9521:
1856:
3194:
3989:
8835:
9509:
842:
348:
9485:
964:
1746:
Tone sandhi across
Eastern Min varieties can be regressive (where the last syllable affects the pronunciation of those before), progressive (where earlier syllables affect the later ones) or mutual (where both or all syllables change). The rules are generally quite complicated.
539:
in 1949 separated the Matsu
Islands from the rest of Fujian, and as communications were cut off between the ROC and the PRC, the specific identity of the Matsu Islands was established. Thus, the varieties of Eastern Min on the Matsu Islands became seen as the
1750:
Initial assimilation of consonants is usually progressive and may create new phonemes that are not phonemically contrastive in initial position but do contrast in medial position. For example, in the Fuzhou dialect, the
582:, in all these areas. On the ROC, the Matsu dialect is officially recognized as a statutory language for transport announcements on the Matsu Islands. In Fuzhou, there is radio available in the local dialect, and the
2007:
3606:
3597:
1795:
before dental consonants. In this case, since both regressive and progressive assimilation processes occur, it can be described as mutual assimilation, resulting in one nasal consonant.
8960:
1010:
1943:
3988:
2991:
1992:
6843:
4554:
8843:
1063:
as separate phonemes (the glottal stop is common to both but excluded from this count). The
Manjiang dialect on the other hand has been influenced by the
7470:
642:. In Spain, speakers of Eastern Min from Fuqing and Changle are also common, second to the more dominant Zhejiang community, who speak varieties of
2417:
Luo, Siyu; Gadd, David; Broad, Rose (May 2023). "The criminalisation and exploitation of irregular
Chinese migrant workers in the United Kingdom".
9576:
9566:
7549:
6449:
4598:
1070:
The finals vary significantly between varieties, with the extremes being represented by
Manjiang dialects at a low of 39 separate finals, and the
2831:
1766:
Many varieties also exhibit regressive assimilation of consonants, such as in the way a final nasal consonant, usually given the citation value
9141:
1804:
8380:
4120:
3848:
2943:
2226:
1910:
1770:, assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant. For example, the negative adverb of the Fuzhou dialect, often written
9191:
4616:
4412:
2800:
9033:
2984:
2770:
2106:
930:
Besides these three branches, some dialect islands in the southern
Chinese province of Guangdong have been classified as Eastern Min.
2633:
535:. Historically, the Eastern Min varieties in the Matsu Islands were seen as a part of the Lianjiang variety. The establishment of the
6836:
2964:
2882:
2727:
1743:, common to many varieties of Chinese, there is also the assimilation of consonants and vowel alternations (such as rime tensing).
3193:
4547:
4437:
1957:
817:
Some lexemes descend from Old
Chinese which have been conserved in Eastern Min but replaced in other Min varieties. For example,
2336:
9556:
9113:
4646:
3718:
2503:
7820:
9561:
7463:
2977:
2319:
2030:
372:
46:
2748:"The Namlong Dialect, a Northern Min Outlier in Zhongshan Xian and the Influence of Cantonese on its Lexicon and Phonology"
2191:"The Namlong Dialect, a Northern Min Outlier in Zhongshan Xian and the Influence of Cantonese on its Lexicon and Phonology"
9429:
8883:
7333:
4432:
4407:
4402:
536:
380:
9499:
3723:
3379:
9571:
9551:
9488:
9399:
8923:
6829:
5679:
4739:
3776:
2600:
3424:
3062:
9546:
9404:
9276:
9201:
8858:
7124:
6924:
4594:
4540:
3769:
3346:
1269:
804:
190:
1035:
The
Eastern Min group has a phonology that is particularly divergent from other varieties of Chinese. Aside from the
634:
community is made up of migrants coming from areas of Fujian that speak
Eastern Min, principally from rural parts of
4422:
9446:
9419:
9296:
9208:
8955:
8935:
2576:"El traductor automático en los comercios chinos de Cataluña: una herramienta para eliminar la barrera lingüística"
8998:
7696:
7456:
5588:
4743:
3841:
3669:
3116:
3037:
2902:
719:
3166:
9372:
9357:
9347:
9061:
6069:
5608:
5573:
4674:
4076:
3750:
3353:
2114:
989:
622:
Speakers of
Eastern Min varieties are also found in various Chinatown communities in Europe, including London,
3414:
2478:
7713:
9384:
8258:
8220:
7623:
7001:
6770:
6464:
5722:
5633:
5515:
5510:
3744:
3530:
2342:. Transnational Communities Programme, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Oxford. Archived from
885:
853:
3497:
2691:
Pan Maoding (潘茂鼎); Li Rulong (李如龍); Liang Yuzhang (梁玉璋); Zhang Shengyu (張盛裕); Chen Zhangtai (陳章太) (1963).
2250:
1823:
Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.
1040:
9318:
9161:
7759:
7159:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6860:
6493:
6310:
5992:
4817:
4812:
4783:
4771:
4417:
3790:
3783:
3563:
3000:
1855:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1006:
811:
774:
766:
481:
141:
9313:
9236:
8950:
8928:
7683:
7516:
7437:
6782:
6758:
6481:
6444:
4942:
3733:
3683:
3239:
899:
607:
8767:
8757:
6656:
2575:
1925:
7742:
2846:
9541:
9081:
9049:
8878:
8762:
8521:
8069:
8003:
7498:
7341:
6429:
6290:
6109:
6089:
6074:
5810:
5775:
5583:
4382:
3834:
3545:
3391:
3337:
2221:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. Vol. 20. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 2–20.
