438:(RR). In some cases, parts of the radio spectrum are sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission services (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their provisioned use (for example, cellular spectrum or television spectrum). Because it is a fixed resource which is in demand by an increasing number of users, the radio spectrum has become increasingly congested in recent decades, and the need to utilize it more effectively is driving modern telecommunications innovations such as
5086:
2352:
5096:
5075:
5106:
3045:
The greatest incentive for development of radio was the need to communicate with ships out of visual range of shore. From the very early days of radio, large oceangoing vessels carried powerful long-wave and medium-wave transmitters. High-frequency allocations are still designated for ships, although
549:
band), atmospheric gases absorb increasing amounts of power, so the power in a beam of radio waves decreases exponentially with distance from the transmitting antenna. At 30 GHz, useful communication is limited to about 1 km, but as frequency increases the range at which the waves can be
761:(HF) designates the wavelength range from 100 to 10 metres, corresponding to a frequency range of 3 to 30 MHz. This is just a symbol and is not related to allocation; the ITU further divides each band into subbands allocated to different services. Above 300 GHz, the absorption of
3367:
ITU Radio
Regulations – Article 1, Definitions of Radio Services, Article 1.2 Administration: Any governmental department or service responsible for discharging the obligations undertaken in the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, in the Convention of the International
798:
meeting, held in
Bucharest in 1937, and was approved by the International Radio Conference held at Atlantic City, NJ in 1947. The idea to give each band a number, in which the number is the logarithm of the approximate geometric mean of the upper and lower band limits in Hz, originated with
609:
are usually used or set aside for the same purpose. To prevent interference and allow for efficient use of the radio spectrum, similar services are allocated in bands. For example, broadcasting, mobile radio, or navigation devices, will be allocated in non-overlapping ranges of frequencies.
1418:, which was the first application of microwaves. There are several incompatible naming systems for microwave bands, and even within a given system the exact frequency range designated by a letter may vary somewhat between different application areas. One widely used standard is the
478:, there is no lower limit to the frequency of radio waves. Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide". At the high frequency end the radio spectrum is bounded by the
3095:
is allocated in many countries, using channelized radios in the upper HF part of the spectrum (around 27 MHz). It is used for personal, small business and hobby purposes. Other frequency allocations are used for similar services in different jurisdictions, for example
3104:
exist around the world, usually emphasizing short-range communication between individuals or for small businesses, simplified license requirements or in some countries covered by a class license, and usually FM transceivers using around 1 watt or less.
4005:
AFR 55-44/AR 105-86/OPNAVINST 3430.9A/MCO 3430.1, 27 October 1964 superseded by AFR 55-44/AR 105-86/OPNAVINST 3430.1A/MCO 3430.1A, 6 December 1978: Performing
Electronic Countermeasures in the United States and Canada, Attachment 1,ECM Frequency
3060:
is used in coastal waters and relatively short-range communication between vessels and to shore stations. Radios are channelized, with different channels used for different purposes; marine
Channel 16 is used for calling and emergencies.
517:
or inversely with frequency. Below about 10 kHz (a wavelength of 30 km), elevated wire antennas kilometers in diameter are required, so very few radio systems use frequencies below this. A second limit is the decreasing
526:
that can be transmitted. Below about 30 kHz, audio modulation is impractical and only slow baud rate data communication is used. The lowest frequencies that have been used for radio communication are around 80 Hz, in
3121:, radio-frequency heating, and similar purposes. However, in recent years the largest use of these bands has been by short-range low-power communications systems, since users do not have to hold a radio operator's license.
791:. Article 2, provision No. 2.1 states that "the radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands, which shall be designated by progressive whole numbers in accordance with the following table".
505:, are determined by technological limitations which are impossible to overcome. So although the radio spectrum is becoming increasingly congested, there is no possible way to add additional frequency
3404:
545:
The highest frequencies useful for radio communication are limited by the absorption of microwave energy by the atmosphere. As frequency increases above 30 GHz (the beginning of the
806:
The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths from 300,000–100,000 km), but the term has not been defined by the ITU.
2359:
The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths of 300,000–100,000 km), but the term has not been defined by the ITU.
3924:
NATO Allied Radio
Frequency Agency (ARFA) HANDBOOK – VOLUME I; PART IV – APPENDICES, ... G-2, ... NOMENCLATURE OF THE FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH BANDS USED IN RADIOCOMMUNCATION.
3007:. Since VHF and UHF frequencies are desirable for many uses in urban areas, in North America some parts of the former television broadcasting band have been reassigned to
3224:
applications use relatively high power pulse transmitters and sensitive receivers, so radar is operated on bands not used for other purposes. Most radar bands are in the
1423:
1258:
3692:
3714:
Duncan, Christopher; Gkountouna, Olga; Mahabir, Ron (2021). Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas; Shouno, Hayaru; Tinetti, Fernando G.; Tran, Quoc-Nam (eds.).
3297:
370:
5058:
5030:
5025:
4050:
3427:
Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide",
3202:
frequencies near 72 MHz to avoid interference by unlicensed uses. The 21st century has seen a move to 2.4 GHz spread spectrum RC control systems.
486:, from 300 gigahertz to 3 terahertz, can be considered either as microwaves or infrared. It is the highest band categorized as radio waves by the
474:
boundaries of the radio spectrum are a matter of convention in physics and are somewhat arbitrary. Since radio waves are the lowest frequency category of
3601:
3577:
3388:
538:
antennas 20–60 km long excited by megawatts of transmitter power, and transmit data at an extremely slow rate of about 1 bit per minute (17
3022:
band in the United States was a pre-WWII allocation for VHF audio broadcasting; it was made obsolete after the introduction of FM broadcasting.
