9505:
3805:
6649:
5824:
9517:
9493:
1059:
6474:
1851:
For most Min varieties, a similar process has not taken place. For
Hokkien, competing systems exist. Given that Min combines the Chinese of several different periods and contains some non-Chinese substrate vocabulary, an author literate in Mandarin (or even Classical Chinese) may have trouble finding
1847:
has carried this process out to the farthest extent of any non-Mandarin variety, to the extent that pure
Cantonese vernacular can be unambiguously written using Chinese characters. Contrary to popular belief, a vernacular written in this fashion is not in general comprehensible to a Mandarin speaker,
1041:
Laurent Sagart (2008) disagrees with Norman and Mei Tsu-lin's analysis of an
Austroasiatic substratum in Min. The hypothesis proposed by Jerry Norman and Mei Tsu-lin arguing for an Austroasiatic homeland along the middle Yangtze has been largely abandoned in most circles and left unsupported by the
1797:
However, Norman and Mei Tsu-lin's suggestion is rejected by
Laurent Sagart (2008), with some linguists arguing that the Austroasiatic predecessor of the modern Vietnamese language originated in the mountainous region in Central Laos and Vietnam, rather than in the region north of the
1288:
in 1960, divided Min into
Northern and Southern subgroups. However, in a 1963 report on a survey of Fujian, Pan Maoding and colleagues argued that the primary split was between inland and coastal groups. A key discriminator between the two groups is a group of words that have a
2711:
1697:
Most Min vocabulary corresponds directly to cognates in other
Chinese varieties, but there are also a significant number of distinctively Min words that may be traced back to proto-Min. In some cases a semantic shift has occurred in Min or the rest of Chinese:
1842:
to write a non-Mandarin form, a common practice is to use characters that correspond etymologically to the words being represented, and for words with no evident etymology, to either invent new characters or borrow characters for their sound or meaning.
336:
2718:
1685:), inland varieties contain traces of two further series, which Norman termed "softened stops" due to their reflexes in some varieties. Inland varieties use pronouns and negatives cognate with those in Hakka and
1276:
but has greater dialectal diversity than any of the other groups. The varieties used in neighbouring counties, and in the mountains of western Fujian even in adjacent villages, are often mutually unintelligible.
4217:
4208:
5949:
1022:
2581:
3041:", in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
1599:
Although they have far fewer speakers, the inland varieties show much greater variation than the coastal ones. Pan and colleagues divided the inland varieties into two groups:
888:(601 AD)âMin varieties contain traces of older distinctions. Linguists estimate that the oldest layers of Min dialects diverged from the rest of Chinese around the time of the
2143:
2107:
2308:
6648:
3602:
1971:. The result is that adapting Chinese characters to write Min requires a substantial effort to choose characters for a significant portion of the vocabulary.
7214:
5832:
4459:
9542:
9109:
7258:
4538:
1321:
The coastal varieties have the vast majority of speakers, and have spread from their homeland in Fujian and eastern
Guangdong to the islands of
6130:
2146:
has recently been practised. In
Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, some also occasionally write Hokkien and/or Teochew using
966:
6780:
6508:
5369:
3553:
3524:
3505:
3425:
3377:
3308:
3289:
3259:
3227:
3195:
3173:
3148:
3087:
2607:
2514:
7276:
7072:
6180:
870:
rivers to the west, so that Min varieties have experienced less northern influence than other southern groups. As a result, whereas most
6022:
3595:
2086:
2521:
In conclusion, there is no convincing evidence, linguistic or other, of an early
Austroasiatic presence on the southâeast China coast.
1383:(Southern Min) and 39% shared with Fuzhou dialect (Eastern Min), and concluded that Pu-Xian was more closely related to Southern Min.
1587:
Coastal varieties feature some uniquely Min vocabulary, including pronouns and negatives. All but the Hainan dialects have complex
3804:
7207:
7097:
7306:
6102:
4329:
1007:
901:
4809:
4452:
3588:
2533:
2123:
2003:
576:
373:
9547:
7092:
7067:
7062:
6418:
5872:
3343:
2067:
1995:
568:
537:
359:
9483:
4334:
3990:
2712:"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions"
2322:
1848:
due to significant changes in grammar and vocabulary and the necessary use of a large number of non-Mandarin characters.
8339:
7399:
6477:
6388:
5912:
4387:
2599:
4035:
3673:
1702:*tiaĆ éŒ "wok". The Min form preserves the original meaning "cooking pot", but in other Chinese varieties this word (MC
7254:
7200:
6393:
6265:
6190:
5847:
4380:
3957:
1575:, spoken on the island of Hainan. These dialects feature drastic changes to initial consonants, including a series of
1329:, to other coastal areas of southern China, and to Southeast Asia. Pan and colleagues divided them into three groups:
3214:
7082:
6435:
6408:
6285:
6197:
5944:
5924:
3186:(1985), "The Reflexes of Initial Nasals in Proto-Southern Min-Hingua", in Acson, Veneeta; Leed, Richard L. (eds.),
1983:
1979:
186:
182:
905:
8248:
7403:
6501:
5987:
4685:
4445:
4280:
3727:
3648:
3435:
3318:
1654:
973:
916:
3777:
3416:——— (2003), "The Chinese dialects: phonology", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
8729:
8268:
8233:
7334:
6736:
6361:
6346:
6336:
6050:
4361:
3964:
2217:
1990:
was also used for
Taiwanese Hokkien in some Taiwanese-Japanese dictionaries made during that time. Since 1987,
942:
308:
126:
4025:
2551:
1580:
1042:
majority of Austroasiatic specialists. Rather, recent movements of analyzing archeological evidence, posit an
4702:
9430:
9124:
8382:
8293:
8175:
8170:
6373:
5247:
5209:
4612:
4355:
4141:
3544:
1630:
1554:
1064:
4108:
2236:
Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.
9153:
8970:
8652:
7477:
7472:
7443:
7431:
7077:
6307:
6150:
4748:
4401:
4394:
4174:
3611:
3387:——— (1991), "The MÇn dialects in historical perspective", in Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.),
2178:
1956:
1952:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1043:
465:
203:
9442:
9418:
9141:
9104:
7602:
6302:
6225:
5939:
5917:
4672:
4505:
4344:
4294:
3850:
2575:
1742:
705:
9316:
5756:
5746:
2286:
4731:
3353:
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Sinology (Section on Linguistics and Paleography)
795:), although the rise of Mandarin has led to a decline in the use of Min Chinese. Communities speaking
9537:
9521:
9089:
8950:
8769:
8749:
8734:
8470:
8435:
8243:
7042:
6494:
6070:
6038:
5867:
5751:
5510:
5058:
4992:
4487:
4156:
4002:
3948:
3190:, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, vol. 20, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 2â20,
3136:
2197:
1273:
871:
835:
764:
645:
48:
7697:
5665:
5174:
2552:"[ARCHAEOLOGY IN CHINA AND TAIWAN] Sea nomads in prehistory on the southeast coast of China"
9402:
9382:
9146:
9073:
8774:
8759:
8744:
8724:
8719:
8130:
7359:
7281:
6785:
6314:
6280:
6115:
6082:
5929:
5857:
5774:
5615:
5610:
5364:
4680:
4339:
3929:
3756:
3687:
2205:
2189:
2166:
1968:
1901:
1776:
1576:
1000:
909:
815:
can also be found in parts of the Chinese diaspora, such as in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia.
776:
9347:
7037:
6894:
6145:
5478:
3248:
Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"
3038:
2139:
2115:
2035:
2021:
609:
599:
448:
394:
9119:
9053:
9002:
8955:
8899:
8629:
8572:
8298:
7454:
7223:
7152:
7019:
6768:
6760:
6714:
6430:
6297:
6260:
6043:
5977:
5972:
5862:
5852:
5349:
5157:
5152:
4551:
4180:
3789:
3655:
3539:
3515:
Yue, Anne O. (2003), "Chinese dialects: grammar", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),
3462:
3396:
3330:
3201:
3125:
2186:
2131:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1857:
1839:
1484:
958:
784:
701:
8754:
7364:
6935:
6879:
5701:
5456:
2130:
to represent words that cannot easily be represented by Chinese characters. In Taiwan, a mix of
2063:
1611:
534:
5070:
9326:
8986:
8860:
8805:
8697:
8605:
8600:
8557:
8479:
8210:
8190:
8115:
8092:
7865:
7747:
7717:
7559:
7550:
7502:
7492:
7339:
7271:
7057:
7052:
6953:
6731:
6702:
6697:
6341:
6331:
6210:
6175:
6030:
5982:
5934:
5823:
5554:
5488:
5344:
5329:
5000:
4977:
4931:
4856:
4782:
4662:
4630:
4584:
4523:
4513:
4478:
4288:
4248:
4226:
4191:
4185:
4150:
4088:
4082:
4062:
3856:
3844:
3827:
3735:
3681:
3661:
3549:
3520:
3501:
3421:
3404:
3373:
3356:
3304:
3285:
3273:[On the main differences between Min dialects], in Chen, Zhangtai; Li, Rulong (eds.),
3255:
3251:
3223:
3191:
3169:
3157:
3144:
3108:
Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",
3083:
2603:
2510:
2505:. In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).
