385:
650:
541:
624:
453:
680:
422:
504:
579:
484:
17:
540:
578:
384:
649:
679:
623:
421:
452:
503:
483:
198:
s issue, it appears to have been struck solely as a ceremonial coin on the occasion of the appointment of a co-emperor, and hence always features the names of two
Byzantine emperors. Only from the reign of Emperor
643:), featuring a departure from the original cross and phrasing design, and instead portraying the Theotokos with the infant Christ on the obverse and the standing emperor dressed in imperial regalia on the reverse.
264:
all appeared on the coin together. By the mid- 1060s, the diversity of the images culminated in several examples depicting a reigning empress appearing alongside her emperor, which appears to have begun under
105:. Thereafter and until the 7th century, the Byzantines did not get regularly circulate silver coins, although there were a very small number of commemorative issues struck. In the 7th century, a
154:
that increased to 3.03 grams (i.e. 108 coins to the pound).. The design of the coins bears a striking resemblance to a series of silver coins minted in the previous century by the
Persian
497:. Note the similarities with the three preceding coins, namely: the concentric circular edging, the stylized standing cross, and the use of text and simple symbols with no human figures.
477:
on the coin. Size is approx. 25mm, and weighs 2.78 grams, both very close to its
Byzantine counterpart. An important contemporary inspiration for Leo III's new coin.
296:
in the 1060s and 1070s severely affected the quality of the coin. By the 1080s, the coin fell out of prominence, and only a few rare examples exist from the reign of
523:) featuring the early cross potent design on the obverse begun by Leo III, with invocative phrasing on the reverse. This classic design persisted until the reign of
560:), which modifies the classic design to include a miniature portrait within the center of the cross (obverse) and the names of the senior emperor and co-emperors,
355:
954:
293:
809:
411:. This transitional coin from the early years of the Caliphate illustrates some of the design features that appear to have inspired the Byzantine
609:) featuring the radiant cross-crosslet design of the zenith of the Macedonian period. This new design first appeared by the end of the reign of
1428:
673:, again featuring a radiant cross-crosslet design. This is a rare example of an empress being portrayed on the same coin as a reigning emperor.
881:
822:
244:
was transformed into a newer, radiant cross-crosslet, often with flanking portraits of the reigning co-emperors (such as those found on the
162:. It is from the latter's influence that it seems the Byzantines drew inspiration to adopt the new design, particularly in light of the
902:
853:
947:
151:
844:
1438:
362:
912:
Lauritzen, Frederick (2009). "The
Miliaresion Poet: The Dactylic Inscription on a Silver Coin of Romanos III Argyros".
146:
is usually preserved among numismatists, was apparently struck 144 to the pound, with an initial weight of circa 2.27
940:
393:
83:
coins. In its most usual sense, it refers to the themed flat silver coin struck between the 8th and 11th
Century.
1399:
270:
828:
16:
345:
211:
1433:
569:
210:) did the coin become regular issue, struck throughout an emperor's reign. In the 10th century, Emperor
513:
490:
332:, but over the following century it was significantly devalued, especially after the collapse of the
266:
200:
167:
129:
47:
25:
260:). The transformation continued in the mid-11th century, when images of an emperor, Christ, and the
1014:
550:
292:
also began to be minted, and the military and financial collapse that occurred primarily under the
277:
110:
1406:
690:
659:
474:
297:
1375:
1285:
1190:
1163:
963:
921:
898:
877:
849:
839:
818:
565:
337:
333:
159:
184:, sporting instead the names and titles of a single emperor or emperors on the reverse and a
967:
599:
308:
257:
163:
77:
1380:
1292:
705:
670:
614:
561:
524:
307:). It was discontinued after 1092 (due to Alexios I's currency reform), but remained as a
249:
155:
96:
276:
However, by the middle of the 11th century, due to a debasement of the currency begun by
1080:
989:
442:. Note the design of the hexagram's cross which was carried through when designing the
428:
322:
241:
69:
61:
1422:
932:
236:) added an imperial bust to the center of the cross. Shortly thereafter, the earlier
36:
237:
892:
871:
633:
344:
appears to have been mostly forgotten by the 13th century, especially after the
118:
1242:
1215:
1209:
1196:
1151:
1100:
1092:
408:
181:
128:, this variant coin, broader and thinner than the hexagram, was instituted by
92:
925:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1272:
1254:
1003:
610:
350:
261:
226:
114:
1385:
1351:
1266:
588:
404:
390:
253:
109:
was an alternative name possibly given to a variation on the short-lived
1086:
463:
317:
1358:
1338:
1185:
1168:
1126:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1032:
1026:
700:). A cross style and layout similar to the one used on Michael VII's
222:
172:
101:
80:
996:
369:
survived as a relic in
Western European languages, where the term
185:
15:
147:
936:
704:
of the 1070s is used, and
Alexios appears alongside his wife,
438:), struck just a few years prior to the introduction of the
348:
in 1204, but was in some ways revived in the form of the
365:
by the latter half of the 15th century, the name of the
321:. Following the reform, it was replaced by a low-grade
894:
Studies in the
Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300โ1450
95:
issued in the 4th century that were struck 72 to the
273:, due to the latter's heavy influence on the court.
