Minna Faßhauer - Knowledge (XXG)

990:"... Minna Faßhauer was a remarkable woman, and during a critical phase an important figure in the history of the state of Braunschweig. There are many important figures in the history of the state of Braunschweig, even during the latest one hundred years, but their contributions were anything but exemplary, and accordingly they are not eligible for any sort of celebratory memorial. But in the judgment of the city administration, when it comes to deciding what is deserving of celebration - that is to say, what makes a personality an appropriate recipient of honour from our present generation - it becomes a question if manifesting exemplary character traits. Minna Faßhauer simply cannot be said to have demonstrated such exemplary character traits, even according to this latest documentation. That would constitute a flagrant contradiction, in all ways, of what we should be presenting to today's younger generation as a role model for a political personality. You might classify the delinquent political crimes for which, during the Weimar period, Minna Faßhauer was convicted as no more than 'political sins of youth', committed in response to extreme political circumstances, for which she should not stand condemned for the rest of her life. But the decisive factor is that Minna Faßhauer ... was politically opposed to parliamentary democracy in the 1920s and thereafter through her entire life. ... She displayed this through to the end of her life, given that after the ending of the National Socialist regime she did not join a democratic party - such as the 820:). On 6 September 1921 Faßhauer was one of a number of suspects arrested and then eventually charged "having been involved in procuring dynamite" in connection with the explosions two months earlier. However, the court was unable to determine beyond reasonable whether and to what extent Faßhauer had taken part in the attacks. The trial finally opened at the Braunschweig District High Court, and under conditions of extensively enhanced security, only on 21 March 1922, with extensive. The proceedings were "at times, turbulent". There seems to have been an underlying assumption, encouraged by the prosecution (but still questioned by researchers and commentators a century later) that she must at least have had some knowledge of the planning of the attacks. She was convicted and sentenced, this time to a nine month prison term. Proceedings concluded during early April 1922, more than seven months after the arrests. According to persuasive albeit circumstantial evidence, following her arrest Faßhauer had been detained at the prison in nearby 773:, and on that occasion stated that the workers would have to be idiots to lay down their weapons while the bourgeoisie held on to theirs. Faßhauer insisted she had said no such thing, and went on to spell out what she had said, but her passionately delivered testimony (supported by reports produced by the prosecutor concerning her frequent appearances at political meetings and agitation for armed proletarian revolution) served only to persuade the court that she was a dangerous political extremist, irrespective of what she might or might not have said at that meeting. Nevertheless, the sentence was subsequently set aside in the context of a wider amnesty. 1151:"Die wurde von der bürgerlichen Presse hingestellt als dummes Weib: kann nicht lesen und schreiben, so etwa; beherrscht die deutsche Sprache nicht Jedenfalls war die ’ne ehrliche und aktive Frau, die für die Bewegung alles hergab. Sie war eine Waschfrau und ging von Haus zu Haus und wusch den Leuten die Wäsche. Eine richtiggehende Arbeiterin in den untersten Reihen. Merges und Robert Gehrke standen mit ihr in enger Beziehung; ich weiß bloß, daß sie sich aus dem niedrigsten Milieu raufarbeitete durch Lesen und so weiter. Verschiedene Schnitzer, die da beim Schreiben vorkamen, die hat die Bourgeoisie ausgeschlachtet". 276:. Theodor Nikolai, her father, died in 1878 when she was just 3. Between 1881 and approximately 1889 she attended the local school in the village, combining school attendance with casual work in order to support her mother's household budget. She grew up in conditions of economic hardship, leaving school in order to work in "domestic service". She would later attribute her political activism to the economic hardship and inequality that marked her own childhood. She was acutely aware that " women had no political equality". 824:. That would indicate that by the time she was convicted and sentenced, she had already spent a considerable amount of time - albeit not as much as nine months - in pre-trial detention, and the warrant for her to serve the months remaining following sentencing was rescinded by the court "having regard to then long period of detention during the investigation", and possibly reflecting some unease on the part of the justice officials involved as to the reliability of the trial verdict. 882:. At least 20 activist members were arrested, including Merges and Faßhauer. Trial and sentencing followed five months later. On 5 October 1935 all the accused were found guilty of High Treason. Merges was sentenced to a three year jail term. Faßhauer was also sentenced to a jail term, but this was almost immediately set aside when her conviction was reversed on appeal. She was not released, however. Instead, on 24 October 1935 she was transferred to 557:. In 1917 she was prominently involved in the August strike, during the course of which, at 15.00 in Wednesday 15 August, approximately 5,000 striking workers gathered for an unauthorized meeting at the "Ölper Waldhaus" in order to appoint a negotiating commission. Minna Faßhauer was one of the five members elected. She is described in reports as "party representative and President of the pro-Spartakus Women's Club". 340:", Minna Nikolai married Johannes Georg Faßhauer, a Braunschweig blacksmith. The couple's sons Otto and Walter were born in 1903 and 1906: both lived to adulthood. Minna Faßhauer had left school still unable to read, but encouraged by the Socialist reading material that her husband gave her, it was as a young adult that she both mastered reading and became familiar with some of the political currents of the time. 648:. The council consisted of eight men and - remarkably in the context of the times - one woman. Minna Faßhauer, aged 43 at the time, was the woman. She was given the "People's Education" portfolio. Education was the only department that had two people's commissars, possibly on account of the gender of one of them. Faßhauer's co-commissar was Jean Kautz concerning whom, other than his name, nothing is known. 954:

