enterprises to commandeer the best managers, labor, and materials from civilian plants. As a result, the Soviet

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In the initial period of the war, in the face of catastrophic losses, the Red Army drastically scaled down its armored formations, with the tank brigade becoming the largest commonly deployed armored unit, and reverted to a simpler mode of operations. Nevertheless, the revolutionary doctrines of the

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proved its potency in Poland and France, the Red Army started a frantic effort to rebuild the large mechanised corps, but the task was only partly finished when the Wehrmacht attacked in 1941. The huge tank forces, powerful only on paper, were mostly annihilated by the Germans in the first months of

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were created for wartime mobilization. Soviet military schools, established during the civil war, began to graduate large numbers of trained officers loyal to the Soviet power. In an effort to increase the prestige of the military profession, the party reestablished formal military ranks, downgraded

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employed at least one of every five adults in the Soviet Union. In some regions of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, at least half of the workforce was employed in defense plants. (The comparable U.S. figures were roughly one-sixteenth of gross national product and about one of every sixteen

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By the end of World War II, the Soviet Union had a standing army of 10 to 13 million men. During and right after the war, the Red Army was by far the most powerful land army in the world. Immediately following Germany's surrender, this number was reduced to five million; this decline was indicative

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Though the Soviet Union had proposed various nuclear disarmament plans after the U.S. development of atomic weapons in the Second World War, the Cold War saw the Soviets in the process of developing and deploying nuclear weapons in full force. It would not be until the 1960s that the United States

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and some other breakaway republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets. In mid-March 1992, Yeltsin appointed himself as the new Russian minister of defence, marking a crucial step in the

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The first contribution to this was a large unilateral reduction which began with an announcement by Gorbachev in December 1988; these reductions continued as a result of the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and in accordance with Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaties. The second reason for the

2923:, the infamous IMF shock therapy, had an enormously negative impact on the strength and funding of the military. In 1985, the Soviet military had about 5.3 million men; by 1990 the number declined to about four million. At the time the Soviet Union dissolved, the residual forces belonging to the 2336:

On January 29, 1940, the Soviets put an end to their Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government and recognized the sitting government in Helsinki as the legal government of Finland, informing it that they were willing to negotiate peace. The Soviets reorganized their forces and launched a new

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By the late 1960s, the Soviet Union had reached a rough parity with the United States in some categories of strategic weaponry, and at that time offered to negotiate limits on strategic nuclear weapons deployments. The Soviet Union wished to constrain U.S. deployment of an antiballistic missile

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Many of the Soviet forces who fought to liberate the countries of Eastern Europe from Nazi control remained in the region even after Germany's surrender in 1945. Stalin used this military occupation to establish satellite states, creating a buffer zone between Germany and the Soviet Union. The

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against Finland encouraged Hitler to ignore the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and take the Red Army by surprise. During the initial stages of the war, Soviet forces were often ordered to stand their ground despite limited defensive capabilities, resulting in numerous encirclements and

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member. Concern that the Soviet army might become too powerful in politics, however, led to Zhukov's abrupt dismissal in the autumn of 1957. Khrushchev later alienated the armed forces by cutting defense expenditures on conventional forces in order to carry out his plans for economic reform.

1600:); moreover, most of them had joined the White armies. Therefore, the Workers' and Peasants' Army initially faced a shortage of experienced military leaders. To remedy this, the Bolsheviks recruited 50,000 former Imperial Army officers to command the Red Army. At the same time, they attached 1974:, a fact which strongly shaped the early stages of Red Army development. While the armies of Britain and France were content to retain strategies which had made them victorious, the Red Army proceeded to experiment and develop new tactics and concepts, developing parallel to the reborn 1916:

the Red Army of its best military leaders. Fearing that the military posed a threat to his rule, Stalin jailed or executed many Red Army officers, estimated in thousands, including three of five marshals. These actions were to severely impair the Red Army's capabilities in the

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In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian army remained in some disputed areas such as the

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and therefore poorly disciplined. The Bolsheviks considered military ranks and saluting to be bourgeois customs and abolished them; soldiers now elected their own leaders and voted on which orders to follow. This arrangement was abolished, however, under pressure of the

1853:, an organization whose sole purpose was to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State." 1908:

built the productive base necessary to modernize the Red Army. As the likelihood of war in Europe increased later in the decade, the Soviet Union tripled its military expenditures and doubled the size of its regular forces to match the power of its potential enemies.

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In the early 1980s, party-military relations became strained over the issue of resource allocations to the armed forces. Despite a downturn in economic growth, the armed forces argued, often to no avail, for more resources to develop advanced conventional weapons.

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Thousands of Baltic "forest brothers" waged a war of resistance against Soviet administration. Major fighting ended in late 1940s and early 1950s, with the defeat and disintegration of the 'forest brothers'. The last partisan, an Estonian, was killed in 1974.

1845:, and to this end early Soviet military doctrine focused on spreading the revolution abroad and expanding Soviet influence throughout the world. Lenin provided an early experiment of Marx's theory when he invaded Poland in hopes of generating a communist 2868:

Union produced some of the world's most advanced armaments. In the late 1980s, however, Gorbachev transferred some leading defense-industry officials to the civilian sector of the economy in an effort to make it as efficient as its military counterpart.

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The Soviets developed their armament factories under the assumption that during the war they would have to rebuild the whole equipment of the ground and air forces many times over. This assumption was indeed proven correct during the four-year-long war.

2457:, the Red Army seized the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war. All Soviet territory was liberated from Axis occupation by 1944. After having driven the Axis armies out of Eastern Europe, in May 1945 the Red Army launched its assault on 170:. By the early 1980s the Soviet armed forces had more troops, tanks, artillery guns and nuclear weapons than any other nation on earth. The Soviet Union fell in 1991, not because of military defeat but because of economic and political factors - see 2030:. Since the new doctrines were associated with officers who had been declared enemies of the state, the support for them declined. Many large mechanised formations were disbanded, with the tanks distributed to support the infantry. After the German 2599:

to suppress the democratic aspirations of their peoples and keep these countries within the Soviet regime. The Soviet Union and the western forces, led by the US, faced a number of standoffs that threatened to turn into live conflicts, such as the

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As the Soviet Union moved towards disintegration in 1991, the huge Soviet military played a surprisingly feeble and ineffective role in propping up the dying Soviet system. The military got involved in trying to suppress conflicts and unrest in

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through an aggressive campaign of political, economic and military aid – the same tactic which allowed the Soviet Union to compete with the United States in a race to establish themselves as neocolonial rulers of newly independent states in

2223:, Ma Zhongying retreated and Zhang committed suicide to avoid capture. During the battle, the chinese Muslims reportedly dressed up in sheepskins and stormed Soviet machine guns posts with swords. Ma encountered a Red Army column at the 3579:

A long-standing ideological feud between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China erupted into several occasions of inconclusive armed conflicts. The Soviets repelled the Chinese incursion into the Zhenbao/Damansky island.

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Soviets quickly became an enormous political and economic influence in the region and the Soviet Union actively assisted local communist parties in coming to power. By 1948, seven eastern European countries had communist governments.

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The loss of recruits and industrial capacity in breakaway republics, as well as the breakdown of the Russian economy, caused a devastating decline in the capacity of post-Soviet Russian armed forces in the decade following 1992.

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river. This offensive, in turn, ran out of steam in autumn 1942, allowing the Soviet forces to stage a devastating counteroffensive on the overextended enemy. The Red Army encircled and destroyed significant German forces at the

2161:. Nazi–Soviet relations were tempered by Hitler's personal hatred for communist ideology and for wanting to expand German territories. Direct armed conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union was delayed by the signing of the 2039:. Another factor contributing to the initial defeat was that the Soviet post-World War I rearmament effort was started too early, and in 1941 the majority of Soviet equipment was obsolete and inferior to that of the Wehrmacht. 2982:

but ultimately refused to crush the protesters surrounding the Russian parliament building. In effect, the leadership of the Soviet military decided to side with Gorbachev and Yeltsin, and thus finally doomed the old order.

