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Milk thistle is an upright herb that can grow to be 30 to 200 cm (12 to 79 in) tall and has an overall conical shape. The approximate maximum base diameter is 160 cm (63 in). The stem is grooved and may be covered in a light cottony fuzz. The largest specimens have hollow stems.
1060:
Andrzejewska, Jadwiga, Katarzyna
Sadowska, und Sebastian Mielcarek. „Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate“. Industrial Crops and Products 33, Nr. 2 (2011):
512:
complex) and 20–35% fatty acids, including linoleic acid. Silymarin is a complex mixture of polyphenolic molecules, including seven closely related flavonolignans (silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, isosilychristin, silydianin) and one flavonoid
404:
establishes itself in sunny, warm ruderal meadows in regularly disturbed places such as rubble deposits, at the foot of south-exposed walls or villages and on urban fallow land or on cattle pastures. However, it does not prefer dry, stony soils.
323:
The flower heads are 4 to 12 cm long and wide, of red-purple colour. They flower from June to August in the North or
December to February in the Southern Hemisphere (summer through autumn). The flower head is surround by
451:, a minimal temperature of 2 °C is needed. Sowing can be done in Autumn or in Spring, depending on the climate conditions. Row spacing is between 40 and 75 cm with a plant space of about 25 cm in the rows.
1362:
Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J (2015). "Mycotoxins in Plant-Based
Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers".
1028:
Karkanis, Anestis, Dimitrios
Bilalis, und Aspasia Efthimiadou. „Cultivation of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L. Gaertn.), a Medicinal Weed“. Industrial Crops and Products 34, Nr. 1 (1. Juli 2011): 825–30.
296:. This fairly typical thistle has red to purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves with white veins. Originally a native of Southern Europe through to Asia, it is now found throughout the world.
1158:
Hogan, Fawn S.; Krishnegowda, Naveen K.; Mikhailova, Margarita; Kahlenberg, Morton S. (2007). "Flavonoid, Silibinin, Inhibits
Proliferation and Promotes Cell-Cycle Arrest of Human Colon Cancer".
1042:
Qavami, N., BADI H. NAGHDI, M. R. Labbafi, und A. Mehrafarin. „A review on pharmacological, cultivation and biotechnology aspects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.)“, 2013.
541:
that it has any medicinal effect, and the quality of research has been poor. Silymarin is extracted from the milk thistle seeds and available as a standardized extract. In 2019,
1051:
Zheljazkov, Valtcho D., Ivan
Zhalnov, und Nedko K. Nedkov. „Herbicides for weed control in blessed thistle (Silybum marianum)“. Weed technology 20, Nr. 4 (2006): 1030–1034.
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is applied before sowing, to improve yields. Harvest normally occurs in July or August. Since the flower heads don't ripen evenly, optimal harvest time is about a
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stated: "We need a lot more research with reliable clinical trials before we can be sure that milk thistle will play any part in treating or preventing cancers."
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Milk thistle has been potentially observed to modify fire regimes in its invasive range. Its invasion into new habitats may also be encouraged by fire.
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ranges from 5.5 to 7.6, but a wide range is acceptable. The seeds are directly sown into the soil with a sowing depth of 1 to 1.5 cm. For
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440:, which simplifies cultivation. When the main requirements of the plant are met, then the milk thistle will blossom in the first year.
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580:, the bacteria in the animal's stomach breaks the chemical down, producing nitrite ions. Nitrite ions then combine with
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972:"CATALINA ISLAND'S INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON INVASION AND PROTECTION OF OAK ECOSYSTEMS"
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is not necessarily needed because of the low nutrient requirements. A standard fertilization rate of 50 kg
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The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).
339:, surrounded by a yellow basal ring. A long pappus acts as a "parachute", supporting seed dispersal by wind.
538:
1871:
1199:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 August 2020
941:
Lambert, Adam; D'antonio, Carla; Dudley, Tom (2010). "Invasive species and fire in
California ecosystems".
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content, the plant has been found to be toxic to cattle and sheep. When potassium nitrate is eaten by
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Bhattacharya, Sanjib (2011-01-01), Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B. (eds.),
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486:, average yields are 1230 kg per ha with an average silymarin content of 26.5 kg per ha.
