217:
747:
31:
438:
1068:
75:
1135:). In the 1980s and early 1990s, stock assessments of the milk shark off India's Veraval coast concluded catches by gillnet and trawl fisheries were below the maximum sustainable level. However, these studies were based on methodologies that have subsequently been proven unreliable for shark populations. Moreover, fishing pressure in the region has increased substantially since the assessments were conducted.
50:
953:. The details of its life history vary across different parts of its range. Females generally produce young every year, though some give birth every other year or even every third year. Mating and parturition take place in spring or early summer (April to July) off western and southern Africa, and in winter off
1103:
across its range. Off northern
Australia, it ranks among the most common sharks caught in trawls, and comprises 2% and 6% of the annual gillnet and longline catches, respectively. This species is also one of the most commercially important sharks caught off Senegal, Mauritania, Oman, and India. Some
803:
is well-developed and the upper lobe has a ventral notch near the tip. This shark is plain gray, brown-gray, or purple-gray above, and white below. The leading edge of the first dorsal fin and the trailing edge of the caudal fin may be dark, and the trailing edges of the pectoral fins may be light.
1054:
have been calculated as 10 cm (3.9 in) in the first year, 9 cm (3.5 in) in the second year, 7 cm (2.8 in) in the third year, 6 cm (2.4 in) in the fourth year, 5 cm (2.0 in) in the fifth year, and 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) per year from then on.
798:
is about twice as long as the second dorsal fin and preceded by long ridges. The first dorsal fin originates over the pectoral fin free rear tips, and the much smaller second dorsal fin originates over the last third of the anal fin base. The dorsal fins do not have a ridge between them. The lower
973:
The litter size ranges from one to eight, with two to five being typical, increasing with female size. In
Omanese waters, females on average outnumber males in a litter by more than 2:1, and all-female litters are not uncommon. Similar but less extreme sex imbalances have also been reported from
1045:
Males and female milk sharks mature at lengths of 84–95 cm (33–37 in) and 89–100 cm (35–39 in) respectively off West Africa, 68–72 cm (27–28 in) and 70–80 cm (28–31 in) respectively off southern Africa, and 63–71 cm (25–28 in) and 62–74 cm
778:
are small, as are the adjacent triangular skin flaps. There are long furrows at the corners of the mouth on both the upper and lower jaws. The tooth rows number 24–25 in both jaws. The upper teeth are finely serrated and strongly oblique; the lower teeth have a similar shape, though the
758:
the milk shark has been reported to reach 1.78 m (5.8 ft) and 22 kg (49 lb) for males, and 1.65 m (5.4 ft) and 17 kg (37 lb) for females, though there is uncertainty regarding the species identity of these specimens. Even if accepted, these figures are
362:. The milk shark has a slender body with a long, pointed snout and large eyes, and is a nondescript gray above and white below. This shark can be distinguished from similar species in its range by the long furrows at the corners of its mouth, and seven to 15 enlarged pores just above them.
1022:, carrying a fetus only 23.7 cm (9.3 in) long that was already nearly fully developed, long before gestation was complete. Pregnant females make use of inshore nursery areas to give birth, taking advantage of the warmer waters and abundant food; known nursery areas include the
965:
waters; in the Herald Bight of Shark Bay, the number of newborns peaks in April and again in July. One proposed explanation for the lack of reproductive seasonality in these subpopulations is a lengthier and/or more complex reproductive cycle than has been detected (such as a
1147:
1010:
filaments develop and the yolk sac begins to be resorbed, the embryo ingesting histotroph (a nutritious substance secreted by the mother) in the meantime. In the third phase, lasting six to eight months, the depleted yolk sac is converted into a
536:. Other names for this species include fish shark, grey dog shark, little blue shark, Longmans dogshark, milk dog shark, sharp-nosed (milk) shark, Walbeehm's sharp-nosed shark, and white-eye shark. A 1992
1507:
White, W.T.; M.E. Platell & I.C. Potter (March 2004). "Comparisons between the diets of four abundant species of elasmobranchs in a subtropical embayment: implications for resource partitioning".