1259: 1238: 1217: 1196: 1108: 2899:, which coordinated the activities of many industrial ministries, state committees, research-and-development organizations, and factories and enterprises that designed and produced arms and equipment for the armed forces. 1092: 2408:

The Red Army had little time to correct its numerous deficiencies before Nazi Germany and other Axis countries allied with it swept across the newly relocated Soviet border on June 22, 1941, in the opening stages of

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in August 1920. At Warsaw the Red Army suffered a defeat so great and so unexpected that it turned the course of the entire war and eventually forced the Soviets to accept the unfavorable conditions offered by the

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As the Soviet Union officially dissolved on December 31, 1991, the Soviet military was left in limbo. For the next year and a half various attempts to keep its unity and transform it into the military of the

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military parade commemorating the October Revolution. Instead, Gorbachev emphasized civilian economic priorities and reasonable sufficiency in defense over the professional military's perceived requirements.

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of August 1939 established a non-aggression treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol describing how Poland and the Baltic countries would be divided between them. In the

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offensive along the Karelian Isthmus in February 1940. Soviet forces broke through the Mannerheim Line and began progressing westward as Soviet peace proposals were given to the Finnish government. As

2718:, the massive Soviet war machine proved incapable of achieving decisive victories and the entire campaign quickly devolved into a quagmire not unlike that which the U.S. faced a decade earlier in the 4469:

Some information is taken from the appendix "States, Cities, Territories and Periods of Warfare with Participation of Citizens of the Russian Federation." of the Russian Military Pension Law of 2003.

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which officially asserted the Soviet Union's right to intervene in other nation's internal affairs in order to secure socialism from opposing capitalist forces. This doctrine was used to justify the

2822:(MAD), or deterrence. Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union recognized their mutual vulnerability to massive destruction, no matter which state launched nuclear weapons first. A second SALT agreement, 1341: 2654:

Tension between the political forces in Moscow and Beijing would greatly influence Asian politics during the 1960s and 1970s, and a microcosm of the Sino-Soviet split emerged when the by-then late-

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of the First World War. Instead, they featured long range mobile operations, often by small but highly motivated forces, as well as rapid advances of hundreds of kilometers in a matter of days.

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Red Army and GPU troops attacked the Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) and Han chinese Ili troops led by Generals Ma Zhongying and Zhang Peiyuan. Military stalemate.

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not of diminishing interest in the Soviet military but rather of a growing interest in establishing more modern and mobile armed forces. This policy resulted in the 1949 introduction of the

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on January 19–20, 1990, resulting in the death of 137 people. On January 13, 1991 Soviet forces stormed the State Radio and Television Building and the television retranslation tower in

489: 428: 413: 5668: 5191: 1978:. The Soviets viewed themselves as a nation unique to human history and thus felt no loyalty to previous military tradition, an ideology which allowed for and prioritized innovation. 1556:, which saw a need to overthrow the Bolshevik government. The Red Army enjoyed a series of initial victories over their opponents, and in a surge of optimism Lenin ordered the Soviet 2111:

Eager to dispose of Trotsky's political and military supporters, Stalin directed the execution of eight high-ranking generals between 1935 and 1938. Primary among these was Marshal

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in the workforce.) In 1989, one-fourth of the entire Soviet population was engaged in military activities, whether active duty, military production, or civilian military training.

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In the late 1980s the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its gross economic output to the defense sector (at the time most Western analysts put the figure at 15%). At the time, the

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Following the death of Lenin, the Soviet Union was enmeshed in a struggle for succession that pitted Trotsky and his policy of "world revolution" against Stalin and his policy of "

2477:. The Red Army emerged from the war as one of the most powerful land armies in history with five million soldiers, and more tanks and artillery than all other countries combined. 6360: 3858: 2580:. With Eastern Europe under Red Army occupation, the Soviet Union remained adamant in the face of Truman's attempt to stop Communist expansion, and in 1955 Moscow introduced the 2329:, but staunch Finnish resistance prevented the Red Army from advancing past it, with the Soviets taking severe casualties in the process. The Soviet Union was expelled from the 1482:. The Bolsheviks perceived the Tsarist army to be one of the foundations of the hated old regime, and decided to abolish it in favor of establishing a new military loyal to the 5001: 4955: 6409: 1612:). By 1921 the Red Army had defeated four White armies and held off five armed foreign contingents that had intervened in the civil war, but began to face setbacks in Poland. 5513: 3958: 3928: 5493: 5458: 6375: 5705: 4850: 3115:

The Soviets were defeated after preliminary successes and conceded Western Ukraine and Western Belarus to Poland, while retaining Eastern Ukraine and Eastern Belarus.

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From its conception, the Red Army committed itself to emphasizing highly mobile warfare. This decision was influenced by the formative wars of its history, namely the

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The defeat of the Wehrmacht had come, however, at the cost of over eight million soldiers and as much as fifteen million civilians dead, by far the highest losses

6572: 5523: 5329: 5299: 5282: 1175: 1072: 6653: 6348: 5324: 1080: 1062: 5257: 2138:, supplying over 1,000 aircraft, 900 tanks, 1,500 artillery pieces, 300 armored cars, hundreds of thousands of small arms and 30,000 tons of ammunition to the 29: 6589: 5122: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 6301: 6296: 5556: 5339: 4421: 2196: 1788: 1404: 6217: 5617: 5518: 5498: 5216: 3000:, comprising the bulk of what was still left of the military. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993. 2896: 2481: 2227:

and wiped out the entire column, his Muslim troops rolled the wrecked Soviet armored cars off the mountainside. The Soviet Union intervened again in the

684: 2916: 2122:'s borders would remain static for fifteen years following Lenin's death, the Soviets continued to involve themselves in international affairs, and the 1905: 171: 5843: 2749: 1769: 1252: 1560: 5453: 2624: 2535:

commissioned by any armed force in the world. These innovations would help direct the course of Soviet military operations throughout the Cold War.

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was extended to Soviet Union in September 1941, supplying planes, tanks, trucks and other war materials. Eventually the Soviets managed to slow the

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Using these new resources, the Red Army of the 1930s developed a highly sophisticated concept of mobile warfare which relied on huge formations of

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1930s, modified by combat experience, were eventually successfully used at the front starting in 1943 after the Red Army regained the initiative.

1034: 845: 3390:. A Chinese Muslim unit loyal to the Chinese government, the 14th Tungan Cavalry regiment fought against Soviet forces on the Mongolian border. 2000:, the Soviet Union had few resources to devote to the Red Army during its formative years in the 1920s. This changed only when Stalin began the 6449: 6380: 5673: 5607: 4878: 3617: 2262:. This came as a result of a change in Soviet foreign policy. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact gave a great opportunity to recover the provinces of 2978:, arguably the last attempt by the Soviet hardliners to prevent the breakup of the state, some military units did enter Moscow to act against 6658: 5977: 5196: 4783: 4640: 4583: 4564: 4538: 1953:

downgraded the role of the military in state ceremonies, including moving military representatives to the end of the leadership line-up atop

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forces from outside Russia (from Japan, Britain, France and the United States) aided the Whites and tried to contain the Red Army during the

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The Soviets failed to conquer Finland and suffered heavy casualties and material losses, but annexed 9% of Finnish territory in the ensuing

2971:, both under opposition control, killing 14 people and injuring 700. This action was perceived by many as heavy-handed and achieved little. 1361: 991: 6328: 4986: 4843: 2808: 2527:

which supplied Soviet infantry with a rugged and reliable source of short-range firepower. Also important was the 1967 introduction of the

1487: 1456: 1231: 529: 2830:. Among other provisions, it placed an aggregate ceiling on ICBM and SLBM launchers. The second SALT agreement was never ratified by the 2465:). Much of Eastern Europe and great parts of the Soviet Union were devastated by Red Army troops as a result of an aggressive policy of " 2219:, and armored cars were the Soviet forces which invaded. After fierce fighting, in which mustard gas was used by the Soviet Union at the 2215:

when they were on the verge of defeating Sheng's manchurian and white Russian troops. 2 brigades of 7,000 men, armed with tanks, planes,

6353: 5132: 3853: 2892: 2872: 6286: 6567: 6399: 5765: 5411: 5287: 4898: 4757: 3599: 3178: 2988: 2888: 2804: 2390: 2345:. Fighting ended the following day. The Finns had retained their independence, but ceded 9% of Finnish territory to the Soviet Union. 1722: 1026: 1016: 6509: 6128: 6074: 6069: 6017: 6012: 6002: 5967: 5962: 5952: 5942: 5920: 5915: 5892: 5887: 5862: 5838: 5833: 5818: 5359: 3669: 3381: 3174: 2177: 2127: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 5678: 5508: 5433: 5379: 5127: 5069: 5036: 4960: 4893: 4823: 4702: 4519: 4441: 4376: 4323: 4174: 4141: 4060: 4027: 3994: 3967: 3937: 3901: 3626: 2848: 2561:

cavalry regiment, the 14th Tungan Tungan Cavalry regiment was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions.