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concentrations of up to 37 mg/kg when compared to various plant-based dietary supplements.
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weed. It also spreads invasively in almost all of Europe as a consequence of field cultivation.
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which are hairless, with triangular, spine-edged appendages, tipped with a stout yellow spine.
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320:, with spiny edges like most thistles. They are hairless, shiny green, with milk-white veins.
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1119:"Milk Thistle Nomenclature: Why It Matters in Cancer Research and Pharmacokinetic Studies"
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Traditional milk thistle extract is made from the seeds, which contain approximately 4–6%
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Milk thistle has low soil nutrient requirements and is drought resistant. The optimal
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Milk thistle is an adaptive crop with low requirements. It is mainly cultivated as a
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Pflanzensoziologische
Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete
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849:. Bogotá: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
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but it is also sometimes used as a food source. It's mainly cultivated in
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1251:"Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases"
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The leaves are oblong to lanceolate and 15–60 cm long and typically
132:
119:
2106:
1894:
1308:"Chapter 90 - Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaert.) Seeds in Health"
700:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
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1907:
1801:
573:
549:
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Milk thistle based supplements have been measured to have the highest
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912:(8., stark überarb. und erg. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart. p. 967.
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31:
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521:, a semipurified fraction of silymarin, is primarily a mixture of 2
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80:
30:"Blessed milk thistle" redirects here. For "blessed thistle", see
1956:
981:. Proceedings of an on-island workshop, February 2–4, 2007: 35–46
1446:
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1819:
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after 50% of the flower heads are dry. For harvesting a common
370:. It is possibly native near the coast of southeast England.
588:, blocking the transport of oxygen. The result is a form of
444:
378:
outside its natural range, for example into North
America,
1071:
Greenlee, H.; Abascal, K.; Yarnell, E.; Ladas, E. (2007).
548:
Use of milk thistle may cause stomach upset and produce
1403:
Tucker JM, et al. Nitrate
Poisoning in Livestock (1961)
1073:"Clinical Applications of Silybum marianum in Oncology"
660:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
27:
Species of plant of genus Silybum in family Asteraceae
508:. The extract consists of about 65–80% silymarin (a
2277:
1675:
1608:
1578:
1525:
1516:
1484:
1117:Kroll, D. J.; Shaw, H. S.; Oberlies, N. H. (2007).
1002:"ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Silybum marianum"
525:, silybin A and silybin B, in a roughly 1:1 ratio.
37:"Milk thistle" redirects here. For other uses, see
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
686:Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1401:http://ucanr.edu/sites/UCCE_LR/files/180507.pdf
1314:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 759–766,
1312:Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention
730:Flora of Australia Volume 37 : Asteraceae
1462:
1031:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.027
8:
697:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1255:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1663:
1522:
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1365:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1024:
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846:Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia
54:
45:
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1134:
1088:
954:
1191:
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796:. Fraser Valley Invasive Species Society
618:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
529:Traditional medicine and adverse effects
1249:Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C (2007).
600:
533:Although milk thistle has been used in
366:; in Africa it reaches as far south as
883:
881:
733:. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. 2015.
681:
679:
677:
675:
658:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
2406:0acb6e75-049a-49a0-8378-7479545e2a16
2231:a77e05fe-9988-4717-9c55-9b83dde11966
2081:51ed3cc3-7c82-4152-bb8d-efcc33f9eda3
1539:Antiemetics/gastroprokinetic agents:
1428:UC Davis profile for blessed thistle
39:List of plants known as milk thistle
768:. Frederick Warne. pp. 388–9.
889:"Silybum marianum // Mariendistel"
25:
843:Bernal; Gradstein; Celis (2019).
2531:Flora of the Indian subcontinent
2419:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:188813-1
2169:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:249211-1
1415:
1343:. Cancer Research UK. 9 May 2019
272:(though not to be confused with
67:
1341:"Milk thistle and liver cancer"
2501:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula
1267:10.1002/14651858.CD003620.pub3
1:
1596:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
906:Oberdorfer, Erich (c. 2001).