1368:
1302:
1227:
1136:
1065:
974:
373:was used for various kinds of Muslim silver coins.
848:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
948:
8:
955:
941:
933:
689:struck in the early years of the reign of
35:) to celebrate the coronation of his son,
897:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
328:cup coin, initially worth a quarter of a
158:, which were later copied by the islamic
792:
780:
768:
756:
744:
613:, and solidified under the sole rule of
732:
718:
380:
728:
726:
724:
722:
7:
91:Originally, the name was given to a
354:, a flat silver coin issued in the
76:), is a name used for two types of
845:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
817:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
358:empire from roughly 1300 onward.
14:
142:The new coin, for which the term
99:and were the equivalent of 1,000
678:
648:
622:
615:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
577:
539:
502:
482:
451:
427:A rare example of a hexagram of
420:
383:
695:
685:An extremely rare example of a
664:
638:
604:
593:
555:
529:
518:
468:
433:
302:
231:
216:
205:
170:. Like the contemporary silver
134:
113:coin minted during the time of
41:
30:
1:
1429:Coins of the Byzantine Empire
397:
122:
363:fall of the Byzantine Empire
191:In the first century of the
1455:
891:Hendy, Michael F. (1985).
188:on steps on the obverse.
1394:
870:Grierson, Philip (1982).
808:Grierson, Philip (1999).
65:
46:), as co-emperor. Notice
182:no human representations
1400:Byzantine Empire Portal
1174:Trikephalon/Manouelaton
336:following the death of
271:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
221:) introduced a bust of
48:the lack of any imagery
346:Sack of Constantinople
176:of the Caliphate, the
93:series of silver coins
73:
51:
475:total lack of imagery
168:iconoclastic policies
20:Example of the first
19:
1439:Leo III the Isaurian
489:An early example of
267:Constantine X Doukas
225:on the obverse, and
130:Leo III the Isaurian
876:. London: Methuen.
669:) and his empress,
551:Romanos I Lekapenos
278:Romanos III Argyros
180:featured initially
1407:Numismatics Portal
1230:(ca. 1300 โ 1350s)
840:Kazhdan, Alexander
783:, pp. 15, 44.
691:Alexios I Komnenos
660:Michael VII Doukas
298:Alexios I Komnenos
150:, although in the
52:
1416:
1415:
1376:Byzantine economy
1139:(1092 โ ca. 1300)
883:978-0-416-71360-2
824:978-0-88402-274-9
811:Byzantine Coinage
795:, pp. 15โ16.
771:, pp. 14โ15.
493:'s new coin, the
338:Manuel I Komnenos
334:Komnenian dynasty
288:fractions of the
248:of Romanos I and
160:Umayyad Caliphate
152:Macedonian period
50:except the cross.
1446:
1347:
1313:
1281:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1205:
1181:
1159:
1147:
1122:
1109:
1076:
1068:(ca. 700 โ 1092)
1022:
1011:
985:
968:Byzantine Empire
957:
950:
943:
934:
929:
908:
887:
859:
835:
833:
827:. Archived from
816:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
699:
698: 1081โ1118
697:
682:
668:
667: 1071โ1078
666:
652:
642:
641: 1028โ1034
640:
626:
608:
606:
600:Constantine VIII
597:
595:
581:
559:
557:
543:
533:
531:
522:
520:
506:
486:
472:
470:
455:
437:
435:
424:
402:
399:
387:
309:money of account
306:
305: 1081โ1118
304:
258:Constantine VIII
256:and his brother
235:
233:
220:
218:
209:
207:
197:
164:Isaurian dynasty
138:
136:
127:
124:
67:
45:
43:
34:
32:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1390:
1381:Byzantine mints
1364:
1345:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1203:
1179:
1157:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1120:
1107:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1020:
1009:
983:
977:(498 โ ca. 700)
976:
970:
961:
911:
905:
890:
884:
873:Byzantine Coins
869:
866:
864:Further reading
856:
838:
831:
825:
814:
807:
804:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
735:, p. 1373.
731:
720:
716:
709:
706:Eirene Doukaina
694:
683:
674:
671:Maria of Alania
663:
653:
644:
637:
627:
618:
607: 976โ1028
603:
596: 976โ1025
592:
582:
573:
562:Constantine VII
554:
544:
535:
528:
525:Leo VI the Wise
517:
507:
498:
487:
478:
467:
456:
447:
432:
425:
416:
400:
388:
379:
356:Palaiologan-era
314:
301:
287:
283:
250:Constantine VII
230:
215:
204:
195:
156:Sassanid Empire
133:
125:
89:
40:
29:
12:
11:
5:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1369:Related topics
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1182:
1177:
1164:Nomisma trachy
1160:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
980:
978:
972:
971:
962:
960:
959:
952:
945:
937:
931:
930:
909:
903:
888:
882:
865:
862:
861:
860:
854:
842:, ed. (1991).
836:
834:on 2010-06-13.