People's Education. That meant she became the first woman anywhere in Germany to be elected to ministerial office. During her term in office the law on the separation of church and state was set in motion, along with the abolition of single-sex schools." Her record in office justified a suitable honour. In September 2012 it was suggested that a street should be named after her in the city's

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Unnützes verschwendet. Minna Faßhauers Ziel war eine Gesellschaft, die weder Rassismus noch andere Diskriminierungen kennt, in der die Gleichheit Aller oberstes Prinzip ist und in der die Menschen ihre Kräfte dafür einsetzen, sich und den kommenden Generationen eine Welt zu bereiten, in der die Ressourcen geschont werden und der Frieden gesichert ist. Eine solidarische Welt

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explosions, in connection with which she was several times arrested between 1920 and 1924. On at least one occasion she was convicted and sentenced to a four month jail term (which she never served, due to a wider amnesty). In 2018 the Braunschweig city fathers were persuaded to accept the designation "Frauenort Minna Faßhauer" (

248:. The designation is accompanied by an ambitious on-going education and information project. The campaign for recognition of Faßhauer's political achievements in her home city has done much to publicise her achievements, but there is little reason to believe that she has become less controversial in the process. 1061:

now teamed up to oppose the motion as submitted, which was then withdrawn without going to a vote. Grounds reported for the failure of the proposal to gain traction with the council were again Faßhauer's "problematic" relationship with parliamentary democracy and her still "unclarified involvement"

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in July 1914 Faßhauer's principal political concern was with the demand for equal rights for women. That included the right to vote. She delivered talks on these themes and took frequent opportunities to raise them at party meetings, for example in her address the first Wolfenbüttel Women's Day on 2

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Very soon she began to campaign for the rights of young working women and, in particular, for equality of treatment between the sexes. At a regional level she made a significant contribution to winning support for the lifting of the ban on political activity by women, which in theory extended across

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group for an "appreciation" (rather than an "honour") for Faßhauer. This unleashed a torrent of outrage among CDU councillors. There could be no question of discussing an honour for Faßhauer in the context whereby this would make her a potential role model, given the still unclear nature and extent

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city council submitted an application that the city fathers should come up with "a proposal whereby Minna Faßhauer might, in the future, be appropriately honoured. In support of the application it was pointed out that "... in 1918 the Braunschweig soviet government elected People's Commissar for

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was established. Members included Berta Schlösser, Anne Menge und Hedwig Steinbrecher along with Faßhauer herself. The commission was charged with monitoring compliance with the 1904 Child Protection Regulations, and other measures intended to support the health and cultural well-being of children.