436:, it is normally grown as an
2551:Flora of Southwestern Europe
2546:Flora of Southeastern Europe
1616:Breast development inducers:
1160:Journal of Surgical Research
1123:Integrative Cancer Therapies
1077:Integrative Cancer Therapies
825:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1637:medroxyprogesterone acetate
1486:Prolactin receptor agonists
979:Catalina Island Conservancy
706:Harvard University Herbaria
537:for centuries, there is no
2577:
1218:Rainone, Francine (2005).
823:Plants of the World Online
394:where it is considered an
262:Mediterranean milk thistle
36:
29:
1224:American Family Physician
1172:10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.080
702:Missouri Botanical Garden
335:with a simple long white
213:
206:
191:
184:
64:Scientific classification
62:
53:
48:
1503:Human placental lactogen
1377:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105
1136:10.1177/1534735407301825
1090:10.1177/1534735407301727
1007:. The Nature Conservancy
343:Distribution and habitat
2521:Flora of Eastern Europe
2516:Flora of Middle Europe
1649:Milk letdown inducers:
704:, St. Louis, MO &
501:
358:and much of Europe to
309:
284:). This species is an
2556:Flora of Western Asia
2541:Flora of North Africa
2511:Flora of Central Asia
2506:Flora of the Caucasus
497:
432:. Milk thistle is a
331:The fruits are black
307:
2536:Flora of Macaronesia
1531:receptor antagonists
1424:at Wikimedia Commons
970:Knapp, John (2010).
535:traditional medicine
292:plant of the family
258:Saint Mary's thistle
1641:cyproterone acetate
1518:Prolactin releasers
1439:Plants for a Future
766:The Wild Flower Key
275:Onopordum acanthium
246:blessed milkthistle
2491:Christian folklore
1434:"Silybum marianum"
861:"Silybum marianum"
590:oxygen deprivation
550:allergic reactions
543:Cancer Research UK
502:
310:
266:variegated thistle
236:. It has various
2526:Flora of Ethiopia
2496:CYP3A4 inhibitors
2468:
2467:
2115:Open Tree of Life
1669:Taxon identifiers
1660:
1659:
1604:
1603:
1420:Media related to
1321:978-0-12-375688-6
775:978-0-7232-2419-8
652:Silphium marianum
539:clinical evidence
480:combine harvester
225:
224:
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16:(Redirected from
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2486:Medicinal plants
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2058:NHMSYS0000463605
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1885:Silybum marianum
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1781:silybum-marianum
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1677:Silybum marianum
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708:, Cambridge, MA.
690:Silybum marianum
683:
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620:. Archived from
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552:in some people.
523:diastereoisomers
482:can be used. In
402:Silybum marianum
374:has been widely
354:from around the
348:Silybum marianum
232:is a species of
229:Silybum marianum
218:
216:Carduus marianus
197:
195:Silybum marianum
177:S. marianum
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2102:Observation.org
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2016:MichiganFlora:
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1554:Antipsychotics:
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1410:Further reading
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1371:(29): 6633–43.
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1261:(4): CD003620.
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1000:Bean, Caitiln.
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956:10.1.1.468.2022
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568:Animal toxicity
558:
531:
492:
463:and 60 kg
418:medicinal plant
414:
345:
318:pinnately lobed
302:
281:Cirsium vulgare
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66:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2572:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2445:wfo-0000065296
2436:
2423:
2410:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2299:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2258:
2254:wfo-0000014591
2245:
2235:
2222:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2147:
2134:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1697:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1626:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Chlorpromazine
1550:
1549:
1547:Metoclopramide
1544:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:Growth hormone
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1425:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1354:
1332:
1320:
1298:
1241:
1220:"Milk Thistle"
1210:
1197:"Milk thistle"
1185:
1150:
1104:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1018:
992:
962:
933:
918:
898:
877:
852:
835:
807:
790:"Milk Thistle"
781:
774:
753:
739:
711:
671:
637:
610:BSBI List 2007
599:
597:
594:
569:
566:
557:
554:
530:
527:
491:
488:
434:biennial plant
413:
410:
344:
341:
301:
298:
270:Scotch thistle
250:Marian thistle
223:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2561:Edible plants
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:Galactagogues
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1230:(7): 1285–8.
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1083:(2): 158–65.