823:
803:
800:
798:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
684:
677:
675:
654:
647:
645:
628:
621:
619:
583:
576:
574:
558: 920โ944
545:
538:
536:
532: 886โ912
521: 829โ842
508:
501:
499:
488:
481:
479:
471: 717โ720
464:Caliph Umar II
457:
450:
448:
436: 715โ717
429:Theodosius III
426:
419:
417:
389:
382:
378:
375:
312:
294:Doukas dynasty
285:
281:
252:, or those of
242:Late Antiquity
234: 920โ944
219: 912โ913
208: 829โ842
137: 717โ741
88:
85:
44: 741โ775
33: 717โ741
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:Doukatopoulon
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:(1367 โ 1453)
1301:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:Fourth period
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:Second period
1064:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
998:
994:
992:
991:
987:
982:
981:
979:
973:
969:
965:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
938:
935:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:0-521-24715-2
900:
896:
895:
889:
885:
879:
875:
874:
868:
867:
863:
857:
855:0-19-504652-8
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
830:
826:
820:
813:
812:
806:
805:
801:
794:
793:Grierson 1999
789:
786:
782:
781:Grierson 1999
777:
774:
770:
769:Grierson 1999
765:
762:
759:, p. 14.
758:
757:Grierson 1999
753:
750:
747:, p. 13.
746:
745:Grierson 1999
741:
738:
734:
729:
727:
725:
723:
719:
713:
707:
703:
692:
688:
681:
676:
672:
661:
657:
651:
646:
635:
631:
625:
620:
616:
612:
601:
590:
586:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
552:
548:
542:
537:
526:
515:
511:
505:
500:
496:
492:
485:
480:
476:
465:
461:
454:
449:
445:
441:
430:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
395:
392:
386:
381:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
340:in 1180. The
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
319:
310:
299:
295:
291:
279:
274:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
228:
224:
213:
202:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
131:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
86:
84:
82:
79:
75:
71:
63:
59:
58:
49:
38:
37:Constantine V
27:
23:
18:
1434:Silver coins
1405:
1398:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1303:Fifth period
1291:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1217:
1208:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1150:
1137:Third period
1125:
1113:
1112:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1054:
1049:Pentanummium
1047:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1002:
995:
988:
975:First period
917:
913:
893:
872:
843:
829:the original
810:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
733:Kazhdan 1991
701:
686:
655:
629:
584:
546:
509:
494:
473:). Note the
459:
444:miliaresion'
443:
439:
412:
370:
366:
360:
349:
341:
329:
325:
316:
311:, equal to โ
289:
275:
245:
238:cross potent
192:
190:
177:
171:
143:
141:
106:
100:
90:
56:
55:
53:
24:, struck by
21:
1114:Miliaresion
1104:(from 960s)
1042:Decanummium
920:: 231โ240.
702:miliaresion
687:miliaresion
656:Miliaresion
634:Romanos III
630:Miliaresion
585:Miliaresion
570:Constantine
547:Miliaresion
510:Miliaresion
495:miliaresion
440:miliaresion
413:miliaresion
396:of a coin (
367:miliaresion
342:miliaresion
330:miliaresion
290:miliaresion
193:miliaresion
178:miliaresion
144:miliaresion
119:Constans II
107:miliaresion
74:miliarensis
66:ฮผฮนฮปฮนฮฑฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ
57:miliaresion
1423:Categories
1352:Tournesion
1267:Tournesion
1243:Hyperpyron
1218:tetarteron
1210:Tetarteron
1152:Hyperpyron
1117:(from 720)
1101:Tetarteron
1093:Histamenon
1017:(from 615)
964:Currencies
714:References
658:struck by
632:struck by
587:struck by
572:(reverse).
549:struck by
514:Theophilos
512:struck by
446:s obverse.
409:Khosrow II
401: 630
361:After the
246:miliaresia
201:Theophilos
126: 720
22:miliaresia
1326:stavraton
1318:Stavraton
1273:Politikon
1255:Basilikon
1004:Tremissis
926:0378-2506
914:Byzantion
611:Romanos I
394:imitation
371:milliarรจs
351:basilikon
262:Theotokos
227:Romanos I
212:Alexander
115:Heraclius
78:Byzantine
1386:Scyphate
1293:Assarion
1197:Stamenon
1158:Electrum
1015:Hexagram
997:Semissis
589:Basil II
405:Sassanid
391:Rashidun
254:Basil II
111:hexagram
1359:Follaro
1090:(later
1087:Nomisma
1081:Solidus
990:Solidus
966:of the
802:Sources
598:), and
566:Stephen
491:Leo III
377:Gallery
318:nomisma
121:. From
87:History
68:, from
26:Leo III
1346:Copper
1339:Aspron
1312:Silver
1286:Trachy
1280:Copper
1261:Billon
1249:Silver
1204:Copper
1191:trachy
1186:aspron
1180:Billon
1169:aspron
1127:Follis
1121:Copper
1108:Silver
1056:Nummus
1035:follis
1027:Follis
1021:Copper
1010:Silver
924:
901:
880:
852:
821:
460:dirham
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