5052:
3934:
3668:
3462:
3435:
3076:
part of the spectrum. Other bands are national or regional allocations only due to differing allocations for other services, especially in the
555:
5047:
5037:
5017:
4819:
3996:
3909:
3832:
3735:
3398:
890:
487:
424:
3033:
refers to VHF frequencies 108 to 137 MHz, used for navigation and voice communication with aircraft. Trans-oceanic aircraft also carry
1303:
509:
outside of that currently in use. The lowest frequencies used for radio communication are limited by the increasing size of transmitting
5042:
4888:
3838:
3547:
3509:
3247:
3069:
3171:
and other public safety services such as fire departments and ambulances are generally found in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum.
534:
systems built by a few nations' navies to communicate with their submerged submarines hundreds of meters underwater. These employ huge
430:
Different parts of the radio spectrum are allocated by the ITU for different radio transmission technologies and applications; some 40
4814:
1393:
4908:
3716:"Theoretical Applications of Magnetic Fields at Tremendously Low Frequency in Remote Sensing and Electronic Activity Classification"
3541:
3503:
3267:
1081:
741:
363:
482:
band. The boundary between radio waves and infrared waves is defined at different frequencies in different scientific fields. The
4693:
4241:
4043:
4804:
1077:
1414:
range are designated by letters. This convention began around World War II with military designations for frequencies used in
4799:
4350:
3000:
755:, and each covering a decade of frequency or wavelength. Each of these bands has a traditional name. For example, the term
4824:
3287:
845:
673:
531:
519:
506:
5109:
3213:
in North
America. Industrial remote control of cranes or railway locomotives use assigned frequencies that vary by area.
3145:
Bands of frequencies, especially in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum, are allocated for communication between fixed
5099:
4860:
4757:
4300:
4067:
3137:
all use the ISM bands. ISM devices do not have regulatory protection against interference from other users of the band.
2135:
1169:
1093:
1073:
1013:
416:
356:
653:
are to be defined, and what will be carried on those channels. Typical definitions set forth in a frequency plan are:
5089:
4596:
4036:
2930:
2925:
1372:
455:
4948:
4870:
4809:
4516:
4022:
1311:
1165:
1089:
1009:
431:
4720:
4681:
4526:
4426:
4355:
4288:
4115:
3162:
902:
762:
5079:
4321:
4256:
4209:
4095:
3959:
3751:
2835:
2830:
1389:
1327:
1307:
1238:
1145:
388:
300:
123:
3599:
3198:
in the 27 MHz or 49 MHz bands, but more costly aircraft, boat, or land vehicle models use dedicated
5130:
4918:
4903:
4747:
4698:
4621:
4521:
4199:
4085:
4080:
3569:
3092:
2421:
2416:
1356:
829:
631:
627:
528:
69:
4840:
4626:
4441:
4386:
4381:
4194:
4159:
3616:
3101:
3011:
and various land mobile communications systems. Even within the allocation still dedicated to television,
1141:
1069:
795:
650:
4742:
4546:
4511:
4431:
4411:
4333:
4221:
4142:
1344:
1314:, amateur radio, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, satellite radio,
1005:
606:
435:
766:
1343:
Radio astronomy, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, high-frequency
4656:
4616:
4586:
4343:
4278:
4169:
3282:
3262:
3179:
3081:
2688:
2683:
2612:
2607:
2602:
1479:
1352:
1286:
1242:
1185:
1017:
513:
required. The size of antenna required to radiate radio power efficiently increases in proportion to
501:
limits and basic physical considerations of the radio spectrum, the frequencies which are useful for
475:
439:
244:
118:
113:
3938:
3653:
3456:
3429:
4666:
4606:
4365:
4327:
4184:
4125:
4110:
3195:
3175:
systems are often used to make most efficient use of the limited number of frequencies available.
3077:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2463:
2458:
2442:
2437:
1540:
1466:
1368:
1137:
1109:
1057:
1021:
873:
852:
803:
in 1942. For example, the approximate geometric mean of band 7 is 10 MHz, or 10 Hz.
677:
239:
128:
106:
79:
74:
4893:
4850:
4781:
4651:
4581:
4556:
4491:
4338:
4059:
3317:
3134:
3122:
2971:
2484:
2479:
2325:
2315:
2295:
1173:
1097:
937:
909:
769:
is so great that the atmosphere is effectively opaque, until it becomes transparent again in the
747:
As a matter of convention, the ITU divides the radio spectrum into 12 bands, each beginning at a
663:
423:
of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the
420:
84:
3860:
3178:
The demand for mobile telephone service has led to large blocks of radio spectrum allocated to
4933:
4855:
4769:
4752:
4715:
4601:
4561:
4391:
4360:
4226:
4120:
3905:
3880:
3828:
3731:
3537:
3499:
3394:
3277:
3019:
3004:
788:
725:
412:
3899:
3822:
3531:
3493:
4938:
4898:
4878:
4845:
4774:
4732:
4646:
4501:
4486:
4461:
4436:
4396:
4246:
4105:
4100:
4090:
3872:
3723:
3057:
2526:
2521:
1270:
1061:
1029:
985:
925:
657:
643:
139:
96:
2999:
Designations for television and FM radio broadcast frequencies vary between countries, see
4566:
4421:
4189:
4152:
3861:"Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks"
3605:
3327:
3312:
3242:
2992:
2907:
1642:
1581:
1315:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1210:
1177:
1125:
1101:
1001:
571:
554:
above 300 GHz, the radio waves are attenuated to zero within a few meters due to the
546:
510:
459:
451:
443:
58:
35:
4164:
3715:
4764:
4636:
4611:
4571:
4541:
4416:
4251:
4137:
3342:
3307:
3118:
3073:
3072:
vary around the world. Several bands are common for amateurs worldwide, usually in the
3046:
satellite systems have taken over some of the safety applications previously served by
3034:
3012:
3008:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2397:
1453:
1397:
1348:
1202:
1037:
774:
757:
602:
579:
567:
551:
483:
447:
234:
101:
39:
3640:
635:
5124:
4913:
4686:
4676:
4591:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4451:
4273:
4132:
3332:
3302:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3158:
3154:
2868:
2854:
2799:
2785:
2754:
2740:
2721:
2707:
2702:
2678:
2664:
2645:
2626:
2505:
2500:
2241:
2060:
2024:
2000:
1972:
1958:
1932:
1906:
1892:
1878:
1852:
1816:
1790:
1737:
1646:
1573:
1518:
1360:
1254:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1025:
977:
948:
712:
683:
575:
535:
277:
259:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
91:
751:
which is a power of ten (10) metres, with corresponding frequency of 3×10
4791:
4631:
4576:
4506:
4471:
4406:
4305:
4295:
4147:
3257:
3210:
3168:
3146:
2351:
1222:
1218:
716:
667:
491:
3727:
3651:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Volume 1, Article 2; Edition of 2020. Available online at
4991:
4641:
4551:
4536:
4496:
4456:
4315:
3252:
3229:
3150:
2986:
965:
929:
639:
563:
17:
3960:"Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"
3752:"Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"
3628:
3194:
uses bands dedicated to the purpose. Radio-controlled toys may use portions of
4996:
4703:
4401:
4310:
4266:
4236:
4214:
4204:
4179:
4002:
IEEE Standard 521-2002: Standard Letter
Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands
3876:
3347:
1668:
The designation mm is also used to refer to the range from 30 to 300 GHz.
