1021:
advocates are concerned. "We're getting closer and closer to a required strip-search to board an airplane," said Barry
Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. To address this issue, upgrades have eliminated the need for an officer in a separate viewing area. The new software generates a generic image of a human. There is no anatomical differentiation between male and female on the image, and if an object is detected, the software only presents a yellow box in the area. If the device does not detect anything of interest, no image is presented. Passengers can decline scanning and be screened via a metal detector and patted down.
943:
852:
2264:
754:
1063:
625:
1024:
According to Farran
Technologies, a manufacturer of one model of the millimeter wave scanner, the technology exists to extend the search area to as far as 50 meters beyond the scanning area which would allow security workers to scan a large number of people without their awareness that they are being
667:
as lower frequency radio waves do. At typical power densities they are blocked by building walls and suffer significant attenuation passing through foliage. Absorption by atmospheric gases is a significant factor throughout the band and increases with frequency. However, this absorption is maximum at
1009:
Clothing and other organic materials are transparent to millimeter waves of certain frequencies, so a recent application has been scanners to detect weapons and other dangerous objects carried under clothing, for applications such as airport security. Privacy advocates are concerned about the use of
921:
Shorter wavelengths in this band permit the use of smaller antennas to achieve the same high directivity and high gain as larger ones in lower bands. The immediate consequence of this high directivity, coupled with the high free space loss at these frequencies, is the possibility of a more efficient
815:
non-exclusive passive frequency allocation at 57–59.3 GHz is used for atmospheric monitoring in meteorological and climate sensing applications and is important for these purposes due to the properties of oxygen absorption and emission in Earth's atmosphere. Currently operational U.S. satellite
1020:
Prior to a software upgrade the technology did not mask any part of the bodies of the people who were being scanned. However, passengers' faces were deliberately masked by the system. The photos were screened by technicians in a closed room, then deleted immediately upon search completion. Privacy
1033:
Recent studies at the
University of Leuven have proven that millimeter waves can also be used as a non-nuclear thickness gauge in various industries. Millimeter waves provide a clean and contact-free way of detecting variations in thickness. Practical applications for the technology focus on
569:: they are absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere. Absorption increases with frequency until at the top end of the band the waves are attenuated to zero within a few meters. Absorption by humidity in the atmosphere is significant except in desert environments, and attenuation by rain (
848:(FCC). There are plans for 10 Gbit/s links using these frequencies as well. In the case of the 92–95 GHz band, a small 100 MHz range has been reserved for space-borne radios, limiting this reserved range to a transmission rate of under a few gigabits per second.
987:(ADS) which emits a beam of millimeter radio waves with a wavelength of 3 mm (frequency of 95 GHz). The weapon causes a person in the beam to feel an intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire. The military version had an output power of 100
680:
at 24 GHz and 184 GHz. At frequencies in the "windows" between these absorption peaks, millimeter waves have much less atmospheric attenuation and greater range, so many applications use these frequencies. Millimeter wavelengths are the same order of size as
972:) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together.
871:
is another recent technology that operates near the 60 GHz range. Highly directional, "pencil-beam" signal characteristics permit different systems to operate close to one another without causing interference. Potential applications include
608:
networks. The design of millimeter-wave circuit and subsystems (such as antennas, power amplifiers, mixers and oscillators) also presents severe challenges to engineers due to semiconductor and process limitations, model limitations and poor
832:
In the United States, the band 36.0–40.0 GHz is used for licensed high-speed microwave data links, and the 60 GHz band can be used for unlicensed short range (1.7 km) data links with data throughputs up to 2.5
628:
Atmospheric attenuation in dB/km as a function of frequency over the extremely high frequency band. Peaks in absorption at specific frequencies are a problem, due to atmosphere constituents such as
863:
The band is essentially undeveloped and available for use in a broad range of new products and services, including high-speed, point-to-point wireless local area networks and broadband
918:
mobile phones. In addition, use of millimeter wave bands for vehicular communication is also emerging as an attractive solution to support (semi-)autonomous vehicular communications.