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After the civil war, the Red Army became an increasingly professional military organization. With most of its five million soldiers

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The political and economic chaos of the late 1980s and early 1990s soon erupted into the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact and the

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after ten years of an indecisive "shooting war", in which the U.S., China, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia funded and armed the Afghan

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The Red Army launched a short and successful campaign to evict the Japanese from mainland Asia. The Soviets occupied Manchuria,

2903: 2879:, the state planning committee, had an important role in directing necessary supplies and resources to military industries. The 2396: 2313:, was created by the Soviets. The initial period of the war proved disastrous for the Soviet military. Finnish victories in the 1821:. While the staff of a Special Department of a regiment was generally known, it controlled a network of secret informants, both 6264: 6249: 6190: 5549: 5154: 4836: 3633:

In addition to explicit wars, the Soviet military took part in a number of internal conflicts in various countries, as well as

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and took personal credit for having saved the country. After Stalin's death in 1953, Zhukov reemerged as a strong supporter of

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overthrew the representative Georgian government and replaced it with a Soviet Republic. Georgia was then forcibly merged with

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from the west. When the Poles were close to defeat and the Polish government left the country, on 17 September the Red Army

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to Red Army units to monitor the actions and loyalty of professional commanders, formally termed as "military specialists" (

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raged and the hope of foreign intervention faded, the Finns accepted peace terms on March 12, 1940 with the signing of the

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is another former Soviet republic where nuclear weapons may once have been stationed, but they are now signatories of the

2632: 2016: 1762: 1495: 966: 511: 2875:, government, and military in the Soviet Union became most evident in the area of defense-related industrial production. 1038: 6464: 6434: 6429: 6370: 6259: 6254: 6222: 6163: 6084: 6042: 5925: 5503: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5252: 5100: 5074: 5064: 4950: 3425: 3123: 2819: 2360: 2354: 2298: 1869: 1210: 1189: 680: 65: 3284: 2382: 2162: 97: 6599: 6582: 6454: 6323: 6291: 6227: 6116: 6007: 5992: 5828: 5394: 5354: 5349: 5079: 5011: 3571: 3489:

The first of many Cold War standoffs as the Soviet Union sealed Berlin from outside access. The US responded with the

3189: 3159: 2726:) and 15,000 Soviet casualties, Gorbachev surrendered to public opinion and ordered troops to withdraw in early 1989. 2338: 2310: 2189: 1802: 1464: 1321: 1168: 1084: 834: 557: 541: 69: 2514:

assault rifle, which would ultimately effect change in both future rifle design and in the methods of modern warfare.

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designed to break through the enemy's line and carry the battle deep to the enemy's rear. Soviet industry responded,

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revealed to the public the true conditions inside the Soviet army and the widespread abuse of conscript soldiers.

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made decisions on the development and production of major weapons-systems. The Defense Industry Department of the

6338: 6032: 5406: 5399: 5171: 4991: 4945: 4498: 4425: 3501: 2592: 2557:, Soviet Russian and Mongol forces attempted to occupy and raid Chinese territory, in response, a Chinese Muslim 2532: 2279: 1696: 1104: 1096: 621: 391: 6185: 1615:

Polish forces managed to break a long streak of Bolshevik victories by launching a bold counteroffensive at the

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Soviet participation in the Spanish Civil War was greatly influenced by the growing tension between Stalin and

2105: 1755: 6392: 6306: 4131: 2851:, the peak of approximately 45,000 warheads was reached in 1986. Roughly 20,000 of these were believed to be 2706:

in 1979. In Afghanistan the Soviet forces met a fierce resistance from the Afghans who were supported by the

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Choudhury, Soumen Dhar, Strategic doctrine from Khrushchev to Gorbachev, (unpublished PhD thesis, JNU,1996)

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supervised all military industries as the executive agent of the Defense Council. Within the government, a

6594: 6269: 5982: 5790: 5725: 5105: 5059: 4976: 4928: 3953: 3923: 3181:. The Red Army defeated the Chinese and compelled them to uphold the provisions of the Agreement of 1924. 3106: 2785: 2608:

of 1962, which saw "hawks" on both sides push the respective rivals closer towards war due to policies of

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drive in 1929, a policy created in part to allow for unprecedented funds to be dedicated to the military.

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were 2.7 million strong. Almost all of this drop occurred in a three-year period between 1989 and 1991.

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I. N. Grebenkin, "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process."

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Soviet forces defeated Finland, procuring additional territory and Finland withdrew from World War II.

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Fearing the immense popularity of the armed forces after World War II, Stalin demoted war hero Marshal

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Most of the nuclear stockpile was inherited by Russia. Additional weapons were acquired by Ukraine,

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Conventional military power showed its continued influence when the Soviet Union used its troops to

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The Soviets defeated the Japanese Kwantung Army and retained their existing border with Manchukuo.

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light machine gun is typical of the Red Army's influence in the post-war world. It is based on the

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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949

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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949

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Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949

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An invasion by the Warsaw Pact quietened a national movement for a more liberal Czech government.

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influence in the ranks was strong, the officer corps was staffed with many who violently opposed

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from the east to regain the territories populated mostly by ethnic Belarusians and Ukrainians.

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The Red Army's focus on mobile operations in the early 1930s was gravely disrupted by Stalin's

6529: 6469: 6276: 6202: 6180: 6079: 5957: 5770: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5570: 4933: 4819: 4779: 4753: 4698: 4676: 4636: 4579: 4560: 4534: 4515: 4372: 4319: 4170: 4164: 4137: 4056: 4023: 4017: 3990: 3963: 3933: 3897: 3891: 3809: 3311: 3075: 2788:) system and retain the ability to place multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles ( 2761: 2722:. After ten years of fighting at the cost of approximately 20 billion dollars a year (in 1986 2711: 2699: 2640: 2485: 2389:

of 1939 the two powers invaded and partitioned Poland, and in June 1940 the Soviet Union also

2330: 2271: 2135: 2001: 1982: 1950: 1929: 1846: 1701: 1586: 1534: 1499: 1042: 1006: 1002: 895: 704: 692: 567: 553: 537: 504: 457: 310: 287: 283: 258: 177:

The Soviet military consisted of five armed services - in their official order of importance:

163: 57: 4050: 3386:

Red Army troops and Republic of China troops clashed in Xinjiang over Soviet support for the

1517:, 60,000 Latvian red riflemen with 200,000 Baltic Fleet sailors and a handful of sympathetic 6514: 6459: 6365: 6106: 5877: 5847: 5813: 5658: 4888: 4456:, "How small is the Soviet National Income?" in Henry S. Rowen and Charles Wolf, Jr., eds., 4453: 4366: 3639: 3530: 3353: 2818:

The SALT agreements were generally considered in the West as having codified the concept of

2803:. The interim agreement signed in Moscow in May 1972 froze existing levels of deployment of 2612:. This attitude was tempered by fears of a nuclear conflict and desires among moderates for 2577: 2473:, and in summer 1945 carried out an offensive against Japanese forces stationed in northern 2458: 2220: 2158: 2131: 1518: 1444: 998: 857: 775: 732: 525: 515: 193: 2502: 1856:

In keeping with the Comintern philosophy, the Red Army forcibly suppressed the anti-Soviet

6534: 6281: 6133: 6101: 5775: 5755: 5166: 4606: 4417: 3598:

Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan quickly devolved into a quagmire. Troops were

3479: 3398: 2777: 2743: 2735: 2620: 2601: 2569: 2470: 2454: 2326: 2263: 2057: 1940: 1857: 1582: 1436: 672: 610: 588: 467: 360: 136: 89: 34: 3463:

was frequently threatened, but never realized. In 1955, the Soviet Union established the

1596:

The overwhelming majority of professional officers in the Russian army were of nobility (

330: 2568:

In this setting, the Cold War emerged from a conflict between Stalin and U.S. President

2085: 6617: 6444: 6207: 6197: 5574: 4727: 3558: 3490: 3336: 3170: 3086: 2931:

decline was the widespread resistance to conscription which developed as the policy of

2852: 2524: 2466: 1990: 1621: 1589:

the Bolsheviks expressed their belief that they would eventually triumph over opposing

1549: 1545: 1506: 1491: 1432: 696: 688: 632: 577: 344: 299: 4720:

Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland

6647: 6577: 6414: 6052: 4624: 4487: 3709: 3553: 3441: 3372: 2979: 2609: 2543: 2306: 2290: 2212: 2165:

on August 23, 1939, which essentially divided the nations of Eastern Europe into two

2066: 1925: 1897: 1794: 1380: 1076: 764: 714: 401: 371: 155: 105: 6333: 5857: 5823: 5578: 5294: 3332: 3328: 3307: 3280: 3218: 3146: 3080: 3017: 2940: 2204: 2185: 2150: 2146: 2119: 1861: 1636:

political commissars, and eventually established the principle of one-man command.