1388:
Experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays, ultrafast molecular dynamics,
1129:
941:
748:
697:
514:
408:
31:
3993:
Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications
3884:
4981:
4446:
4261:
3292:
3225:
3130:
1544:
1411:
1226:
1206:
1053:
721:
691:
471:
392:
3935:"www.microwaves101.com "Waveguide frequency bands and interior dimensions""
3788:
3377:
799:
B. C. Fleming-Williams, who suggested it in a letter to the editor of
3859:
Banday, Yusra; Mohammad Rather, Ghulam; Begh, Gh. Rasool (February 2019).
3533:
Principles of
Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy: An Introductory Textbook
3157:
transceivers. In the United States these services are informally known as
3117:
were initially reserved for non-communications uses of RF energy, such as
3054:
is a medium-wave frequency still used for marine emergency communication.
4976:
4966:
4883:
4708:
4531:
3172:
3114:
3051:
2980:
1635:
1319:
1266:
969:
933:
894:
770:
539:
523:
479:
328:
3992:
1273:, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites,
4971:
4956:
3368:
Telecommunication Union and in the Administrative Regulations (CS 1002)
3047:
3030:
2813:
2768:
2251:
2227:
2091:
1593:
1552:
1161:
1085:
591:
343:
333:
323:
282:
269:
490:. but spectroscopic scientists consider these frequencies part of the
5001:
4961:
4283:
4075:
4028:
3097:
2882:
2849:
2735:
2659:
2640:
2588:
2335:
2305:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2217:
2151:
1626:
1614:
1531:
1505:
1492:
1278:
1230:
1214:
687:
338:
318:
295:
290:
264:
254:
249:
3720:
Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence
649:
Each frequency plan defines the frequency range to be included, how
4016:
3969:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union. 2015
3761:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union. 2015
605:(a contiguous section of the range of the radio spectrum) in which
4986:
4923:
4231:
3898:
Leonid A. Belov; Sergey M. Smolskiy; Victor N. Kochemasov (2012).
3337:
3322:
3272:
3228:
part of the spectrum, although certain important applications for
3221:
3126:
2960:
2350:
1415:
1133:
752:
708:
704:
559:
502:
404:
400:
396:
3530:
Coutaz, Jean-Louis; Garet, Frederic; Wallace, Vincent P. (2018).
1302:
Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN,
1152:, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio,
4928:
1677:
1431:
1246:
1065:
973:
30:
This article is about the spectral band. For the radiation, see
4032:
4174:
3627:
For the authorized frequency bands for amateur radio use see:
1715:
1234:
898:
785:
737:
558:
of electromagnetic radiation by the atmosphere (mainly due to
744:(FCC) and voluntary best practices help avoid interference.
660:– which channel numbers or letters (if any) will be assigned
3495:
Radio Spectrum Conservation: Radio Engineering Fundamentals
626:) which dictates how it is to be used and shared, to avoid
27:
Part of the electromagnetic spectrum from 1 Hz to 3000 GHz
3901:
Handbook of RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Components
3667:. International Telecommunication Union. 1 January 2017.
794:
The table originated with a recommendation of the fourth
736:
The actual authorized frequency bands are defined by the
703:
content – what types of information are allowed, such as
407:). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called
411:, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in
3824:
The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems
574:
emissions, until it becomes transparent again near the
4023:"Radio spectrum: a vital resource in a wireless world"
3791:
Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands
3709:
3707:
1255:
police, fire and emergency medical services broadcasts
1201:
Television broadcasts, cable television broadcasting,
1154:
police, fire and emergency medical services broadcasts
570:), which is so great that it is essentially opaque to
3722:. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 235–247.
3690:
Booth, C. F. (1949). "Nomenclature of Frequencies".
5010:
4947:
4869:
4833:
4790:
4731:
4665:
4374:
4066:
3423:
3421:
3232:make use of powerful transmitters in the UHF band.
1689:
1424:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3816:
3814:
3087:
2136:Waveguide (electromagnetism) § In practice
1310:, cable and satellite television broadcasting,
522:available at low frequencies, which limits the
3298:North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement
2347:Comparison of radio band designation standards
2084:
1731:
740:and the local regulating agencies like the US
4044:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3693:The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal
3639:US ARRL Amateur Radio Bands and power limits
3390:Competition and regulation in utility markets
364:
8:
1604:
1563:
419:between different users, the generation and
5059:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3100:is allocated in Australia. A wide range of
2043:
2033:
1993:
1951:
1871:
1835:
1825:
1799:
1756:
1746:
1132:broadcasts, cable television broadcasting,
700:– what type will be used or are permissible
5095:
4051:
4037:
4029:
4019:A reference to radio spectrum allocations.