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Lebte Minna Faßhauer heute, sie würde mit uns dafür kämpfen, dass alle Menschen ein kulturvolles Leben in Würde führen können, ein Leben, in dem kein Kind mehr verhungern muss. Denn die Werte, die sie erarbeiten, kommen den Menschen auch wieder zugute und werden nicht mehr für Rüstung und anderes

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Hans Wilhelm-Binder, Peter Dürrbeck, Jürgen Klose (co-editor-compilers.): "Die rote Fahne über dem Braunschweiger Schloss. Novemberrevolution 1918/19 in Braunschweig". Hermann Wallbaum erzählt. In: Baustein zur Geschichte der Braunschweiger Arbeiterbewegung. Selbstverlag, Braunschweig um 1978, p.

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The question of a fitting honour to celebrate Minna Faßhauer remains unresolved. The long-running controversy over it has nevertheless been accompanied by far greater awareness and discussion concerning her life and career. A slightly unconventional tribute was premiered in November 2014 in the

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More than a century after she served as People's Commissar for People's Education she still divides political opinion. In February 2012 a proposal was submitted by the left-wing group on the Braunschweig city council that Faßhauer should be honoured, possibly through the naming of a street in her

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She was denigrated by the Bourgeois press as a dumb woman: can't read or write, or whatever: doesn't speak German properly ... in any case, she was an honest and energetic woman, who gave her all for the movement. She was a washerwoman, going from house to house to do folks' washing. A regular

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Die folgende Meldung läßt erahnen, daß Minna Faßhauer die Verpflichtungen ihres Amtes nicht nur auf die Stadt beschränkte, sondern unverzüglich die Einrichtungen im Land Braunschweig besuchte, die in ihre Zuständigkeit fielen. Die Volkskommissarin besuchte Ende 1918/Januar 1919 die Neuerkeröder

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group on the council objected that this might be construed as presenting Faßhauer as a role model for the young people. The argument nevertheless persists, underpinned by the lack of consensus over the nature and extent of Faßhauer's involvement in a series of politically related terrorist

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becoming, according to her own later account, a party official. Again a principal focus of her campaigning was the abolition of the national prohibition on women becoming politically active. That goal was finally achieved in April 1908 with the passing of the so-called

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took personal responsibility for the report, which runs to 51 pages, and which was submitted to the city council in July 2013. Despite the availability of biographical information on Minna Faßhauer, the proposal that she deserved to be honoured remained contentious.

667:. Faßhauer was not among them. Before that happened, on 22 November 1918, as People's Education Commissar, Faßhauer abolished church oversight of the schools, and reduced the age at which young people might make their own choices about religious affiliation (so-called 961:

An intense debate followed over whether or not the city should confer some honour on Faßhauer. At the time no comprehensive biographical record of Faßhauer's life was in the public domain: on 13 November 2012 the "Institute for Braunschweig Regional History" at the

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and in the trades unions aligned to it agreed to a parliamentary truce in support of a traditional vision of "Patriotism". The move was contentious from the outset: Faßhauer was drawn increasingly towards the anti-war policies and the socialist ideas represented by

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Although the description of Minna Faßhauer as Germany's first female to serve as a government minister is no longer as contentious as it once was, it is nevertheless open to the objection the short-lived Socialist Republic of Braunschweig was "not a real German

2152: 2089: 2059: 679:: it replaced "History of War" with "History of Culture and the Arts". That involved removing certain publications from libraries and changing or replacing school books. She also committed to set up People's Kindergartens and People's Junior Schools. 2432: 643:

of the previous year, even if the finer points of Leninist constitutional theory had yet to become apparent. The governance of the "Braunschweig Socialist Republic" was to be entrusted to a council of people's commissars under the chairmanship of