1119:
has listed the milk shark as vulnerable. The reproductive characteristics of this species suggests it is capable of withstanding a somewhat high level of exploitation, though not as much as the
1812:
Valadou, B.; J. Brethes & C.A.O. Inejih (December 31, 2006). "Biological and ecological data of five elasmobranch species from the waters of the Banc d'Arguin
National Park (Mauritania)".
1962:
Bass, A.J.; J.D. D’Aubrey & N. Kistnasamy (1975). "Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. III. The families
Carcharhinidae (excluding Mustelus and Carcharhinus) and Sphyrnidae".
1018:
Young sharks are typically born at a length of 32.5–50.0 cm (12.8–19.7 in) and weigh 127–350 g (0.280–0.772 lb). There is an atypical record of a female, caught off
990:
of the embryos takes around a year and proceeds in three phases. In the first phase, lasting two months to an embryonic length of 63–65 mm (2.5–2.6 in), the embryo relies on
1874:
White, W.T. & I.C. Potter (October 2004). "Habitat partitioning among four elasmobranch species in nearshore, shallow waters of a subtropical embayment in
Western Australia".
1705:
Salini, J.P.; S.J.M. Blaber & D.T. Brewer (1990). "Diets of piscivorous fishes in a tropical
Australian estuary, with special reference to predation on penaeid prawns".
759:
considered exceptional and most individuals do not exceed 1.1 m (3.6 ft) in length. Generally, females are heavier and attain a greater maximum size than males.
405:
or throughout the year, depending on location. The reproductive cycle is usually annual, but may be biennial or triennial. Large numbers of milk sharks are caught by
2962:
1116:
426:
1834:
Simpfendorfer, C.A. & N.E. Milward (August 1993). "Utilisation of a tropical bay as a nursery area by sharks of the families
Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae".
3001:
3176:
3107:
2936:
2026:
3120:
2975:
1347:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result"
3014:
1458:
1034:, as well as in seagrass beds where they are sheltered from predators by the dense, tall vegetation. The sharks move out of these coastal
3196:
3191:
1622:
Cadenat, J. & J. Blache (1981). "Requins de Méditerranée et d'Atlantique (plus particulièrement de la côte occidentale d'Afrique)".
3094:
2910:
1321:
1993:
1749:
1557:
1488:
1417:
1298:
1266:
1006:. During the second phase, which also lasts for two months to an embryonic length of 81–104 mm (3.2–4.1 in), the external
3146:
3040:
3201:
1984:
Fowler, S.L.; R.D. Cavanagh; M. Camhi; G.H. Burgess; G.M. Cailliet; S.V. Fordham; C.A. Simpfendorfer & J.A. Musick (2005).
1030:, and Cleveland Bay and Herald Bight off Australia. In Herald Bight, large groups of small milk sharks can be found in shallow
3125:
2980:
1023:
970:
in embryonic development, though there is presently no evidence of this occurring). Females do not store sperm internally.
750:
Identifying features of the milk shark are the long furrows at the corners of its mouth, and the enlarged pores above them.
1346:
978:
and eastern India. The reason for this imbalance is unknown, and it has not been observed in related species such as the
74:
3186:
2019:
1046:(24–29 in) respectively off Oman. These discrepancies in maturation size may be a result of regional variation or
342:
regions. Occurring from the surface to a depth of 200 m (660 ft), this species is common near beaches and in
2871:
2845:
682:
to a depth of 200 m (660 ft), the milk shark favors turbid water off sandy beaches and occasionally enters
1584:
Henderson, A.C.; J.L. McIlwain; H.S. Al-Oufi & A. Ambu-Ali (June 2006). "Reproductive biology of the milk shark
604:. Since 1985, there have been four occurrences, temporally and spatially distinct, of the milk shark in the central
437:
2698:
2259:
1658:
Capape, C.; Y. Diatta; M. Diop; O. Guelorget; Y. Vergne & J. Quignard (2006). "Reproduction in the milk shark,
1128:
3006:
1087:, and hook-and-line, this shark is marketed fresh or dried and salted for human consumption, and is also used for
2823:
2689:
2662:
2376:
903:
2863:
2707:
979:
891:. Smaller sharks eat proportionately more cephalopods and crustaceans, switching to fish as they grow older.
