51:
754:(SSAR) published an updated list in 1978, largely following the previous established examples, and subsequently published eight revised editions ending in 2017. More recently the SSAR switched to an online version with a searchable database. Standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in Spanish and English were first published in 1994, with a revised and updated list published in 2008.
121:
memorise or pronounce the scientific name. Creating an "official" list of common names can also be an attempt to standardize the use of common names, which can sometimes vary a great deal between one part of a country and another, as well as between one country and another country, even where the same language is spoken in both places.
525:
Art. 68. Every friend of science ought to be opposed to the introduction into a modern language of names of plants that are not already there unless they are derived from a Latin botanical name that has undergone but a slight alteration. ... ought the fabrication of names termed vulgar names, totally
534:
would have been better relished in
England had not the author introduced into it so many new English names, that are to be found in no dictionary, and that do not preclude the necessity of learning with what Latin names they are synonymous. A tolerable idea may be given of the danger of too great a
498:
forms of vernacular words or coinages; such names generally are difficult for laymen to learn, remember, and pronounce and so, in such books as field guides, biologists commonly publish lists of coined common names. Many examples of such common names simply are attempts to translate the scientific
120:
Sometimes common names are created by authorities on one particular subject, in an attempt to make it possible for members of the general public (including such interested parties as fishermen, farmers, etc.) to be able to refer to one particular species of organism without needing to be able to
250:
By the introduction of his binomial system of nomenclature, Linnaeus gave plants and animals an essentially Latin nomenclature like vernacular nomenclature in style but linked to published, and hence relatively stable and verifiable, scientific concepts and thus suitable for international
239:(1745), and in this, he recorded the Swedish common names, region by region, as well as the scientific names. The Swedish common names were all binomials (e.g. plant no. 84 Råg-losta and plant no. 85 Ren-losta); the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system.
539:
Various bodies and the authors of many technical and semi-technical books do not simply adapt existing common names for various organisms; they try to coin (and put into common use) comprehensive, useful, authoritative, and standardised lists of new names. The purpose typically is:
568:" for members of the genus. This, in spite of the fact that the majority of the species occur in non-English-speaking regions and have various common names, not always English. For example, "Dikkop" is the centuries-old South African vernacular name for their two local species:
260:
The geographic range over which a particularly common name is used varies; some common names have a very local application, while others are virtually universal within a particular language. Some such names even apply across ranges of languages; the word for
427:, a single species of fish may be called by several common names, because individuals in the species differ in appearance depending on their maturity, gender, or can vary in appearance as a morphological response to their natural surroundings, i.e.
557:
Other attempts to reconcile differences between widely separated regions, traditions, and languages, by arbitrarily imposing nomenclature, often reflect narrow perspectives and have unfortunate outcomes. For example, members of the genus
723:
For example, the
Australian Fish Names List or AFNS was compiled through a process involving work by taxonomic and seafood industry experts, drafted using the CAAB (Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota) taxon management system of the
276:
Some languages also have more than one common name for the same animal. For example, in Irish, there are many terms that are considered outdated but still well-known for their somewhat humorous and poetic descriptions of animals.
968:
Terms Used in
Bionomenclature: The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities : Including Terms Used in Botanical, Cultivated Plant, Phylogenetic, Phytosociological, Prokaryote (bacteriological), Virus, and Zoological
1223:
Laws of
Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the
518:
1045:
Brickell, C.D.; Baum, B.R.; Hetterscheid, W.J.A.; Leslie, A.C.; McNeill, J.; Trehane, P.; Vrugtman, F.; Wiersema, J.H., eds. (2004). "International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants".
584:—in lay terms the ankles. Furthermore, not all species in the genus have "thick knees", so the thickness of the "knees" of some species is not of clearly descriptive significance. The family
1499:
Scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in
English and Spanish (Nombres científicos y comunes en ingles y español de los anfibios y los reptiles de México).
535:
multiplicity of vulgar names, by imagining what geography would be, or, for instance, the Post-office administration, supposing every town had a totally different name in every language.