1164:
2209:
1210:
922:
use of frequencies for point-to-multipoint applications. Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a given area, the net result is greater
736:
due to the human body is a problem. Since the waves penetrate clothing and their small wavelength allows them to reflect from small metal objects they are used in
712:
around 5 to 30 cm (2 inches to 1 foot) diameter. Because their wavelengths are often much smaller than the equipment that manipulates them, the techniques of
1113:, state of cell genetic apparatus, function of excitable membranes and peripheral receptors." This treatment is particularly associated with the range of 40–70
479:
1614:
844:
high-bandwidth communication links. These higher frequencies do not suffer from oxygen absorption, but require a transmitting license in the US from the
720:
is less than at lower frequencies, although millimeter waves can be diffracted by building edges. At millimeter wavelengths, surfaces appear rougher so
1958:
697:
and atmospheric absorption limit useful propagation to a few kilometers. Thus, they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as
2202:
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applications, providing 1 Gbit/s capacity between sites. The links are fast to deploy and have a lower cost than fibre optics.
1224:
1327:. Office of Engineering and Technology, Bulletin No. 70. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), US Dept. of Commerce. July 1997
1321:
817:
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Rappaport, T.S.; Sun, Shu; Mayzus, R.; Zhao, Hang; Azar, Y.; Wang, K.; Wong, G.N.; Schulz, J.K.; Samimi, M. (2013-01-01).
1226:
User
Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 3: Range 1 and Range 2 Interworking operation with other radios
947:
1904:
708:
Millimeter waves show "optical" propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal surfaces and
1951:
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this technology because, in some cases, it allows screeners to see airport passengers as if without clothing.
2710:
2655:
1984:
1944:
1205:
1004:
907:
737:
586:
178:
1097:(usually 10 mW/cm or less) electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency may be used in human
1681:
969:
1735:
Pakhomov, A. G.; Murphy, P. R. (2000). "Low-intensity millimeter waves as a novel therapeutic modality".
811:
by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The
976:
851:
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548:
1591:
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573:) is a serious problem even over short distances. However the short propagation range allows smaller
512:
353:
227:
222:
1508:
Peter
Smulders (2013). "The Road to 100 Gb/s Wireless and Beyond: Basic Issues and Key Directions".
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2014:
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distances than lower frequencies. The short wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small
348:
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1232:(Technical Specification). 3GPP TS 38.101-3 version 15.2.0 Release 15. ETSI. July 2018. p. 11
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167:
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1489:
Asadi, Arash; Klos, Sabrina; Sim, Gek Hong; Klein, Anja; Hollick, Matthias (2018-04-15).
1748:
1457:
2625:
2409:
2074:
1967:
1126:
980:
804:
785:
581:, further increasing frequency reuse potential. Millimeter waves are used for military
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1764:
1529:
914:. In 2013 it was speculated that there were plans to use millimeter waves in future
2511:
2177:
1570:"Active Denial System: a terahertz based military deterrent for safe crowd control"
1201:"Milestones: First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96"
1137:
studies the scientific basis and clinical applications of millimeter wave therapy.
1130:
1047:
824:(SSMI/S) on Department of Defense satellite F-16 make use of this frequency range.
777:
516:
1909:
1252:
1073: with: mmWave measuring of blood pressure and blood glucose. You can help by
728:, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading.
2684:
2361:
2343:
2239:
1876:
1857:
1466:
1441:
1426:, Multigigabit wireless technology at 70 GHz, 80 GHz and 90 GHz,
1407:, Comments of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, FCC RM-11104, 10/17/07
1106:
930:
in this band might allow it to serve some applications that would otherwise use
732:
of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds. In portable devices,
717:
677:
664:
566:
563:
17:
2665:
2333:
2328:
2282:
2259:
1521:
868:
660:
651:). The vertical scale is double logarithmic, as dB are themselves logarithmic.
601:
528:
524:
1475:
820:(AMSU) on one NASA satellite (Aqua) and four NOAA (15–18) satellites and the
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2521:
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that was developed by
Raytheon later, had an output power of 30 kW.
906:
Uses of the millimeter wave bands include point-to-point communications,
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437:
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1936:
1543:
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896:
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near the bottom of the band are being used in the newest generation of
452:
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1756:
1442:"Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!"
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892:
733:
673:
641:
547:. Millimeter-length electromagnetic waves were first investigated by
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or very short links such as for the interconnect of circuit boards.
1491:"FML: Fast Machine Learning for 5G mmWave Vehicular Communications"
2424:
2320:
2234:
1632:"Body scanners replace metal detectors in tryout at Tulsa airport"
961:
941:
880:
873:
850:
762:
752:
629:
623:
65:
50:
2419:
2414:
988:
2191:
1940:
1322:"Millimeter Wave Propagation: Spectrum Management Implications"
1105:. For example, "A brief, low-intensity MMW exposure can change
2439:
1114:
1057:
1017:
has deployed millimeter wave scanners to many major airports.