3181:
2740:
2671:
2189:
2012:
1988:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. p. 92–93, 146–147.
458:
774:. On each side of the head behind the corner of the jaw, there are usually seven to 15 enlarged pores. The
675:, when eastern Atlantic sharks were isolated from Indo-Pacific sharks by the collision of Asia and Africa.
2785:
2286:
1692:
1662:(Ruppell, 1837) (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae), from the coast of Senegal (eastern tropical Atlantic)".
821:
771:
3133:
2876:
2596:
2524:
2467:
700:
545:
189:
1437:
3151:
3045:
2897:
2832:
2680:
2449:
2385:
2322:
2198:
1120:
1105:
1047:
763:
746:
2764:
2755:
2304:
1912:
Krishnamoorthi, B. & I. Jagadis (1986). "Biology and population dynamics of the grey dogshark,
1214:
876:
706:
609:
506:
39:
30:
1067:
779:
serrations are smaller and the tips curve gently upward. The teeth of juveniles are smooth-edged.
2431:
1891:
1851:
1722:
1524:
1387:
1100:
490:
410:
229:
69:
54:
3138:
216:
2967:
330:, the milk shark typically measures 1.1 m (3.6 ft) long, and can be found in coastal
3081:
3027:
2884:
2837:
2241:
2079:
1989:
1745:
1553:
1484:
1454:
1413:
1379:
1294:
1262:
1039:
734:, South Africa, its numbers fluctuate annually with a peak in summer, suggesting some form of
691:
625:
605:
450:
206:
146:
2850:
961:
parturition occurs year-round with a peak in spring. Parturition also occurs continuously in
3032:
2491:
2482:
2458:
2205:
1883:
1843:
1714:
1695:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on September 10, 2009.
1601:
1516:
1369:
1361:
1209:
1076:
1056:
672:
386:
308:
2993:
1549:
2731:
2572:
2563:
2367:
2349:
2340:
2250:
2232:
2135:
2108:
2099:
1259:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
1096:
868:
406:
402:
359:
365:
Among the most abundant sharks within its range, the milk shark feeds primarily on small
816:
most) abundant near-shore sharks within its range, the milk shark feeds mainly on small
2644:
2515:
2295:
2277:
2126:
2067:
2061:
2036:
1365:
1160:
1088:
1075:
The milk shark is harmless to humans because of its small size and teeth. Caught using
895:
735:
633:
589:
557:
418:
166:
126:
116:
1943:
Setna, S.B. & Sarangdhar, P.N. (1949). "Breeding habits on Bombay elasmobranchs".
762:
The milk shark has a slender build with a long, pointed snout, large, round eyes with
3170:
2988:
2548:
2539:
2331:
2180:
2171:
2117:
1605:
1317:
1200:
1191:
1190:
Rigby, C.L.; Harry, A.V.; Pacoureau, N.; Herman, K.; Hannan, L.; Derrick, D. (2020).
1152:
929:. There is some evidence that male and female milk sharks segregate from each other.
911:
884:
731:
637:
502:
382:
311:
304:
156:
59:
1895:
1855:
1788:
Devadoss, P. (1988). "Observations on the breeding and development of some sharks".
1726:
1528:
1391:
3072:
2889:
2440:
2223:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2090:
1146:
995:
860:
817:
783:
727:
617:
613:
537:
514:
494:
475:
339:
3086:
1543:
723:
2949:
2817:
2605:
2422:
2407:
2398:
2358:
2313:
2214:
852:
755:
715:
649:
525:
315:
2808:
2004:
918:
to protect beaches has led to a recent increase in milk shark numbers. A known
2629:
2620:
2268:
1887:
1520:
1142:
1031:
1027:
999:
938:
836:
800:
791:
665:
657:
629:
621:
593:
561:
414:
390:
374:
370:
355:
3099:
2915:
401:
connection. Females give birth to one to eight young either during a defined
2722:
2587:
2506:
1964:
Investigative Report of the
Oceanographic Research Institute of South Africa
1109:
987:
962:
915:
888:
848:
824:
787:
687:
679:
661:
653:
533:
518:
481:
366:
323:
86:
1383:
894:
Many predators feed on the milk shark, including larger sharks such as the
3066:
2923:
2802:
2055:
1374:
1330:
1092:
1012:
1003:
967:
919:
880:
795:
719:
711:
695:
664:. The milk shark likely once had a contiguous distribution by way of the
569:
541:
422:
398:
351:
335:
331:
106:
3112:
2941:
1847:
1718:
1080:
1051:
975:
923:
856:
832:
775:
683:
669:
601:
343:
300:
2954:
2928:
1071:
Large numbers of milk sharks are caught commercially and sold as food.