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were outlawed and their (former) members subjected to some combination of surveillance, persecution or worse. Those identified as "communists" were persecuted with particular dedication. Faßhauer and her long-standing friend and political ally

1034:, summarized the position: "You can make the charge that she was close to the bomb attackers and of having known about the attacks. ... She deserves respect and recognition; but she is not a democratic exemplar. A week or so after that the 560:

During 1917 the tensions that had troubled the party over the leadership’s parliamentary support for the war became unsustainable. The party split. Minna Faßhauer, opposed to the war, was one of those who became a member of the breakaway

546:, At a political meeting during the early months of 1916 Faßhauer protested noisily against the party's parliamentary support for further war funding and the resulting prolongation of the war, after which she was excluded from the 815:

and the home of Ernst Lekebusch, a major land owner in the region. Another was the laboratory of Dr. Paul Nehring, possibly in account of his contributions to the justice system locally as a "court chemistry expert"

2160: 2097: 2067: 2294: 2029: 1178: 2234: 765:) institutions", and on several occasions she found herself before the courts. On 16 July 1921 she was ordered by a court to pay a 300 Mark fine and sentenced to four months in prison for a violation of the 451:. It is not clear whether or not Faßhauer was involved in establishing "Bildungsverein jugendlicher Arbeiter", but she was instrumental in changing its name less than a year later. In 1908 she attended 388:

stood closely by her: I just know that she worked her way up from the lowest level through reading etc. Various grammatical blunders in what she wrote were grossly magnified and distorted by bourgeois

569:. Her political work, at this time, included strengthening then influence of the USPD in workplaces and, where appropriate, luring members of the SPD away to the USPD. As the disastrous war neared its 651:

Faßhauer served as People's Commissar for People's Education between 10 November 1918 and 21 February 1919. The revolutionary Braunschweig state government was then replaced by a significantly more

2295:""Angemessene Würdigung für Minna Faßhauer": "Von Ernst August über August Merges zu Heinrich Jasper – Die Zeit der Weimarer Republik in Braunschweig von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn des Faschismus"" 424:

Another issue on which, because of her own childhood experiences, Faßhauer campaigned was the care and education of workers' children. At the end of 1907 the "Bildungsverein jugendlicher Arbeiter" (

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Minna Faßhauer wurde 1918 erste deutsche Ministerin. Mit ihr befassten sich die Frauen beim Hertha-Peters-Stammtisch – und es wurde auch eine Forderung zum Thema Gleichberechtigung angesprochen

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the whole of Germany till it was formally lifted in 1908 (although in practice it is clear that since at least far back as 1890, the ban had been enforced with far more vigour in some parts of

1238: 2442: 467:. There were two delegates from Braunschweig: the other was Lina Behrens. Faßhauer and Behrens submitted a report to the conference in which they recommended that, in the light of recent 2452: 633:, to be its president. Merges was a powerful orator and popular with the rioters and demonstrators who at this point controlled the streets and the parliament building of Braunschweig. 2447: 2467: 2378: 1122: 525:, because the negative consequences were all too easy to foretell. Food prices rose dramatically, while workers' wages did not. Minna Faßhauer could see no merit in the so-called " 1081:, might deserve a "critical appreciation" in the context of the continuing controversy over how and whether to honour Minna Faßhauer. The proposal attracted the support of the 1459: 417:) which standardised the regulation of political organisation - hitherto subject to a bewildering mixture of national and regional laws and regulations - across the whole of 746:, itself an early extremist anti-parliamentarian breakaway organisation from what was becoming in Germany the mainstream Communist Party. Minna Faßhauer was a member of the 914:. From 1946 her name began to appear on the party candidate list for local government elections, but Braunschweig had ended up in the British occupation zone. Outside the 758:, a self-defined anarcho-syndicalist trade union with a strongly political agenda, of which the membership came, primarily, from the building trades and textiles sector. 2298: 2037: 1186: 2242: 436:

youth wing. The association's first president was Robert Wiebold. Other founder members who later achieved prominence as political or resistance activists included