3088:Citizens' band and personal radio services
2355:Comparison of frequency band designations
371:
357:
47:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3461:. International Telecommunication Union.
3434:. International Telecommunication Union.
3015:use channels without local broadcasters.
1004:(medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio,
972:broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia),
724:– what the procedure will be to obtain a
3827:. Naval Institute Press. pp. xiii.
3393:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 175.
2361:
2139:
1683:
1428:
1237:and two-way radios such as land mobile,
808:
590:For broader coverage of this topic, see
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3360:
2829:
2682:
2606:
2568:
1661:
309:
223:
138:
57:
50:
3967:International Telecommunications Union
3759:International Telecommunications Union
2983:= 148.5 kHz – 283.5 kHz (LF)
1396:, terahertz computing/communications,
3997:International Telecommunication Union
3671:from the original on 18 February 2022
3570:"Studying the Energy of the Universe"
2364:
542:, or about 5 minutes per character).
488:International Telecommunication Union
425:International Telecommunication Union
140:EU / NATO / US ECM
7:
5105:
497:Because it is a fixed resource, the
3248:Amateur radio frequency allocations
3070:Amateur radio frequency allocations
2989:= 520 kHz – 1700 kHz (MF)
1430:Radar-frequency bands according to
1142:aircraft-to-aircraft communications
618:For each radio band, the ITU has a
3037:radio and satellite transceivers.
1394:terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
25:
3658:: Frequency and wavelength bands"
3580:from the original on 20 June 2021
3268:Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948
1447:Explanation of meaning of letters
1138:ground-to-aircraft communications
1082:marine and mobile radio telephony
932:, communication with submarines,
742:Federal Communications Commission
5104:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5073:
4694:Free-space optical communication
3904:. Artech House. pp. 27–28.
3841:from the original on 2023-02-21
3641:Graphical Frequency Allocations
3550:from the original on 2023-02-21
3512:from the original on 2022-04-07
3465:from the original on 2022-02-18
3458:Radio Regulations, 2020 Edition
3438:from the original on 2022-02-18
3431:Radio Regulations, 2020 Edition
3407:from the original on 2022-04-07
3109:Industrial, scientific, medical
2995:= 3 MHz – 30 MHz (HF)
2121:
2107:
2095:
2079:
2069:
2009:
1981:
1967:
1941:
1925:
1915:
1901:
1887:
1861:
1809:
1780:
1728:
1720:
1706:
1701:
1680:, US ECM frequency designations
1078:near-vertical incidence skywave
889:Communication with submarines,
680:– how wide each channel will be
3665:Radio Regulations 2016 Edition
3209:operators use portions of the
3001:Television channel frequencies
868:Communication with submarines
1:
3288:Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975
3084:parts of the radio spectrum.
1687:NATO letter band designation
1322:, satellite phones (S band).
1080:(NVIS) radio communications,
846:Communication with submarines
5080:Telecommunication portal
4861:Telecommunications equipment
3991:ITU-R Recommendation V.431:
3728:10.1007/978-3-030-71051-4_18
2112:
2098:
2088:
2058:
2048:
2022:
1998:
1970:
1956:
1930:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1850:
1843:
1814:
1788:
1771:
1764:
1735:
1709:
1697:
1277:(L band), satellite phones (
1170:positron emission tomography
1094:positron emission tomography
1074:automatic link establishment
1014:positron emission tomography
4597:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4025:European Commission policy.
2924:
2544:
2520:
2499:
2478:
2457:
2436:
2415:
1526:Compromise between S and X
1373:tremendously high frequency
550:received decreases. In the
456:dynamic spectrum management
432:radiocommunication services
38:. For the broadcaster, see
5147:
4301:Telecommunications history
3629:Authorized frequency bands
3498:. Newnes. pp. 11–14.
3127:wireless computer networks
2969:
2958:
2133:
1257:, remote control systems,
1166:magnetic resonance imaging
1090:magnetic resonance imaging
1010:magnetic resonance imaging
891:communication within mines
589:
29:
5068:
4909:Public Switched Telephone
4721:telecommunication circuit
4682:Fiber-optic communication
4427:Francis Blake (telephone)
4222:Optical telecommunication
3877:10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044
3536:. CRC Press. p. 18.
3492:Gosling, William (2000).
3163:Professional mobile radio
3065:Amateur radio frequencies
2961:Radio § Applications
2947:
2895:
2881:
2867:
2848:
2834:
2812:
2798:
2784:
2753:
2734:
2701:
2687:
2658:
2611:
2601:
2587:
2573:
2563:
2401:
2396:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2130:Waveguide frequency bands
2118:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2045:
2030:
2023:
1995:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1768:87.5 – 108 MHz (FM)
1753:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1703:
1698:
1686:
1539:Used in World War II for
1308:communications satellites
1064:aviation communications,
903:fiber-optic communication
763:electromagnetic radiation
458:, frequency pooling, and
434:are defined in the ITU's
224:
34:. For the frequency, see
4820:Orbital angular-momentum
4257:Satellite communications
4096:Communications satellite
3821:Norman Friedman (2006).
1847:582 – 862 MHz (TV)
1840:470 – 582 MHz (TV)
1785:174 – 230 MHz (TV)
1390:condensed-matter physics
1328:Extremely high frequency
1239:emergency locator beacon
1209:devices/communications,
1146:emergency locator beacon
821:Frequency and wavelength
670:for each channel will be
532:submarine communications
494:and mid infrared bands.
389:electromagnetic spectrum
4699:Molecular communication
4522:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4351:Undersea telegraph line
4086:Cable protection system
3387:Colin Robinson (2003).
3102:personal radio services
3050:and other frequencies.
2976:Broadcast frequencies:
2212:7.05 to 10.10 GHz
1410:Frequency bands in the
1357:millimeter wave scanner
1249:radios, amateur radio,
830:Extremely low frequency
4841:Communication protocol
4627:Charles Sumner Tainter
4442:Walter Houser Brattain
4387:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4195:Information revolution
3568:Siegel, Peter (2002).