1522: 1440: 943: 932: 849: 753: 521: 140: 132: 125: 121: 41: 17: 6094: 4399:

The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost: the Russian General Staff

1849:. Lenin's Polish expedition only complemented his March 1919 establishment of the 1813:(Особый отдел) that existed at all larger military formations. The best known was 1624:, signed on March 18, 1921. It was the biggest defeat of the Red Army in history. 4747: 4667:

Rentola, Kimmo (2003). Holtsmark, Sven G.; Pharo, Helge Ø.; Tamnes, Rolf (eds.).

4410: 3151:

Last major rebellion against Bolsheviks in Georgia was put down by the Red Army.

2301:

for over a year, but the Finns refused Soviet demands. The Red Army launched the

6439: 6168: 6089: 6022: 5852: 3699: 3622: 3593: 3464: 3460: 3437: 2975: 2719: 2680: 2655: 2581: 2370: 2216: 2208: 2200: 2027: 1971: 1913: 1842: 1838: 1706: 1688: 1597: 1529: 1468: 1020: 921: 903: 881: 869: 291: 209: 188: 2365: 6474: 6424: 6343: 6212: 4778:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell. 4316:

Silesian Inferno: War Crimes of the Red Army on its March into Silesia in 1945

3779: 3603: 3295: 3040: 3032: 3005: 2956: 2836: 2812: 2773: 2613: 2558: 2430: 2422: 2414: 2302: 2235: 2193: 2181: 2097: 2074: 2031: 1958: 1918: 1881: 1590: 662: 221: 167: 151: 109: 77: 49: 4651:

Fear, War, and the Bomb, Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy

6062: 5242: 5115: 3634: 3431: 3411: 3342: 3164: 2968: 2757: 2628: 2474: 2426: 2286: 2251: 2123: 1975: 1933: 1865: 1850: 1834: 1833:

Under the direction of Lenin and Trotsky, the Red Army claimed to adhere to

1655: 1479: 1475: 1138: 1133: 853: 668: 93: 4611:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

4340: 2576:

in 1945. Truman charged that Stalin had betrayed the agreement made at the

2450:, which ended in February 1943 and reversed the tide of the war in Europe. 1640:

Development of the structure, ideology, and doctrine of the Soviet military

1631:, the Red Army was transformed into a small regular force, and territorial 150:' victory over Germany and Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union became the sole 4504: 4420:, updated 2004-02, produced by Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the 4341:"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm" 3283:

and the Soviet Union divided Eastern Europe according to the terms of the

2631:. This decision generated a further rift between the Soviet Union and the 2553:

became involved in a border dispute with the Republic of China during the

2305:

on November 30, 1939 with the goal of annexing Finland. Simultaneously, a

1932:. Khrushchev rewarded Zhukov by making him minister of defense and a full 6627: 6489: 4715:

Finnország függetlenségi harca 1917–1945, Magyar önkéntesek Finnországban

3452: 3377: 3212: 3194: 3013: 2944: 2932: 2800: 2667: 2497: 2438: 2401: 2173: 2078: 1683: 1565: 1510: 1428: 1150: 1054: 877: 700: 320: 214: 159: 113: 85: 53: 4726:(in Hungarian). Wysocki Légió Hagyományőrző Egyesületnek. Archived from 4673:

Counter Currents: Olav Riste and Norwegian international historiography.

2863:

With the notable exception of Khrushchev and possibly Gorbachev, Soviet

4629:

Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939–1944

4458:

The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden

3962:. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 252, 281. 3819: 3719: 3506: 3403: 3359: 3301: 3275: 3271: 3110: 3102: 3028: 2992: 2964: 2952: 2876: 2844: 2823: 2765: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2462: 2259: 2243: 2239: 2154: 1877: 1822: 1632: 1483: 885: 117: 4531:

Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa

4460:(San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1990), p. 49. 3341:

In a titanic struggle against Nazi Germany, the Red Army defeated the

3217:

Red Army troops assisted the provincial government of Xinjiang led by

2651:. Additional conflicts along the Sino-Soviet border followed in 1969. 5566: 3769: 3542: 3534: 3484: 3407: 3267: 3009: 2864: 2843:

At one time, the Soviet Union maintained the world's largest nuclear

2827: 2796: 2764:, and that its first bomb was largely a purposeful copy of the U.S. " 2692: 2676: 2469:". Once Germany had surrendered, the Red Army joined the war against 2434: 2255: 2247: 1814: 1809:, among many others) maintained control over the counterintelligence 1553: 4801: 4169:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 112. 4022:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 112. 2325:

and cut the country in half. Further south, the Soviets reached the

4633:

How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939–1944

2433:, halting the Nazi offensive in December 1941 outside the gates of 2188:

in 1934 as their puppet governor. They intervened militarily in an

3759: 3749: 3739: 3729: 3689: 3616: 3538: 3169:

Minor armed conflict between the Soviet Union and Chinese warlord

2684: 2528: 2520: 2511: 2501: 2442: 2364: 2084: 1798: 1548:

as well as armies sponsored by Russia's former allies such as the

1422: 865: 351: 220:

Two other Soviet militarized forces existed: the Internal Troops (

60:

of 1917–22. The years 1918–21 saw defeats for the Red Army in the

4486:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3932:. Evanston Illinois: Northwestern University Press. p. 251. 2134:

in 1930. Additionally, the Red Army played a crucial role in the

3799: 3789: 3524: 3468: 2960: 2789: 2688: 2671: 2585: 2322: 2231:, invading with 5,000 troops and using planes with mustard gas. 2089: 2008: 1806: 1486:

cause. Thus the core of the Tsarist army became the core of the

5538: 4832: 2484:. This is believed to be the highest human death toll from any 2062: 1989:. Both of these conflicts had little in common with the static 4669:

Motstrøms: Olav Riste og norsk internasjonal historieskrivning

2948: 2772:

and the Soviet Union finally agreed to ban weapon buildups in

2707: 2507: 233: 225: 3039:, these were all certified as transferred to Russia by 1996. 2234:

In late 1930s, Soviet Union was no longer satisfied with the

135:

and many nations in central and eastern Europe, which became

2670:

in 1978. The Soviets had ensured the loyalty of Vietnam and

2118:

Despite Stalin's isolationist policies, and even though the

124:

the Red Army became a major military force in the defeat of

4085:

The flight of "Big Horse": the trail of war in Central Asia

2169:, one belonging to the Soviets and the other to the Nazis. 2740:

The Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb codenamed

2126:

was instrumental in establishing the Communist parties of

1561:

to advance West in the vacuum created by the German forces

1471:, was in the final stages of disintegration and collapse. 56:, which then defeated its various internal enemies in the 3839:

List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

3511:

The Red Army suppressed a Hungarian anti-Soviet revolt.

2274:. As a result of this pact, on 1 September, the Germans 2627:

were finally repaired with the 1956 dissolution of the

4529:

Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).