1898:
895:
867:
412:
212:
8676:
8185:
5037:
2136:
9325:
9291:
9126:
9093:
8940:
8868:
8785:
8626:
8621:
8375:
7691:
7432:
7420:
7100:
6852:
6742:
6722:
6486:
6413:
6114:
6099:
6084:
6064:
6059:
5470:
4699:
4621:
4125:
3728:
3318:
3145:
3076:
9156:
8489:
7303:
6687:
4377:
4234:
2529:
1777:
9441:
9308:
9271:
9054:
8988:
8983:
8873:
8863:
8360:
8168:
8163:
7562:
7415:
7185:
7019:
6937:
6878:
6869:
6459:
6393:
6342:
6295:
6239:
5969:
5912:
5638:
4794:
4563:
4492:
4359:
4108:
4100:
4054:
3569:
3178:
3044:
2922:
2673:
2549:
2434:
2399:
2232:
2087:
1881:
792:
266:
8712:
8467:
7313:
6094:
4704:
4275:
4219:
2714:
Chinese language(s): a look through the prism of the great dictionary of modern Chinese dialects
594:
As the coastal area of Fujian has been the historical homeland of a large worldwide diaspora of
8081:
2808:
2453:
9352:
9342:
9221:
9186:
9041:
8993:
8945:
8834:
8565:
8499:
8355:
8340:
8011:
7988:
7942:
7867:
7793:
7673:
7641:
7595:
7534:
7524:
7489:
7400:
7395:
7357:
7217:
7168:
7133:
7046:
6986:
6666:
6326:
6200:
6145:
6037:
5945:
5940:
5897:
5819:
5550:
5530:
5455:
5432:
5205:
5087:
5057:
4899:
4890:
4842:
4832:
4679:
4611:
4397:
4392:
4293:
4071:
4042:
4037:
3677:
3637:
3615:
3580:
3574:
3539:
3477:
3471:
3451:
3245:
3233:
3216:
3124:
3070:
3050:
2960:
2939:
2878:
2723:
2719:
2665:
2629:
2391:
2315:
2311:
2277:
2222:
2161:
2026:
1929:
1906:
782:
674:
have significant populations of Eastern Min speakers. Fuzhou communities can also be found in
598:, varieties of Eastern Min can also be found across the world, especially in their respective
471:
398:
270:
146:
8717:
8707:
8692:
8106:
2747:
2190:
9458:
8978:
8853:
8638:
8560:
8511:
8472:
8421:
8335:
8287:
8271:
8151:
8111:
8045:
8033:
7993:
7947:
7893:
7888:
7878:
7872:
7701:
7646:
7631:
7507:
7479:
7373:
7177:
7092:
7056:
7041:
7036:
7029:
7014:
6737:
6732:
6702:
6661:
6641:
6530:
6525:
6469:
6439:
6388:
6285:
6277:
6150:
6130:
6079:
6046:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5955:
5950:
5932:
5780:
5770:
5674:
5623:
5618:
5593:
5520:
5213:
5190:
5185:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5067:
5007:
4932:
4875:
4870:
4855:
4626:
4577:
4387:
4316:
4224:
4170:
4047:
3957:
3936:
3698:
3658:
3628:
3602:
3552:
3510:
3419:
3396:
3289:
3276:
3269:
3226:
3151:
3014:
2952:
2914:
2801:"On the Initial Assimilations of Eastern Min Dialects in Fujian Province--《Dialect》2013年01期"
2778:
2711:
2541:
2426:
2381:
2303:
2153:
2077:
1947:
1048:
1036:
947:
905:
875:
871:
639:
611:
595:
579:
568:
560:
501:
497:
453:
243:
220:
151:
8484:
8180:
8128:
8123:
8057:
4186:
2479:"Statusless Chinese Migrant Workers in the UK: Irregular Migration and Labour Exploitation"
9513:
9409:
9389:
9377:
9286:
9246:
9231:
9226:
8970:
8820:
8810:
8790:
8747:
8742:
8608:
8572:
8555:
8545:
8302:
8238:
8025:
7921:
7916:
7825:
7772:
7767:
7747:
7732:
7727:
7668:
7663:
7653:
7636:
7608:
7580:
7557:
7405:
7308:
7288:
7222:
7105:
7082:
7077:
7051:
6942:
6932:
6891:
6886:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6646:
6636:
6510:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6262:
6252:
6247:
6215:
6205:
6190:
6180:
6170:
6140:
6104:
6054:
6017:
5982:
5922:
5902:
5882:
5847:
5832:
5827:
5750:
5689:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5603:
5495:
5465:
5414:
5389:
5374:
5348:
5343:
5323:
5308:
5253:
5195:
5180:
5175:
5160:
5155:
5100:
5032:
5012:
4947:
4922:
4850:
4827:
4729:
4694:
4689:
4664:
4636:
4631:
4513:
4270:
4265:
4247:
4201:
4114:
4084:
4066:
3972:
3905:
3690:
3644:
3503:
3385:
3324:
3158:
3105:
3096:
3082:
2743:
943:
863:
631:
133:
9414:
8702:
8118:
1268:
Eastern Min varieties generally have seven tones, by the traditional count (based on the
9463:
9453:
9424:
9131:
9103:
8815:
8800:
8653:
8648:
8633:
8577:
8516:
8398:
8370:
8350:
8297:
8266:
8243:
8233:
8228:
8190:
8173:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
7983:
7965:
7883:
7857:
7798:
7718:
7706:
7658:
7613:
7603:
7529:
7410:
7293:
7265:
7072:
7024:
6981:
6971:
6914:
6896:
6727:
6671:
6651:
6454:
6419:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6305:
6257:
6195:
6165:
6160:
6022:
6012:
5977:
5887:
5852:
5837:
5785:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5684:
5628:
5598:
5578:
5568:
5563:
5540:
5460:
5445:
5440:
5409:
5384:
5369:
5364:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5243:
5218:
5165:
5077:
5062:
5027:
4997:
4992:
4972:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4880:
4865:
4807:
4802:
4709:
4669:
4654:
4339:
4311:
4242:
4196:
4090:
4059:
4014:
3967:
3941:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3760:
3738:
3652:
3621:
3557:
3517:
3491:
3465:
3442:
3365:
3311:
3283:
3252:
3130:
3056:
1680:
1627:
1574:
1362:
1175:
1071:
939:
919:
915:
711:
602:. Cities with high concentrations of such immigrants include New York City, especially
552:
548:
524:
517:
509:
493:
489:
416:
259:
234:
230:
224:
110:
7975:
1933:
338:
9535:
9264:
9076:
9071:
8643:
8587:
8582:
8550:
8537:
8413:
8365:
8292:
8248:
8138:
7898:
7737:
7585:
7572:
7427:
7298:
7280:
7245:
7141:
7110:
7009:
6991:
6712:
6586:
6562:
6505:
6334:
6267:
6225:
6210:
6135:
5987:
5892:
5765:
5760:
5613:
5525:
5505:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5475:
5450:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5379:
5338:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5170:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5072:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5022:
5002:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4937:
4927:
4912:
4907:
4860:
4822:
4724:
4714:
4165:
4148:
4095:
3962:
3931:
3915:
3484:
3406:
3172:
3137:
3089:
2712:
2553:
2504:"Gendered Active Civic Participation: The Experience of Chinese Immigrants in Europe"
2438:
2403:
2343:
2304:
2091:
1067:
of Zhejiang, and hence has significantly more initials than the varieties of Fujian.
1015:
979:
931:
879:
691:
603:
541:
528:
505:
485:
287:
248:
238:
114:
9525:
9136:
9086:
8462:
8345:
8318:
7862:
7852:
7388:
7209:
6692:
6557:
6520:
6220:
6185:
6175:
6155:
6027:
5907:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5842:
5730:
5654:
5558:
5535:
5228:
5095:
5017:
4967:
4917:
4719:
4659:
4508:
4211:
4032:
3997:
3458:
3374:
3330:
3259:
2918:
1277:
1273:
999:
841:
778:
754:
727:
583:
4453:
2454:"Recent Trends in Chinese Migration to Europe: Fujianese Migration in Perspective"
2370:"Profession or passion?: Teaching Chinese in London Chinese complementary schools"
2306:
God in Chinatown: Religion and Survival in New York's Evolving Immigrant Community
1872:(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",
563:, Guangdong, varieties classified as Eastern Min are also spoken in the towns of
9281:
9255:
9151:
9121:
9098:
9066:
8805:
8795:
8599:
8494:
8479:
8442:
8390:
8202:
8098:
7937:
7812:
7539:
7257:
7200:
6603:
6579:
6552:
6515:
6500:
6476:
6300:
5877:
5800:
5795:
5755:
5485:
4285:
4257:
4006:
3857:
3804:
3019:
1869:
1740:
1064:
829:
723:
715:
707:
647:
408:
195:
161:
156:
9508:
2545:
2046:
415:
of China. The prestige form and most commonly cited representative form is the
8697:
8671:
8437:
8403:
7908:
7835:
7383:
7240:
6631:
6569:
6547:
5917:
5790:
4427:
4160:
4155:
4143:
2430:
2157:
1848:
1772:
643:
586:
officially uses alongside Standard Mandarin and English in its announcements.