2290:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2055:
2043:
1964:
1928:
1909:
1905:
1861:
1853:
1844:
1825:
1566:
1491:
1453:
1290:
1026:
893:
858:
in 110 BC. The area features rugged mountainous terrain, with short rivers that flow into the
855:
768:
760:
625:
617:
513:
489:
208:
110:
5706:
5696:
5681:
5095:
1558:(1987) distinguished two further groups, which had previously been included in Southern Min:
9397:
9392:
9362:
9321:
9301:
9190:
9185:
9129:
9099:
9048:
8945:
8937:
8810:
8790:
8739:
8706:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8615:
8610:
8592:
8440:
8430:
8334:
8283:
8278:
8253:
8180:
7873:
7850:
7845:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7727:
7667:
7592:
7535:
7530:
7515:
7286:
7237:
7047:
6976:
6884:
6830:
6707:
6617:
6596:
6447:
5967:
5842:
5627:
5549:
5500:
5461:
5410:
5324:
5276:
5260:
5140:
5100:
5034:
5022:
4982:
4936:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4861:
4690:
4635:
4620:
4496:
4468:
4309:
4269:
4239:
4213:
4163:
4121:
4030:
4007:
3900:
3887:
3880:
3837:
3762:
3625:
3454:
3117:
2563:
2312:
2193:
1991:
1944:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1539:
1445:
1380:
792:
772:
756:
736:
709:
417:
213:
6846:
5473:
5169:
5117:
5112:
5046:
1881:
9497:
9377:
9367:
9357:
9306:
9296:
9170:
9043:
9038:
9033:
8922:
8912:
8907:
8875:
8865:
8850:
8840:
8830:
8800:
8764:
8714:
8677:
8642:
8582:
8562:
8542:
8507:
8492:
8487:
8410:
8349:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8263:
8155:
8125:
8074:
8049:
8034:
8008:
8003:
7983:
7968:
7913:
7855:
7840:
7835:
7820:
7815:
7760:
7692:
7672:
7607:
7582:
7510:
7487:
7389:
7354:
7349:
7324:
7296:
7291:
7173:
6930:
6925:
6907:
6861:
6774:
6744:
6726:
6632:
6565:
6398:
6378:
6366:
6275:
6235:
6220:
6215:
5959:
5809:
5799:
5779:
5736:
5731:
5597:
5561:
5544:
5534:
5291:
5227:
5014:
4910:
4905:
4814:
4761:
4756:
4736:
4721:
4716:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4625:
4597:
4569:
4546:
4301:
4255:
4114:
3996:
3935:
3769:
3716:
3707:
3693:
3183:
2170:
1877:
1829:
1799:
1464:
1356:
981:
879:
859:
822:, and there is linguistic evidence that not all Min varieties are directly descended from
621:
462:
198:
6403:
5691:
5107:
2126:(MOE). Some publications use mixed writing, with mostly Chinese characters but using the
862:. Most subsequent migration from north to south China passed through the valleys of the
704:
in Fujian, which is also the abbreviated name of Fujian Province. Min varieties are not
9387:
9331:
9311:
9114:
9079:
9068:
9063:
9058:
8965:
8917:
8855:
8825:
8820:
8682:
8672:
8637:
8547:
8512:
8497:
8445:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8344:
8288:
8258:
8238:
8228:
8223:
8200:
8120:
8105:
8100:
8069:
8044:
8029:
8024:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7903:
7878:
7825:
7737:
7722:
7687:
7657:
7652:
7632:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7540:
7525:
7467:
7462:
7369:
7329:
7314:
6999:
6971:
6902:
6856:
6750:
6719:
6674:
6627:
6601:
6570:
6560:
6555:
6452:
6442:
6413:
6120:
6092:
5804:
5789:
5642:
5637:
5622:
5566:
5505:
5387:
5359:
5339:
5286:
5255:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5179:
5162:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5027:
4972:
4954:
4872:
4846:
4787:
4707:
4695:
4647:
4602:
4592:
4518:
4371:
4349:
4263:
4232:
4168:
4128:
4102:
4076:
4053:
3976:
3922:
3894:
3863:
3741:
3667:
3161:
2127:
2082:
2051:
2039:
1987:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1666:
1646:
1638:
1501:
1468:
1409:
1376:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1243:
1079:
1015:
920:
875:
823:
740:
661:
486:
287:
122:
82:
65:
4964:
2294:
326:
9531:
9372:
9246:
9222:
9165:
8994:
8927:
8885:
8870:
8795:
8647:
8552:
8425:
8420:
8273:
8185:
8165:
8160:
8150:
8140:
8135:
8110:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8039:
7998:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7908:
7898:
7893:
7883:
7830:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7732:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7682:
7662:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7597:
7587:
7572:
7567:
7520:
7482:
7384:
7374:
6825:
6808:
6755:
6622:
6591:
6575:
6253:
6065:
6060:
5632:
5576:
5571:
5539:
5526:
5402:
5354:
5281:
5237:
5127:
4887:
4726:
4574:
4561:
4095:
4017:
3783:
3748:
3700:
2097:
2094:
1713:
1650:
1543:
1525:
1360:
1047:
989:
850:
The Min homeland of Fujian was opened to Han Chinese settlement by the defeat of the
729:
725:
69:
57:
53:
3439:
9509:
9352:
9217:
9180:
8880:
8845:
8835:
8815:
8687:
8567:
8532:
8522:
8517:
8502:
8390:
8314:
8218:
8195:
7888:
7755:
7677:
7627:
7577:
7379:
7319:
7168:
6871:
6692:
6657:
6125:
6075:
5451:
5334:
5307:
4851:
4841:
4069:
3985:
3941:
3870:
3535:
3458:
3299:
Lien, Chinfa (2015), "Min languages", in Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.),
3269:
Li, Rulong æćŠéŸ; Chen, Zhangtai éç« ć€Ș (1991), "LĂčn MÇn fÄngyĂĄn nĂšibĂč de zhÇyĂ o chÄyĂŹ"
2147:
2135:
2090:
1975:
1869:
1860:(particularly for place names), as well as a substantial number of loan words from
1783:
1603:
1515:
1480:
1472:
1389:(Min Nan) originates from the south of Fujian and the eastern corner of Guangdong.
1386:
1281:
1233:
1179:
1126:
1088:
1034:
962:
954:
946:
924:
839:
831:
780:
752:
748:
527:
438:
424:
283:
268:
61:
7113:
3483:
Ting, Pang-Hsin (1983), "Derivation time of colloquial Min from Archaic Chinese",
2507:
Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics
2078:
1994:
also exists for Taiwanese Hokkien. Some Min speakers use the Church Romanization (
1771:
Norman and Mei Tsu-lin have suggested an Austroasiatic origin for some Min words:
3216:
Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectologyâthe Classification of Miin and Hakka
9263:
9239:
9212:
9202:
9160:
9136:
8960:
8537:
8460:
8455:
8415:
8145:
6945:
6917:
6666:
6540:
6270:
6244:
6140:
6110:
6087:
6055:
5794:
5784:
5588:
5483:
5468:
5431:
5379:
5200:
5087:
4926:
4801:
4528:
4415:
3630:
3570:
2155:
1686:
1658:
1657:
suggested that they were inland varieties of Min that had been subject to heavy
1617:
1588:
1562:
1421:
1368:
1333:
1285:
1253:
1223:
1213:
1193:
1137:
1117:
1108:
1097:
1030:
985:
889:
863:
827:
819:
808:
800:
796:
721:
673:
510:
503:
479:
279:
264:
260:
252:
146:
9492:
9291:
9229:
9207:
8577:
8450:
7087:
6820:
6815:
6803:
5686:
5660:
5426:
5392:
4897:
4824:
2567:
2103:
2100:
1960:
1893:
1833:
1521:
1511:
1497:
1488:
1263:
1183:
1058:
936:
804:
717:
3408:
1719:*dzhÉn "rice field". In Min, this form has displaced the common Chinese term
9268:
9256:
9251:
9195:
8527:
7344:
7266:
6963:
6135:
5886:
5877:
5605:
5495:
5147:
5135:
4946:
4777:
4430:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
4408:
4049:
3814:
3621:
2299:
2074:
1873:
1669:
with four series of stops or affricates at each point of articulation (e.g.
1572:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1310:
1203:
1146:
867:
812:
713:
677:
665:
653:
637:
320:
296:
256:
234:
162:
150:
138:
106:
90:
3395:
Monograph Series, vol. 3, Chinese University Press, pp. 325â360,
3360:
2317:
1852:
the appropriate Chinese characters for some Min vocabulary. In the case of
1805:
In other cases, the origin of the Min word is obscure. Such words include:
759:
of Hokkien in Fujian, while a majority of Taiwanese speak a dialect called
3222:, Trends in Linguistics series, vol. 123, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
1733:) "raised path between fields", but Norman argues that it is cognate with
1379:. Li Rulong and Chen Zhangtai examined 214 words, finding 62% shared with
9234:
7029:
7011:
6457:
6425:
6011:
5652:
4833:
1948:
1940:
1896:) spoken in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia has borrowed heavily from
1755:*tshyi ć "mouth". In Min this form has displaced the common Chinese term
1505:
1460:
1441:
1437:
1417:
1397:
996:
689:
681:
669:
633:
158:
154:
142:
118:
94:
3580:
3466:
3400:
3334:
3205:
9273:
6684:
6324:
6004:
5891:
5720:
5316:
3910:
3129:
2304:
2031:
1865:
1621:
1607:
1529:
1476:
1433:
1393:
1169:
976:
identifies four main layers in the vocabulary of modern Min varieties:
788:
744:
693:
685:
641:
445:
391:
335:
174:
130:
102:
98:
584:
581:
7192:
6383:
6185:
3823:
3638:
2201:
2182:
2151:
2119:
2011:
1642:
1533:
1449:
1429:
1405:
1372:
1337:
1326:
1322:
932:
884:
851:
743:. The most widely spoken variety of Min outside of mainland China is
697:
649:
629:
620:
with about 70 million native speakers. These languages are spoken in
589:
190:
170:
134:
114:
86:
3574:
3121:
4437:
2498:
1313:
as voiceless and voiced laterals that merged in coastal varieties.