2639:

struggle for the worldwide triumph of communism. This

2523:, designed two years earlier as an improvement on the 2461:, which effectively ended World War II in Europe (see 1793:

Throughout the history of the Soviet Army, the Soviet

162:

between the two nations led to military buildups, the

6361:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

4603:. New Haven & London:Yale University Press, 1998. 3859:

Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records

2619:

Under Khrushchev's leadership, Soviet relations with

4752:(Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. 1841:

could be overcome only by a worldwide revolt of the

6548: 6149: 5901: 5799: 5718: 5636: 5586: 5479: 5230: 5093: 5047: 4969: 4866: 4774:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012). 3959:

News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir

3929:

News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir

3457:Worldwide, opposing the United States and the NATO 5197:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 4675:] (in Norwegian). Cappelen Akademisk Forlag. 4613:. Westport: Praeger Security International, 2006. 4510:Chubaryan, Alexander O.; Shukman, Harold (2002). 3345:and occupied most of Eastern and Central Europe. 2698:Also significant was the 1968 declaration of the 6376:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 5706:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 4695:The Winter War: The Russo–Finnish War of 1939–40 4371:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 215. 4136:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 121. 3989:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 120. 3529:Another Cold War standoff over US deployment of 2780:in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater. 2077:above the message "Long Live the Worker-Peasant 1271: 964: 52:to power. In 1918 the new government formed the 6495:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 6410:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 4803:The Military Encyclopedia of Russia and Eurasia 2991:(CIS) failed. Steadily, the units stationed in 2297:in September and October. The Soviet Union had 2238:in its relations with independent countries of 2955:in Georgia. The next major crisis occurred in 2172:The Soviet Union sold arms to the Governor of 2081:—a Dependable Sentinel of the Soviet Borders!" 1577:and eventually lead to the Soviet invasion of 84:of May–September 1939 (together with its ally 6349:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 5550: 4860:History of World War II by region and country 4844: 3642:as well as the sale or provision of weapons. 3237:The Soviets repelled the Japanese incursion. 2911:Collapse of the Soviet Union and the military 2683:. Extensive arms sales made weapons like the 2572:over the future of Eastern Europe during the 1921:(Winter War) of 1939–40 and in World War II. 1763: 1569:areas. This operation swept the newly formed 1398: 8: 4557:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40 4082:Hedin, Sven; Lyon, Francis Hamilton (1936). 3493:and the blockade was eventually called off. 2834:, in large part because of the breakdown of 2691:tank icons of the contemporary wars between 2418:correspondingly high numbers of casualties. 1540:During the civil war, the Bolsheviks fought 1463:of 1917. The Russian army, exhausted by its 96:; it was deployed when the Soviet Union, in 6302:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 6297:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 4800:Various. William Reger, David Jones (ed.). 4422:Monterey Institute of International Studies 3589:Soviet intervention in the Afghan Civil War 2859:Military-industrial complex and the economy 2197:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 2115:, leader of the Soviet invasion of Poland. 2047:Practical deployment of the Soviet military 1789:Military counterintelligence of Soviet Army 1494:, which in intermittent collaboration with 128:and conquered Manchuria. After the war, it 5618:Military history of the Russian Federation 5590: 5557: 5543: 5535: 4851: 4837: 4829: 4279: 2847:in history. According to estimates by the 2811:(SLBMs). As part of the SALT process, the 1868:in the Soviet alliance system. In 1921, a 1770: 1756: 1654: 1643: 1581:, a newly independent state of the former 1405: 1391: 243: 5868:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 4512:Stalin and the Soviet–Finnish War 1939–40 2750:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2203:troops led by the Chinese Muslim General 1525:served as their first commissar for war. 1505:On January 28, 1918 the Bolshevik leader 4816:The Military History of the Soviet Union 3644: 3085:The newly founded Red Army defeated the 3054: 2959:, when the Soviet army forcibly entered 2748:on 29 August 1949, four years after the 2710:. Battling an opposition that relied on 2395: 2061: 1585:. By invading Poland and initiating the 28: 5829:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 5699:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 4658:Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam 4166:Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang 4088:. E. P. Dutton and co., inc. p. 12 4019:Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang 3869: 3133:Soviet rule was established in Georgia 2073:depicted saluting a military parade in 1730: 1714: 1662: 1646: 996: 839: 652: 509: 433: 349: 257: 246: 64:(1919–21) and in independence wars for 6450:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6381:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 6240:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 6218:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 5932:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 5608:Military history of the Russian Empire 4592:Koenig, William and Schofield, Peter: 4549:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire 4397:Grau, Lester W and Gress, Michael A.: 3896:. China: Kennikat Press. p. 256. 3638:cases, involvement was in the form of 2756:had received a considerable amount of 2391:occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1888:, a member state of the Soviet Union. 1537:(1918–21), and ranks were reinstated. 6600:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 5978:Russian colonization of North America 4559:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2809:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 2453:In the summer of 1943, following the 2413:. The poor Soviet performance in the 1970:The Russian army was defeated in the 172:History of the Soviet Union (1982–91) 44:began in the days following the 1917 7: 6654:Military history of the Soviet Union 5613:Military history of the Soviet Union 4106:Georg Vasel, Gerald Griffin (1937). 2807:(ICBMs) and regulated the growth of 2492:The Cold War and conventional forces 2400:German soldiers surrendering to the 2373:advancing the front line during the 1739:Military history of the Soviet Union 1457:Russian Provisional Government, 1917 240:Tsarist and revolutionary background 104:in September 1939, and occupied the 6354:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 4601:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 4052:Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland 3854:Russia involvement in regime change 2840:in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 2805:intercontinental ballistic missiles 2736:Nuclear warfare § The Cold War 1459:which was itself overthrown by the 6400:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5766:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 4438:Military Industries and Production 4401:. University Press of Kansas, 2002 4112:. Hurst & Blackett. p. 52 3179:Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway 2989:Commonwealth of Independent States 2951:units, killed 20 demonstrators in 2321:thwarted Soviet attempts to reach 2028:purge of the military's leadership 1723:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 1490:army which became the core of the 25: 6265:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 4442:Library of Congress Country Study 4207: 3310:. The USSR was expelled from the 3262:Invasion of Poland and Bessarabia 2849:Natural Resources Defense Council 2538:The Soviet military assisted the 2404:units near Vitovka village, 1941. 2184:, and help install his successor 1825:and recruited ordinary military. 1744:History of Russian military ranks 1509:decreed the establishment of the 6319:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 6112:Russian conquest of Central Asia 6048:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 5844:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 5786:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4653:New York: Whittlesey House 1949. 4481: 4291: 4195: 3045:Nuclear non-proliferation treaty 2919:. The political chaos and rapid 2797:Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 2730:The Cold War and nuclear weapons 1593:forces both at home and abroad. 1544:groups that became known as the 1513:, officially merging the 20,000 1419:Tsarist officers in the Red Army 1374: 268: 6605:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 6250:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 6191:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 4806:. Academic International Press. 