412:. Lay people sometimes object to the use of scientific names over common names, but the use of scientific names can be defended, as it is in these remarks from a book on marine fish:
736:(SSA) serve as the Secretariat for the AFNC. SSA is an accredited Standards Australia (Australia's peak non-government standards development organisation) Standards Development
743:
maintains a database of official common names of insects, and proposals for new entries must be submitted and reviewed by a formal committee before being added to the listing.
198:
98:
1463:
Scientific and
Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding, 8th Edition.
751:
765:
720:
Some organizations have created official lists of common names, or guidelines for creating common names, hoping to standardize the use of common names.
746:
Efforts to standardize
English names for the amphibians and reptiles of North America (north of Mexico) began in the mid-1950s. The dynamic nature of
139:
A common name intrinsically plays a part in a classification of objects, typically an incomplete and informal classification, in which some names are
82:
name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrasted with the
1606:
732:(AFNC). The AFNS has been an official Australian Standard since July 2007 and has existed in draft form (The Australian Fish Names List) since 2001.
592:", so the choice of the name "thick-knees" is not easy to defend but is a clear illustration of the hazards of the facile coinage of terminology.
467:
of fishes. The lay public might simply not recognise or care about subtle differences in appearance between only very distantly related species.
526:
different from Latin ones, to be proscribed. The public to whom they are addressed derives no advantage from them because they are novelties.
1526:
1471:
1329:
977:
850:
1462:
776:
publish from time to time short dictionaries of common name in Hebrew for species that occur in Israel or surrounding countries e.g. for
113:, while a vernacular name describes one used in a lab, trade or industry that does not unambiguously describe a single chemical, such as
1636:
1149:
1506:
1355:
1302:
1277:
1252:
1174:
1124:
1002:
949:
924:
626:
564:
occur in
Australia, Southern Africa, Eurasia, and South America. A recent trend in field manuals and bird lists is to use the name "
1631:
740:
499:
name into
English or some other vernacular. Such translation may be confusing in itself, or confusingly inaccurate, for example,
25:
1596:
802:
1373:
773:
893:
616:
36:
1400:
21:
812:
636:
729:
44:
1089:"bat - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for bat by New English-Irish Dictionary"
201:
has formal rules for biological nomenclature and convenes periodic international meetings to further that purpose.
1140:
Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellog, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008).
668:
581:
435:
186:
733:
1539:
709:
685:
631:
140:
273:. Many vernacular names, however, are restricted to a single country and colloquial names to local districts.
54:
Common names (such as "red fox") are different across languages, whereas the scientific name does not change.
1616:
995:
Folk Classification: A Topically Arranged Bibliography of Contemporary and Background References through 1971
165:, which is a classification of objects using common names, has no formal rules and need not be consistent or
101:
defines a common name as one that, although it unambiguously defines a chemical, does not follow the current
1579:(1959). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology".
1424:
817:
428:
574:
is the Cape dikkop (or "gewone dikkop", not to mention the presumably much older Zulu name "umBangaqhwa");
1416:
807:
750:
necessitates periodical updates and changes in the nomenclature of both scientific and common names. The
1228:
646:
621:
495:
210:
83:
1611:
1404:
580:
is the "water dikkop". The thick joints in question are not even, in fact, the birds' knees, but the
511:
460:; they either are too nondescript or too rarely seen to have earned any widely accepted common name.
1420:
747:
641:
570:
266:
1601:
1484:
1576:
1522:
1502:
1467:
1444:
1440:
1412:
1351:
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1319:
1298:
1273:
1248:
1170:
1145:
1120:
998:
973:
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866:
846:
270:
243:
966:
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1408:
1067:
576:
1377:
897:
705:
480:
102:
843:
The Natural History of Puget Sound Country – Appendix I: The naming of plants and animals
1521:
Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular 38: iv, 162 pp..
1519:
Standard Spanish, English and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico.
517:, 1868, the non-binding recommendations that form the basis of the modern (now binding)
217:
names or common names which were used by non-modern cultures. A collective name such as
1466:
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular 43:1–102 pp.
491:
487:
292:
143:
in that they are unique and lack reference to any other name, as is the case with say,
114:
190:
1625:
1345:
914:
797:
663:
235:
226:
189:
is a global system that attempts to denote particular organisms or taxa uniquely and
169:
in its assignment of names, so that say, not all flies are called flies (for example
162:
130:
79:
1268:
Lockwood, Geoffrey; Roberts, Austin; Maclean, Gordon L.; Newman, Kenneth B. (1985).