473:). It has since been listed under several different genera, including
2858:
2049:
1019:
1015:
connection through which the fetus receives nourishment until birth.
950:
946:
864:
844:
767:
597:
565:
510:
394:
96:
2779:
1438:
https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Rhizoprionodon_acutus.pdf
1986:
Sharks, Rays and
Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes
2073:
1084:
1066:
954:
942:
914:. Off KwaZulu-Natal, the decimation of large sharks by the use of
828:
745:
645:
641:
529:
462:
436:
378:
347:
327:
319:
136:
1050:
from heavy fishing pressure. The growth rate for milk sharks off
453:
published the first scientific description of the milk shark, as
3019:
1055:
The age at maturation is thought to be 2–3 years, and the
1007:
991:
958:
840:
2902:
2783:
2008:
1261:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 525–526.
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1035:
867:; this is also the only local shark species that preys on the
441:
Early illustration of the milk shark, under the obsolete name
1907:
1905:
1769:, a new species of pandarid copepod from Australian sharks".
1829:
1827:
1436:). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.
875:), found in seagrass beds avoided by other sharks. In the
851:
are also taken. In Shark Bay, the most important prey are
509:
designated a 44 cm (17 in)-long male caught off
326:. The largest and most widely distributed member of its
1408:
Carrier, J.C.; J.A. Musick & M.R. Heithaus (2004).
790:, and are no longer than the front margin of the first
710:. Although some sources state this species avoids low
1790:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India
1617:
1615:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1095:. Its abundance makes it a significant component of
3056:
2792:
2753:
2720:
2642:
2618:
2585:
2561:
2537:
2504:
2480:
2420:
2396:
2088:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1771:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1449:Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando & S. Fowler (2005).
1291:
A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
584:The milk shark has the widest distribution of any
1432:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (
1807:
1805:
1803:
1453:. Princeton University Press. pp. 317–318.
1979:
1977:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1403:
1401:
429:has assessed this species as being vulnerable.
1502:
1500:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1215:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41850A68642326.en
1117:International Union for Conservation of Nature
427:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2020:
1548:. Food and Agriculture Organization. p.
937:Like other requiem sharks, the milk shark is
322:belief that consumption of its meat promotes
8:
1765:Cressey, R. & C. Simpfendorfer (1988). "
949:divided into separate compartments for each
1252:
941:; females usually have a single functional
726:. Milk sharks may be found anywhere in the
485:, before finally being placed in the genus
2780:
2027:
2013:
2005:
1483:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 36.
1312:
1310:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
714:, it has been reported several times from
215:
48:
29:
20:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1373:
1213:
528:"milk shark" comes from a belief held in
377:. In turn, it often falls prey to larger
1479:Randall, J.E. & J.P. Hoover (1995).
544:, found that the milk shark is the most
1740:Heemstra, E. & P. Heemstra (2004).
1171:
532:that eating this shark's meat enhances
1293:(third ed.). Struik. p. 46.
385:. In common with other members of its
1410:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
754:The largest member of its genus, off
7:
786:originate below the third or fourth
730:from the surface to the bottom. Off
346:, and has been recorded swimming up
1201:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
540:analysis by Gavin Naylor, based on
1366:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x
887:, and is also a major predator of
678:Occurring close to shore from the
14:
1742:Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa
945:(on the left) and two functional
354:. Juveniles are known to inhabit
3177:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1606:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.01011.x
1592:in the coastal waters of Oman".
1145:
73:
1836:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1693:Biological Profiles: Milk Shark
694:, juvenile milk sharks inhabit
501:. As Rüppell did not mention a
1924:(Ruppell), in Madras waters".
1744:. NISC and SAIAB. p. 62.