4596:. Hong Kong: Bison Books, 1983. 3844:Missiles of Russia and the USSR 3621:Soviet soldiers returning from 3467:in response to the creation of 2647:besieged the Soviet embassy in 1847:uprising in neighboring Germany 1817:(1943–1946) created during the 1286:Not internationally recognized. 100:, took part in the invasion of 6287:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 5937:War of the Austrian Succession 4303: 4243: 3388:Second East Turkestan Republic 3129:Democratic Republic of Georgia 2974:At the crucial moments of the 2897:Military Industrial Commission 2760:information about the wartime 2704:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 2584:to counterbalance the Western 2540:Second East Turkestan Republic 1874:Democratic Republic of Georgia 1731:History of the Soviet Military 1488:Russian Provisional Government 1280: 744:General Secretariat of Ukraine 112:(June–July 1940) and Northern 1: 6510:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 6388:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6139:Russian invasion of Manchuria 6129:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 6075:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 6070:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 6013:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 6003:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 5968:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 5963:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 5953:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 5943:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 5921:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 5916:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 5893:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 5888:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 5863:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 5839:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 5834:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 5819:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 5694:List of wars involving Russia 5689:Sino-Russian border conflicts 4697:(5th ed.). Aurum Press. 4244:Clemmesen and Faulkner (2013) 3890:Taylor & Francis (1967). 2826:, was signed in June 1979 in 2482:of any country during the war 2421:The United States program of 2266:lost during the chaos of the 2153:and an avid supporter of the 1294: 512:Great Stand on the Ugra River 185:(service established in 1959) 6659:Military of the Soviet Union 6465:Eritrean War of Independence 6435:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6430:East German uprising of 1953 6371:Eastern Front (World War II) 6260:Red Army invasion of Georgia 6255:Red Army invasion of Armenia 6223:Estonian War of Independence 6164:Russian occupation of Tabriz 6085:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 6043:War of the Seventh Coalition 5926:War of the Polish Succession 5873:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 4365:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 4219: 4130:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3983:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3426:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 3124:Red Army invasion of Georgia 2917:collapse of the Soviet Union 2820:Mutually assured destruction 2361:Soviet Union in World War II 2355:Eastern Front (World War II) 1783:Military counterintelligence 1715:Ranks of the Soviet Military 1575:Belarusian People's Republic 206:(separate service from 1949) 80:(November 1939); fought the 40:The military history of the 6505:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 6455:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6324:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6292:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 6228:Latvian War of Independence 6117:Russian conquest of Bukhara 6008:War of the Fourth Coalition 5993:War of the Second Coalition 4776:A Companion to World War II 4635:] (in Finnish). Edita. 4267: 4255: 4231: 4109:My Russian jailers in China 4055:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. 4049:S. Frederick Starr (2004). 3625:. 20 October 1986, Kushka, 3572:Sino-Soviet border conflict 3221:in fighting Uyghur rebels. 3190:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 3160:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 2904:military–industrial complex 2551:Mongolian People's Republic 2311:Finnish Democratic Republic 1571:Ukrainian People's Republic 1455:replaced the Tsar with the 808:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 98:agreement with Nazi Germany 6675: 6500:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6038:War of the Sixth Coalition 6028:War of the Fifth Coalition 5998:War of the Third Coalition 5603:Military history of Russia 5565:Armed conflicts involving 4660:, New York, Simon and Shus 3893:China and the Soviet Union 3878:Russian Studies in History 3834:Military history of Russia 3746:1967, 1970, 1972–73, 1982 3690:People's Republic of China 3250:Manchuria–Mongolia Border 3142:August Uprising in Georgia 3089:and their foreign allies. 2799:began in November 1969 in 2754:Soviet atomic bomb project 2733: 2633:People's Republic of China 2533:infantry fighting vehicles 2495: 2358: 2352: 2055: 1786: 1416: 6613: 6339:Soviet invasion of Poland 6033:French invasion of Russia 5644:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 5593: 4578:(in Finnish). Readme.fi. 4574:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020). 4499:Federal Research Division 4426:Nuclear Threat Initiative 3502:1956 Hungarian Revolution 2643:erupted in 1967 when the 2299:negotiated with the Finns 1912:In 1937, however, Stalin 1837:'s proclamation that the 1250: 1229: 1211:Luhansk People's Republic 1208: 1190:Donetsk People's Republic 1187: 1166: 1149: 1132: 953: 942: 806: 785: 774: 763: 742: 631: 620: 609: 598: 587: 392:Principality of Chernigov 6480:South African Border War 6405:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 6307:Chechen uprising of 1932 5988:Russo-Persian War (1796) 4555:Edwards, Robert (2006). 4256:Zeiler and DuBois (2012) 4210:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49 4163:Christian Tyler (2004). 4016:Christian Tyler (2004). 3314:as a result of the war. 2853:tactical nuclear weapons 2695:and its Arab neighbors. 2285:Next, Soviet Union sent 2106:socialism in one country 1892:Military-party relations 1797:(known variously as the 817: 487: 411: 329: 319: 309: 226:Ministry of the Interior 76:(1918–19). The Red Army 6122:Khivan campaign of 1873 5973:Russo-Polish War (1792) 4712:Ravasz, István (2003). 4280:Chubaryan; Shukman 2002 3285:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3246:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 2921:economic liberalization 2871:The integration of the 2383:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2163:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1906:industrialization drive 1676:Strategic Rocket Forces 1528:The early Red Army was 1069:Eurasian Economic Union 918:Parade of sovereignties 382:Principality of Polotsk 224:), subordinated to the 183:Strategic Rocket Forces 116:(June–July 1940) (from 82:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6595:Western Libya campaign 6270:East Karelian uprising 5791:Wagner Group rebellion 5726:Uprising of Bolotnikov 4818:(Palgrave, New York). 4620:. Cambridge Press 2004 4618:The Russian Revolution 4514:. London: Frank Cass. 4326:, verified 2005-04-02. 3630: 3107:Second Polish Republic 2881:Soviet Defense Council 2597:Czechoslovakia in 1968 2593:invade Hungary in 1956 2531:, the first mass-used 2515: 2405: 2378: 2333:on December 14, 1939. 2101: 2082: 1579:Second Polish Republic 1448: 659:Provisional Government 600:Grand Duchy of Finland 478:Principality of Moscow 232:, subordinated to the 37: 6590:Intervention in Syria 6525:Tajikistani Civil War 6233:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6174:Battle of Robat Karim 5623:Post-Soviet conflicts 4594:Soviet Military Power 4428:, verified 2005-04-02 3880:56.3 (2017): 172-187. 3620: 3230:Battle of Lake Khasan 3037:nuclear proliferation 2778:nuclear weapons tests 2724:United States dollars 2505: 2399: 2368: 2315:Battle of Suomussalmi 2225:Battle of Dawan Cheng 2088: 2065: 1884:in order to form the 1426: 1300:Not fully controlled. 1134:Republic of Tatarstan 1027:Constitutional crisis 92:and its client state 33:Soviet troops in the 32: 6573:Annexation of Crimea 6277:Central Asian Revolt 6186:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6058:Russo-Circassian War 5741:Pugachev's Rebellion 5684:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 5628:Russian Armed Forces 5598:Early modern warfare 4746:Reiter, Dan (2009). 