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not identify 19 cases in the historical record. Among the remaining disputes, we recommend major changes (changes in dispute year, fatality level, and participants) in 234 disputes and minor changes in 1,009 disputes. Though we identified several systematic problems with the original coding effort, we also find that these problems do not affect current understandings of what predicts the onset of interstate conflict. However, estimates in our replications of three recent studies of dispute escalation, dispute duration, and dispute reciprocation all witness substantial changes when using corrected data—to the point of reversing previous conclusions in some cases.
42:. These include any conflicts in which one or more states threaten, display, or use force against one or more other states. They can vary in intensity from threats of force to actual combat short of war. A MID is composed of a sequence of related militarized incidents, all but the first being an outgrowth of or response to a previous militarized incident. An initiator of a war need not necessarily be the same as the initiator of a preceding MID, since a MID can be started by a show of force, whereas the initiator of a war begins the actual combat. Under this definition, over 2400 MIDs have been identified from 1816 to 2014 in the
148:
After strictly applying MID coding rules, we recommend dropping 251 cases (or over 10% of the dataset), as either we were unable to find a militarized incident in the historical record or the dispute appeared elsewhere in the data. We found evidence linking 75 disputes to other cases, and we could
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Democracies do sometimes attack nondemocracies. Many earlier papers found that democracies in general are as warlike as nondemocracies, but according to several recent papers democracies are overall slightly less involved in war, initiate wars and MIDs less frequently than nondemocracies, and tend
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When examining these MIDs in more detail, the disputes between democracies have on the average more hostility, but are less likely to involve third parties, hostility is less likely to be reciprocated, when reciprocated the response is usually proportional to the provocation, and the disputes are
235:
Palmer, Glenn, Roseanne W. McManus, Vito D’Orazio, Michael R. Kenwick, Mikaela
Karstens, Chase Bloch, Nick Dietrich, Kayla Kahn, Kellan Ritter, Michael J. Soules. 2020. "The MID5 Dataset, 2011-2014: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description." Working paper. Available at
135:
Some studies have characterized the dataset as flawed. A 2012 study found that the dataset "often coded incorrectly" the outcomes of disputes where threats of force were issued, with implications for research on the
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Enduring militarized competition between democratic states is rare. After both states have become democratic, there is a decreasing probability for MIDs within a year and this decreases almost to zero within five
586:
513:
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Palmer, Glenn; McManus, Roseanne W; D’Orazio, Vito; Kenwick, Michael R; Karstens, Mikaela; Bloch, Chase; Dietrich, Nick; Kahn, Kayla; Ritter, Kellan; Soules, Michael J (2021-02-26).
132:
The
Correlates of War (CoW) Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) dataset is the most extensive dataset on MIDs, and has been the basis of much of the published research on MIDs.
251:
674:
Hensel, Paul R.; Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin; Sowers, Thomas E.; Thyne, Clayton L. (2008-02-01). "Bones of
Contention Comparing Territorial, Maritime, and River Issues".
498:
395:
178:
631:
Mitchell, Sara MacLaughlin; Prins, Brandon C. (1999-03-01). "Beyond
Territorial Contiguity: Issues at Stake in Democratic Militarized Interstate Disputes".
219:
Daniel M. Jones, Stuart A. Bremer and J. David Singer. 1996. "Militarized
Interstate Disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns."
144:. A 2017 study found that the coding in the dataset was deeply flawed with significant effects on the findings of studies that relied on the dataset:
773:
Gibler, Douglas M.; Miller, Steven V.; Little, Erin K. (2016-12-01). "An
Analysis of the Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) Dataset, 1816–2001".
593:
520:
592:. Paper prepared for presentation at the 5th Pan-European International Relations Conference The Hague, September 9–11, 2004. Archived from
519:. Paper prepared for presentation at the 5th Pan-European International Relations Conference The Hague, September 9–11, 2004. Archived from
935:
258:
450:
413:. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, La., Mar. 23-27, 2002. Archived from
286:. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, La., Mar. 23-27, 2002. Archived from
85:
shows that the most democratic nations have few MIDs with one another. There is an ongoing debate regarding whether it is the most
410:
817:
237:
283:
945:
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187:
Getting to the Root of the Issue(s): Expanding the Study of Issues in MIDs (the MID-Issue
Dataset, Version 1.0)
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MIDs between
Western democracies occur to a large degree over maritime territory as opposed to land territory.