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1003:
996:
993:
980:
973:
966:
963:
957:
952:
948:
944:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
919:3-8001-3131-5
915:
911:
910:
902:
899:
894:
893:galasearch.de
890:
884:
882:
878:
866:
862:
856:
853:
848:
847:
839:
836:
824:
821:
820:(L.) Gaertn."
819:
811:
808:
795:
791:
785:
782:
777:
771:
767:
763:
762:Rose, Francis
757:
754:
742:
740:9781486304158
736:
732:
731:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
698:
693:
691:
682:
680:
678:
676:
672:
659:
655:
653:
647:
641:
638:
627:on 2015-06-26
623:
619:
612:
611:
604:
601:
595:
593:
591:
587:
586:methemoglobin
583:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
555:
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
510:flavonolignan
507:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:, 30 kg
458:
454:
453:Fertilization
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:North America
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
406:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Mediterranean
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
321:
319:
314:
306:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Tracheophytes
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
57:
52:
49:Milk thistle
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2278:
1676:
1648:
1633:progesterone
1629:Progestogens
1615:
1591:Progestogens
1553:
1538:
1498:somatotropin
1437:
1396:
1388:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1335:
1325:, retrieved
1311:
1301:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1166:(1): 58–65.
1163:
1159:
1153:
1129:(2): 110–9.
1126:
1122:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1009:. Retrieved
995:
983:. Retrieved
978:
965:
949:(2): 29–36.
946:
942:
936:
908:
901:
892:
868:. Retrieved
864:
855:
845:
838:
827:. Retrieved
822:
817:
810:
798:. Retrieved
794:www.fviss.ca
793:
784:
765:
756:
744:. Retrieved
729:
696:
689:
662:. Retrieved
657:
651:
640:
629:. Retrieved
622:the original
609:
603:
571:
559:
547:
532:
503:
442:
438:annual plant
424:but also in
415:
407:
401:
400:
371:
360:Central Asia
347:
346:
330:
322:
315:
311:
308:Illustration
279:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:Mary thistle
253:
249:
245:
242:milk thistle
241:
238:common names
228:
227:
226:
215:
214:
201:(L.) Gaertn.
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
126:
113:
100:
87:
43:
18:Milk Thistle
2040:NatureServe
1929:iNaturalist
1701:Wikispecies
1562:Risperidone
1542:Domperidone
664:15 November
584:to produce
572:Because of
449:germination
412:Cultivation
388:New Zealand
372:S. marianum
300:Description
107:Angiosperms
2475:Categories
2143:gcc-114114
2138:Plant List
1768:Calflora:
1327:2021-12-02
1203:20 October
829:2023-04-29
800:24 January
646:USDA, NRCS
631:2014-10-17
596:References
582:hemoglobin
461:phosphorus
376:introduced
294:Asteraceae
240:including
153:Asteraceae
2294:Q21872176
1872:200024549
1854:FloraBase
1778:Cal-IPC:
1623:estradiol
1619:Estrogens
1586:Estrogens
1567:Sulpiride
1508:Prolactin
951:CiteSeerX
943:Fremontia
865:plantpono
578:ruminants
562:mycotoxin
519:Silibinin
515:taxifolin
506:silymarin
499:Silibinin
490:Chemistry
473:fortnight
465:potassium
384:Australia
171:Species:
143:Asterales
77:Kingdom:
2427:Tropicos
2383:10203217
2370:188813-1
2288:Wikidata
2226:VicFlora
2215:VASCAN:
2203:Tropicos
2045:2.143221
1970:11113162
1758:BioLib:
1751:286-4-1a
1686:Wikidata
1652:Oxytocin
1385:26168136
1347:9 August
1293:41057368
1285:17943794
1236:16225032
1180:17950073
1145:17548790
1099:17548794
1061:462–468.
1011:9 August
985:9 August
928:50980051
870:9 August
764:(1981).
746:9 August
648:(n.d.).