3849:List of Soviet tanks 3613:Foreign military aid 3520:Cuban Missile Crisis 3323:Eastern Front (WWII) 2998:Russian armed forces 2996:creation of the new 2893:Council of Ministers 2832:United States Senate 2606:Cuban Missile Crisis 2555:Pei-ta-shan Incident 2448:Battle of Stalingrad 2411:Operation Barbarossa 2319:Battle of Raate Road 2190:invasion of Xinjiang 2113:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2098:advance into Finland 2037:Operation Barbarossa 1602:political commissars 1563:retreating from the 1542:counterrevolutionary 1461:Bolshevik Revolution 1073:Annexation of Crimea 681:Constituent Assembly 558:Second Patriotic War 6633:Sphere of influence 6563:Russo-Ukrainian War 6420:First Indochina War 6393:Soviet–Japanese War 6329:Xinjiang War (1937) 6198:Kazakhstan Campaign 5983:Kościuszko Uprising 5883:Second Northern War 5761:Coup attempt (1991) 5654:Soviet-Finnish wars 5309:Carpathian Ruthenia 4691:Trotter, William R. 3576:Sino-Soviet border 3208:Xinjiang War (1937) 2604:of 1948–49 and the 2343:Moscow Peace Treaty 2339:fighting in Viipuri 2229:Xinjiang War (1937) 2167:spheres of interest 2092:light tanks of the 1998:New Economic Policy 1976:German armed forces 1886:Transcaucasian SFSR 1870:Red Army occupation 1819:Great Patriotic War 1811:Special Departments 1648:Soviet Armed Forces 1610:voyenny spetsialist 1521:garrison soldiers. 1453:February Revolution 1439:(behind Lenin) and 1253:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 1085:Invasion of Ukraine 874:Great Patriotic War 846:Cultural revolution 787:Transcaucasian SFSR 655:February Revolution 542:Emancipation reform 440:Council of Uvetichi 290: • 286: • 18:Military specialist 6623:Russian Revolution 6558:Russo-Georgian War 6540:Second Chechen War 6520:Georgian Civil War 6159:Russo-Japanese War 5911:Great Northern War 5809:Russo-Crimean Wars 5781:Second Chechen War 5679:Russo-Turkish wars 5674:Russo-Swedish wars 5664:Russo-Persian Wars 5649:Russo-Crimean Wars 4899:French West Africa 4879:British Somaliland 4812:Frederick W. Kagan 4733:on 20 October 2017 4649:Blackett, P.M.S.: 4599:Odom, William E.: 4576:Talvisota Väreissä 4444:Soviet Union, 1989 4416:2005-02-06 at the 4318:, Friedrich Grau, 3631: 3234:Korea–USSR Border 3008:naval base in the 2925:Russian Federation 2716:asymmetric warfare 2658:'s Soviet-aligned 2574:Potsdam Conference 2516: 2406: 2387:invasion of Poland 2379: 2375:siege of Leningrad 2268:October Revolution 2102: 2100:, 2 December 1939. 2083: 2071:Kliment Voroshilov 1957:during the annual 1919:Soviet–Finnish War 1896:During the 1930s, 1829:Political doctrine 1697:Air Defence Forces 1449: 1169:Republic of Crimea 1120:Russian Federation 1063:Presidential terms 955:Karelo-Finnish SSR 908:Chernobyl disaster 648:Russian Revolution 546:Russo-Japanese War 534:1812 Patriotic War 448:Battle of Kulikovo 436:Council of Liubech 204:Air Defense Forces 46:October Revolution 38: 6641: 6640: 6530:First Chechen War 6485:Soviet–Afghan War 6470:Angolan Civil War 6245:Polish–Soviet War 6203:Finnish Civil War 6181:Russian Civil War 6080:November Uprising 6018:Anglo-Russian War 5958:Bar Confederation 5771:First Chechen War 5751:Russian Civil War 5746:Decembrist revolt 5736:Bulavin Rebellion 5731:Razin's Rebellion 5714: 5713: 5669:Russo-Polish Wars 5637:Lists by opponent 5532: 5531: 5123:Dutch East Indies 4961:Southern Rhodesia 4894:French Somaliland 4814:(editors), 2002. 4810:Robin Higham and 4785:978-1-4051-9681-9 4656:Alperovitz, Gar: 4642:978-951-37-5278-1 4616:Malone, Richard: 4585:978-952-373-053-3 4566:978-0-297-84630-7 4540:978-90-04-24908-0 4339:(February 2011). 3825: 3824: 3776:1967–69, 1975–79 3736:1962–63, 1969–76 3726:1962–63, 1967–75 3686:1945–49, 1950–53 3670:Republic of China 3666:1933–34, 1937–39 3640:military advisors 3610: 3609: 3382:Republic of China 3312:League of Nations 3175:Republic of China 3098:Polish–Soviet War 3076:Russian Civil War 2885:Central Committee 2815:was also signed. 2762:Manhattan Project 2712:guerrilla tactics 2700:Brezhnev Doctrine 2641:Sino-Soviet split 2486:military conflict 2331:League of Nations 2272:Russian Civil War 2178:Republic of China 2136:Spanish Civil War 2002:industrialisation 1987:Polish–Soviet War 1983:Russian Civil War 1966:Military doctrine 1955:Lenin's Mausoleum 1951:Mikhail Gorbachev 1930:Nikita Khrushchev 1864:in order to keep 1780: 1779: 1587:Polish-Soviet War 1535:Russian Civil War 1500:Russian Civil War 1415: 1414: 1381:Russia portal 1309: 1308: 1003:Belavezha Accords 985: 984: 896:Era of Stagnation 862:Industrialization 828: 827: 705:Soviet-Polish War 641: 640: 622:Russian Manchuria 568:Tsardom of Russia 554:October Manifesto 538:Decembrist Revolt 530:Petrovian reforms 498: 497: 458:Novgorod Republic 422: 421: 338: 337: 164:nuclear arms race 62:Polish–Soviet War 58:Russian Civil War 48:that brought the 16:(Redirected from 6666: 6515:Transnistria War 6460:War of Attrition 6366:Continuation War 6315: 6107:January Uprising 5948:Seven Years' War 5848:Time of Troubles 5814:Russo-Kazan Wars 5659:Russo-Kazan Wars 5591: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5536: 5283:Military history 5037:Native Americans 4853: 4846: 4839: 4830: 4807: 4789: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4725: 4708: 4686: 4646: 4589: 4570: 4547:Crozier, Brian: 4544: 4525: 4502: 4485: 4484: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4345:Necrometrics.com 4333: 4327: 4313: 4307: 4304:Enkenberg (2020) 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3887: 3881: 3874: 3645: 3531:nuclear missiles 3354:Continuation War 3055: 3035:. Amid fears of 2637:Marxist–Leninist 2578:Yalta Conference 2221:Battle of Tutung 2176:province of the 2159:Francisco Franco 2149:, the leader of 2011:, aircraft, and 1772: 1765: 1758: 1658: 1644: 1617:Battle of Warsaw 1407: 1400: 1393: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1365: 1303: 1302: 1289: 1288: 1265: 1244: 1223: 1202: 1181: 1161: 1151:Chechen Republic 1144: 1127: 1116: 1115: 1013:USSR dissolution 929: 928: 858:Collectivization 776:Byelorussian SSR 733:Russian Republic 729: 728: 564: 563: 526:Treaty of Nystad 454: 453: 368: 367: 296: 295: 294: 272: 262: 244: 137:satellite states 21: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6609: 6550: 6544: 6535:War of Dagestan 6309: 6282:August Uprising 6151: 6145: 6134:Boxer Rebellion 6102:Amur Annexation 5903: 5897: 5801: 5795: 5776:War of Dagestan 5756:August Uprising 5710: 5632: 5582: 5563: 5533: 5528: 5524:Pacific Islands 5519:Solomon Islands 5499:Gilbert Islands 5481: 5475: 5454:Channel Islands 5226: 5089: 5043: 4965: 4862: 4857: 4799: 4796: 4794:Further reading 4786: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4711: 4705: 4689: 4683: 4666: 4643: 4623: 4607:Stone, David R. 4586: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4494:Country Studies 4491: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4418:Wayback Machine 4411:Russia Overview 4409: 4405: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4208:Manninen (2008) 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3830: 3615: 3480:Berlin Blockade 3428:(World War II) 3399:Forest Brothers 3356:(World War II) 3325:(World War II) 3298:(World War II) 3264:(World War II) 3053: 2913: 2889:Deputy Chairman 2861: 2744:First Lightning 2738: 2732: 2666:'s pro-Chinese 2621:Josip Broz Tito 2602:Berlin Blockade 2570:Harry S. Truman 2500: 2494: 2455:Battle of Kursk 2363: 2357: 2351: 2327:Mannerheim Line 2264:Imperial Russia 2194:Chinese Muslims 2094:Soviet 7th Army 2060: 2058:Interwar period 2054: 2052:Interwar period 2049: 2017:supplying tanks 2013:airborne troops 1972:First World War 1968: 1941:Leonid Brezhnev 1902:Five Year Plans 1894: 1858:Basmachi Revolt 1831: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1693: 1642: 1496:interventionist 1437:Klim Voroshilov 1427:Members of the 1421: 1411: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1356: 1344: 1332: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1278: 1277: 1263: 1242: 1221: 1200: 1179: 1159: 1142: 1125: 1114: 1109:2022 annexation 1093:Mass emigration 1081:2020 amendments 1064: 1022: 1008: 995: 994: 986: 927: 913: 891: 838: 837: 829: 727: 710: 673:Kornilov affair 651: 650: 642: 611:Congress Poland 589:Russian America 562: 550:1905 Revolution 517: 508: 507: 499: 468:Vladimir-Suzdal 452: 444:Mongol conquest 432: 431: 423: 366: 361:Russkaya Pravda 356:Baptism of Rus' 348: 347: 339: 304:pre-9th century 282: 280: 260: 253: 242: 199:Airborne Forces 78:invaded Finland 35:Battle of Kursk 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6618:Russian Winter 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6445:Vlora incident 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6341: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6208:Sochi conflict 6205: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5444:British Empire 5439:United Kingdom 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412:Basque Country 5404: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5288:Basque Country 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5258:Czechoslovakia 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4808: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4771: 4759:978-0691140605 4758: 4743: 4709: 4703: 4687: 4681: 4664: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4625:Manninen, Ohto 4621: 4614: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4571: 4565: 4552: 4551:. 