2356:
2260:26.5 to 40.0 GHz
2246:18.0 to 26.5 GHz
2236:12.4 to 18.0 GHz
2204:5.85 to 8.20 GHz
2196:4.90 to 7.05 GHz
2188:3.95 to 5.85 GHz
2180:3.30 to 4.90 GHz
2172:2.60 to 3.95 GHz
2164:2.20 to 3.30 GHz
2156:1.70 to 2.60 GHz
1761:47 – 68 MHz (TV)
1605:
1585:
1564:
1458:0.003 to 0.03 GHz
1422:established by the US
1353:directed-energy weapon
1306:, most modern radars,
1070:over-the-horizon radar
842:100,000–10,000 km
4815:Polarization-division
4547:Narinder Singh Kapany
4512:Erna Schneider Hoover
4432:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4412:Alexander Graham Bell
4143:online video platform
4017:UnwantedEmissions.com
3598:See detail of bands:
2354:
2222:8.2 to 12.4 GHz
1543:, X for cross (as in
1487:Ultra-high frequency
1361:Wireless Lan 802.11ad
1345:microwave radio relay
476:electromagnetic waves
440:trunked radio systems
4657:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4617:Almon Brown Strowger
4587:Charles Grafton Page
4242:Prepaid mobile phone
4170:Electrical telegraph
3283:Frequency allocation
3263:Cellular frequencies
3180:cellular frequencies
3093:Citizens' band radio
2340:325 to 500 GHz
2330:110 to 170 GHz
1474:Very high frequency
1471:0.03 to 0.3 GHz
1287:Super high frequency
1186:Ultra high frequency
1018:electrical telegraph
865:10,000–1,000 km
666:– how far apart the
540:millibits per second
4607:Johann Philipp Reis
4366:Wireless revolution
4328:The Telephone Cases
4185:Hydraulic telegraph
3574:Education materials
3323:Radio communication
3196:unlicensed spectrum
3153:vehicle-mounted or
3135:garage door openers
3123:Cordless telephones
2987:Mediumwave AM Radio
2320:90 to 140 GHz
2310:75 to 110 GHz
1651:110 to 300 GHz
1634:W follows V in the
1435:
1110:Very high frequency
1058:citizens band radio
1022:wireless telegraphy
938:heart rate monitors
874:Ultra low frequency
853:Super low frequency
784:are defined in the
503:radio communication
387:is the part of the
4805:Frequency-division
4782:Telephone exchange
4652:Charles Wheatstone
4582:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4557:Innocenzo Manzetti
4492:Reginald Fessenden
4227:Optical telegraphy
4060:Telecommunications
3865:IET Communications
3789:IEEE Std 521-2002
3604:2014-07-03 at the
3318:Radio broadcasting
2993:Shortwave AM Radio
2972:Radio broadcasting
2357:
2300:60 to 90 GHz
2290:50 to 75 GHz
2280:40 to 60 GHz
2270:33 to 50 GHz
1631:75 to 110 GHz
1429:
1383:300–3,000 GHz
1196:300–3,000 MHz
996:300–3,000 kHz
934:landline telephony
910:Very low frequency
895:landline telephony
777:frequency ranges.
767:Earth's atmosphere
664:center frequencies
582:frequency ranges.
310:Other TV and radio
5118:
5117:
4856:Store and forward
4851:Data transmission
4765:Network switching
4716:Transmission line
4562:Guglielmo Marconi
4527:Internet pioneers
4392:Mohamed M. Atalla
4361:Whistled language
3911:978-1-60807-209-5
3834:978-1-55750-262-9
3737:978-3-030-71050-7
3400:978-1-84376-230-0
3278:FM broadcast band
3141:Land mobile bands
3005:FM broadcast band
2981:Longwave AM Radio
2952:
2951:
2344:
2343:
2146:Frequency range
2127:
2126:
2119:100 000 – 200 000
2105:100 000 – 200 000
1658:
1657:
1619:40 to 75 GHz
1601:27 to 40 GHz
1578:18 to 27 GHz
1560:12 to 18 GHz
1484:0.3 to 1 GHz
1403:
1402:
1060:, amateur radio,
1006:avalanche beacons
886:1,000–100 km
884:300–3,000 Hz
801:Wireless Engineer
789:Radio Regulations
726:broadcast license
686:– how extraneous
436:Radio Regulations
413:telecommunication
381:
380:
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
5138:
5108:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5076:
4949:Notable networks
4939:Wireless network
4879:Cellular network
4871:Types of network
4846:Computer network
4733:Network topology
4647:Thomas A. Watson
4502:Oliver Heaviside
4487:Philo Farnsworth
4462:Daniel Davis Jr.
4437:Charles Bourseul
4397:John Logie Baird
4106:Data compression
4101:Computer network
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3937:. Archived from
3931:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3818:
3809:
3806:
3795:
3786:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3662:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3576:. NASA website.
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3489:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3161:radio. See also
3058:Marine VHF radio
2939:
2916:
2902:
2891:
2877:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2808:
2794:
2780:
2763:
2749:
2730:
2716:
2697:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2621:
2597:
2583:
2559:
2535:
2514:
2493:
2472:
2451:
2430:
2409:
2362:
2140:
2077:56 000 – 100 000
2067:60 000 – 100 000
2055:46 000 – 56 000
2019:20 000 – 36 000
2016:
1988:
1704:Old nomenclature
1699:New nomenclature
1684:
1669:
1666:
1608:
1567:
1536:8 to 12 GHz
1436:
1420:IEEE radar bands
1406:IEEE radar bands
1275:satellite phones
1271:dial-up internet
1136:, line-of-sight
1062:over-the-horizon
1030:dial-up internet
998:1,000–100 m
986:Medium frequency
809:
658:numbering scheme
373:
366:
359:
66:
65:
48:
21:
18:NATO radio bands
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5006:
4943:
4865:
4829:
4786:
4735:
4727:
4668:
4661:
4567:Robert Metcalfe
4422:Tim Berners-Lee
4370:
4190:Information Age
4062:
4057:
4013:
4006:Authorizations.