347:
102:
2669:
2395:
2165:
9146:
8897:
8888:
8616:
8506:
8158:
8146:
7957:
7788:
7378:
7190:
6608:
6596:
6591:
6535:
5867:
4684:
4606:
4303:
3819:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
3797:
3438:
3203:
3010:
2626:
Chinatowns around the world gilded ghetto, ethnopolis, and cultural diaspora
2082:
2025:(in Chinese) (Rev. 1st ed.). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press. p. 1.
1938:
1739:
The Eastern Min varieties have a wide range of sandhi phenomena. As well as
935:
796:
738:
703:
683:
659:
599:
331:
315:
200:
1952:
694:
and in Rajang river towns of Sibu, Sarikei and Bintangor in East Malaysia.
1977:
1843:
1051:
having 17 initials, two more than the Fuzhou dialect, the additions being
733:
Norman lists four distinctive features in the development of Eastern Min:
322:
9468:
9436:
9022:
8663:
7844:
6574:
4369:
4351:
2386:
2369:
1415:
675:
671:
556:
2969:
2926:
2677:
2657:
2236:
17:
9335:
9015:
8902:
8731:
8327:
6613:
4024:
3299:
1885:
923:
667:
572:
564:
6821:
822:
818:
800:
758:
9394:
9196:
4532:
3212:
3027:
2217:
Bodman, Nicholas C. (1985). Acson, Veneeta; Leed, Richard L. (eds.).
1521:
1468:
635:
532:
513:
461:
445:
441:
437:
420:
388:
106:
39:
35:
31:
7448:
2107:"At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands""
8907:
3208:
3023:
687:
679:
627:
623:
436:
Eastern Min varieties are mainly spoken in the eastern region of
2905:(1977–1978). "A preliminary report on the dialects of Mintung".
2832:"A synchronic view of the consonant mutations in Fuzhou dialect"
2601:"From China to Spain Chinese Immigrants in Anthropological View"
2076:(Master's thesis). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
663:
7452:
6825:
5710:
4769:
4536:
4474:
4337:
3868:
3830:
2973:
3826:
1905:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,
1280:, eight tones were attested, but the historical rising tones (
957:
475:
402:
559:
also speak Eastern Min varieties. To the south of Fujian, in
303:
statutory language for public transport in the Matsu Islands
2219:
The Reflexes of Initial Nasals in Proto-Southern Min-Hingua
849:
Eastern Min is conventionally divided into three branches:
630:
in Italy. In the United Kingdom, a large proportion of the
795:
for words which correspond to voiceless nasal initials in
2839:
University System of Taiwan Working Papers in Linguistics
1079:
Comparison of numbers of Eastern Min initials and finals
2530:"Irregular Emigration from Fuzhou: A Rural Perspective"
1047:
groups are similar in the number of initials, with the
938:
county of Guangdong, divided into three branches: the
90:
76:
65:
9497:
27:
Branch of the Min group of Sinitic languages of China
894:), also called the Northern subgroup, including the
862:), also called the Southern subgroup, including the
30:"Mindong" redirects here. For the eastern region of
9365:
9334:
9263:
9254:
9245:
9179:
9170:
9112:
9032:
9007:
8969:
8916:
8842:
8778:
8730:
8685:
8662:
8607:
8598:
8536:
8455:
8430:
8412:
8389:
8326:
8317:
8280:
8257:
8219:
8210:
8201:
8137:
8097:
8024:
8002:
7974:
7956:
7930:
7907:
7843:
7834:
7811:
7781:
7758:
7682:
7622:
7594:
7571:
7548:
7515:
7506:
7497:
7366:
7350:
7332:
7279:
7256:
7231:
7208:
7199:
7176:
7167:
7158:
7132:
7123:
7091:
7065:
7000:
6923:
6907:
6877:
6868:
6859:
6751:
6680:
6624:
6428:
6366:
6319:
6276:
6238:
6123:
6045:
6036:
5968:
5931:
5818:
5809:
5721:
5647:
5549:
5431:
5357:
5204:
5086:
4898:
4889:
4841:
4793:
4782:
4758:
4738:
4645:
4593:
4586:
4570:
4501:
4485:
4446:
4368:
4350:
4302:
4284:
4256:
4233:
4210:
4185:
4136:
4023:
4005:
3996:
3950:
3924:
3888:
3879:
3759:
3711:
3668:
3596:
3529:
3437:
3405:
3363:
3298:
3201:
3115:
3008:
329:
313:
308:
294:
281:
276:
256:
211:
183:
130:
120:
98:
54:
1944:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
45:For the Chinese-Canadian electrical engineer, see
2868:
2866:
1290:Comparison of tones across Eastern Min varieties
1005:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
803:'younger sister' in Fuzhou is pronounced with an
2337:"Research Briefing 4: Transnational Communities"
2662:Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series
2624:Wong, Bernard P.; Chee-Beng, Tan, eds. (2013).
1903:Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology
2212:
2210:
2208:
2184:
2182:
520:, as well as the urban area of Fuzhou proper.
7464:
6837:
4548:
3842:
2985:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2005:
1281:
1179:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1107:
1098:
1089:
909:
889:
857:
8:
2658:"The Mǐn Dialects in Historical Perspective"
1276:as a separate entity). In the middle of the
718:. It has been classified by Pan Maoding and
946:belong to the Eastern Min group, while the
9484:
9260:
9251:
9176:
8604:
8323:
8216:
8207:
7840:
7512:
7503:
7471:
7457:
7449:
7205:
7173:
7164:
7129:
6874:
6865:
6844:
6830:
6822:
6042:
5815:
5718:
5707:
4895:
4790:
4779:
4766:
4762:
4590:
4555:
4541:
4533:
4482:
4471:
4347:
4334:
4002:
3885:
3876:
3865:
3849:
3835:
3827:
3665:
3526:
3360:
3112:
2992:
2978:
2970:
934:is a group of Min varieties spoken in the
346:
51:
2385:
2081:
1951:
480:), a region that consists of present-day
2528:Lin, Sheng; Bax, Trent (December 2009).
1288:
1096:
1087:
1076:
840:
9504:
2957:The Gutian dialect of Min Dong District
1836:
1816:
726:branch, and is thus closely related to
706:, which split from the transition from
1805:Protection of the varieties of Chinese
4121:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
2718:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p.
2310:. New York University Press. p.
814:) rather than a lower departing tone.
523:It is also widely encountered as the
210:
7:
4413:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
2936:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
2752:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
2278:"乡音报站"女神"郭铃：唱响福州地铁好声音 -东南网-福建官方新闻门户"
2195:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
2074:A sketch grammar of Singapore Fuzhou
1074:representing the high at 69 finals.
769:) in colloquial Fuzhou dialect, but
578:Eastern Min generally coexists with
2877:. Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press.
2534:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
2959:. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press .