5896:
3819:
3634:
3440:"The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence"
1748:*tĆĄhio ć "house". Norman argues that the Min word is cognate with
1057:
950:
928:
657:
178:
166:
1392:
In popular usage, Southern Min usually refers to dialects of the
708:
with one another nor with any other variety of Chinese (such as
8370:
7429:
7196:
7134:
6997:
6528:
6490:
4441:
3584:
995:
The earliest Chinese layer, brought to Fujian by settlers from
838:
from the languages of the inhabitants of the region before its
624:
as well as by the descendants of Min-speaking colonists on the
6486:
3039:
The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history
1010:
period, which is largely consistent with the phonology of the
494:
2961:
2959:
2349:
Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume
1919:
spoken in the Philippines has also borrowed a few terms from
945:
was appointed governor of Fujian in 893, near the end of the
542:
518:
470:
453:
16:
Primary branch of Sinitic spoken in southern China and Taiwan
2796:
2794:
2676:
2674:
1070:
834:
dynasties. Min languages are believed to have a significant
2503:
farmers in East Asia: a linguistic and archeological model"
2154:
means using the writer's knowledge of the local mainstream
1305:
in inland varieties, contrasting with another group having
1272:
Min is usually described as one of seven or ten groups of
953:. In 909, following the fall of the Tang dynasty, his son
340:
Distribution of Min languages in mainland China and Taiwan
3345:
DĂŹ yÄ« jiĂš guĂłjĂŹ hĂ nxuĂ© huĂŹyĂŹ lĂčnwĂ©n jĂ: YÇyĂĄn yÇ wĂ©nzĂŹ zÇ
2769:
2767:
2691:
2689:
2946:
2944:
2811:
2809:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2534:
Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam
1782:(/ÉoĆ/) "to shamanize, to communicate with spirits" and
1162:
Min languages by number of native speakers (as of 2004)
3575:
Jerry Norman's "Three Min etymologies" (1984) revisited
3342:——— (1981), "The Proto-Min finals",
2185:
for those in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, then
787:
are of Southern Min-speaking background (particularly
9481:
1728:
1703:
1309:
in both areas. Norman reconstructs these initials in
912:
in 311 AD, caused a tide of immigration to the south.
818:
Many Min languages have retained notable features of
429:
2208:(for older writings), for those in the Philippines.
9411:
9340:
9284:
9088:
9026:
8979:
8936:
8898:
8783:
8705:
8696:
8628:
8591:
8478:
8469:
8381:
8307:
8209:
8091:
8017:
7864:
7746:
7558:
7549:
7501:
7453:
7442:
7418:
7398:
7305:
7253:
7246:
7230:
7161:
7145:
7106:
7028:
7010:
6962:
6944:
6916:
6893:
6870:
6845:
6796:
6683:
6665:
6656:
6610:
6584:
6548:
6539:
6354:
6323:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6168:
6159:
6101:
6021:
5996:
5958:
5905:
5831:
5767:
5719:
5674:
5651:
5596:
5587:
5525:
5444:
5419:
5401:
5378:
5315:
5306:
5269:
5246:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5126:
5086:
5013:
4991:
4963:
4945:
4919:
4896:
4832:
4823:
4800:
4770:
4747:
4671:
4611:
4583:
4560:
4537:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4370:
4322:
4279:
4207:
4140:
4048:
4016:
3974:
3909:
3812:
3726:
3619:
3143:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,
2556:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
1514:
spoken in eastern Guangdong to the west of Teoswa (
892:. However, significant waves of migration from the
533:
526:
509:
502:
485:
478:
461:
444:
437:
423:
416:
411:
390:
372:
358:
353:
319:
307:
295:
240:
230:
197:
76:
43:
21:
3485:Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology
3478:(20th ed.), Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
3474:Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017),
3284:], Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe, pp. 58â138,
2351:]. Beijing: The Commercial Press. p. 110.
2309:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1789:*kiÉn ć "son" appears to be related to Vietnamese
1689:. Inland varieties have little or no tone sandhi.
1396:type, which originated in southern Fujian (around
2580:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1665:Although coastal varieties can be derived from a
1479:. Teochew varieties are the most often spoken by
1471:, have difficult mutual intelligibility with the
3355:], Taipei: Academia Sinica, pp. 35â73,
1959:is also used with the local Kelantan Hokkien of
1856:, there are also indigenous words borrowed from
1786:doĆ "to dance (as if) under demonic possession".
1641:, spoken in the northwestern Fujian counties of
1579:, that have been attributed to contact with the
1297:in coastal varieties, and a voiceless fricative
652:and scattered in pockets or sporadically across
3141:Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology
949:, and brought tens of thousands of troops from
2106:over the course of the 19th century. In 2006,
1741:) "additional layer or floor", reflecting the
7208:
6502:
4453:
3596:
3534:Zhang, Zhenxing (1987), "Min Supergroup", in
3303:, Oxford University Press, pp. 160â172,
1904:for Indonesia) and, to a lesser extent, from
999:to the north during the Han dynasty (compare
378:
364:
35:
29:
8:
3548:, translated by Lee, Mei W., Longman, B-12,
3241:(Ph.D.), University of California, Berkeley.
2965:
2923:
2746:
2409:
2343:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012).
1723:ç°. Many scholars identify the Min word with
2273:
8702:
8475:
8378:
8367:
7555:
7450:
7439:
7426:
7422:
7250:
7215:
7201:
7193:
7142:
7131:
7007:
6994:
6662:
6545:
6536:
6525:
6509:
6495:
6487:
6473:
6249:
6240:
6165:
5593:
5312:
5205:
5196:
4829:
4501:
4492:
4460:
4446:
4438:
4276:
4137:
3971:
3723:
3603:
3589:
3581:
3301:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
3073:
3071:
408:
3372:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3025:
3001:
2706:
2704:
2492:
2490:
2433:
2316:
1344:as the prestige form, also including the
751:which has its origin in southern Fujian.
2773:
2695:
2634:
2550:Chen, Jonas Chung-yu (24 January 2008).
2158:they grew up being literate in, such as
1974:Other approaches to writing Min rely on
1336:(Min Dong), centered around the city of
1280:Early classifications, such as those of
9488:
2875:
2665:
2254:
2229:
2081:(BOT). These systems were developed by
1463:region of eastern Guangdong, including
1448:, where they are known as Hokkien, and
1340:, the capital of Fujian province, with
3062:
3050:
3013:
2989:
2977:
2950:
2935:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2800:
2734:
2680:
2653:
2622:
2573:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2385:
2373:
2361:
967:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
18:
6781:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
3542:; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (eds.),
2758:
2596:Language atlas of China (2nd edition)
1759:ćŁ. It is believed to be cognate with
1712:) has become specialized to refer to
1512:Haklau Min (Hai Lok Hong / Hailufeng)
763:or simply Taiwanese. The majority of
239:
7:
7073:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
3498:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
3321:(1973), "Tonal development in Min",
2785:
2397:
1915:and other languages. Meanwhile, the
1775:*-dÉĆ "shaman" may be compared with
1653:by Pan and his associates. However,
1062:Min dialect groups according to the
931:set up a regional administration in
2421:
2261:
1054:Geographic location and subgrouping
935:to suppress an insurrection by the
3476:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3110:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
980:A non-Chinese substratum from the
735:There are many Min speakers among
632:and by the assimilated natives of
14:
3166:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
2118:(POJ) was officially promoted by
2112:Tùi-uùn LÎ-må-jī Phing-im Hong-à n
1634:(1987) included a further group:
605:BĂąn-gĂș / BĂąn-gĂr / BĂąn-gĂ / MĂąn-Ăș
455:BĂąn-gĂș / BĂąn-gĂr / BĂąn-gĂ / MĂąn-Ăș
399:BĂąn-gĂș / BĂąn-gĂr / BĂąn-gĂ / MĂąn-Ăș
9515:
9503:
9491:
7098:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
6647:
6472:
5950:Literary and colloquial readings
5822:
3803:
2293:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
1745:fields commonly found in Fujian.
334:
247:
3389:Languages and Dialects of China
2532:Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "
2509:. Routledge. pp. 141â143.
2325:from the original on 2023-10-13
2026:
1767:) "beak, bill, snout; to pant".
1487:, and second most common among
1008:Northern and Southern dynasties
902:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
874:can be treated as derived from
700:. The name is derived from the
604:
543:
519:
495:
471:
454:
274:
9543:Chinese languages in Singapore
3519:, Routledge, pp. 84â125,
3459:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121
3393:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3368:——— (1988),
3323:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3213:Branner, David Prager (2000),
2016:
2007:
1999:
1935:over the recent centuries. In
594:
580:
572:
430:
379:
365:
36:
30:
1:
7093:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
7068:Taiwanese Romanization System
7063:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
3420:, Routledge, pp. 72â83,
2068:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
640:, three counties in southern
6478:List of varieties of Chinese
3082:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
2600:City University of Hong Kong
1978:or phonetic systems such as
1793:(/kÉn/) and Mon kon "child".