3988:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3798:
3787:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3617:Frequency Plans
3615:
3611:
3606:Wayback Machine
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3506:
3491:
3490:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3328:Scanner (radio)
3313:Radio astronomy
3243:AM broadcasting
3238:
3219:
3188:
3143:
3119:microwave ovens
3111:
3090:
3067:
3043:
3028:
3013:TV-band devices
2974:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2937:
2914:
2900:
2889:
2875:
2861:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2806:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2761:
2747:
2728:
2714:
2695:
2671:
2652:
2633:
2619:
2595:
2581:
2557:
2533:
2512:
2491:
2470:
2449:
2428:
2407:
2374:
2372:
2349:
2255:
2231:
2138:
2132:
2041:36 000 – 46 000
2031:40 000 – 60 000
2012:
2007:20 000 – 40 000
1991:10 900 – 20 000
1984:
1979:10 000 – 20 000
1846:
1839:
1784:
1767:
1760:
1726:Frequency (MHz)
1693:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1597:
1556:
1523:4 to 8 GHz
1510:2 to 4 GHz
1497:1 to 2 GHz
1461:High frequency
1448:
1444:Frequency range
1440:
1408:
1384:
1339:
1338:30–300 GHz
1316:cordless phones
1298:
1263:cordless phones
1251:satellite radio
1211:radio astronomy
1197:
1178:cordless phones
1148:homing signal,
1121:
1120:30–300 MHz
1102:cordless phones
1049:
997:
960:
959:30–300 kHz
921:
885:
864:
841:
818:ITU band number
782:ITU radio bands
734:
616:
595:
588:
572:electromagnetic
547:millimeter wave
468:
460:cognitive radio
452:frequency reuse
444:spread spectrum
377:
348:
305:
286:
273:
219:
45:
43:
36:radio frequency
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5144:
5142:
5134:
5133:
5131:Radio spectrum
5123:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:Space-division
4796:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4637:Camille Tissot
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Claude Shannon
4609:
4604:
4602:Tivadar Puskás
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:Antonio Meucci
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:Charles K. Kao
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Harold Hopkins
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Emile Berliner
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Videotelephony
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4252:Radiotelephone
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Internet video
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4011:External links
4009:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3951:
3926:
3917:
3910:
3890:
3871:(3): 265–270.
3851:
3833:
3810:
3796:
3772:
3743:
3736:
3703:
3682:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3609:
3591:
3560:
3542:
3522:
3504:
3475:
3448:
3417:
3399:
3379:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:Ultra-wideband
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Orbit spectrum
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3218:
3215:
3187:
3184:
3142:
3139:
3110:
3107:
3089:
3086:
3066:
3063:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3024:
3009:cellular phone
2997:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2970:Main article:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:8 000 – 10 000
1963:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1949:6 200 – 10 900
1947:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1869:1 550 – 3 900
1867:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:remote sensing
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1349:remote sensing
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1203:microwave oven
1199:
1198:100–10 cm
1194:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:High frequency
1034:
1033:
999:
994:
991:
988:
982:
981:
962:
957:
954:
951:
945:
944:
923:
922:100–10 km
918:
915:
912:
906:
905:
887:
882:
879:
876:
870:
869:
866:
863:30–300 Hz
861:
858:
855:
849:
848:
843:
838:
835:
832:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
775:optical window
758:high frequency
733:
730:
729:
728:
719:
701:
695:
681:
671:
661:
624:frequency plan
615:
612:
603:frequency band
587:
584:
580:optical window
568:carbon dioxide
552:terahertz band
484:terahertz band
467:
464:
448:ultra-wideband
399:to 3,000
385:radio spectrum
379:
378:
376:
375:
368:
361:
353:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
62:
61:
55:
54:
40:Spectrum Radio
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5143:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5111:
5103:
5101:
5093:
5091:
5083:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4825:Code-division
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Time-division
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:and switching
4734:
4730:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4687:optical fiber
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Coaxial cable
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Radia Perlman
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Lee de Forest
4480:
4478:
4477:Thomas Edison
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Donald Davies
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Claude Chappe
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Smoke signals
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:Semiconductor
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:Digital media
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3941:on 2008-02-08
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3683:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3543:9781351356367
3539:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3523:
3511:
3507:
3505:9780750637404
3501:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Two-way radio
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Open spectrum
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:amateur radio
3203:
3201:
3200:radio control
3197:
3193:
3192:radio control
3186:Radio control
3185:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:business band
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:base stations
3140:
3138:
3136:
3133:devices, and
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2363:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1939:6 000 – 8 000
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:3 900 – 6 200
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:4 000 – 6 000
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1899:3 000 – 4 000
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1885:2 000 – 3 000
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1866:
1859:1 000 – 2 000
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:1–0.1 mm
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:3–30 GHz
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:mobile phones
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:weather radio
1155:
1151:
1150:radioteletype
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:100–10 m
1048:3–30 MHz
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:radioteletype
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:amateur radio
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
955:
952:
950:
949:Low frequency
947:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:3–30 kHz
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
824:Example uses
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
797:
792:
790:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
771:near-infrared
768:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
731:
727:
723:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
684:spectral mask
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:compatibility
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
611:
608:
604:
600:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
576:near-infrared
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
543:
541:
537:
536:ground dipole
533:
530:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:. To prevent
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
354:
352:
351:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
281:
279:
276:
274:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
229:
226:
222:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
141:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4792:Multiplexing
4667:Transmission
4632:Nikola Tesla
4622:Henry Sutton
4577:Samuel Morse
4507:Robert Hooke
4472:Amos Dolbear
4407:John Bardeen
4326:
4306:Telautograph
4210:Mobile phone
4165:Edholm's law
4148:social media
4081:Broadcasting
3971:. Retrieved
3966:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:the original
3929:
3920:
3900:
3893:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3843:. Retrieved
3823:
3790:
3763:. Retrieved
3758:
3746:
3719:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3612:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3573:
3563:
3552:. Retrieved
3532:
3525:
3514:. Retrieved
3494:
3467:. Retrieved
3457:
3451:
3440:. Retrieved
3430:
3409:. Retrieved
3389:
3382:
3373:
3363:
3258:Broadcasting
3220:
3211:6-meter band
3204:
3189:
3177:
3169:Police radio
3167:
3144:
3112:
3091:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3029:
3017:
2998:
2975:
2966:Broadcasting
2955:Applications
2915:300 GHz
2901:110 GHz
2890:100 GHz
2620:500 MHz
2596:300 MHz
2582:250 MHz
2513:300 kHz
2358:
2114:
2100:
2090:US Military/
2072:
2061:
2050:
2036:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1985:
1973:
1959:
1944:
1933:
1918:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1864:
1853:
1828:
1817:
1802:
1791:
1773:
1749:
1738:
1694:designation
1690:Broadcasting
1664:
1541:fire control
1419:
1409:
1363:, internet.