50:
1370:
781:
589:
585:
565:
527:
470:
Many species that are rare, or lack economic importance, do not have a common name.
405:
194:
157:
134:
1451:
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circulars No. 7.
1449:
Standard and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles.
757:
A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was published in
553:
to replace them with names that conform more to the relatedness of the organisms
110:
32:
1221:
890:
90:. A common name is sometimes frequently used, but that is not always the case.
1088:
547:
to impose a particular choice of name where there is more than one common name
214:
484:
178:
170:
94:
1560:
777:
560:
197:
and generally also have well-defined interrelationships; accordingly the
71:
1540:"A guide to forming and capitalizing compound names of birds in English"
1547:
785:
759:
728:, and including input through public and industry consultations by the
588:
has members that have various common names even in English, including "
106:
59:
1389:
1485:
Checklist of the Standard English Names of Amphibians & Reptiles.
479:
In scientific binomial nomenclature, names commonly are derived from
409:
182:
145:
117:, which may refer to either copper(I) sulfate or copper(II) sulfate.
45:
Knowledge (XXG):Article titles § Use commonly recognizable names
447:
incidental events, contact with other languages, or simple confusion
1350:. Translated by Scott, Thomas A. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1996.
1243:
Bosman, D. B.; Van der Merwe, I. W. & Hiemstra, L. W. (1984).
940:
Weaving, Alan; Picker, Mike; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn (2003).
916:
The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
901:
725:
230:
166:
151:
87:
67:
1167:
Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
510:
The practice of coining common names has long been discouraged;
519:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
420:, the same fish in a single area may have several common names.
221:
was made more precise by the addition of an adjective such as
174:
997:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Department of Anthropology.
16:
Name generally used for a taxon, group of taxa or organism(s)
1380:: Australian Fish Names Standard. Seafood Services Australia
605:
425:
ignorance of relevant biological facts among the lay public
440:
biological relationships between similarly named creatures
173:, the so-called "bee lice") and not every animal called a
1272:. Cape Town: Trustees of the J. Voelcker Bird Book Fund.
1144:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
213:, is superficially similar to the noun-adjective form of
544:
to create names from scratch where no common names exist
1429:
Common names for North American amphibians and reptiles
1068:"What's In a Name? Interesting Animal Names in Irish"
1110:
1108:
465:
single common name often applies to multiple species
458:
more than half have no widely recognised common name
193:, on the assumption that such organisms or taxa are
43:
For Knowledge (XXG)'s policy on article titles, see
209:The form of scientific names for organisms, called
1617:Plantas medicinales / Medicinal plants (database)
1517:Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Casas-Andreu. 2008.
867:"The Differences Between Types of Chemical Names"
456:In a book that lists over 1200 species of fishes
418:common names often have a very local distribution
752:Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
449:, common names in a given region will sometimes
1482:Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles:
1318:Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (January 2008).
1190:Marchant, J. R. V.; Charles, Joseph F. (1952).
523:
265:, for instance, is easily recognizable in most
248:
86:for the same organism, which is often based in
1297:. Trustees of the J. Voelcker Bird Book Fund.
1115:Heemstra, Phillip C.; Smith, Margaret (1999).
404:Common names are used in the writings of both
1602:Multilingual, Multiscript Plant Name Database
1169:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
889:List of standardised Australian fish names –
766:Birds of the World: Recommended English Names
8:
1501:Herpetological Circulars No. 23: v, 113 pp.
1321:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
885:
883:
845:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
389:
383:
365:
359:
342:
336:
319:
313:
298:w/ literal translations of the poetic terms
1207:A Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin
1142:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
712:(e.g. a flock of sheep, pack of wolves).
279:
49:
1165:Reeder, Deeann; Wilson, Don W. (2005).
833:
769:and its Spanish and French companions.
1245:Tweetalige Woordeboek Afrikaans-Engels
942:Field Guide to Insects of South Africa
1209:. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Verlag.
1062:
1060:
7:
434:In contrast to common names, formal
205:Common names and the binomial system
1612:Chemical Names of Common Substances
1460:Crother, Brian I. (Editor.). 2017.
1324:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 129–.