982:original languages of Minyue
3496:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006),
3282:Studies on the Min dialects
3168:, Oxford University Press,
2538:Journal of the Siam Society
2034:the romanization is called
1729:
1704:
1610:prefecture in Fujian, with
878:âthe language described by
660:, and several countries in
9564:
6436:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3517:The Sino-Tibetan languages
3418:The Sino-Tibetan languages
2966:Baxter & Sagart (2014)
2924:Baxter & Sagart (2014)
2747:Simons & Fennig (2017)
2410:Baxter & Sagart (2014)
1980:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
1823:
1714:ancient ceremonial tripods
1569:in southwestern Guangdong.
1452:, where they are known as
187:Southwestern United States
183:Northeastern United States
141:; overseas communities in
9453:
9426:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
8377:
8366:
7438:
7425:
7141:
7130:
7006:
6993:
6645:
6535:
6524:
6470:
5820:
4475:
4425:
3801:
3239:Comparative Min phonology
3037:Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, "
2568:10.7152/bippa.v22i0.11805
2114:) which was derived from
1984:Japanese rule over Taiwan
1371:is spoken in the city of
558:
554:
407:
403:
386:
349:
345:
333:
199:Linguistic classification
26:
6737:Banana colloquial speech
3347:
3277:
3270:
3246:Kurpaska, Maria (2010),
3237:Chang, Kuang-yu (1986),
3078:Klöter, Henning (2005).
2344:
2218:Chinese in New York City
820:the Old Chinese language
374:Traditional Chinese
9423:Northern (Beijing) Sign
3545:Language Atlas of China
3438:; Mei, Tsu-lin (1976),
3188:For Gordon H. Fairbanks
3026:Norman & Mei (1976)
3002:Norman & Mei (1976)
2497:Sagart, Larent (2008).
2434:Norman & Mei (1976)
2071:(GáčłÌżing-nÇing LĂŽÌ€-mÇ-cÄ«
1982:or historically during
1752:æ (MC syuH) "to guard".
1631:Language Atlas of China
1620:(Min Zhong), spoken in
1606:(Min Bei) is spoken in
1555:Language Atlas of China
1065:Language Atlas of China
854:state by the armies of
360:Simplified Chinese
7432:Sino-Tibetan languages
7078:Daighi tongiong pingim
2570:(inactive 2024-09-17).
2318:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
2179:Indonesian orthography
1538:Potentially, also the
1156:
1046:layer, rather than an
1037:(Late Middle Chinese).
616:) is a broad group of
4330:Central Tibeto-Burman
3536:Wurm, Stephen Adolphe
3137:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
2295:"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"
2124:Ministry of Education
1943:state of Malaysia to
1894:Haklau / Hai Lok Hong
1649:, were classified as
1583:spoken on the island.
1546:in Guangdong province
1508:is also of this type.
1363:in Guangdong province
1061:
1033:, the capital of the
706:mutually intelligible
9548:Varieties of Chinese
2842:, pp. 235, 241.
2735:Li & Chen (1991)
2376:, pp. 210, 228.
2198:Filipino orthography
2060:Hing-huaÌ BĂĄâż-uÄ-ciÌ
1577:implosive consonants
1459:The dialects of the
1274:varieties of Chinese
1016:Early Middle Chinese
872:varieties of Chinese
836:linguistic substrate
765:Chinese Singaporeans
646:Zhoushan archipelago
314:79-AAA-h to 79-AAA-l
9466:NM = Inner Mongolia
6786:Singaporean Hokkien
4388:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
3348:珏äžć±ćéæŒąćžæè°è«æéïŒèȘèšèæćç”
3184:Bodman, Nicholas C.
3028:, pp. 297â298.
3004:, pp. 296â297.
2914:, pp. 231â232.
2878:, pp. 100â104.
2866:, pp. 228â230.
2830:, pp. 234â235.
2803:, pp. 233â234.
2749:, Chinese, Min Nan.
2683:, pp. 232â233.
2460:, pp. 334â336.
2448:, pp. 331â332.
2388:, pp. 228â229.
2287:Hammarström, Harald
2206:Spanish orthography
2190:English orthography
2167:English orthography
2004:traditional Chinese
1812:*-tsiÉm ä "insipid"
1661:or Hakka influence.
1581:TaiâKadai languages
1001:Eastern Han Chinese
984:, which Norman and
910:Disaster of Yongjia
908:, particularly the
777:Chinese Indonesians
577:traditional Chinese
9003:Formosan languages
7224:Languages of China
7020:Chinese characters
6769:Philippine Hokkien
6761:Kelantan Peranakan
6715:Zhangzhou dialects
6431:Cantonese Bopomofo
6298:Chinese characters
6226:Written Sichuanese
4810:ZhangjiakouâHohhot
4381:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4323:Proposed groupings
3158:Baxter, William H.
2668:, pp. 98â100.
2499:"The expansion of
2412:, pp. 33, 79.
2345:äžćœèŻèšć°ćŸé(珏2ç):æ±èŻæčèšć·
2291:Haspelmath, Martin
2289:; Forkel, Robert;
2274:Pulleyblank (1984)
2132:Chinese characters
1996:simplified Chinese
1965:Chinese Malaysians
1858:Formosan languages
1840:Chinese characters
1815:*dzyĆ đ§ "to wear"
1485:Chinese Cambodians
1375:and the county of
1157:
880:rhyme dictionaries
785:Chinese Cambodians
769:Chinese Malaysians
569:simplified Chinese
9479:
9478:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9007:
8999:
8991:
8894:
8893:
8624:
8623:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8082:
7414:
7413:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7162:Rime dictionaries
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7058:Hinghwa Romanized
7053:Foochow Romanized
6989:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6954:Zhanjiang dialect
6841:
6840:
6698:Quanzhou dialects
6643:
6642:
6484:
6483:
6466:
6465:
6293:
6292:
6211:Written Cantonese
6206:
6205:
5988:Classical grammar
5983:Cantonese grammar
5818:
5817:
5715:
5714:
5521:
5520:
5440:
5439:
5302:
5301:
5009:
5008:
4796:
4795:
4686:ChengduâChongqing
4479:Sinitic languages
4435:
4434:
4318:
4317:
4203:
4202:
4044:
4043:
3799:
3798:
3555:978-962-359-085-3
3526:978-0-7007-1129-1
3507:978-3-89586-629-6
3500:, LINCOM Europa,
3427:978-0-7007-1129-1
3379:978-0-521-29653-3
3310:978-0-19-985633-6
3291:978-7-80006-309-1
3261:978-3-11-021914-2
3252:Walter de Gruyter
3229:978-3-11-015831-1
3197:978-0-8248-0992-8
3175:978-0-19-994537-5
3150:978-0-7748-0192-8
3089:978-3-447-05093-7
3080:Written Taiwanese
2992:, pp. 18â19.
2926:, pp. 59â60.
2609:978-7-10-007054-6
2540:, Vol. 104, 2016.
2516:978-0-415-39923-4
2175:Malay orthography
2056:Hinghwa Romanized
2044:Foochow Romanized
1845:Written Cantonese
1826:Foochow Romanized
1614:taken as typical.
1567:Leizhou Peninsula
1461:Teoswa / Chaoshan
1154:
1153:
1006:A layer from the
894:North China Plain
856:Emperor Wu of Han
773:Chinese Filipinos
761:Taiwanese Hokkien
626:Leizhou Peninsula
618:Sinitic languages
562:
561:
550:
549:
418:Standard Mandarin
111:Leizhou Peninsula
9555:
9520:
9519:
9518:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9496:
9495:
9487:
9435:
9005:
8997:
8989:
8703:
8476:
8379:
8368:
7556:
7451:
7440:
7427:
7423:
7251:
7238:Standard Chinese
7217:
7210:
7203:
7194:
7143:
7132:
7048:Hainan Romanized
7008:
6995:
6977:Wenchang dialect
6885:Jianyang dialect
6831:Sanxiang dialect
6708:Yongchun dialect
6663:
6651:
6618:Manjiang dialect
6546:
6537:
6526:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6488:
6476:
6475:
6448:Taiwanese Hangul
6337:Mainland Chinese
6250:
6241:
6166:
5843:Standard Chinese
5826:
5594:
5313:
5206:
5197:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
4830:
4502:
4493:
4469:Chinese language
4462:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4277:
4138:
3972:
3807:
3724:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3559:
3530:
3511:
3492:
3479:
3470:
3447:Monumenta Serica
3444:
3431:
3412:
3383:
3364:
3338:
3314:
3295:
3265:
3242:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3179:
3153:
3132:
3094:
3093:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2717:. Archived from
2716:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2400:, pp. 9â10.