1874:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
995:for transliterated languages, and
975:of its non-English content, using
25:
2799:Yuan, Bixia; Wang, Yizhi (2013).
1272:of Middle Chinese, including the
547:Additionally, the inhabitants of
9519:
9507:
9483:
8961:Literary and colloquial readings
8833:
4438:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
3987:
3192:
1932:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
1854:
1791:before labial consonants and as
1763:in an intervocalic environment.
962:
749:- in Eastern Min, as opposed to
448:. This includes the traditional
2419:European Journal of Criminology
2146:Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
2105:Lin, Sheng-Chang (2021-09-13).
1960:from the original on 2023-10-13
1679:
1626:
1573:
1520:
1467:
1414:
1361:
419:, the speech of the capital of
9577:Languages of the United States
9567:Chinese languages in Singapore
2919:10.1080/02549948.1977.11745053
2135:Zheng, Wei (25 January 2015).
2006:
1776:, is generally transcribed in
1681:Miaojiaqiao, Cangnan, Zhejiang
1011:multilingual support templates
910:
890:
832:, in contrast to Southern Min.
788:Eastern Min varieties have an
702:Eastern Min is descended from
466:
393:
384:
376:
47:Min Dong (electrical engineer)
1:
4433:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
4408:Taiwanese Romanization System
4403:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
2830:Yang, Ching-Yu Helen (2015).
2368:Wang, Danlu (31 March 2014).
2072:Sim, Michelle Jia En (2022).
1787:, but it can also surface as
9489:List of varieties of Chinese
2875:Fuzhou Phonology and Grammar
2189:Bodman, Nicholas C. (1984).
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1084:
476:
440:, in and near the cities of
403:
2934:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006).
2771:"苍南蛮话语音研究--《复旦大学》2009年硕士论文"
2251:"大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法§6-全國法規資料庫"
845:The branches of Eastern Min
658:Chinese communities within
9593:
9447:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
2546:10.1177/011719680901800405
2374:London Review of Education
2302:Guest, Kenneth J. (2003).
555:to the north of Fujian in
537:People's Republic of China
91:
77:
66:
44:
29:
9481:
8831:
7486:
6793:
6766:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
5717:
5706:
4778:
4765:
4481:
4470:
4346:
4333:
3985:
3875:
3864:
3814:
3190:
2509:. University of Oldenburg
2431:10.1177/14773708221132889
2158:10.1163/2405478X-00802003
2021:Li Rulong (李如龙) (1994).
1771:
1684:
1631:
1628:Qianku, Cangnan, Zhejiang
1578:
1525:
1472:
1419:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1282:
1180:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1090:
950:belongs to Southern Min.
858:
457:
345:
283:Official language in
89:
59:
4077:Banana colloquial speech
2710:Kurpaska, Maria (2010).
2692:
2137:
2117:Taiwan Studies Programme
2115:University of Nottingham
2022:
6763:Northern (Beijing) Sign
2955:; Chen, Zeping . 2012.
2502:Wu, Yan; Wang, Xinyue.
1755:phoneme can arise from
878:and the dialect of the
761:'to sit' is pronounced
427:Geographic distribution
9557:Languages of Hong Kong
4772:Sino-Tibetan languages
4418:Daighi tongiong pingim
2656:Norman, Jerry (1991).
2628:. Brill. p. 251.
1978:本土語言納中小學必修 潘文忠：將按語發法實施
1953:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
914:), spoken in parts of
886:Fu-Ning language group
854:Houguan language group
846:
450:Ten Counties of Fuzhou
126:11 million (2022)
9562:Languages of Malaysia
7438:Yilan Creole Japanese
3719:Central Tibeto-Burman
2257:(in Chinese). 全國法規資料庫
2083:10.32657/10356/155961
1899:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
844:
608:Sunset Park, Brooklyn
407:) is a branch of the
7342:Taiwan Sign Language
2873:Li, Zhuqing (2002).
2387:10.18546/LRE.12.1.05
1009:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
973:specify the language
971:This article should
805:upper departing tone
722:as belonging to the
9572:Languages of Brunei
9552:Languages of Taiwan
6853:Languages of Taiwan
6806:NM = Inner Mongolia
4126:Singaporean Hokkien
3777:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
2744:Bodman, Nicholas C.
1926:Hammarström, Harald
1291:
1189:Number of Initials
1081:
662:, Tokyo as well as
432:Fujian and vicinity
373:traditional Chinese
296:Recognised minority
9547:Languages of China
9442:Cantonese Bopomofo
9309:Chinese characters
9237:Written Sichuanese
7821:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
7186:Taiwanese Mandarin
6343:Formosan languages
4564:Languages of China
4360:Chinese characters
4109:Philippine Hokkien
4101:Kelantan Peranakan
4055:Zhangzhou dialects
3770:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
3712:Proposed groupings
2574:Liu, Ting (2022).
1930:Haspelmath, Martin
1928:; Forkel, Robert;
1289:
1088:Houguan subgroup (
1077:
847:
654:Japan and Malaysia
626:, and the city of
381:simplified Chinese
267:Chinese characters
191:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
9495:
9494:
9477:
9476:
9304:
9303:
9222:Written Cantonese
9217:
9216:
8999:Classical grammar
8994:Cantonese grammar
8829:
8828:
8726:
8725:
8532:
8531:
8451:
8450:
8313:
8312:
8020:
8019:
7807:
7806:
7697:Chengdu–Chongqing
7490:Sinitic languages
7446:
7445:
7358:Taiwanese Braille
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7275:
7274:
7218:Taiwanese Hokkien
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7125:Malayo-Polynesian
7119:
7118:
6819:
6818:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6234:
6233:
5964:
5963:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
4754:
4753:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4502:Rime dictionaries
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4398:Hinghwa Romanized
4393:Foochow Romanized
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4294:Zhanjiang dialect
4181:
4180:
4038:Quanzhou dialects
3983:
3982:
3824:
3823:
3707:
3706:
3592:
3591:
3433:
3432:
3188:
3187:
2953:Akitani, Hiroyuki
2945:978-3-89586-629-6
2938:. LINCOM Europa.
2276:Zheng Jing (郑靓).
2228:978-0-8248-0992-8
1912:978-0-774-80192-8
1852:(27th ed., 2024)
1732:
1731:
1575:Taishun, Zhejiang
1266:
1265:
1215:Number of Finals
1176:Cangnan, Zhejiang
1097:Funing subgroup (
1033:
1032:
1013:may also be used.
876:Lianjiang dialect
783:Taiwanese Hokkien
472:Foochow Romanized
413:Chinese languages
399:Foochow Romanized
362:
361:
356: Eastern Min
271:Foochow Romanized
16:(Redirected from
9584:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9512:
9511:
9503:
9487:
9486:
9459:Taiwanese Hangul
9348:Mainland Chinese
9261:
9252:
9177:
8854:Standard Chinese
8837:
8605:
8324:
8217:
8208:
8090:
8078:
8066:
8054:
8042:
7841:
7513:
7504:
7480:Chinese language
7473:
7466:
7459:
7450:
7206:
7174:
7165:
7130:
6875:
6866:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6823:
6775:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6043:
5816:
5719:
5708:
4896:
4791:
4780:
4767:
4763:
4591:
4578:Standard Chinese
4557:
4550:
4543:
4534:
4483:
4472:
4388:Hainan Romanized
4348:
4335:
4317:Wenchang dialect
4225:Jianyang dialect
4171:Sanxiang dialect
4048:Yongchun dialect
4003:
3991:
3958:Manjiang dialect
3886:
3877:
3866:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3666:
3527:
3361:
3196:
3113:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2949:
2930:
2907:Monumenta Serica
2889:
2888:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2845:. Archived from
2836:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2811:on 26 March 2023
2807:. Archived from
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2777:. Archived from
2775:CDMD.cnki.com.cn
2766:
2760:
2759:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2452:Pieke, Frank N.