1545:Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong
608:, with a likely entry via the
552:species examined. The extinct
334:waters throughout the eastern
241:Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899
1:
1412:. CRC Press. pp. 52–53.
2699:Australian sharpnose shark (
2260:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
1945:Records of the Indian Museum
2690:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
2663:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
2377:Australian blacktip shark (
1926:Indian Journal of Fisheries
1024:Banc d'Arguin National Park
974:litters of milk sharks off
640:, this species occurs from
3218:
3197:Marine fish of West Africa
3192:Marine fish of East Africa
2708:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
1588:and the bigeye houndshark
1129:Australian sharpnose shark
998:occurs across its surface
2741:Pacific spadenose shark (
2672:Pacific sharpnose shark (
2190:Pacific smalltail shark (
2044:
1888:10.1007/s00227-004-1386-7
1521:10.1007/s00227-003-1218-1
1334:. September 2009 version.
1289:Van der Elst, R. (1993).
1257:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
904:Australian blacktip shark
722:, as far upstream as the
235:
228:
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2287:Oceanic whitetip shark (
1767:Pseudopandarus australis
1320:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
980:Atlantic sharpnose shark
927:Pseudopandarus australis
812:One of the most (if not
588:species. In the eastern
580:Distribution and habitat
467:Fische des Rothen Meeres
224:Range of the milk shark
2597:Sicklefin lemon shark (
2525:Borneo broadfin shark (
2468:Irrawaddy river shark (
1594:Journal of Fish Biology
1542:Rainboth, W.J. (1996).
1345:Naylor, G.J.P. (1992).
922:of this species is the
564:) deposits in southern
3202:Fish described in 1837
2681:Grey sharpnose shark (
2450:Northern river shark (
2323:Caribbean reef shark (
1481:Coastal Fishes of Oman
1072:
1002:and possibly also the
873:Psammoperca waigiensis
782:The broad, triangular
751:
449:The German naturalist
446:
433:Taxonomy and phylogeny
413:in many countries for
393:, with the developing
3134:Paleobiology Database
2864:rhizoprionodon-acutus
2851:Rhizoprionodon_acutus
2838:Rhizoprionodon_acutus
2824:Rhizoprionodon acutus
2794:Rhizoprionodon acutus
2765:Whitetip reef shark (
2305:Blacktip reef shark (
1660:Rhizoprionodon acutus
1586:Rhizoprionodon acutus
1434:Rhizoprionodon acutus
1324:Rhizoprionodon acutus
1208:: e.T41850A68642326.
1194:Rhizoprionodon acutus
1070:
1059:is at least 8 years.
910:), and possibly also
908:Carcharhinus tilstoni
900:Carcharhinus limbatus
879:, it feeds mainly on
764:nictitating membranes
749:
701:Amphibolis antarctica
572:, may be the same as
471:Fishes of the Red Sea
440:
297:Rhizoprionodon acutus
199:Rhizoprionodon acutus
2432:Borneo river shark (
1121:grey sharpnose shark
1101:commercial fisheries
1048:incidental selection
698:meadows composed of
600:, as well as around
411:commercial fisheries
266:Carcharias walbeehmi
252:Carcharias crenidens
3187:Fish of the Red Sea
2242:Pondicherry shark (
2129:C. amblyrhynchoides
1451:Sharks of the World
994:for sustenance and
957:, Alternately, off
877:Gulf of Carpentaria
808:Biology and ecology
707:Posidonia australis
668:, until during the
610:Strait of Gibraltar
592:, it is found from
507:Wolfgang Klausewitz
443:Scoliodon walbeehmi
40:Conservation status
2492:Daggernose shark (
2459:Speartooth shark (
2206:Whitecheek shark (
1848:10.1007/BF00005200
1719:10.1007/BF01316307
1073:
1063:Human interactions
968:period of dormancy
766:(protective third
752:
628:, and eastward to
521:for this species.