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2237:
2234:
2204:, and sometimes
2194:American English
2192:(descended from
2169:(descended from
2028:
2027:KĂ u-hoÄ LĂŽ-mĂĄ-jÄ«
2018:
2009:
2001:
1992:Taiwanese Hangul
1945:Pattani province
1937:Hokkien Kelantan
1732:
1707:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1565:, spoken on the
1540:Sanxiang dialect
1446:Southern Vietnam
1408:) and spread to
1381:Quanzhou dialect
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1177:
1167:
1144:
1135:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1071:
757:prestige dialect
737:overseas Chinese
664:, particularly
606:
596:
587:
574:
546:
545:
522:
521:
498:
497:
474:
473:
457:
456:
433:
432:
409:
382:
381:
368:
367:
338:
329:
315:
303:
39:
38:
33:
32:
19:
9563:
9562:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9553:
9552:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9516:
9514:
9504:
9502:
9490:
9482:
9480:
9475:
9449:
9429:
9407:
9336:
9280:
9091:
9084:
9010:
8990:(Indo-European)
8975:
8932:
8890:
8779:
8692:
8620:
8587:
8465:
8373:
8372:Other languages
8354:
8303:
8234:Central Tibetan
8205:
8079:
8013:
7860:
7742:
7545:
7497:
7445:
7434:
7410:
7394:
7301:
7242:
7226:
7221:
7191:
7178:
7174:Jianzhou Ba Yin
7157:
7146:Proto-languages
7137:
7118:
7102:
7083:Bbånlåm pÏngyīm
7024:
7002:
6981:
6958:
6940:
6936:Yong'an dialect
6931:Shaxian dialect
6926:Sanming dialect
6912:
6908:Jiangle dialect
6889:
6880:Jian'ou dialect
6866:
6862:Xianyou dialect
6849:
6837:
6792:
6775:Malacca Straits
6745:Malacca Straits
6727:Longyan dialect
6679:
6652:
6639:
6633:Nanlang dialect
6606:
6580:
6566:Changle dialect
6531:
6520:
6515:
6485:
6480:
6462:
6399:Tongyong Pinyin
6379:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
6367:Dungan Cyrillic
6350:
6319:
6289:
6230:
6221:Written Hokkien
6202:
6161:
6155:
6131:Middle Mandarin
6097:
6017:
5992:
5954:
5901:
5834:
5827:
5814:
5763:
5711:
5670:
5647:
5583:
5517:
5436:
5415:
5397:
5374:
5298:
5265:
5242:
5186:
5122:
5082:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5037:
5025:
5005:
4987:
4959:
4941:
4915:
4892:
4819:
4792:
4766:
4743:
4667:
4607:
4579:
4556:
4533:
4482:
4471:
4466:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4372:Proto-languages
4366:
4314:
4281:Greater Siangic
4275:
4212:
4199:
4136:
4040:
4012:
3970:
3914:
3905:
3817:
3808:
3795:
3728:Greater Magaric
3722:
3649:West Himalayish
3629:
3615:
3609:
3567:
3565:Further reading
3562:
3556:
3533:
3527:
3514:
3508:
3495:
3482:
3473:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3415:
3386:
3380:
3367:
3349:
3341:
3317:
3311:
3298:
3292:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3182:
3176:
3162:Sagart, Laurent
3156:
3151:
3135:
3122:10.2307/2718766
3107:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2774:Kurpaska (2010)
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2696:Kurpaska (2010)
2694:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2641:
2635:Kurpaska (2010)
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2572:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:, pp. 328.
2360:
2356:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2214:
2202:Mandarin Pinyin
2183:Mandarin Pinyin
2171:British English
2064:Jian'ou dialect
2017:JiĂ ohuĂŹ LuĂłmÇzĂŹ
1836:
1830:Written Hokkien
1822:
1800:Red River delta
1695:
1612:Jian'ou dialect
1597:
1469:Swatow dialects
1412:, particularly
1357:Nanlang dialect
1319:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1056:
860:South China Sea
848:
747:, a variety of
622:Fujian province
341:
325:
313:
301:
78:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9561:
9559:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9530:
9529:
9525:
9524:
9512:
9500:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9460:HK = Hong Kong
9458:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9431:Hong Kong Sign
9424:
9415:
9413:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9237:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9139:
9134:
9133:
9132:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9096:
9094:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9030:
9028:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9006:(Austronesian)
9000:
8998:(Austronesian)
8992:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8942:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8904:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8711:
8709:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8634:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8484:
8482:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8387:
8385:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8215:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8176:Southern Qiang
8173:
8171:Northern Qiang
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7448:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7004:
7003:
7000:Writing system
6998:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6972:Haikou dialect
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6922:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6903:Shaowu dialect
6899:
6897:
6895:ShaoâJiang Min
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6857:Putian dialect
6853:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6771:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6753:
6751:Penang Hokkien
6741:
6740:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6720:Chawan dialect
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6703:Hui'an dialect
6695:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6675:Swatow dialect
6671:
6669:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6628:Longdu dialect
6620:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6602:Ningde dialect
6599:
6594:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6571:Gutian dialect
6568:
6563:
6561:Fuqing dialect
6558:
6556:Fuzhou dialect
6552:
6550:
6543:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6443:Taiwanese kana
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6414:Lessing-Othmer
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6216:Written Dungan
6213:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6172:
6170:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6121:Middle Chinese
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6088:Wubi (Wang Ma)
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5839:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5805:Xiangnan Tuhua
5802:
5797:
5792:
5790:Shaozhou Tuhua
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4703:RenshouâFushun
4700:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4613:Central Plains
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4362:Tibeto-Kanauri
4359:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4335:Kuki-ChinâNaga
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4223:
4221:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4056:
4054:Southeast Asia
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3991:AngamiâPochuri
3988:
3982:
3980:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3915:Burmese border
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3833:
3831:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3642:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3531:
3525:
3512:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3471:
3432:
3426:
3413:
3384:
3378:
3365:
3339:
3329:(2): 222â238,
3315:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3266:
3260:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3210:
3196:
3180:
3174:
3154:
3149:
3133:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2955:
2953:, p. 232.
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2890:, p. 231.
2880:
2876:Branner (2000)
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2818:, p. 239.
2805:
2790:
2788:, p. 169.
2778:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2724:on 2021-09-19.
2700:
2685:
2670:
2666:Branner (2000)
2658:
2656:, p. 233.
2639:
2627:
2625:, p. 188.
2615:
2608:
2587:
2542:
2525:
2515:
2486:
2484:, p. 337.
2474:
2472:, p. 336.
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2424:, p. 120.
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2335:
2278:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2128:Latin alphabet
2052:Putian dialect
1988:Taiwanese kana
1957:Kelantan Malay
1821:
1820:Writing system
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:*khau éȘč "foot"
1795:
1794:
1787:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1746:
1717:
1694:
1691:
1667:proto-language
1663:
1662:
1639:Shao-Jiang Min
1626:
1625:
1615:
1596:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1570:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1519:
1509:
1502:Cangnan County
1495:
1457:
1410:Southeast Asia
1384:
1377:Xianyou County
1366:
1365:
1364:
1346:Fuqing dialect
1342:Fuzhou dialect
1318:
1315:
1258:
1248:
1244:Shao-Jiang Min
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1055:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1023:literary layer
1019:
1004:
993:
971:
970:
940:
921:Chen Yuanguang
913:
876:Middle Chinese
847:
844:
824:Middle Chinese
741:Southeast Asia
662:Southeast Asia
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
540:
531:
530:
524:
523:
516:
507:
506:
500:
499:
492:
483:
482:
476:
475:
468:
459:
458:
451:
442:
441:
435:
434:
427:
421:
420:
414:
413:
412:Transcriptions
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
388:
387:
384:
383:
376:
370:
369:
362:
356:
355:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
331:
330:
323:
317:
316:
311:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
291:
290:
288:Shao-Jiang Min
271:
242:
238:
237:
232:
231:Proto-language
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
201:
195:
194:
83:Mainland China
80:
74:
73:
66:Teochew people
45:
41:
40:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9560:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9523:
9522:New York City
9513:
9511:
9501:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9471:
9469:XJ = Xinjiang
9468:
9465:
9462:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9339:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9283:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9245:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9155:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9004:
9001:
8996:
8993:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8978:
8972:
8971:Western Yugur
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8897:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8653:Eastern Yugur
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8573:Small Flowery
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8383:Austroasiatic
8380:
8376:
8369:
8365:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7213:
7211:
7206:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7129:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6992:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6826:Zhongshan Min
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6809:Houlu dialect
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Medan Hokkien
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6623:Zhongshan Min
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6597:Fu'an dialect
6595:
6593:
6592:Xiapu dialect
6590:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6576:Matsu dialect
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6362:Cyrillization
6360:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6254:Script styles
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5830:
5825:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:Proto-Karenic
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:Proto-Loloish
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:Tibeto-Burman
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4142:Burmo-Qiangic
4139:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4036:JingphoâLuish
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:BaramâThangmi
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3436:Norman, Jerry
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:Norman, Jerry
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:, p. 56.
3064:
3063:Norman (1981)
3059:
3056:
3053:, p. 44.
3052:
3051:Norman (1981)
3047:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3016:, p. 63.
3015:
3014:Norman (1981)
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:Norman (1988)
2986:
2983:
2980:, p. 41.
2979:
2978:Norman (1981)
2974:
2971:
2968:, p. 33.
2967:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:Norman (1988)
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:, p. 47.
2937:
2936:Norman (1981)
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:Norman (1988)
2908:
2905:
2902:, p. 58.
2901:
2900:Norman (1981)
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:Norman (1988)
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:Norman (1988)
2860:
2857:
2853:
2852:Norman (1973)
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:Norman (1988)
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:Norman (1988)
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:Norman (1988)
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:Norman (1988)
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2776:, p. 71.
2775:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:, p. 52.