281:Examples of Common Name Variations
1443:, J. E. Huheey, J. L. Knight, and
1403:, Fred R. Cagle, Coleman J. Goin,
14:
1295:Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa
1270:Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa
1390:Common Names of Insects Database
741:Entomological Society of America
550:to improve existing common names
26:List of most popular given names
944:. New Holland Publishers, Ltd.
803:List of historical common names
730:Australian Fish Names Committee
596:Lists that include common names
774:Academy of the Hebrew Language
515:Laws of Botanical Nomenclature
185:). In contrast, scientific or
1:
37:Generic name (disambiguation)
1347:Concise Encyclopedia Biology
1119:. Southern Book Publishers.
708:for various subjects, see a
503:does not mean "gracile" and
125:Use as part of folk taxonomy
22:Common name (disambiguation)
993:Conklin, Harold C. (1980).
841:Kruckeberg, Arthur (1991).
813:Category:Plant common names
1655:
1231:. London: L. Reeve and Co.
1192:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
965:Hawksworth, D. L. (2010).
763:in 1978. It gave rise to
734:Seafood Services Australia
507:does not mean "graceful".
128:
42:
18:
1637:Common names of organisms
1488:(accessed August 2, 2022)
627:Culinary herbs and spices
601:Lists of general interest
177:is indeed a fly (such as
1293:Roberts, Austin (2005).
1220:de Candolle, A. (1868).
972:. GBIF. pp. 1–215.
710:list of collective nouns
400:Constraints and problems
233:of his homeland Sweden,
31:Not to be confused with
1632:Biological nomenclature
1607:The use of common names
1497:Liner, Ernest A. 1994.
1431:. Copeia 1956: 172–185.
1247:. Tafelberg-uitgewers.
818:Specific name (zoology)
521:contains the following:
429:ecophenotypic variation
364:("son of the land") or
256:Geographic range of use
187:biological nomenclature
1205:Tucker, T. G. (1931).
1026:Stearn 1959, pp. 9–10.
919:. Oxford : Clarendon.
913:Brown, Lesley (1993).
808:Scientific terminology
537:
532:The Vegetable Kingdom,
390:
384:
366:
360:
343:
337:
320:
314:
253:
55:
1538:Parkes, K.C. (1978).
1229:Hugh Algernon Weddell
1053:(144) (7th ed.).
1017:Stearn 1959, p. 6, 9.
577:Burhinus vermiculatus
211:binomial nomenclature
53:
1561:10.1093/auk/95.2.324
617:Plant by common name
475:Coining common names
388:("leather wing") or
229:himself published a
105:convention, such as
20:For other uses, see
1419:, Charles E. Shaw,
1035:Stearn 1959, p. 10.
891:November 2004 Draft
637:Plants in the Bible
282:
242:Linnaean authority
141:degenerate examples
1581:Systematic Zoology
1577:Stearn, William T.
1421:Robert C. Stebbins
1376:2006-09-23 at the
1194:. London: Cassell.
1117:Smith's Sea Fishes
1047:Acta Horticulturae
896:2016-05-03 at the
680:Plants and animals
582:intertarsal joints
280:
56:
1527:978-0-916984-75-5
1472:978-1-946681-00-3
1425:Charles M. Bogert
1413:M. Graham Netting
1331:978-0-643-06511-6
979:978-87-92020-09-3
852:978-0-295-97477-4
696:
695:
669:Mammals by region
571:Burhinus capensis
397:
396:
385:Sciathán leathair
341:("water dog") or
299:
271:Romance languages
244:William T. Stearn
109:, systematically
103:systematic naming
74:(also known as a
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700:Collective nouns
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451:change with time
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286:Scientific name
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78:, English name,
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318:("red dog") or
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129:Main articles:
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84:scientific name
76:vernacular name
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1093:www.focloir.ie
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1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:0-916984-32-X
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1457:
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1402:
1401:Conant, Roger
1397:
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1379:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1357:3-11-010661-2
1353:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:0-620-34053-3
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1279:0-620-07681-X
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1254:0-624-00533-X
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:0-8018-8221-4
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1126:1-86812-032-5
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:0-913516-02-3
1000:
996:
989:
986:
981:
975:
971:
970:
961:
958:
953:
951:1-86872-713-0
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
926:0-19-861271-0
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918:
917:
909:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