447:
389:, this species is
307:, and part of the
273:Scoliodon longmani
259:Carcharias eumeces
238:Carcharias aaronis
3162:
3161:
3058:Carcharias acutus
3028:Open Tree of Life
2786:Taxon identifiers
2777:
2776:
2732:Spadenose shark (
2573:Whitenose shark (
2368:Spot-tail shark (
2350:Blackspot shark (
2341:Smalltail shark (
2251:Finetooth shark (
2233:Galapagos shark (
2136:Grey reef shark (
2111:C. albimarginatus
2109:Silvertip shark (
2100:Blacknose shark (
2080:Carcharhiniformes
1460:978-0-691-12072-0
736:seasonal movement
692:Western Australia
626:Arabian Peninsula
624:northward to the
616:, it occurs from
606:Mediterranean Sea
461:means "sharp" in
455:Carcharias acutus
369:, but also takes
289:
288:
284:
280:Scoliodon vagatus
277:
270:
263:
262:Pietschmann, 1913
256:
249:
245:Carcharias acutus
242:
147:Carcharhiniformes
63:
3209:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2781:
2743:S. macrorhynchos
2516:Broadfin shark (
2296:Hardnose shark (
2278:Blacktip shark (
2235:C. galapagenisis
2138:C. amblyrhynchos
2127:Graceful shark (
2029:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1882:(5): 1023–1032.
1871:
1860:
1859:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1672:
1671:
1655:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1600:(6): 1662–1678.
1581:
1564:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1187:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1057:maximum lifespan
459:specific epithet
360:seagrass meadows
282:
275:
268:
261:
255:Klunzinger, 1880
254:
247:
240:
219:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
16:Species of shark
3217:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2749:
2716:
2638:
2614:
2608:N. brevirostris
2581:
2557:
2549:Sliteye shark (
2533:
2500:
2476:
2416:
2392:
2332:Sandbar shark (
2307:C. melanopterus
2226:C. fitzroyensis
2181:Nervous shark (
2172:Spinner shark (
2118:Bignose shark (
2084:
2040:
2033:
2003:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1675:
1657:
1656:
1635:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1560:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1189:
1188:
1173:
1169:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1108:regard it as a
1065:
935:
883:, herring, and
869:Waigeo seaperch
827:. Occasionally
810:
744:
582:
465:), in his 1837
435:
403:breeding season
397:sustained by a
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
210:
203:
197:
184:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Rhizoprionodon
3179:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2868:
2855:
2842:
2829:
2814:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:R. terraenovae
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2645:Rhizoprionodon
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:L. macrorhinus
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:I. oxyrhynchus
2488:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2441:Ganges shark (
2438:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2224:Creek whaler (
2221:
2217:C. falciformis
2212:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2163:Copper shark (
2160:
2154:Borneo shark (
2151:
2147:C. amboinensis
2145:Pigeye shark (
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2068:Elasmobranchii
2064:
2062:Chondrichthyes
2058:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1973:
1954:
1935:
1918:Rhizoprionodon
1914:Rhizoprionodon
1901:
1876:Marine Biology
1861:
1842:(4): 337–345.
1823:
1799:
1780:
1757:
1750:
1732:
1713:(3): 363–374.
1707:Marine Biology
1697:
1673:
1664:Acta Adriatica
1633:
1611:
1590:Iago omanensis
1565:
1558:
1534:
1515:(3): 439–448.
1509:Marine Biology
1496:
1489:
1466:
1459:
1441:
1425:
1418:
1397:
1360:(4): 295–318.
1337:
1318:Froese, Rainer
1306:
1299:
1274:
1267:
1228:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:List of sharks
1157:
1156:
1140:
1137:
1089:shark fin soup
1064:
1061:
984:R. terraenovae
934:
931:
912:marine mammals
896:blacktip shark
889:penaeid prawns
861:smelt-whitings
809:
806:
743:
740:
648:, through the
634:Southeast Asia
590:Atlantic Ocean
586:Rhizoprionodon
581:
578:
558:Middle Miocene
550:Rhizoprionodon
491:synonymization
487:Rhizoprionodon
451:Eduard Rüppell
434:
431:
383:marine mammals
318:comes from an
312:Carcharhinidae
287:
286:
233:
232:
226:
225:
221:
220:
212:
211:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
181:R. acutus
178:
176:
172:
171:
168:Rhizoprionodon
164:
160:
159:
157:Carcharhinidae
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:Elasmobranchii
124:
120:
119:
117:Chondrichthyes
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2734:S. laticaudus
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2606:Lemon shark (
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2518:L. temminckii
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2443:G. gangeticus
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2408:Tiger shark (
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2359:Night shark (
2357:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2314:Dusky shark (
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2289:C. longimanus
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2215:Silky shark (
2213:
2211:
2209:
2208:C. dussumieri
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2174:C. brevipinna
2170:
2168:
2166:
2165:C. brachyurus
2161:
2159:
2157:
2156:C. borneensis
2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2037:requiem shark
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1997:
1995:2-8317-0700-5
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1932:(4): 371–385.