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:Norman (1988)
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:Norman (1988)
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:, p. 49.
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:Norman (1988)
2619:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:", p. 30. In
2535:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:Norman (1991)
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:Norman (1991)
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:Norman (1991)
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:Norman (1991)
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:Norman (1988)
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:Norman (1988)
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:Norman (1991)
2358:
2355:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Latin letters
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Latin letters
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:it is called
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:it is called
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:it is called
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:it is called
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:Southern Thai
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1544:Zhongshan Min
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Datian County
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:Zhongshan Min
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1163:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1048:Austroasiatic
1045:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:based on the
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
990:Austroasiatic
988:believe were
987:
983:
979:
978:
977:
975:
968:
964:
961:, one of the
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Chinese Thais
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
597:
591:
586:
583:
578:
570:
566:
557:
553:
541:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
517:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
493:
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
469:
467:
464:
460:
452:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
428:
426:
422:
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
393:
389:
385:
377:
375:
371:
363:
361:
357:
352:
348:
344:
337:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
245:
244:
243:
236:
233:
229:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
75:
71:
70:Hainan people
67:
63:
62:Minnan people
59:
58:Putian people
55:
54:Fuzhou people
51:
50:
46:
42:
25:
20:
9457:GX = Guangxi
9445:
9443:Tibetan Sign
9433:
9419:Chinese Sign
9285:Creole/Mixed
9175:
9154:Southeastern
9142:Southwestern
9105:Northeastern
9090:Varieties of
7169:Qi Lin Bayin
6872:Northern Min
6693:Amoy dialect
6658:Southern Min
6517:
6384:Hanyu Pinyin
6374:Romanization
6281:Semi-cursive
6126:Old Mandarin
6083:Stroke count
6010:
6003:
5925:Old National
5768:Unclassified
5191:
4673:Southwestern
4506:Northeastern
4488:Major groups
4477:
4427:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4354:
4300:
4293:
4268:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4231:
4190:
4175:Lolo-Burmese
4173:
4149:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4075:
4068:
4061:
3995:
3963:
3956:
3947:
3940:
3928:
3921:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3843:
3836:
3788:
3782:
3768:
3761:
3747:
3740:
3715:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3680:
3666:
3654:
3647:
3612:Sino-Tibetan
3571:Miyake, Marc
3543:
3516:
3497:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3450:
3446:
3417:
3392:
3388:
3369:
3352:
3344:
3326:
3322:
3300:
3281:
3275:MÇnyÇ yĂĄnjiĆ«
3274:
3247:
3238:
3215:
3187:
3165:
3140:
3113:
3109:
3079:
3058:
3046:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2781:
2759:Zhang (1987)
2754:
2742:
2730:
2719:the original
2661:
2630:
2618:
2595:
2590:
2576:cite journal
2559:
2555:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2520:
2506:
2500:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2348:
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2298:
2281:
2276:, p. 3.
2269:
2264:, p. ?.
2257:
2232:
2111:
2104:missionaries
2070:
2059:
2050:, BUC), for
2047:
2025:
2015:
1976:romanization
1973:
1967:in Northern
1850:
1837:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1709:
1696:
1664:
1655:Jerry Norman
1629:
1627:
1604:Northern Min
1598:
1586:
1553:
1551:
1516:Chaoshan Min
1504:in southern
1481:Thai Chinese
1473:Amoy dialect
1387:Southern Min
1320:
1284:in 1937 and
1282:Li Fang-Kuei
1279:
1271:
1234:Northern Min
1161:
1063:
1044:Austronesian
1040:
1035:Tang dynasty
1014:dictionary (
1011:
974:Jerry Norman
972:
963:Ten Kingdoms
957:founded the
955:Wang Shenzhi
947:Tang dynasty
925:Gushi County
919:and his son
883:
882:such as the
849:
840:sinicization
817:
753:Amoy Hokkien
749:Southern Min
734:
613:
603:
593:
564:
563:
528:Northern Min
439:Southern Min
425:Hanyu Pinyin
354:Chinese name
309:Linguasphere
284:Northern Min
273:
269:Southern Min
246:
241:Subdivisions
218:
204:Sino-Tibetan
79:distribution
47:
9538:Min Chinese
8951:Fuyu Kyrgyz
8750:Tai Hongjin
8436:Muak Sa-aak
7012:Logographic
6946:Leizhou Min
6918:Central Min
6847:PuâXian Min
6667:Teochew Min
6541:Eastern Min
6518:Min Chinese
6453:Xiao'erjing
6315:Punctuation
6308:Traditional
6261:Oracle bone
6245:Logographic
6141:Proto-Hakka
6116:Eastern Han
6111:Old Chinese
5973:Classifiers
5940:Northern Wu
5868:Singaporean
5074: [
5062: [
5050: [
5038: [
5026: [
4416:Proto-Hakka
4345:Mahakiranti
3851:East Bodish
3631:Uttarakhand
3453:: 274â301,
3271:èźșéœæčèšć
éšçäž»èŠć·źćŒ
3101:Works cited
2786:Lien (2015)
2398:Ting (1983)
2160:Singaporean
2156:orthography
2138:written in
2038:(POJ), for
1951:, a mix of
1906:Singaporean
1864:. The Min (
1838:When using
1624:prefecture.
1618:Central Min
1589:tone sandhi
1563:Leizhou Min
1422:Philippines
1369:Pu-Xian Min
1334:Eastern Min
1317:Coastal Min
1286:Yuan Jiahua
1254:Central Min
1224:Pu-Xian Min
1214:Leizhou Min
1194:Eastern Min
986:Mei Tsu-lin
959:Min Kingdom
906:Jin dynasty
904:during the
890:Han dynasty
809:Leizhou Min
801:Pu-Xian Min
797:Eastern Min
674:Philippines
636:, parts of
504:Pu-Xian Min
480:Eastern Min
280:Central Min
265:Pu-Xian Min
261:Leizhou Min
253:Eastern Min
248:Coastal Min
147:Philippines
49:Min Chinese
9532:Categories
9472:XZ = Tibet
9463:MC = Macau
9403:Zhangzhung
9147:Sichuanese
9074:Vietnamese
8471:Hmong-Mien
8350:Waxianghua
8131:Khroskyabs
7419:Indigenous
7307:Prefecture
7282:Portuguese
7043:PeÌh-Ć«e-jÄ«
7038:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
7030:Alphabetic
6821:Zhenan Min
6816:Haklau Min
6804:Datian Min
6404:WadeâGiles
6303:Simplified
6198:Vernacular
6191:in Vietnam
6044:Simplified
6031:Biaoxingma
5978:Honorifics
5913:Historical
5858:Philippine
5848:Sichuanese
5775:Badong Yao
5479:ShaoâJiang
5350:Philippine
5158:Xiangxiang
5153:Shuangfeng
4898:Taizhou Wu
4681:Sichuanese
4310:IduâTaraon
4264:MijuâMeyor
4157:Gyalrongic
4003:Tangkhulic
3778:RajiâRaute
3491:(4): 1â14.
3116:: 86â110,
2422:Yan (2006)
2329:2023-10-13
2262:Mei (1970)
2244:References
2187:Philippine
2140:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
2116:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
2098:Protestant
2048:BĂ ng-uĂą-cĂȘ
2040:Fuzhounese
2036:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
2022:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
1961:Peranakans
1939:spoken in
1902:Indonesian
1824:See also:
1777:Vietnamese
1693:Vocabulary
1595:Inland Min
1522:Datian Min
1498:Zhenan Min
1492:Vietnamese
1264:Datian Min
1080:Shao-Jiang
937:She people
917:Chen Zheng
896:occurred:
805:Haklau Min
600:PeÌh-Će-jÄ«
544:MĂąing-ngáčłÌ
472:Mang7 ghe2
275:Inland Min
257:Hainan Min
77:Geographic
9383:Tocharian
9317:QoqmonÄaq
9269:Cantonese
9223:Shaojiang
9196:Hainanese
9125:Zhongyuan
9120:Jiao-Liao
9054:Esperanto
8956:Ili Turki
8663:Khamnigan
8528:Kiong Nai
8299:Zitsadegu
7277:Mongolian
7267:Cantonese
7153:Proto-Min
6964:Hainanese
6850:(Hinghwa)
6773:Southern
6743:Northern
6732:Taiwanese
6530:Languages
6342:Taiwanese
6332:Cantonese
6176:Classical
6136:Proto-Min
6071:Microsoft
5930:Cantonese
5906:Phonology
5887:Cantonese
5878:Singdarin
5863:Malaysian
5853:Taiwanese
5757:Rongjiang
5747:Yongjiang
5743:Southern
5728:Northern
5702:LuoâGuang
5611:Hong Kong
5606:Guangzhou
5562:Taiwanese
5555:Changting
5489:Zhanjiang
5403:Zhongshan
5370:Malaysian
5365:Singapore
5330:Zhangzhou
5282:Zhongshan
5175:YongâQuan
5071:Jing-Zhan
5001:Xuancheng
4978:Jiangshan
4857:Changzhou
4778:Junjiahua
4631:Guanzhong
4514:Changchun
4409:Proto-Min
4340:Macro-Bai
4218:Arunachal
4211:(possible
4026:BoroâGaro
3930:Kuki-Chin
3913:and Indo-
3828:Arunachal
3815:Himalayas
3790:Tandrange
3757:Chepangic
3688:Dhimalish
3622:Himalayas
3409:600555701
2300:Glottolog
2249:Citations
2164:Malaysian
2142:(POJ) or
2101:Christian
2079:BÇœh-oe-tu
2075:Hainanese
1910:Malaysian
1874:Hainanese
1854:Taiwanese
1591:systems.