983:
has developed a nonlethal antipersonnel weapon system called
2262:
840:
The 71–76, 81–86 and 92–95 GHz bands are also used for
562:
Compared to lower bands, radio waves in this band have high
915:
605:
1354:
Millimeter-Wave
Antennas: Configurations and Applications
1780:"Low Intensity Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology"
855:
A CableFree MMW link installed in the UAE installed for
685:, so precipitation causes additional attenuation due to
596:
In a major new application of millimeter waves, certain
1730:
1728:
1074:
895:) spectrum to achieve data transfer rates as high as 7
1657:"Statement of Robert Kane to House of Representatives"
1295:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. Sections 1.1.1–1.2.
1778:
Betskii, O. V.; Devyatkov, N. D.; Kislov, V. (2000).
531:
from ten to one millimeter, so it is also called the
1932:
US Patent 7220488 – Deflecting magnetic field shield
1165:
Journal of
Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
991:(kW), and a smaller law enforcement version, called
27:
The range 30–300 GHz of the electromagnetic spectrum
2664:
2591:
2520:
2448:
2400:
2342:
2319:
2296:
946:Millimeter wave fire control radar for CIWS gun on
145:
133:
121:
116:
72:
57:
42:
37:
807:near 60 GHz can determine temperature in the
1682:"The Three Inspection Options at TSA Checkpoints"
1211:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1927:Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)
1316:
1314:
1312:
926:, and higher density of users. The high usable
1708:"Bat inspires space tech for airport security"
2203:
1952:
473:
8:
1544:"Slideshow: Say Hello to the Goodbye Weapon"
30:
968:in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns (
2279:
2210:
2196:
2188:
1977:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1784:Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
792:is limited to high altitude sites such as
701:that improve spectrum utilization through
480:
466:
156:
29:
1834:
1823:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
1819:"Medical application of millimetre waves"
1465:
1289:Huang, Kao-Cheng; Zhaocheng Wang (2011).
837:/s. It is used commonly in flat terrain.
1592:"'Pain ray' first commercial sale looms"
1135:Millimeter waves in biology and medicine
800:) due to atmospheric absorption issues.
647:
635:
1662:. 2011-11-03. p. 2. Archived from
1384:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58.
1351:du Preez, Jaco; Sinha, Saurabh (2016).
1346:
1344:
1342:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1251:du Preez, Jaco; Sinha, Saurabh (2017).
1192:
1117:. This type of treatment may be called
418:
332:
247:
166:
159:
663:nor do they travel along the Earth as
1790:(1&2). Begellhouse.com: 247–268.
1292:Millimeter Wave Communication Systems
1149:in the Ka-band (33.4–36.0 GHz).
1109:and proliferation rates, activity of
813:International Telecommunication Union
659:paths. They are not refracted by the
655:Millimeter waves propagate solely by
559:GHz during experiments in 1894–1896.
535:and radiation in this band is called
519:band, the lower part of which is the
497:International Telecommunication Union
249:EU / NATO / US ECM
7:
1796:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v28.i12.420
1125:. This treatment is associated with
796:and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (
1737:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
1145:Traffic police use speed-detecting
876:systems with very high resolution.
1630:Frank, Thomas (18 February 2009).
912:point-to-multipoint communications
693:) as well as absorption. The high
25:
1877:"Radio and Radar Frequency Bands"
1572:. Terasense Group Inc. 2019-05-29
846:Federal Communications Commission
2171:
1254:Millimeter-Wave Power Amplifiers
1123:extremely high frequency therapy
1061:
818:Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
1905:FCC bulletin on MMW propagation
822:special sensor microwave/imager
740:for airport security scanning.
1817:M. Rojavin; M. Ziskin (1998).
1590:Hambling, David (2009-05-08).
1381:Introduction to RF Propagation
1133:nations). The Russian Journal
759:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1:
1510:IEEE Communications Magazine
1357:. Springer. pp. 13–14.
891:operate in the 60 GHz (
499:designation for the band of
2311:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
1467:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813
1257:. Springer. pp. 1–35.
593:, and scientific research.
511:(GHz). It lies between the
2737:
2306:Very-high-energy gamma ray
1910:FCC 70/80/90 GHz overview.