2449:
2443:
2442:
2425:(3): 1016–1036.
2414:
2408:
2407:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1841:
1824:
1821:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1735:Sandhi phenomena
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1241:Number of Tones
1183:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1037:Manjiang dialect
1028:
1025:
1019:
1004:
998:
994:
988:
984:
978:
966:
965:
958:
948:Sanxiang dialect
913:
912:
906:Manjiang dialect
893:
892:
861:
860:
813:
776:
768:
612:Flushing, Queens
596:overseas Chinese
580:Standard Chinese
561:Zhongshan County
479:
468:
459:
406:
395:
386:
378:
355:
350:
341:
325:
318:
298:language in
262:
136:
94:
93:
81:
80:
79:
70:
69:
68:
52:
21:
9592:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9506:
9498:
9496:
9491:
9473:
9410:Tongyong Pinyin
9390:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
9378:Dungan Cyrillic
9361:
9330:
9300:
9241:
9232:Written Hokkien
9213:
9172:
9166:
9142:Middle Mandarin
9108:
9028:
9003:
8965:
8912:
8845:
8838:
8825:
8774:
8722:
8681:
8658:
8594:
8528:
8447:
8426:
8408:
8385:
8309:
8276:
8253:
8197:
8133:
8093:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8016:
7998:
7970:
7952:
7926:
7903:
7830:
7803:
7777:
7754:
7678:
7618:
7590:
7567:
7544:
7493:
7482:
7477:
7447:
7442:
7367:Other languages
7362:
7346:
7320:
7289:Taiwanese Hakka
7271:
7268:(Wuqiu dialect)
7252:
7227:
7223:Teochew dialect
7195:
7146:
7115:
7087:
7061:
6996:
6919:
6903:
6855:
6850:
6820:
6815:
6789:
6769:
6747:
6676:
6620:
6431:
6424:
6350:
6330:(Indo-European)
6315:
6272:
6230:
6119:
6032:
5960:
5927:
5805:
5713:
5712:Other languages
5694:
5643:
5574:Central Tibetan
5545:
5419:
5353:
5200:
5082:
4885:
4837:
4785:
4774:
4750:
4734:
4641:
4582:
4566:
4561:
4531:
4518:
4514:Jianzhou Ba Yin
4497:
4486:Proto-languages
4477:
4458:
4442:
4423:Bbánlám pìngyīm
4364:
4342:
4321:
4298:
4280:
4276:Yong'an dialect
4271:Shaxian dialect
4266:Sanming dialect
4252:
4248:Jiangle dialect
4229:
4220:Jian'ou dialect
4206:
4202:Xianyou dialect
4189:
4177:
4132:
4115:Malacca Straits
4085:Malacca Straits
4067:Longyan dialect
4019:
3992:
3979:
3973:Nanlang dialect
3946:
3920:
3906:Changle dialect
3871:
3860:
3855:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3761:Proto-languages
3755:
3703:
3670:Greater Siangic
3664:
3601:
3588:
3525:
3429:
3401:
3359:
3303:
3294:
3206:
3197:
3184:
3117:Greater Magaric
3111:
3038:West Himalayish
3018:
3004:
2998:
2946:
2933:
2901:
2898:
2896:Further reading
2893:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2349:on 4 March 2016
2346:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法
2004:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1801:
1737:
1683:
1630:
1577:
1524:
1471:
1418:
1365:
1304:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1002:
996:
992:
990:transliteration
986:
982:
976:
967:
963:
956:
944:Nanlang dialect
896:Ningde language
872:Changle dialect
868:Fuqing language
864:Fuzhou language
839:
757:. For example,
700:
656:
632:British Chinese
620:
592:
434:
429:
404:Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
358:
357:
353:
337:
321:
314:
304:
299:
297:
284:
277:Official status
263:
258:
207:
186:
179:
137:
134:Language family
132:
123:
122:Native speakers
103:Southeast China
85:
75:
64:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9590:
9588:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9534:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9516:
9493:
9492:
9482:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9454:Taiwanese kana
9451:
9450:
9449:
9444:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9425:Lessing-Othmer
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9267:
9258:
9249:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9227:Written Dungan
9224:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9183:
9181:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9132:Middle Chinese
9129:
9124:
9118:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9099:Wubi (Wang Ma)
9096:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9047:
9044:
9038:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9019:
9011:
9009:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8975:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8850:
8848:
8840:
8839:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8816:Xiangnan Tuhua
8813:
8808:
8803:
8801:Shaozhou Tuhua
8798:
8793:
8788:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8736:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8668:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8613:
8611:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8542:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8434:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8395:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8225:
8223:
8214:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8143:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8103:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8079:
8067:
8055:
8043:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8008:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7714:Renshou–Fushun
7711:
7710:
7709:
7699:
7688:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7639:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7624:Central Plains
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7554:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7510:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7453:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7266:Putian dialect
7262:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7237:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7171:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6929:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6883:
6881:
6872:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6826:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6800:HK = Hong Kong
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:Hong Kong Sign
6764:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6346:(Austronesian)
6340:
6338:(Austronesian)
6332:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5516:Southern Qiang
5513:
5511:Northern Qiang
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4340:Writing system
4338:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4312:Haikou dialect
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4243:Shaowu dialect
4239:
4237:
4235:Shao–Jiang Min
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4197:Putian dialect
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4093:
4091:Penang Hokkien
4081:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4060:Chawan dialect
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4043:Hui'an dialect
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4015:Swatow dialect
4011:
4009:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3968:Longdu dialect
3960:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3942:Ningde dialect
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3911:Gutian dialect
3908:
3903:
3901:Fuqing dialect
3898:
3896:Fuzhou dialect
3892:
3890:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3751:Tibeto-Kanauri
3748:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Kuki-Chin–Naga
3721:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3612:
3610:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3443:Southeast Asia
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3380:Angami–Pochuri
3377:
3371:
3369:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3304:Burmese border
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3222:
3220:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3031:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2862:
2822:
2791:
2761:
2735:
2728:
2702:
2697:Zhongguo yuwen
2683:
2664:(3): 323–358.
2641:
2635:978-9004255906
2634:
2616:
2591:
2566:
2540:(4): 539–551.
2520:
2494:
2469:
2444:
2409:
2360:
2335:Pieke, Frank.
2327:
2320:
2294:
2268:
2255:law.moj.gov.tw
2242:
2227:
2204:
2178:
2152:(2): 195–213.
2148:(in Chinese).