1573:Hainanese
1454:Taiwanese
1426:Indonesia
1414:Singapore
1402:Zhangzhou
1394:Quanzhang
1311:Proto-Min
1204:Hainanese
1186:) (19.5%)
943:Wang Chao
813:Hainanese
714:Cantonese
702:Min River
678:Indonesia
666:Singapore
654:Hong Kong
638:Zhongshan
614:MĂŹng-ngáčłÌ
538:Romanized
496:MĂŹng ngáčłÌ
321:Glottolog
297:ISO 639-6
235:Proto-Min
163:Hong Kong
151:Indonesia
139:Singapore
107:Zhongshan
91:Guangdong
44:Ethnicity
9498:Language
9327:Tangwang
9307:Macanese
9302:Lingling
9235:Northern
9218:Northern
9181:Southern
9100:Mandarin
9027:Minority
8987:Sarikoli
8900:Tungusic
8861:Naxi Yao
8806:Cao Miao
8730:Ningming
8630:Mongolic
8606:Dzao Min
8601:Biao Min
8558:Qo Xiong
8553:Pingtang
8249:Dongwang
8191:Tshobdun
8116:Guiqiong
7718:Sangkong
7493:Muangphe
7455:Mondzish
7409:numerous
7400:Counties
7247:Regional
7231:Official
7136:Research
6777:Hokkien
6747:Hokkien
6426:Bopomofo
6355:Phonetic
6347:Two-cell
6276:Clerical
6186:in Japan
6181:Adoption
6169:Official
6160:Literary
6035:Boshiamy
6012:Xiehouyu
5968:Numerals
5945:Mandarin
5873:Standard
5833:Standard
5707:QinâLian
5697:YongâXun
5682:GaoâYang
5628:Jiujiang
5616:Malaysia
5550:Tingzhou
5501:Wenchang
5462:Jianyang
5452:Northern
5411:Sanxiang
5325:Quanzhou
5308:Southern
5277:Manjiang
5141:Changsha
5101:Nanchang
5096:ChangâDu
4993:Xuanzhou
4983:Qingtian
4937:Wencheng
4883:Jiangyin
4878:Jinxiang
4868:Shaoxing
4862:Hangzhou
4842:Shanghai
4783:Qinjiang
4691:Minjiang
4663:Xinjiang
4621:Dongping
4585:Jiaoliao
4524:Shenyang
4497:Mandarin
4214:isolates
4181:Mondzish
4109:CaiâLong
3857:Tshangla
3813:Eastern
3656:Tamangic
3626:Himachal
3620:Western
3614:branches
3573:(2012).
3540:Li, Rong
3467:40726203
3401:23827042
3335:23749795
3206:20006706
3164:(2014),
3139:(1984),
2602:, 2012,
2323:Archived
2212:See also
2095:American
1949:Thailand
1941:Kelantan
1929:Filipino
1862:Japanese
1743:terraced
1506:Zhejiang
1442:Thailand
1438:Cambodia
1418:Malaysia
1398:Quanzhou
1293:initial
1127:Southern
1089:Northern
1031:Chang'an
997:Zhejiang
915:In 669,
710:Mandarin
690:Cambodia
682:Thailand
670:Malaysia
634:Chaoshan
520:MĂĄng-gáčłÌ
327:minn1248
159:Cambodia
155:Thailand
143:Malaysia
119:Zhejiang
95:Chaozhou
93:(around
9484:Portals
9398:Xianbei
9393:Tuyuhun
9363:Old Yue
9341:Extinct
9322:Sanqiao
9213:Central
9203:Eastern
9186:Hokkien
9130:Lan-Yin
9110:Beijing
9092:Chinese
9049:Russian
8811:Chadong
8791:Ai-Cham
8760:Tai NĂŒa
8745:Tai DĂłn
8740:Tai Dam
8698:Kra-Dai
8668:Monguor
8658:Kangjia
8616:Kim Mun
8611:Iu Mien
8533:Luobohe
8523:Huishui
8503:Guiyang
8480:Hmongic
8441:Palaung
8431:Man Met
8335:Longjia
8284:Ladakhi
8279:Kyirong
8269:Khalong
8254:Drugchu
8211:Tibetic
8181:Shixing
8093:Qiangic
7874:Alingpo
7866:Nisoish
7851:Yangliu
7846:Xuzhang
7776:Laizisi
7771:Kuamasi
7766:Kua-nsi
7748:Lisoish
7728:Tsukong
7668:Laomian
7593:Baihong
7560:Hanoish
7551:Loloish
7536:Lhao Vo
7531:Chashan
7516:Xiandao
7503:Burmish
7446:Burmese
7404:Banners
7360:Tai NĂŒa
7287:Tibetan
7272:English
7088:Peng'im
6763:Hokkien
6685:Hokkien
6549:Houguan
6325:Braille
6286:Cursive
6236:Scripts
6103:History
6093:ZhengMa
6039:Cangjie
6005:Chengyu
5960:Grammar
5935:Hokkien
5892:Hokkien
5800:Waxiang
5780:Danzhou
5752:Guandao
5737:Younian
5732:Tongdao
5721:Pinghua
5661:Taishan
5577:Raoping
5545:Huizhou
5535:Meixian
5511:Banqiao
5484:Leizhou
5474:PuâXian
5469:Central
5457:Jian'ou
5432:Longyan
5380:Teochew
5317:Hokkien
5292:Nanlang
5248:FuâNing
5228:Changle
5210:Houguan
5201:Eastern
5148:Loushao
5136:Changyi
5118:DaâTong
5113:YingâYi
5059:Yanzhou
4927:Wenzhou
4920:Oujiang
4911:Tiantai
4906:Taizhou
4815:ZhiâYan
4762:Nantong
4757:Nanjing
4732:GuiâLiu
4722:Nanping
4717:Kunming
4643:Luoyang
4598:Qingdao
4570:Tianjin
4547:Beijing
4539:Beijing
4428:Italics
4289:Siangic
4270:Songlin
4249:Kho-Bwa
4227:Hrusish
4209:Dubious
4192:Loloish
4186:Burmish
4151:Qiangic
4122:Longjia
4089:Karenic
4083:Nungish
4063:Sinitic
3949:Hkongso
3911:Myanmar
3881:Gongduk
3845:Tibetic
3763:Chepang
3736:Magaric
3682:Kiranti
3662:Newaric
3370:Chinese
3361:9522150
3130:2718766
2501:Setaria
2305:Leipzig
2083:British
2073:), for
2062:), for
2032:Hokkien
2030:). For
1933:English
1931:), and
1925:Tagalog
1921:Spanish
1917:Hokkien
1913:English
1890:Hokchia
1886:Hokchew
1882:Hinghwa
1878:Luichow
1870:Teochew
1866:Hokkien
1834:Peng'im
1647:Jiangle
1622:Sanming
1608:Nanping
1530:Sanming
1477:Hokkien
1465:Teochew
1434:Myanmar
1348:, etc.
1291:lateral
1196:(13.9%)
1182:(incl.