1002:
2225:
2167:
1975:
1922:FCC 57–64 GHz rules.
1522:10.1109/MCOM.2013.6685762
1378:Seybold, John S. (2005).
1159:Electromagnetic shielding
932:fiber-optic communication
587:airport security scanners
551:, who generated waves of
2219:Electromagnetic spectrum
948:Soviet aircraft carrier
738:millimeter wave scanners
539:, sometimes abbreviated
505:electromagnetic spectrum
493:Extremely high frequency
38:Extremely high frequency
32:Extremely high frequency
1617:March 11, 2007, at the
1206:List of IEEE milestones
1119:millimeter wave therapy
1048:mineral wool production
1005:Millimeter wave scanner
964:is used in short-range
2716:Bangladeshi inventions
2267:
1129:nations (e.g., former
957:
860:
773:
699:personal area networks
652:
117:Millimetre band (IEEE)
2266:
1836:10.1093/qjmed/91.1.57
1101:for the treatment of
945:
854:
788:. Ground-based radio
756:
726:Multipath propagation
627:
549:Jagadish Chandra Bose
109: / mm (IEEE)
1612:Newscientisttech.com
985:Active Denial System
908:intersatellite links
816:sensors such as the
780:is commonly used in
769:, a millimeter wave
616:of passive devices.
513:super high frequency
2352:Extreme ultraviolet
1749:2000ITPS...28...34P
1458:2013IEEEA...1..335R
1181:Terahertz radiation
1040:paper manufacturing
749:Scientific research
676:at 60 GHz and
34:
2357:Vacuum ultraviolet
2268:
1915:2005-12-19 at the
1863:2011-07-18 at the
1422:2012-07-16 at the
1141:Police speed radar
1036:plastics extrusion
999:Security screening
966:fire-control radar
958:
861:
828:Telecommunications
774:
722:diffuse reflection
672:, mainly those of
653:
583:fire-control radar
527:in this band have
419:Other TV and radio
2721:Indian inventions
2698:
2697:
2402:Visible (optical)
2185:
2184:
2162:
2161:
1757:10.1109/27.842821
1550:. 5 December 2006
1364:978-3-319-35068-4
1302:978-1-118-10275-6
1264:978-3-319-62166-1
1171:Knife-edge effect
1091:
1090:
1029:Thickness gauging
710:dielectric lenses
591:wireless networks
501:radio frequencies
490:
489:
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242:
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
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1044:glass production
960:Millimeter wave
928:channel capacity
903:, respectively.
899:and at least 20
809:upper atmosphere
803:Satellite-based
714:geometric optics
670:absorption lines
650:
640:) and molecular
639:
598:frequency ranges
558:
537:millimeter waves
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135:Wavelength range
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59:Wavelength range
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2109:300 MHz/1 m
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2064:300 kHz/1 km
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2019:300 Hz/1 Mm
2018:
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1917:Wayback Machine
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1213:. 14 June 2022.
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1071:needs expansion
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1007:
1001:
993:Silent Guardian
940:
938:Weapons systems
924:frequency reuse
865:Internet access
830:
782:radio astronomy
771:radio telescope
751:
746:
703:frequency reuse
695:free space loss
668:a few specific
649:
645:
637:
633:
622:
575:frequency reuse
556:
533:millimeter band
507:from 30 to 300
486:
457:
414:
395:
382:
328:
148:
139:
136:
127:
124:
123:Frequency range
112:
99:
75:
63:
60:
48:
45:
44:Frequency range
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Millimetre wave
15:
12:
11:
5:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Radio spectrum
2703:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2482:
2477:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2146:
2144:
2139:30 GHz/10 mm
2131:
2129:
2116:
2114:
2101:
2099:
2094:30 MHz/10 m
2086:
2084:
2071:
2069:
2056:
2054:
2049:30 kHz/10 km
2041:
2039:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2009:
2004:30 Hz/10 Mm
1996:
1994:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:Radio spectrum
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1900:
1899:External links
1897:
1894:
1893:
1868:
1850:
1809:
1770:
1724:
1698:
1672:
1669:on 2011-11-25.