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:(4): 313–322.
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1777:(2): 340–345.
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1751:1-920033-01-7
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:(2): 111–126.
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:92-5-103743-4
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:0-8248-1808-3
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1419:0-8493-1514-X
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1375:2027.42/73088
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:1-86825-394-5
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:92-5-101384-5
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:Sharks portal
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:sport fishers
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
971:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:pectoral fins
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
748:
741:
739:
737:
733:
732:KwaZulu-Natal
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
671:
667:
663:
660:and northern
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:and southern
643:
639:
638:Pacific Ocean
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:(16–12
559:
556:, known from
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:type specimen
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
439:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:and possibly
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:requiem shark
302:
298:
294:
285:
281:
274:
269:Bleeker, 1856
267:
260:
253:
248:Rüppell, 1837
246:
239:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
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177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:Selachimorpha
135:
133:Subdivision:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
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88:
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81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3164:
3057:
2793:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2683:R. oligolinx
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2654:Milk shark (
2653:
2643:
2631:
2630:Blue shark (
2619:
2607:
2599:N. acutidens
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2527:L. tephrodes
2526:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2483:Isogomphodon
2481:
2470:G. siamensis
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2386:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2269:Bull shark (
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2102:C. acronotus
2101:
2091:Carcharhinus
2089:
2072:Subdivision
1985:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1879:
1875:
1839:
1835:
1817:
1813:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1627:
1623:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1544:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1480:
1450:
1444:
1433:
1428:
1409:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1290:
1258:
1219:. Retrieved
1205:
1199:
1193:
1132:
1125:R. oligolinx
1124:
1114:
1074:
1044:
1017:
996:gas exchange
983:
972:
936:
933:Life history
926:
907:
899:
893:
872:
813:
811:
799:lobe of the
781:
761:
753:
728:water column
705:
699:
677:
618:South Africa
614:Indian Ocean
585:
583:
573:
554:R. fischeuri
553:
549:
548:of the four
538:phylogenetic
523:
515:Saudi Arabia
499:R. crenidens
498:
495:type species
486:
480:
476:Carcharhinus
474:
470:
466:
454:
448:
442:
364:
340:Indo-Pacific
296:
292:
290:
283:Garman, 1913
279:
276:Ogilby, 1912
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
236:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
2950:iNaturalist
2818:Wikispecies
2674:R. longurio
2665:R. lalandii
2452:G. garricki
2434:G. fowlerae
2379:C. tilstoni
2361:C. signatus
2334:C. plumbeus
2316:C. obscurus
2280:C. limbatus
2244:C. hemiodon
1691:Bester, C.
1221:19 November
1032:tidal pools
853:silversides
825:bony fishes
756:West Africa
742:Description
716:fresh water
650:Philippines
526:common name
505:, in 1960,
375:crustaceans
371:cephalopods
367:bony fishes
356:tidal pools
316:common name
24:Milk shark
3171:Categories
3073:Q107055240
2756:Triaenodon
2701:R. taylori
2692:R. porosus
2461:G. glyphis
2399:Galeocerdo
2387:C. tjutjot
2343:C. porosus
2298:C. macloti
2262:C. leiodon
2200:C. coatesi
2192:C. cerdale
2120:C. altimus
1951:: 107–124.
1796:: 121–131.