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57:-led coalition would be considered a full-scale war, the bombings and disputes related to American,
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355:"Theory and Evidence in International Conflict: A Response to de Marchi, Gelpi, and Grynaviski"
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329:. Revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society.
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https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/MIDs/mid-5-data-and-supporting-materials.zip/view
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252:"The COW Typology of War: Defining and Categorizing Wars (Version 4 of the Data)"
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International
Conflicts, 1816-2010: Militarized Interstate Dispute Narratives
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Jackson, Joshua; Owsiak, Andrew P.; Goertz, Gary; Diehl, Paul F. (2022). "
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818:"The MID5 Dataset, 2011–2014: Procedures, coding rules, and description"
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411:"Incidence of Militarized Disputes Between Liberal States, 1816-1992"
284:"Incidence of Militarized Disputes Between Liberal States, 1816-1992"
113:
62:
104:
Most MIDs by democracies since 1950 have involved four nations: the
117:
727:
Steinsson, Sverrir (2016-03-22). "The Cod Wars: a re-analysis".
159:
39:
558:
Müller, Harald (2004b). "The
Antimony of Democratic Peace".
197:
The Militarized Interstate Events (MIE) dataset, 1816–2014
449:
Hensel, Paul R., Gary Goertz, and Paul F. Diehl (2000).
324:"Rule of Three, Let it Be? When More Really Is Better"
353:
Beck, Nathaniel, Gary King, and Langche Zend (2004).
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in the 1990s are described by Frank Wayman as a MID.
128:
The CoW Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) dataset
89:
or the intermediate regimes that have the most MIDs.
863:Downes, Alexander B.; Sechser, Todd S. (2012).
101:more frequently to seek negotiated resolutions.
195:Gibler, Douglas M; Miller, Steven V (2023). "
8:
497:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
394:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
77:Some of the findings from research on MIDs:
585:Müller, Harald & Jonas Wolff (2004a).
512:Müller, Harald & Jonas Wolff (2004a).
322:Oneal, John R. & Bruce Russet (2004).
687:
865:"The Illusion of Democratic Credibility"
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81:Research using a continuous measure of
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587:"Dyadic Democratic Peace Strikes Back"
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514:"Dyadic Democratic Peace Strikes Back"
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182:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
93:less likely to cause any loss of life.
822:Conflict Management and Peace Science
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451:"The Democratice Peace and Rivalries"
221:Conflict Management and Peace Science
201:Conflict Management and Peace Science
7:
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362:American Political Science Review
38:that do not involve a full-scale
775:International Studies Quarterly
633:International Studies Quarterly
28:Militarized interstate disputes
18:Militarized Interstate Disputes
676:Journal of Conflict Resolution
191:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1:
741:10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376
572:10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800089
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936:Political science theories
869:International Organization
49:For example, although the
881:10.1017/S0020818312000161
374:10.1017/s0003055404001212
834:10.1177/0738894221995743
698:10.1177/0022002707310425
34:) are conflicts between
645:10.1111/0020-8833.00115
470:10.1111/0022-3816.00052
176:Gibler, Douglas. 2018.
165:Democratic peace theory
612:Cite journal requires
560:International Politics
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430:Cite journal requires
409:Wayman, Frank (2002).
342:Cite journal requires
303:Cite journal requires
282:Wayman, Frank (2002).
151:
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51:2003 invasion of Iraq
921:A definition of MIDs
458:Journal of Politics
250:Sarkess, Meredith.
61:, and (until 1996)
946:Military doctrines
787:10.1093/isq/sqw045
290:on March 25, 2005.
729:European Security
67:Iraqi no-fly zone
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795:0020-8833
757:155242560
749:0966-2839
706:0022-0027
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580:144940132
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118:India
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