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6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5335:Liechtenstein 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Latin America 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048:South America 5046: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5007:United States 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970:North America 4968: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Belgian Congo 4872: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4824:0-312-29398-4 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4704:1-85410-881-6 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521:0-7146-5203-2 4517: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4488:public domain 4480: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454:Anders Åslund 4450: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4380: 4378:0-521-25514-7 4374: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4358: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337:Matthew White 4332: 4329: 4325: 4324:1-880881-09-8 4321: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4294:, pp. 234–235 4293: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4268:Reiter (2009) 4264: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232:Ravasz (2003) 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4189: 4178: 4176:0-8135-3533-6 4172: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4156: 4145: 4143:0-521-25514-7 4139: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4123: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4099: 4087: 4086: 4078: 4075: 4064: 4062:0-7656-1318-2 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4042: 4031: 4029:0-8135-3533-6 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4009: 3998: 3996:0-521-25514-7 3992: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3969:0-8101-6071-4 3965: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3954:Peter Fleming 3949: 3946: 3941: 3939:0-8101-6071-4 3935: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3924:Peter Fleming 3919: 3916: 3905: 3903:9780804605151 3899: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3710:North Vietnam 3708: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3554:Prague Spring 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3442:Kuril Islands 3439: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3373:Ili Rebellion 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2980:Boris Yeltsin 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2737: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610:brinksmanship 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2544:Ili Rebellion 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309:, called the 2308: 2307:puppet regime 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:Baltic states 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Zhang Peiyuan 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:Joseph Stalin 2064: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:Georgy Zhukov 1922: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:Joseph Stalin 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:secret police 1790: 1782: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:General Staff 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465:participation 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:War in Donbas 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1059:Five-Days War 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Privatization 1028: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 992:Modern Russia 980: 978: 975: 974: 971: 969: 968: 963: 962: 958: 956: 952: 951: 947: 945: 941: 940: 936: 934: 931: 930: 923: 919: 915: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 840: 836: 824: 822: 821: 816: 815: 811: 809: 805: 804: 800: 798: 797:Russian State 795: 794: 790: 788: 784: 783: 779: 777: 773: 772: 768: 766: 765:Ukrainian SSR 762: 761: 757: 755: 752: 751: 747: 745: 741: 740: 736: 734: 731: 730: 724: 720: 716: 715:War Communism 712: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665: 664:Dvoyevlastiye 660: 656: 653: 649: 636: 634: 630: 629: 625: 623: 619: 618: 614: 612: 608: 607: 603: 601: 597: 596: 592: 590: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 571: 569: 566: 565: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 513: 510: 506: 494: 492: 491: 486: 485: 481: 479: 476: 475: 471: 469: 466: 465: 461: 459: 456: 455: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434: 430: 418: 416: 415: 410: 409: 405: 403: 402:Rostov-Suzdal 400: 399: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 383: 380: 379: 375: 373: 372:Novgorod Land 370: 369: 363: 362: 357: 353: 350: 346: 334: 332: 328: 327: 324: 322: 318: 317: 314: 312: 308: 307: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 289: 285: 276: 275: 271: 267: 266: 263: 256: 251: 245: 239: 237: 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Retrieved 4749:How Wars End 4748: 4735:. Retrieved 4728:the original 4719: 4714: 4694: 4672: 4668: 4657: 4650: 4632: 4628: 4617: 4610: 4600: 4593: 4575: 4556: 4548: 4530: 4511: 4505:Soviet Union 4493: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4433: 4406: 4398: 4393: 4382:. Retrieved 4367: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4344: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4196:Edwards 2006 4191: 4180:. Retrieved 4165: 4158: 4147:. Retrieved 4132: 4125: 4114:. Retrieved 4108: 4101: 4090:. Retrieved 4084: 4077: 4066:. Retrieved 4051: 4044: 4033:. Retrieved 4018: 4011: 4000:. Retrieved 3985: 3978: 3957: 3948: 3927: 3918: 3907:. 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Brill. 3627:Turkmenia 3600:withdrawn 3471:in 1948. 3432:Manchuria 3412:Lithuania 3343:Wehrmacht 3177:over the 3165:Manchuria 3064:Location 3061:Conflict 2969:Lithuania 2758:espionage 2645:Red Guard 2629:Cominform 2475:Manchuria 2427:Wehrmacht 2252:Lithuania 2132:Indochina 2124:Comintern 1934:Politburo 1866:Turkestan 1851:Comintern 1835:Karl Marx 1519:Petrograd 1480:communism 1476:Bolshevik 1445:Petrograd 1358:1982–1991 1354:1964–1982 1350:1953–1964 1346:1927–1953 1342:1917–1927 1338:1894–1917 1334:1855–1894 1330:1796–1855 1326:1721–1796 1101:Sanctions 1051:Oligarchy 981:1921–1944 959:1940–1956 948:1922–1991 937:1922–1991 854:Stalinism 812:1921–1923 801:1918–1920 791:1922–1922 780:1920–1922 769:1919–1922 758:1917–1922 748:1917–1918 737:1917–1918 723:Emigrants 709:Priamurye 693:Civil War 669:July Days 637:1914–1921 626:1900–1905 615:1867–1915 604:1809–1917 593:1799–1867 582:1721–1917 572:1547–1721 482:1263–1547 472:1157–1331 462:1136–1478 406:1093–1157 331:Garðaríki 288:Antiquity 94:Manchukuo 74:Lithuania 6628:Cold War 6490:Gulf War 5846:and the 5719:Internal 5575:Imperial 5380:Slovenia 5375:Slovakia 5365:Portugal 5253:Bulgaria 5207:Thailand 5182:Mongolia 5155:Cambodia 5075:Suriname 5065:Colombia 4889:Ethiopia 4627:(2008). 4424:for the 4414:Archived 4282:, p. xxi 4270:, p. 124 3956:(1999). 3926:(1999). 3828:See also 3806:1980–91 3796:1960–70 3790:Ethiopia 3786:1977–79 3766:1975–79 3716:1962–64 3706:1961–74 3696:1950–53 3680:Mongolia 3656:1936–39 3585:1979–89 3476:1948–49 3453:Cold War 3449:1947–91 3440:and the 3395:1945–74 3378:Xinjiang 3369:1944–49 3350:1941–44 3319:1941–45 3292:1939–40 3213:Xinjiang 3195:Xinjiang 3094:1919–21 3072:1918–20 3067:Outcome 3051:Timeline 3014:Abkhazia 2945:Caucasus 2943:and the 2933:glasnost 2801:Helsinki 2687:and the 2679:and the 2668:Cambodia 2662:invaded 2498:Cold War 2439:Caucasus 2402:Red Army 2317:and the 2270:and the 2211:general 2207:and the 2174:Xinjiang 2079:Red Army 1985:and the 1823:chekists 1684:Red Army 1633:militias 1566:Ober-Ost 1511:Red Army 1429:Red Army 1322:860–1721 1318:Timeline 1055:Putinism 1009:Protocol 1007:Alma-Ata 912:Karabakh 892:transfer 878:Cold War 701:Red Army 685:election 518:Troubles 396:988–1402 386:987–1397 376:882–1136 321:Arthania 250:a series 248:Part of 215:Spetsnaz 160:Cold War 130:occupied 114:Bukovina 86:Mongolia 54:Red Army 6568:Outline 6551:century 6152:century 5904:century 5587:Related 5571:Tsarist 5422:Galicia 5400:Ukraine 5370:Romania 5320:Ireland 5315:Iceland 5305:Hungary 5295:Germany 5273:Finland 5268:Estonia 5263:Denmark 5248:Belgium 5243:Austria 5238:Albania 5080:Uruguay 5012:Arizona 4939:Morocco 4934:Tunisia 4919:Liberia 4306:, p.215 3820:Lebanon 3720:Algeria 3507:Hungary 3404:Estonia 3360:Finland 3302:Finland 3276:Romania 3272:Belarus 3173:of the 3111:Ukraine 3103:Belarus 3029:Belarus 2993:Ukraine 2965:Vilnius 2953:Tbilisi 2891:of the 2877:Gosplan 2865:leaders 2845:arsenal 2837:détente 2824:SALT II 2766:Fat Man 2664:Pol Pot 2660:Vietnam 2649:Beijing 2614:détente 2463:V-E Day 2369:Soviet 2289:to the 2260:Romania 2244:Estonia 2240:Finland 2155:fascist 2142:cause. 2096:during 1878:Armenia 1872:of the 1550:Britain 1484:Marxist 1364:present 1264:present 1243:present 1222:present 1201:present 1180:present 1160:present 1143:present 1126:present 1089:Prelude 886:Comecon 516:Time of 279:Periods 139:in the 118:Romania 66:Estonia 5878:Deluge 5802:Russia 5581:times) 5579:Soviet 5567:Russia 5429:Sweden 5360:Poland 5355:Norway 5330:Latvia 5300:Greece 5278:France 5231:Europe 5217:Turkey 5177:Malaya 5106:Ceylon 5060:Brazil 5022:Nevada 4997:Mexico 4977:Canada 4867:Africa 4822: 4782: 4756: 4722:] 4701: 4679: 4639: 4582: 4563: 4537: 4518: 4490:. 4375: 4322: 4258:p. 210 4173: 4140: 4059: 4026: 3993: 3966: 3936: 3900: 3770:Angola 3543:Turkey 3535:Turkey 3485:Berlin 3408:Latvia 3268:Poland 3010:Crimea 2828:Vienna 2693:Israel 2677:Africa 2459:Berlin 2435:Moscow 2256:Poland 2248:Latvia 1914:purged 1815:SMERSH 1608:, for 1554:France 1023:abroad 890:Crimea 261:Russia 252:on the 158:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Military history of the Soviet Union

Index