886:
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837:
834:
828:
823:
819:
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811:
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799:
798:Folk taxonomy
796:
795:
791:
789:
787:
784:in 2012, and
783:
779:
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767:
762:
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648:
647:Useful plants
645:
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625:
623:
622:Garden plants
620:
618:
615:
614:
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609:
608:
607:
600:
595:
593:
591:
590:stone curlews
587:
583:
579:
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573:
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563:
562:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
533:
529:
522:
520:
516:
513:
512:de Candolle's
508:
506:
502:
497:
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469:
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459:
455:
452:
448:
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413:
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407:
406:professionals
399:
392:
386:
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379:
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368:
362:
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355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
339:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
316:
312:
309:
307:
306:Vulpes vulpes
304:
303:
300:
294:
291:
289:English name
288:
285:
284:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
255:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
237:
236:Flora Svecica
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Folk taxonomy
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
136:
132:
131:Folk taxonomy
124:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
52:
46:
38:
34:
27:
23:
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1580:
1552:
1546:
1533:
1518:
1513:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1436:
1428:
1396:
1385:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1320:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1244:
1238:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1166:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1116:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1070:. 2013-05-29
1050:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
994:
988:
969:Nomenclature
967:
960:
941:
935:
915:
908:
870:. Retrieved
861:
842:
836:
782:Osteichthyes
771:
764:
758:
756:
745:
738:
722:
719:
703:
690:
673:
651:
575:
569:
559:
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538:
531:
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509:
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500:
478:
464:
457:
450:
446:
439:
438:names imply
424:
417:
403:
374:
351:
328:
305:
296:
275:
262:
259:
249:
241:
234:
222:
218:
208:
195:well-defined
191:definitively
156:
150:
144:
138:
135:Nomenclature
119:
92:
75:
63:
57:
1597:Plant names
1445:H. M. Smith
445:Because of
423:Because of
352:Canis lupus
338:Madra uisce
329:Lutra lutra
179:dragonflies
111:2-propanone
64:common name
33:Common noun
1626:Categories
1098:2023-12-30
1074:2023-12-30
824:References
642:Vegetables
586:Burhinidae
566:thick-knee
375:Chiroptera
215:vernacular
80:colloquial
1233:p. 36, 72
872:21 August
829:Citations
788:in 2015.
780:in 1938,
528:Lindley's
501:gratiosus
496:Latinised
481:classical
436:taxonomic
344:dobharchú
315:Madra rua
269:and many
171:Braulidae
95:chemistry
1447:. 1978.
1427:. 1956.
1374:Archived
1371:Overview
894:Archived
792:See also
778:Reptilia
748:taxonomy
561:Burhinus
505:gracilis
416:Because
377:(order)
361:Mac Tíre
321:sionnach
310:Red fox
267:Germanic
227:Linnaeus
183:mayflies
72:organism
1586:: 4–22.
1571:Sources
1548:The Auk
1407:, Jr.,
786:Odonata
760:The Auk
658:Animals
367:faolchú
223:screech
167:logical
107:acetone
60:biology
1525:
1505:
1470:
1423:, and
1354:
1328:
1301:
1276:
1251:
1224:French
1173:
1148:
1123:
1001:
976:
948:
923:
849:
691:
611:Plants
530:work,
485:modern
410:laymen
391:ialtóg
333:Otter
295:terms
246:said:
155:, and
146:ginkgo
1543:(PDF)
902:CSIRO
726:CSIRO
492:Greek
488:Latin
380:Bats
356:Wolf
293:Irish
231:flora
158:ratel
152:okapi
99:IUPAC
88:Latin
68:taxon
66:of a
1523:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1121:ISBN
999:ISBN
974:ISBN
946:ISBN
921:ISBN
874:2022
847:ISBN
772:The
739:The
704:For
408:and
251:use.
199:ICZN
181:and
133:and
62:, a
24:and
1557:doi
1051:647
494:or
490:or
483:or
263:cat
219:owl
175:fly
93:In
70:or
58:In
35:or
1628::
1553:95
1551:.
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1154:.
1129:.
1101:.
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855:.
453:.
442:.
431:.
47:.
39:.
28:.
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