1648:
1622:
1604:
1582:
1561:
1535:
1500:
1481:
1432:
1409:
1397:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1338:
1308:
1301:
1270:
1263:
1243:
1216:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1030:
1027:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
981:U.S. Air Force
939:
936:
842:point-to-point
829:
826:
805:remote sensing
786:remote sensing
750:
747:
745:
742:
621:
618:
589:, short range
521:terahertz band
488:
487:
485:
484:
477:
470:
462:
459:
458:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
337:
336:
330:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
171:
170:
164:
163:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
134:
131:
130:
128:110 to 300 GHz
125:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
111:
110:
97:
93:
78:
76:
73:
70:
69:
61:
58:
55:
54:
46:
43:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2733:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2166:
2157:
2156:3 THz/0.1 mm
2152:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2141:300 GHz/1 mm
2137:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2126:30 GHz/10 mm
2124:3 GHz/100 mm
2122:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2111:3 GHz/100 mm
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2079:3 MHz/100 m
2077:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2051:300 kHz/1 km
2047:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2036:30 kHz/10 km
2034:3 kHz/100 km
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:3 kHz/100 km
2017:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1989:3 Hz/100 Mm
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1687:
1683:
1680:Cortez, Joe.
1676:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:(12): 86–91.
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1391:0-471-74368-2
1387:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1069:This section
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1006:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
956:
952:
951:
944:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:IEEE 802.11ay
886:
885:IEEE 802.11ad
882:
877:
875:
870:
866:
858:
853:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
827:
825:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
748:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
730:Doppler shift
727:
723:
719:
716:can be used.
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
657:line-of-sight
643:
631:
626:
619:
617:
615:
613:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
560:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:band and the
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
463:
461:
460:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
390:
388:
385:
383:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
335:
331:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
253:
250:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
150:
147:Related bands
144:
138:
132:
126:
120:
115:
108:
104:
100:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
77:
74:Related bands
71:
67:
62:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
19:
2605:
2270:
2169:
2148:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2103:
2102:
2096:300 MHz/1 m
2088:
2087:
2081:30 MHz/10 m
2073:
2072:
2066:3 MHz/100 m
2058:
2057:
2043:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2006:300 Hz/1 Mm
1998:
1997:
1991:30 Hz/10 Mm
1983:
1982:
1884:. Retrieved
1881:copradar.com
1880:
1871:
1853:
1829:(1): 57–66.
1826:
1822:
1812:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1743:(1): 34–40.
1740:
1736:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1664:the original
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1625:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1484:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1417:Rfdesign.com
1412:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1353:
1329:. Retrieved
1291:
1253:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1225:
1219:
1204:
1195:
1163:
1144:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1092:
1079:
1075:adding to it
1070:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
974:
959:
949:
920:
905:
878:
862:
839:
831:
802:
775:
757:Part of the
744:Applications
707:
665:ground waves
654:
611:
595:
561:
544:
540:
536:
532:
517:far infrared
492:
491:
409:
232:
140:2.73 to 1 mm
105: /
101: /
88: /
84: /
2685:Medium wave
2362:Lyman-alpha
2344:Ultraviolet
2283:wavelengths
2276:frequencies
2240:Ultraviolet
1452:: 335–349.
1446:IEEE Access
1107:cell growth
724:increases.
718:Diffraction
678:water vapor
620:Propagation
567:attenuation
564:atmospheric
529:wavelengths
525:Radio waves
161:Radio bands
2705:Categories
2666:Wavelength
2522:Microwaves
2334:Hard X-ray
2329:Soft X-ray
2298:Gamma rays
2230:Gamma rays
1691:11 January
1686:Trip Savvy
1598:2020-05-03
1576:2020-05-03
1430:, May 2006
1236:5 December
1187:References
1147:radar guns
883:standards
869:WirelessHD
687:scattering
661:ionosphere
604:networks,
602:cell phone
579:beam width
151:EHF (IEEE)
49:30 to 300
2680:Shortwave
2675:Microwave
2255:Microwave
1858:Benran.ru
1636:USA Today
1554:16 August
1476:2169-3536
1428:RF Design
1176:Microwave
1095:intensity
1025:scanned.