556:Toxicity
457:nitrogen
396:invasive
392:Colombia
368:Ethiopia
290:biennial
208:Synonyms
149:Family:
133:Asterids
120:Eudicots
2481:Silybum
2458:1173071
2432:2716926
2344:3145219
2267:1106175
2208:2711064
2027:MoBotPF
1957:91418-3
1908:3145214
1802:Ecocrop
1692:Q193798
1631:(e.g.,
1621:(e.g.,
1276:8724782
574:nitrate
469:hectare
333:achenes
234:thistle
164:Silybum
159:Genus:
139:Order:
81:Plantae
2403:NZOR:
2396:510125
2318:109222
2305:100810
2302:APDB:
2195:2961-1
2151:PLANTS
2120:650188
2078:NZOR:
2032:277472
2009:202991
1895:silmar
1892:FoIO:
1846:159640
1820:509366
1748:APSA:
1725:APDB:
1609:Others
1579:Others
1571:Others
1383:
1318:
1291:
1283:
1273:
1234:
1178:
1143:
1097:
953:
926:
916:
772:
737:
484:Poland
477:cereal
422:Europe
390:, and
380:Hawaii
352:native
337:pappus
326:bracts
286:annual
32:Cnicus
2453:WoRMS
2378:IRMNG
2262:WoRMS
2238:WoI:
2190:SANBI
2182:17359
2156:SIMA3
2127:PFI:
2089:NZPCN
2071:92921
1996:38413
1983:50304
1965:IRMNG
1941:IPA:
1934:52586
1921:33952
1880:FoAO2
1841:EUNIS
1833:SLYMA
1794:6YPNF
1761:41396
1741:76429
1728:95141
1715:APA:
1289:S2CID
1005:(PDF)
975:(PDF)
625:(xls)
614:(xls)
364:India
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
2414:POWO
2391:ITIS
2365:IPNI
2357:9022
2352:GRIN
2339:GBIF
2331:R6XP
2313:APNI
2218:3434
2164:POWO
2130:5927
2107:7468
2094:2766
2066:NCBI
2004:IUCN
1991:ITIS
1952:IPNI
1944:4462
1916:GRIN
1903:GBIF
1859:8227
1828:EPPO
1807:9784
1771:7622
1736:APNI
1381:PMID
1349:2020
1316:ISBN
1281:PMID
1259:2009
1232:PMID
1205:2020
1176:PMID
1141:PMID
1095:PMID
1013:2020
987:2020
924:OCLC
914:ISBN
872:2020
802:2021
770:ISBN
748:2020
735:ISBN
666:2015
467:per
428:and
426:Asia
362:and
268:and
2440:WFO
2326:CoL
2249:WFO
2177:RHS
2053:NBN
2019:449
1978:ISC
1867:FNA
1815:EoL
1789:CoL
1718:971
1373:doi
1271:PMC
1263:doi
1168:doi
1164:143
1131:doi
1085:doi
517:).
350:is
288:or
278:or
2477::
2455::
2442::
2429::
2416::
2393::
2380::
2367::
2354::
2341::
2328::
2315::
2290::
2264::
2251::
2241:75
2228::
2205::
2192::
2179::
2166::
2153::
2140::
2117::
2104::
2091::
2068::
2055::
2042::
2029::
2006::
1993::
1980::
1967::
1954::
1931::
1918::
1905::
1882::
1869::
1856::
1843::
1830::
1817::
1804::
1791::
1738::
1703::
1688::
1639:,
1635:,
1436:.
1387:.
1379:.
1369:63
1367:.
1310:,
1287:.
1279:.
1269:.
1257:.
1253:.
1228:72
1226:.
1222:.
1188:^
1174:.
1162:.
1139:.
1125:.
1121:.
1107:^
1093:.
1079:.
1075:.
1021:^
977:.
947:38
945:.
922:.
891:.
880:^
863:.
792:.
714:^
694:.
674:^
656:.
616:.
592:.
445:pH
386:,
382:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
219:L.
129::
116::
103::
90::
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1625:)
1529:2
1527:D
1496:/
1470:e
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1375::
1351:.
1295:.
1265::
1238:.
1207:.
1182:.
1170::
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1133::
1127:6
1101:.
1087::
1081:6
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1015:.
989:.
959:.
930:.
895:.
874:.
832:.
816:"
804:.
778:.
750:.
692:"
688:"
668:.
654:"
650:"
634:.
513:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