1354:Cladistics
1167:References
1133:R. taylori
1038:when they
1036:embayments
1028:Mauritania
1000:integument
963:Australian
939:viviparous
849:gastropods
837:cuttlefish
801:caudal fin
792:dorsal fin
788:gill slits
770:), and no
712:salinities
666:Tethys Sea
658:New Guinea
622:Madagascar
594:Mauritania
391:viviparous
293:milk shark
123:Subclass:
55:Vulnerable
2767:T. obesus
2723:Scoliodon
2656:R. acutus
2632:P. glauca
2588:Negaprion
2564:Nasolamia
2507:Lamiopsis
2410:G. cuvier
2370:C. sorrah
2352:C. sealei
2325:C. perezi
2271:C. leucas
2253:C. isodon
2183:C. cautus
2066:Subclass
1110:game fish
1097:artisanal
1077:longlines
1013:placental
988:Gestation
881:halfbeaks
822:schooling
772:spiracles
724:Tonlé Sap
688:Shark Bay
684:estuaries
680:surf zone
662:Australia
654:Indonesia
636:. In the
612:. In the
574:R. acutus
542:allozymes
534:lactation
519:lectotype
493:with the
482:Scoliodon
407:artisanal
399:placental
344:estuaries
324:lactation
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3067:Wikidata
2968:10150756
2924:FishBase
2809:Q1587255
2803:Wikidata
2621:Prionace
2575:N. velox
2074:Selachii
2056:Chordata
2050:Animalia
2048:Kingdom
1970:: 1–100.
1896:84773721
1856:22998036
1727:84232604
1630:: 1–330.
1529:86006148
1392:39697113
1384:34929961
1331:FishBase
1139:See also
1093:fishmeal
1081:gillnets
1004:yolk sac
947:uteruses
920:parasite
916:gillnets
796:anal fin
776:nostrils
720:Cambodia
696:seagrass
570:Portugal
423:fishmeal
352:Cambodia
338:and the
336:Atlantic
332:tropical
314:, whose
230:Synonyms
153:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3113:6742937
2942:2417866
2540:Loxodon
2423:Glyphis
2054:Phylum
2039:species
2035:Extant
1052:Chennai
976:Senegal
924:copepod
885:mullets
865:wrasses
857:herring
833:octopus
818:benthic
768:eyelids
670:Miocene
602:Madeira
517:as the
395:embryos
301:species
299:) is a
209:, 1837)
207:Rüppell
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
3152:298612
3139:210101
3126:160213
3100:121676
3046:105802
3033:272025
3020:105802
2981:160211
2955:111746
2916:124175
2903:205713
2859:ARKive
2078:Order
2060:Class
1992:
1922:acutus
1894:
1854:
1814:Cybium
1748:
1725:
1624:ORSTOM
1556:
1527:
1487:
1457:
1416:
1390:
1382:
1297:
1265:
1085:trawls
1040:mature
1020:Mumbai
951:embryo
902:) and
863:, and
847:, and
845:shrimp
794:. The
598:Angola
566:France
511:Jeddah
425:. The
421:, and
387:family
379:sharks
348:rivers
320:Indian
309:family
3147:WoRMS
3095:EUNIS
3041:WoRMS
3007:34770
2994:41850
2963:IRMNG
2911:EUNIS
2890:4SDDD
2877:12785
1892:S2CID
1852:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1525:S2CID
1388:S2CID
1350:(PDF)
1127:) or
955:India
943:ovary
841:crabs
829:squid
686:. In
673:epoch
656:, to
646:Japan
642:China
630:South
546:basal
530:India
463:Latin
457:(the
328:genus
3121:ITIS
3108:GBIF
3087:R3RB
3015:OBIS
3002:NCBI
2989:IUCN
2976:ITIS
2937:GBIF
2872:BOLD
1990:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1380:PMID
1295:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1223:2021
1206:2020
1115:The
1099:and
1091:and
1026:off
1008:gill
992:yolk
959:Oman
820:and
704:and
652:and
632:and
620:and
568:and
524:The
489:via
479:and
419:fins
415:meat
409:and
373:and
358:and
291:The
3082:CoL
2929:899
2898:EoL
2885:CoL
2846:AFD
2833:ADW
1884:doi
1880:145
1844:doi
1775:101
1715:doi
1711:105
1602:doi
1517:doi
1513:144
1370:hdl
1362:doi
1210:doi
986:).
814:the
718:in
596:to
350:in
303:of
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1966:.
1949:47
1947:.
1930:33
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