989:kilowatts
857:Safe City
794:Kitt Peak
790:astronomy
734:shadowing
691:rain fade
683:raindrops
571:rain fade
553:frequency
509:gigahertz
2690:Longwave
2450:Infrared
2250:Infrared
1913:Archived
1886:30 April
1861:Archived
1804:10999395
1765:22730643
1615:Archived
1530:12358456
1420:Archived
1153:See also
1103:diseases
1099:medicine
1082:May 2023
1054:Medicine
977:Raytheon
761:(ALMA),
632:vapour (
555:up to 60
238:12 (THF)
233:11 (EHF)
228:10 (SHF)
2281:longer
2274:higher
2245:Visible
1845:9519213
1745:Bibcode
1717:7 April
1712:esa.int
1594:. Wired
1454:Bibcode
1405:FCC.gov
1331:May 20,
1111:enzymes
767:America
614:factors
503:in the
495:is the
223:9 (UHF)
216:8 (VHF)
194:4 (VLF)
189:3 (ULF)
184:2 (SLF)
179:1 (ELF)
2583:L band
2578:S band
2573:C band
2568:X band
2554:K band
2540:Q band
2535:V band
2530:W band
2435:Orange
2430:Yellow
2410:Violet
2321:X-rays
2235:X-rays
1843:
1802:
1763:
1528:
1474:
1388:
1361:
1299:
1261:
955:Russia
910:, and
901:Gbit/s
897:Gbit/s
893:V band
674:oxygen
642:oxygen
557:
545:mmWave
211:7 (HF)
206:6 (MF)
201:5 (LF)
92:(NATO)
2668:types
2593:Radio
2489:Bands
2462:Bands
2425:Green
2260:Radio
1970:(ITU)
1761:S2CID
1706:esa.
1667:(PDF)
1660:(PDF)
1641:2 May
1548:Wired
1526:S2CID
1325:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
975:With
962:radar
950:Minsk
881:Wi-Fi
874:radar
776:This
763:Chile
630:water
334:IEEE
64:10–1
2563:band
2549:band
2507:LWIR
2485:MWIR
2480:SWIR
2420:Cyan
2415:Blue
1888:2020
1841:PMID
1800:PMID
1719:2018
1693:2024
1643:2010
1556:2016
1472:ISSN
1386:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1333:2017
1297:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1238:2019
1131:USSR
1093:Low
1046:and
1013:The
979:the
970:CIWS
887:and
879:The
835:Gbit
798:ALMA
784:and
778:band
168:ITU
2656:ELF
2651:SLF
2646:ULF
2641:VLF
2621:VHF
2616:UHF
2611:SHF
2606:EHF
2601:THF
2512:FIR
2458:NIR
2440:Red
2392:UVA
2387:UVB
2382:UVC
2377:NUV
2372:MUV
2367:FUV
2150:THF
2135:EHF
2120:SHF
2105:UHF
2090:VHF
2030:VLF
2015:ULF
2000:SLF
1985:ELF
1831:doi
1792:doi
1753:doi
1518:doi
1462:doi
1121:or
1115:GHz
1077:.
1015:TSA
543:or
541:MMW
438:III
354:UHF
349:VHF
51:GHz
2707::
2636:LF
2631:MF
2626:HF
2499:,
2495:,
2491::
2472:,
2468:,
2464::
2075:HF
2060:MF
2045:LF
1879:.
1839:.
1827:91
1825:.
1821:.
1798:.
1788:28
1786:.
1782:.
1759:.
1751:.
1741:28
1739:.
1727:^
1710:.
1684:.
1634:.
1546:.
1524:.
1514:51
1512:.
1493:.
1470:.
1460:.
1448:.
1444:.
1341:^
1311:^
1273:^
1209:.
1203:.
1050:.
1042:,
1038:,
953:,
916:5G
867:.
765:,
705:.
606:5G
585:,
523:.
453:VI
443:IV
433:II
410:mm
344:HF
66:mm
2561:u
2559:K
2547:a
2545:K
2503:)
2501:N
2497:M
2493:L
2487:(
2476:)
2474:H
2470:K
2466:J
2460:(
2286:→
2272:←
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
1960:e
1953:t
1946:v
1890:.
1847:.
1833::
1806:.
1794::
1767:.
1755::
1747::
1721:.
1695:.
1645:.
1601:.
1579:.
1558:.
1532:.
1520::
1497:.
1478:.
1464::
1456::
1450:1
1394:.
1367:.
1335:.
1305:.
1267:.
1240:.
1084:)
1080:(
689:(
648:2
646:O
644:(
638:O
636:2
634:H
612:Q
481:e
474:t
467:v
448:V
428:I
405:W
400:V
394:a
392:K
387:K
381:u
379:K
374:X
369:C
364:S
359:L
324:N
319:M
314:L
309:K
304:J
299:I
294:H
289:G
284:F
279:E
274:D
269:C
264:B
259:A
107:W
103:V
98:a
96:K
90:M
86:L
82:K
20:)
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