2138:論前齶音聲母j-的唇齒化音變
2127:
2111:Taiwan Insight
2097:
2064:
2038:
2031:
2013:
1998:
1984:
1970:
1917:
1911:
1890:
1861:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1072:Ningde dialect
1031:
1030:
970:
968:
961:
955:
952:
940:Longdu dialect
928:
927:
903:
900:Fu'an language
883:
838:
835:
834:
833:
826:
815:
790:upper register
786:
712:Middle Chinese
699:
698:Classification
696:
655:
652:
619:
616:
591:
588:
531:controlled by
525:first language
477:Hók-ciŭ Sĕk Ék
433:
430:
428:
425:
417:Fuzhou dialect
360:
359:
352:
351:
343:
342:
335:
327:
326:
319:
311:
310:
309:Language codes
306:
305:
302:
300:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
264:
260:Writing system
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
227:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
204:
203:
189:
187:
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
140:
138:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
111:Southeast Asia
100:
96:
95:
87:
86:
84:
83:
72:
60:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9589:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9527:
9517:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9501:
9490:
9480:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9374:
9373:Cyrillization
9371:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9265:Script styles
9262:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9210:
9207:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9175:
9169:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9006:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8841:
8836:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8088:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8047:
8044:
8040:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7467:
7462:
7460:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7246:Matsu dialect
7244:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6811:
6809:XJ = Xinjiang
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6333:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6311:Western Yugur
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Eastern Yugur
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5913:Small Flowery
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5723:Austroasiatic
5720:
5716:
5709:
5705:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:Zhongshan Min
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4149:Houlu dialect
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Medan Hokkien
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:Zhongshan Min
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Fu'an dialect
3935:
3933:
3932:Xiapu dialect
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3916:Matsu dialect
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:Proto-Karenic
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:Proto-Loloish
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3745:Tibeto-Burman
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3531:Burmo-Qiangic
3528:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3425:Jingpho–Luish
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:Baram–Thangmi
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2965:9787211064830
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:Norman, Jerry
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2884:9781881265931
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2852:on 2020-06-08
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2781:on 2021-04-14
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2729:9783110219142
2725:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2703:
2699:(6): 475–495.
2698:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2295:
2283:
2282:Min Dong Wang
2279:
2272:
2269:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1993:"國家語言發展法 第二條"
1988:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1293:
1287:
1286:) re-merged.
1279:
1275:
1274:entering tone
1271:
1239:
1213:
1187:
1177:
1115:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1050:
1049:Fu'an dialect
1046:
1042:
1038:
1027:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1001:
991:
981:
974:
969:
960:
959:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:Zhongshan Min
925:
921:
917:
907:
904:
901:
897:
887:
884:
881:
880:Matsu Islands
877:
873:
869:
865:
855:
852:
851:
850:
843:
836:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
784:
780:
772:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
692:West Malaysia
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
606:, Manhattan,
605:
604:Little Fuzhou
601:
597:
590:United States
589:
587:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
542:Matsu dialect
538:
534:
530:
529:Matsu Islands
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
473:
469:
467:Fúzhōu Shí Yì
463:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
411:group of the
410:
405:
400:
396:
390:
382:
374:
370:
366:
349:
344:
340:
336:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
317:
312:
307:
301:
293:
289:
288:Matsu Islands
286:
280:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:
216:
214:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
188:
182:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
135:
129:
125:
119:
116:
115:United States
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
88:
73:
62:
61:
58:
53:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9395:Hanyu Pinyin
9385:Romanization
9292:Semi-cursive
9137:Old Mandarin
9094:Stroke count
9021:
9014:
8936:Old National
8779:Unclassified
8211:
7684:Southwestern
7517:Northeastern
7499:Major groups
7488:
7389:Shanghainese
7334:Japonic Sign
7232:
7160:Sino-Tibetan
6861:Austronesian
6797:GX = Guangxi
6785:
6783:Tibetan Sign
6773:
6759:Chinese Sign
6625:Creole/Mixed
6542:
6494:Southeastern
6482:Southwestern
6445:Northeastern
6430:Varieties of
4509:Qi Lin Bayin
4212:Northern Min
4033:Amoy dialect
3998:Southern Min
3880:
3816:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3743:
3689:
3682:
3657:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3579:
3564:Lolo-Burmese
3562:
3538:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3384:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3329:
3317:
3310:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3232:
3225:
3177:
3171:
3157:
3150:
3136:
3129:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3069:
3055:
3043:
3036:
3001:Sino-Tibetan
2956:
2935:
2910:
2906:
2874:
2854:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2842:
2838:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2804:
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2774:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2713:
2705:
2696:
2686:
2661:
2625:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2537:
2533:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2447:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2330:
2305:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2218:
2198:
2194:
2169:. Retrieved
2149:
2145:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2073:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2053:(in Chinese)
2051:Mindu Online
2050:
2041:
2016:
2001:
1987:
1981:(in Chinese)
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1937:
1920:
1902:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1870:Mei, Tsu-lin
1864:
1847:
1839:
1819:
1781:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1278:Qing dynasty
1267:
1078:
1069:
1034:
1024:October 2023
1021:
1007:ISO 639 code
1003:}}
997:{{
993:}}
987:{{
983:}}
977:{{
972:
929:
848:
830:nasal vowels
807:
789:
779:Amoy dialect
770:
762:
755:Southern Min
750:
746:
742:
732:
728:Northern Min
720:Jerry Norman
701:
657:
621:
593:
584:Fuzhou Metro
577:
546:
522:
465:
449:
435:
392:
368:
364:
363:
330:
166:
142:Sino-Tibetan
74:Foochowese (
9542:Eastern Min
9464:Xiao'erjing
9326:Punctuation
9319:Traditional
9272:Oracle bone
9256:Logographic
9152:Proto-Hakka
9127:Eastern Han
9122:Old Chinese
8984:Classifiers
8951:Northern Wu
8879:Singaporean
8085: [
8073: [
8061: [
8049: [
8037: [
6291:Fuyu Kyrgyz
6090:Tai Hongjin
5776:Muak Sa-aak
4352:Logographic
4286:Leizhou Min
4258:Central Min
4187:Pu–Xian Min
4007:Teochew Min
3881:Eastern Min
3858:Min Chinese
3805:Proto-Hakka
3734:Mahakiranti
3240:East Bodish
3020:Uttarakhand
2913:: 326–348.
2815:9 September
2477:Luo, Siyu.
1942:. Leipzig:
1844:Eastern Min
1741:tone sandhi
1065:Wu dialects
926:, Zhejiang.
821:instead of
724:Coastal Min
716:Han dynasty
714:during the
708:Old Chinese
648:Wenzhounese
644:Southern Wu
365:Eastern Min
196:Old Chinese
185:Early forms
167:Eastern Min
162:Coastal Min
55:Eastern Min
9536:Categories
9415:Wade–Giles
9314:Simplified
9209:Vernacular
9202:in Vietnam
9055:Simplified
9042:Biaoxingma
8989:Honorifics
8924:Historical
8869:Philippine
8859:Sichuanese
8786:Badong Yao
8490:Shao–Jiang
8361:Philippine
8169:Xiangxiang
8164:Shuangfeng
7909:Taizhou Wu
7692:Sichuanese
7433:Vietnamese
7421:Indonesian
7241:Fuzhounese
7101:Kanakanavu
6812:XZ = Tibet
6803:MC = Macau
6743:Zhangzhung
6487:Sichuanese
6414:Vietnamese
5811:Hmong-Mien
5690:Waxianghua
5471:Khroskyabs
4759:Indigenous
4647:Prefecture
4622:Portuguese
4383:Pe̍h-ūe-jī
4378:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
4370:Alphabetic
4161:Zhenan Min
4156:Haklau Min
4144:Datian Min
3699:Idu–Taraon
3653:Miju–Meyor
3546:Gyalrongic
3392:Tangkhulic
3167:Raji–Raute
2856:2019-09-09
2785:2019-03-12
2758:(1): 1–19.