1347:, microwave
1340:10–1 mm
1299:10–1 cm
1223:wireless LAN
1128:broadcasts,
1056:broadcasts,
966:time signals
964:Navigation,
961:10–1 km
930:time signals
899:fax machines
840:3–30 Hz
815:Abbreviation
805:
800:
793:
781:
779:
756:
746:
735:
694:by frequency
668:carrier wave
648:
640:transmitters
628:interference
623:
619:
617:
598:
596:
544:
498:
496:
492:far infrared
469:
429:
421:transmission
417:interference
395:from 3
384:
382:
51:
44:
4992:NPL network
4704:Radio waves
4642:Alfred Vail
4552:Hedy Lamarr
4537:Dawon Kahng
4497:Elisha Gray
4457:Yogen Dalal
4382:Nasir Ahmed
4316:Teleprinter
4180:Heliographs
3808:Table 2 in
3700:(1): 47–48.
3675:18 February
3253:Bandstacked
3230:meteorology
3151:land mobile
3041:Marine band
2876:75 GHz
2862:60 GHz
2843:40 GHz
2824:30 GHz
2807:27 GHz
2793:20 GHz
2779:18 GHz
2762:12 GHz
2748:10 GHz
2558:30 MHz
2492:30 kHz
2450:300 Hz
1833:390 – 1 550
1823:500 – 1 000
1714:Frequency (
1654:Millimeter
1547:). Exotic.
1513:Short wave
1441:designation
1122:10–1 m
936:, wireless
630:and to set
601:is a small
564:water vapor
409:radio waves
393:frequencies
52:Radio bands
5038:Antarctica
4997:Toasternet
4919:Television
4402:Paul Baran
4334:Television
4318:(teletype)
4311:Telegraphy
4289:transistor
4267:Phryctoria
4237:Photophone
4215:Smartphone
4205:Mass media
3986:References
3945:2009-11-16
3845:2016-10-13
3554:2021-05-20
3516:2019-11-25
3469:2022-02-18
3442:2022-02-18
3411:2020-11-02
3348:WARC bands
2959:See also:
2729:8 GHz
2715:6 GHz
2696:4 GHz
2672:3 GHz
2653:2 GHz
2634:1 GHz
2534:3 MHz
2471:3 kHz
2429:30 Hz
2365:Frequency
2134:See also:
1500:Long wave
1213:, radars (
1205:, radars,
1174:ultrasound
1130:television
1098:ultrasound
942:geophysics
926:Navigation
749:wavelength
698:modulation
692:attenuated
599:radio band
556:absorption
515:wavelength
32:radio wave
5022:Americas
5011:Locations
4982:Internet2
4743:Bandwidth
4447:Vint Cerf
4344:streaming
4322:Telephone
4262:Semaphore
4153:streaming
3999:, Geneva.
3885:1751-8636
3654:"Article
3293:Ham radio
3226:microwave
3205:Licensed
3190:Reliable
3131:Bluetooth
3115:ISM bands
2408:3 Hz
1807:225 – 390
1797:250 – 500
1778:150 – 225
1754:100 – 150
1545:crosshair
1434:standard
1412:microwave
1369:Terahertz
1227:Bluetooth
1207:microwave
1054:Shortwave
812:Band name
722:licensing
678:deviation
674:bandwidth
644:receivers
620:band plan
614:Band plan
524:data rate
520:bandwidth
507:bandwidth
499:practical
472:frequency
5125:Category
5090:Category
4977:Internet
4967:CYCLADES
4884:Ethernet
4834:Concepts
4758:terminal
4709:wireless
4532:Bob Kahn
4375:Pioneers
4200:Internet
4091:Cable TV
3839:Archived
3669:Archived
3602:Archived
3578:Archived
3548:Archived
3510:Archived
3463:Archived
3436:Archived
3405:Archived
3236:See also
3173:Trunking
3155:portable
3052:2182 kHz
3026:Air band
1783:Band III
1636:alphabet
1588:(short)
1320:internet
1267:internet
1076:(ALE) /
970:longwave
690:will be
651:channels
634:for the
632:protocol
607:channels
511:antennas
480:infrared
403:(3
129:12 (THF)
124:11 (EHF)
119:10 (SHF)
5110:Commons
5100:Outline
5053:Oceania
4972:FidoNet
4957:ARPANET
4770:circuit
4339:digital
4068:History
3973:7 April
3765:7 April
3048:500 kHz
3031:Airband
2948:
2402:
2375:US ECM
2092:SACLANT
1838:Band IV
1766:Band II
1744:0 – 250
1609:-above
1568:-under
1162:CT scan
1086:CT scan
717:digital
688:signals
676:and/or
592:EM band
427:(ITU).