1180:Teochew
1172:(41.6%)
1170:Hokkien
1138:Leizhou
1118:Pu-Xian
1109:Eastern
1098:Central
965:in the
846:History
826:of the
793:Teochew
791:and/or
789:Hokkien
755:is the
745:Hokkien
694:Vietnam
686:Myanmar
642:Wenzhou
535:Jian'ou
511:Hinghwa
466:Peng'im
463:Teochew
446:Hokkien
392:Hokkien
214:Chinese
209:Sinitic
175:Myanmar
131:Cangnan
123:Shengsi
103:Shanwei
99:Shantou
9378:Tangut
9368:Rouran
9358:Khitan
9348:BaâShu
9312:Maojia
9297:Hezhou
9208:Puxian
9191:Teoswa
9076:(Kinh)
9044:Kyrgyz
9039:Korean
9034:Kazakh
8938:Turkic
8923:Oroqen
8913:Manchu
8908:Evenki
8876:Qabiao
8866:Ong Be
8851:Maonan
8841:Lakkja
8831:Jiamao
8801:Buyang
8765:Tai Ya
8755:Tai LĂŒ
8715:Bouyei
8707:Zhuang
8688:Torgut
8643:Buryat
8593:Mienic
8583:Younuo
8563:Raojia
8543:Pa-Hng
8538:Mashan
8508:Hm Nai
8493:Bu-Nao
8488:A-Hmao
8411:Bumang
8330:Jingpo
8325:Derung
8320:Caijia
8294:Zhongu
8264:Gserpa
8156:Namuyi
8126:Japhug
8075:Zauzou
8050:Namuyi
8035:Kucong
8009:Zokhuo
8004:Thopho
7984:Phupha
7969:Phukha
7914:Khlula
7856:Zibusi
7841:Toloza
7836:Sonaga
7821:Mangdi
7816:Lolopo
7761:Hlersu
7698:Phanaâ
7693:Nuomei
7673:Laopin
7608:Bukong
7583:Angluo
7511:Achang
7488:Mondzi
7390:Zhuang
7365:Tai LĂŒ
7355:Kazakh
7350:Kyrgyz
7335:Korean
7325:Bouyei
7297:Zhuang
7292:Uyghur
7114:HĂ n-lĂŽ
6797:Others
6611:Others
6585:Funing
6394:Postal
6389:MPS II
6266:Bronze
6146:BaâShu
6066:Google
6061:Pinyin
5997:Idioms
5810:Yeheni
5692:WuâHua
5687:Goulou
5666:Xinhui
5643:Dapeng
5638:Weitou
5623:Xiguan
5598:Yuehai
5567:Sixian
5506:Haikou
5496:Hainan
5427:Zhenan
5393:Haklau
5388:Swatow
5360:Penang
5345:Taiwan
5340:Chawan
5287:Longdu
5256:Ningde
5233:Gutian
5223:Fuqing
5218:Fuzhou
5180:Qiyang
5163:Wugang
5108:YiâLiu
5035:Xiu-Yi
5023:Ji-She
4973:Quzhou
4965:ChuâQu
4955:Jinhua
4947:Wuzhou
4932:Rui'an
4873:Ningbo
4847:Suzhou
4737:Wuming
4708:Zigong
4696:Leshan
4658:Lanyin
4653:Dungan
4648:Xuzhou
4626:Gangou
4603:Weihai
4593:Dalian
4552:Taiwan
4519:Harbin
4302:Milang
4256:Puroik
4240:Mijiic
4164:Ersuic
4115:Caijia
4031:Konyak
3997:Meitei
3901:Chamdo
3838:Bodish
3824:Bhutan
3770:Bhujel
3717:Lepcha
3708:Lhokpu
3694:Dhimal
3639:Sikkim
3552:
3523:
3504:
3465:
3424:
3407:
3399:
3376:
3359:
3333:
3307:
3288:
3258:
3226:
3204:
3194:
3172:
3147:
3128:
3086:
2606:
2513:
2152:ad-hoc
2144:TĂąi-lĂŽ
2120:Taiwan
2108:TĂąi-lĂŽ
2093:, and
2091:Danish
2024::
2014::
2012:pinyin
2006::
1998::
1969:Malaya
1832:, and
1765:xjwojH
1763:ć (MC
1737:ć±€ (MC
1727:ćĄ (MC
1681:, and
1643:Shaowu
1534:Fujian
1450:Taiwan
1430:Brunei
1420:, the
1406:Xiamen
1373:Putian
1353:Longdu
1338:Fuzhou
1327:Hainan
1323:Taiwan
1266:(0.3%)
1262:
1260:
1256:(0.9%)
1252:
1250:
1246:(1.2%)
1242:
1240:
1236:(3.5%)
1232:
1230:
1226:(3.5%)
1222:
1220:
1216:(6.2%)
1212:
1210:
1206:(9.4%)
1202:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1184:Haklau
1178:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1150:
1147:Hainan
1145:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1012:Qieyun
933:Fujian
885:Qieyun
852:Minyue
811:, and
698:Brunei
672:, the
650:Taiwan
644:, the
630:Hainan
602::
592::
590:pinyin
579::
571::
487:Fuzhou
431:MÇn YÇ
191:Canada
171:Brunei
135:Taiwan
115:Hainan
109:, and
87:Fujian
72:, etc.
9510:China
9388:Tuoba
9332:Wutun
9247:Xiang
9240:Auish
9166:Hakka
9115:Ji-Lu
9080:Wakhi
9069:Uzbek
9064:Tuvan
9059:Tatar
8980:Other
8966:Salar
8918:Nanai
8856:Mulam
8821:Gelao
8784:Other
8683:Santa
8678:Ordos
8673:Oirat
8638:Bonan
8578:Xixiu
8548:Pa Na
8513:Hmong
8498:Gejia
8446:Riang
8406:Bugan
8401:Bolyu
8396:Blang
8345:Tujia
8308:Other
8289:Tseku
8274:Khams
8259:Groma
8239:Choni
8229:Basum
8224:Baima
8201:Zhaba
8121:Horpa
8106:Choyo
8101:Baima
8070:Sanie
8045:Naruo
8030:Katso
8025:Gokhy
8018:Other
7994:Samei
7989:Phuza
7979:Phupa
7974:Phuma
7964:Phowa
7959:Phola
7954:Phala
7949:Nuosu
7904:Bokha
7879:Alugu
7826:Micha
7738:Yiche
7723:Suobi
7688:Nuobi
7658:Kaduo
7653:Kabie
7633:Habei
7623:Duota
7618:Duoni
7613:Cosao
7541:Zaiwa
7526:Lashi
7478:Mango
7473:Manga
7468:Maang
7463:Kathu
7444:Lolo-
7370:Zaiwa
7340:Qiang
7330:Tujia
7315:Hmong
7107:Mixed
6458:NĂŒshu
6162:forms
6076:Sogou
6023:Input
5897:Hakka
5835:forms
5675:Other
5633:Shiqi
5572:Hailu
5540:Wuhua
5527:Hakka
5445:Other
5420:Other
5355:Pedan
5270:Other
5261:Fu'an
5238:Matsu
5170:JiâXu
5128:Xiang
5078:]
5066:]
5054:]
5047:Qi-De
5042:]
5030:]
4888:Shadi
4834:Taihu
4788:Gyami
4771:Other
4727:Wuhan
4636:Xi'an
4575:Jinan
4233:Hruso
4129:Luren
4103:Kathu
4077:Tujia
3965:Taman
3936:Mruic
3923:Karbi
3864:Basum
3820:Tibet
3742:Magar
3668:Newar
3635:Nepal
3463:JSTOR
3443:(PDF)
3397:JSTOR
3351:[
3331:JSTOR
3280:[
3220:(PDF)
3202:JSTOR
3126:JSTOR
2722:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2347:[
2224:Notes
2087:Irish
2008:ææçŸ
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2000:æäŒçœé©Źć
1898:Malay
1739:dzong
1730:zying
1725:chéng
1708:>
1705:tengX
1651:Hakka
1050:one.
1027:koiné
951:Henan
929:Henan
923:from
864:Xiang
730:Hakka
728:, or
726:Xiang
658:Macau
595:MÇnyÇ
179:Japan
167:Macau
127:Putuo
9412:Sign
9373:Saka
9274:Ping
8995:Tsat
8946:Ăynu
8928:Xibe
8886:Then
8871:Paha
8826:Hlai
8796:Biao
8770:Yang
8735:Nong
8648:Daur
8426:Mang
8421:Kuan
8340:Nung
8219:Amdo
8186:Situ
8166:Pumi
8161:Naxi
8151:Muya
8141:Lizu
8136:Laze
8111:Ersu
8065:Samu
8060:Nusu
8055:Naxi
8040:Lahu
7999:Sani
7944:Nisu
7939:Nasu
7934:Muzi
7929:Muji
7924:Moji
7919:Lope
7909:Gepo
7899:Azhe
7894:Azha
7884:Aluo
7831:Mili
7811:Lisu
7806:Lipo
7801:Limi
7796:Lawu
7791:Lavu
7786:Lamu
7781:Lalo
7733:Woni
7713:Sadu
7708:Qidi
7703:Piyo
7683:Muda
7663:Lami
7648:Jino
7643:Honi
7638:Hani
7603:Budu
7598:Bisu
7588:Asuo
7573:Akha
7568:Akeu
7521:Pela
7483:Maza
7385:Hani
7375:Lisu
7259:SARs
6419:Yale
6409:EFEO
6271:Seal
6056:Dayi
5653:Siyi
5335:Amoy
4852:Wuxi
4749:Huai
4562:Jilu
4350:Rung
4295:Koro
4169:Naic
4096:Gong
4052:and
4050:East
4008:Zeme
3977:Naga
3895:Tani
3888:ÊŒOle
3784:Dura
3749:Kham
3701:Toto
3550:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3405:OCLC
3374:ISBN
3357:OCLC
3305:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3278:éœèŻçĄç©¶
3256:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3170:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3084:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2582:link
2511:ISBN
2150:via
2134:and
1963:and
1955:and
1900:(or
1780:Äá»ng
1735:céng
1721:tiĂĄn
1710:dÇng
1683:/dʱ/
1675:/tÊ°/
1645:and
1628:The
1552:The
1467:and
1404:and
1355:and
1351:The
1325:and
900:The
866:and
832:Tang
628:and
302:mclr
189:and
129:and
27:Miin
9353:Jie
9264:Yue
9257:Old
9252:New
9176:Min
9171:Hui
9161:Gan
9137:Jin
8961:Lop
8881:Sui
8846:Mak
8836:Kam
8816:Cun
8775:Yei
8725:Min
8720:Dai
8568:She
8518:Hmu
8391:Bit
8315:Bai
8244:Dao
8196:Zbu
7889:Axi
7756:Eka
7678:Mpi
7628:Enu
7578:Amu
7380:Bai
7320:Kam
7255:ARs
6151:Gan
6051:CKC
5918:Old
5795:She
5785:Mai
5589:Yue
5192:Min
5088:Gan
5015:Hui
4864:(?)
4802:Jin
4529:Taz
4216:) (
4070:Bai
4018:Sal
3958:Pyu
3942:Mru
3871:Nam
3455:doi
3118:doi
2564:doi
2313:doi
2196:),
2173:),
2162:or
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1947:of
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1687:Yue
1679:/d/
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1500:of
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1307:/l/
1303:/Ê/
1301:or
1299:/s/
1295:/l/
1029:of
927:in
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490:BUC
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