2693:福建漢語方言分區略說
2609:11 October
2584:11 October
2559:10 October
2513:10 October
2487:10 October
2462:11 October
2321:0814731546
2287:12 October
2261:12 October
2201:(1): 1–19.
2171:11 October
2121:2023-05-21
2057:11 October
2032:7211023546
1964:2023-10-13
1880:: 86–110,
1849:Ethnologue
1831:References
1778:Bàng-uâ-cê
1310:Departing
1270:four tones
1106:Manjiang (
828:A lack of
825:for 'dog'.
745:- becomes
600:Chinatowns
63:Min Dong (
9353:Taiwanese
9343:Cantonese
9187:Classical
9147:Proto-Min
9082:Microsoft
8941:Cantonese
8917:Phonology
8898:Cantonese
8889:Singdarin
8874:Malaysian
8864:Taiwanese
8768:Rongjiang
8758:Yongjiang
8754:Southern
8739:Northern
8713:Luo–Guang
8622:Hong Kong
8617:Guangzhou
8573:Taiwanese
8566:Changting
8500:Zhanjiang
8414:Zhongshan
8381:Malaysian
8376:Singapore
8341:Zhangzhou
8293:Zhongshan
8186:Yong–Quan
8082:Jing-Zhan
8012:Xuancheng
7989:Jiangshan
7868:Changzhou
7789:Junjiahua
7642:Guanzhong
7525:Changchun
7416:Malaysian
7379:Cantonese
7351:Auxiliary
7020:Ketagalan
6938:Favorlang
6723:Tocharian
6657:Qoqmončaq
6609:Cantonese
6563:Shaojiang
6536:Hainanese
6465:Zhongyuan
6460:Jiao-Liao
6394:Esperanto
6296:Ili Turki
6003:Khamnigan
5868:Kiong Nai
5639:Zitsadegu
4617:Mongolian
4607:Cantonese
4493:Proto-Min
4304:Hainanese
4190:(Hinghwa)
4113:Southern
4083:Northern
4072:Taiwanese
3870:Languages
3798:Proto-Min
3729:Macro-Bai
3607:Arunachal
3600:(possible
3415:Boro–Garo
3319:Kuki-Chin
3302:and Indo-
3217:Arunachal
3204:Himalayas
3179:Tandrange
3146:Chepangic
3077:Dhimalish
3011:Himalayas
2670:2409-2878
2599:Ma, Jie.
2554:153457798
2439:255079151
2404:151552619
2396:1474-8460
2380:: 34–49.
2166:2405-478X
2092:247931980
1939:Glottolog
1316:Entering
954:Phonology
936:Zhongshan
797:Proto-Min
777:) in the
741:initial *
739:Proto-Min
704:Proto-Min
684:Yong Peng
660:Ikebukuro
498:Lianjiang
394:Mǐndōngyǔ
332:Glottolog
316:ISO 639-3
249:Zhongshan
229:Houguan:
213:Varieties
201:Proto-Min
9514:Language
9437:Bopomofo
9366:Phonetic
9358:Two-cell
9287:Clerical
9197:in Japan
9192:Adoption
9180:Official
9171:Literary
9046:Boshiamy
9023:Xiehouyu
8979:Numerals
8956:Mandarin
8884:Standard
8844:Standard
8718:Qin–Lian
8708:Yong–Xun
8693:Gao–Yang
8639:Jiujiang
8627:Malaysia
8561:Tingzhou
8512:Wenchang
8473:Jianyang
8463:Northern
8422:Sanxiang
8336:Quanzhou
8319:Southern
8288:Manjiang
8152:Changsha
8112:Nanchang
8107:Chang–Du
8004:Xuanzhou
7994:Qingtian
7948:Wencheng
7894:Jiangyin
7889:Jinxiang
7879:Shaoxing
7873:Hangzhou
7853:Shanghai
7794:Qinjiang
7702:Minjiang
7674:Xinjiang
7632:Dongping
7596:Jiaoliao
7535:Shenyang
7508:Mandarin
7401:Japanese
7396:Filipino
7210:Southern
7178:Mandarin
7066:Southern
7047:Sakizaya
6987:Saisiyat
6925:Northern
6879:Atayalic
6870:Formosan
6667:Tangwang
6647:Macanese
6642:Lingling
6575:Northern
6558:Northern
6521:Southern
6440:Mandarin
6367:Minority
6327:Sarikoli
6240:Tungusic
6201:Naxi Yao
6146:Cao Miao
6070:Ningming
5970:Mongolic
5946:Dzao Min
5941:Biao Min
5898:Qo Xiong
5893:Pingtang
5589:Dongwang
5531:Tshobdun
5456:Guiqiong
5058:Sangkong
4833:Muangphe
4795:Mondzish
4749:numerous
4740:Counties
4587:Regional
4571:Official
4476:Research
4117:Hokkien
4087:Hokkien
3603:isolates
3570:Mondzish
3498:Cai–Long
3246:Tshangla
3202:Eastern
3045:Tamangic
3015:Himachal
3009:Western
3003:branches
2927:40726246
2746:(1984).