114:9 (UHF)
107:8 (VHF)
85:4 (VLF)
80:3 (ULF)
75:2 (SLF)
70:1 (ELF)
5048:Europe
5018:Africa
5002:Usenet
4962:BITNET
4899:Mobile
4775:packet
4284:MOSFET
4279:device
4076:Beacon
3908:
3883:
3831:
3734:
3584:19 May
3540:
3502:
3397:
3098:UHF CB
2386:abbr.
2336:Y band
2326:D band
2316:F band
2306:W band
2296:E band
2286:V band
2276:U band
2266:Q band
2242:K band
2218:X band
2209:H band
2201:C band
2193:F band
2185:G band
2177:E band
2169:S band
2161:D band
2152:R band
1845:Band V
1759:Band I
1582:German
1279:S band
1231:Zigbee
1215:L band
1134:radars
780:These
713:analog
466:Limits
102:7 (HF)
97:6 (MF)
92:5 (LF)
5031:South
5026:North
4987:JANET
4924:Telex
4914:Radio
4753:Nodes
4748:Links
4669:media
4247:Radio
4232:Pager
4160:Drums
4126:video
4121:image
4111:audio
3963:(PDF)
3755:(PDF)
3661:(PDF)
3355:Notes
3338:U-NII
3273:DXing
3222:Radar
3217:Radar
2938:3 THz
2373:NATO,
2368:IEEE
1416:radar
968:, AM
753:hertz
709:video
705:audio
586:Bands
560:ozone
391:with
225:IEEE
5043:Asia
4929:UUCP
4889:ISDN
3975:2023
3906:ISBN
3881:ISSN
3829:ISBN
3767:2023
3732:ISBN
3677:2020
3586:2021
3538:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3149:and
3113:The
3080:and
3020:Apex
3018:The
3003:and
2383:no.
2378:ITU
2256:band
2232:band
2143:Band
1723:Band
1711:Band
1692:band
1678:NATO
1676:EU,
1606:Kurz
1586:Kurz
1565:Kurz
1439:Band
1432:IEEE
1304:DSRC
1259:ADSB
1247:GMRS
1245:and
1066:RFID
974:RFID
796:CCIR
773:and
642:and
622:(or
578:and
566:and
470:The
383:The
59:ITU
4934:WAN
4904:NGN
4894:LAN
4175:Fax
4116:DCT
3873:doi
3724:doi
3656:2.1
3082:UHF
3078:VHF
2931:THF
2836:EHF
2689:SHF
2613:UHF
2603:UHF
2575:VHF
2565:VHF
2485:VLF
2464:ULF
2443:SLF
2422:ELF
2371:EU,
1716:MHz
1645:or
1480:UHF
1467:VHF
1377:THF
1371:or
1332:EHF
1312:DBS
1291:SHF
1281:).
1243:FRS
1235:GPS
1217:),
1190:UHF
1114:VHF
914:VLF
878:ULF
857:SLF
834:ELF
786:ITU
765:by
738:ITU
732:ITU
715:or
707:or
638:of
529:ELF
405:THz
401:GHz
329:III
245:UHF
240:VHF
5127::
3995:.
3965:.
3879:.
3869:13
3867:.
3863:.
3837:.
3813:^
3799:^
3775:^
3757:.
3730:.
3718:.
3706:^
3698:42
3696:.
3663:.
3572:.
3546:.
3508:.
3478:^
3420:^
3403:.
3182:.
3165:.
3129:,
3125:,
3074:HF
3035:HF
2926:12
2908:mm
2831:11
2684:10
2551:HF
2541:HF
2527:MF
2506:LF
2014:Ka
1986:Ku
1643:mm
1584::
1454:HF
1426:.
1392:,
1380:12
1359:,
1355:,
1351:,
1335:11
1318:,
1294:10
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
1253:,
1241:,
1233:,
1229:,
1225:,
1221:,
1180:.
1176:,
1172:,
1168:,
1164:,
1160:,
1156:,
1144:,
1140:,
1126:FM
1104:.
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1072:,
1068:,
1042:HF
1032:.
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
1016:,
1012:,
1008:,
1002:AM
990:MF
980:.
976:,
953:LF
940:,
928:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
711:,
646:.
597:A
562:,
462:.
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
397:Hz
344:VI
334:IV
324:II
301:mm
235:HF
5061:)
5057:(
4052:e
4045:t
4038:v
3977:.
3948:.
3914:.
3887:.
3875::
3848:.
3794:.
3769:.
3740:.
3726::
3679:.
3588:.
3557:.
3519:.
3472:.
3445:.
3414:.
2883:W
2869:M
2855:L
2850:V
2816:a
2814:K
2800:K
2786:K
2771:u
2769:K
2755:J
2741:I
2736:X
2722:H
2708:G
2703:C
2679:F
2665:E
2660:S
2646:D
2641:L
2627:C
2608:9
2589:B
2570:8
2546:7
2522:6
2501:5
2480:4
2459:3
2438:2
2417:1
2398:A
2254:a
2252:K
2230:u
2228:K
2115:O
2101:N
2073:W
2062:M
2051:V
2037:Q
2026:L
2002:K
1974:J
1960:I
1945:X
1934:H
1919:C
1908:G
1894:F
1880:E
1865:S
1854:D
1829:L
1818:C
1803:P
1792:B
1774:G
1750:I
1739:A
1718:)
1647:G
1627:W
1615:V
1596:a
1594:K
1574:K
1555:u
1553:K
1532:X
1519:C
1506:S
1493:L
1193:9
1117:8
1045:7
993:6
956:5
917:4
881:3
860:2
837:1
594:.
372:e
365:t
358:v
339:V
319:I
296:W
291:V
285:a
283:K
278:K
272:u
270:K
265:X
260:C
255:S
250:L
215:N
210:M
205:L
200:K
195:J
190:I
185:H
180:G
175:F
170:E
165:D
160:C
155:B
150:A
42:.
20:)
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