2678:23827042
2237:20006706
2047:"关于福州十邑"
1958:Archived
1901:(1984),
1799:See also
1174:Qianku,
1156:Fuding (
1147:Ningde (
1138:Gutian (
1129:Fuqing (
1120:Fuzhou (
898:and the
837:Branches
812:/mui²¹³/
775:/t͡so²²/
767:/sɔy²⁴²/
753:- as in
676:Sitiawan
672:Malaysia
646:such as
557:Zhejiang
369:Min Dong
339:mind1253
290:, Taiwan
244:Manjiang
219:Funing:
18:Min Dong
9500:Portals
9336:Braille
9297:Cursive
9247:Scripts
9114:History
9104:ZhengMa
9050:Cangjie
9016:Chengyu
8971:Grammar
8946:Hokkien
8903:Hokkien
8811:Waxiang
8791:Danzhou
8763:Guandao
8748:Younian
8743:Tongdao
8732:Pinghua
8672:Taishan
8588:Raoping
8556:Huizhou
8546:Meixian
8522:Banqiao
8495:Leizhou
8485:Pu–Xian
8480:Central
8468:Jian'ou
8443:Longyan
8391:Teochew
8328:Hokkien
8303:Nanlang
8259:Fu–Ning
8239:Changle
8221:Houguan
8212:Eastern
8159:Loushao
8147:Changyi
8129:Da–Tong
8124:Ying–Yi
8070:Yanzhou
7938:Wenzhou
7931:Oujiang
7922:Tiantai
7917:Taizhou
7826:Zhi–Yan
7773:Nantong
7768:Nanjing
7743:Gui–Liu
7733:Nanping
7728:Kunming
7654:Luoyang
7609:Qingdao
7581:Tianjin
7558:Beijing
7550:Beijing
7374:English
7314:Zhao'an
7309:Raoping
7258:Pu-Xian
7233:Eastern
7169:Sinitic
7134:Batanic
7057:Taivoan
7042:Qauqaut
7037:Makatao
7030:Luilang
7015:Kavalan
6738:Xianbei
6733:Tuyuhun
6703:Old Yue
6681:Extinct
6662:Sanqiao
6553:Central
6543:Eastern
6526:Hokkien
6470:Lan-Yin
6450:Beijing
6432:Chinese
6389:Russian
6151:Chadong
6131:Ai-Cham
6100:Tai Nüa
6085:Tai Dón
6080:Tai Dam
6038:Kra-Dai
6008:Monguor
5998:Kangjia
5956:Kim Mun
5951:Iu Mien
5873:Luobohe
5863:Huishui
5843:Guiyang
5820:Hmongic
5781:Palaung
5771:Man Met
5675:Longjia
5624:Ladakhi
5619:Kyirong
5609:Khalong
5594:Drugchu
5551:Tibetic
5521:Shixing
5433:Qiangic
5214:Alingpo
5206:Nisoish
5191:Yangliu
5186:Xuzhang
5116:Laizisi
5111:Kuamasi
5106:Kua-nsi
5088:Lisoish
5068:Tsukong
5008:Laomian
4933:Baihong
4900:Hanoish
4891:Loloish
4876:Lhao Vo
4871:Chashan
4856:Xiandao
4843:Burmish
4786:Burmese
4744:Banners
4700:Tai Nüa
4627:Tibetan
4612:English
4428:Peng'im
4103:Hokkien
4025:Hokkien
3889:Houguan
3817:Italics
3678:Siangic
3659:Songlin
3638:Kho-Bwa
3616:Hrusish
3598:Dubious
3581:Loloish
3575:Burmish
3540:Qiangic
3511:Longjia
3478:Karenic
3472:Nungish
3452:Sinitic
3338:Hkongso
3300:Myanmar
3270:Gongduk
3234:Tibetic
3152:Chepang
3125:Magaric
3071:Kiranti
3051:Newaric
2805:Dialect
2769:李, 含茹.
2353:2 March
1886:2718766
1685:蒼南繆家橋蠻講
1303:Rising
1165:Fu'an (
1041:Houguan
1039:, both
1016:See why
924:Wenzhou
920:Cangnan
916:Taishun
799:, e.g.
668:Sarawak
640:Changle
573:Nanlang
565:Dachong
553:Cangnan
549:Taishun
527:of the
518:Pingtan
510:Yongtai
502:Changle
494:Minqing
490:Luoyuan
482:Pingnan
454:Chinese
152:Chinese
147:Sinitic
9405:Postal
9400:MPS II
9277:Bronze
9157:Ba–Shu
9077:Google
9072:Pinyin
9008:Idioms
8821:Yeheni
8703:Wu–Hua
8698:Goulou
8677:Xinhui
8654:Dapeng
8649:Weitou
8634:Xiguan
8609:Yuehai
8578:Sixian
8517:Haikou
8507:Hainan
8438:Zhenan
8404:Haklau
8399:Swatow
8371:Penang
8356:Taiwan
8351:Chawan
8298:Longdu
8267:Ningde
8244:Gutian
8234:Fuqing
8229:Fuzhou
8191:Qiyang
8174:Wugang
8119:Yi–Liu
8046:Xiu-Yi
8034:Ji-She
7984:Quzhou
7976:Chu–Qu
7966:Jinhua
7958:Wuzhou
7943:Rui'an
7884:Ningbo
7858:Suzhou
7748:Wuming
7719:Zigong
7707:Leshan
7669:Lanyin
7664:Dungan
7659:Xuzhou
7637:Gangou
7614:Weihai
7604:Dalian
7563:Taiwan
7530:Harbin
7406:Korean
7294:Sixian
7191:Junhua
7106:Saaroa
7093:Tsouic
7083:Puyuma
7078:Paiwan
7052:Siraya
6976:Kaxabu
6960:Arikun
6955:Hoanya
6950:Papora
6943:Taokas
6933:Babuza
6908:Rukaic
6892:Seediq
6887:Atayal
6718:Tangut
6708:Rouran
6698:Khitan
6688:Ba–Shu
6652:Maojia
6637:Hezhou
6548:Puxian
6531:Teoswa
6416:(Kinh)
6384:Kyrgyz
6379:Korean
6374:Kazakh
6278:Turkic
6263:Oroqen
6253:Manchu
6248:Evenki
6216:Qabiao
6206:Ong Be
6191:Maonan
6181:Lakkja
6171:Jiamao
6141:Buyang
6105:Tai Ya
6095:Tai Lü
6055:Bouyei
6047:Zhuang
6028:Torgut
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5848:Hm Nai
5833:Bu-Nao
5828:A-Hmao
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5670:Jingpo
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4730:Zhuang
4705:Tai Lü
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2963:
2942:
2925:
2881:
2726:
2676:
2668:
2632:
2552:
2437:
2402:
2394:
2318:
2235:
2225:
2164:
2090:
2029:
2023:福州方言词典
1909:
1884:
1632:蒼南錢庫蠻講
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375::
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8089:]
8077:]
8065:]
8058:Qi-De
8053:]
8041:]
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5319:Phupa
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4963:Duota
4958:Duoni
4953:Cosao
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4866:Lashi
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3131:Magar
3057:Newar
3024:Nepal
2923:JSTOR
2850:(PDF)
2835:(PDF)
2674:JSTOR
2604:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
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2507:(PDF)
2482:(PDF)
2457:(PDF)
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5491:Muya
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5451:Ersu
5405:Samu
5400:Nusu
5395:Naxi
5380:Lahu
5339:Sani
5284:Nisu
5279:Nasu
5274:Muzi
5269:Muji
5264:Moji
5259:Lope
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5239:Azhe
5234:Azha
5224:Aluo
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5126:Lamu
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5053:Sadu
5048:Qidi
5043:Piyo
5023:Muda
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4988:Jino
4983:Honi
4978:Hani
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4938:Bisu
4928:Asuo
4913:Akha
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3739:Rung
3684:Koro
3558:Naic
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3397:Zeme
3366:Naga
3284:Tani
3277:ʼOle
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3138:Kham
3090:Toto
2961:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2817:2019
2724:ISBN
2666:ISSN
2630:ISBN
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2586:2023
2561:2023
2515:2023
2489:2023
2464:2023
2392:ISSN
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2263:2023
2223:ISBN
2173:2023
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2059:2023
2027:ISBN
1907:ISBN
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1645:214
1598:455
1586:213
1539:212
1533:445
1451:324
1427:332
1398:242
1392:213
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781:and
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38:and
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9062:CKC
8929:Old
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3605:) (
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3407:Sal
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3260:Nam
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2154:doi
2078:doi
1948:doi
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1218:46
1210:29
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1091:侯官片
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1057:/j/
1053:/w/
1000:IPA
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385:闽东语
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