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of her "entanglements" in the 1921 bomb attacks experienced in Braunschweig during 1921. They also focused on the attitude of radical anti-parliamentarianism that

2477: 1569:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg: Veröffentlichungen Zur Sbz-/Ddr-Forschung Im Institut Für Zeitgeschichte: 74 (Quellen Und Darstellungen Zur Zeitgeschichte). p. 28. 785: 727: 699: 687: 660: 622: 562: 134: 922:

no longer enjoyed even a semblance of mass appeal, and she was not elected. On 4 March 1946 Minna Faßhauer was officially recognised as a victim of fascism.

970:, was mandated to compile a biographical report for submission to the council, in order that they might reach a properly informed decision on the matter. 227:

between November 1918 and February 1919, leading admirers to identify her as the first female to serve as a minister in a German regional government.

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Erste Ministerin in Deutschland .... Minna Fasshauer gehört ohne Zweifel zu den herausragenden Persönlichkeiten der Stadt und des Landes Braunschweig

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Janicki, Heidi (20 June 2014). "Drei WiderstandskämpferInnen aus dem sozialdemokratisch/ kommunistischen Milieu, Braunschweig .... Minna Faßhauer".

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Her name also came up in connection with a succession of allegedly terrorist explosions. During the course of July 1921, with governance over the

594: 2208: 1995: 1715: 617:- came nineteen days later, on 28 November. Before that, on 10 November 1918 the" Workers' and soldiers' soviet" in Braunschweig marched on the 2482: 2329:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1937:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1809:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1670:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1539:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1510:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1440:. Landesverband Braunschweigische Frauenvereine (Arbeitskreis Minna) & Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen, Braunschweig 1267:

Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (Hrsg.): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region. Braunschweig 2000, p. 934.

747: 739: 138: 671:) to 14. That was only part of a more wide ranging and arguably more contentious socialist reform programme. Her decree on arrangements for 2437: 1876: 1082: 1054: 1003: 983: 890:. Release came on 13 January 1936, by which tome her health had deteriorated badly. She survived, but remained under close surveillance by 232: 963: 1345: 513: 1313: 2264: 1018:

group on the council stepped back from endorsing an official "appreciation" for Faßhauer, suggesting instead a "critical appreciation".

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Factory work was significantly better paid, during the closing decades of the nineteenth century, than any of the jobs available in the

683: 574: 361: 209: 2472: 1574: 1121:, a local actress and cabaret artiste with a national reputation. That first production was supported with a €20.000 grant from the 1066: 1058: 1035: 1015: 991: 781: 664: 530: 519: 452: 433: 394: 201: 130: 1106: 1019: 751: 241: 1869:

The Dutch and German Communist Left (1900–68): Neither Lenin nor Trotsky nor Stalin!' - 'All Workers Must Think for Themselves!'

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group then came up with a new proposal, providing that a number of historical Braunschweig personalities from the time of the

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party group that Minna Faßhauer should be appropriately honoured by the city. The motion was supported by "Die Linke" and by

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On 8 August 2013 a majority on the Braunschweig Council's Committee for Arts and Sciences voted against the proposal of the

986:), at that time Braunschweig's senior mayor, shared some preliminary conclusions from a contemporary political perspective: 542:. Faßhauer and Merges were closely aligned in respect of the war, and in 1915 they together made contact with leaders of 895: 2153:"Bemerkung der Verwaltung zur biographischen Dokumentation von Herrn Prof. Dr. h.c. Gerd Biegel in Sachen Minna Faßhauer" 1742: 863: 761:

Between 1920 and 1924 Faßhauer was repeatedly arrested in connection with "terrorist actions against churches and civil (

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between 30 December 1918 and 1 January 1919: others quickly switched to the new party. Faßhauer herself then joined the

478:, the "Bildungsverein jugendlicher Arbeiter" should be renamed "Bildungsverein jugendlicher Arbeiterinnen und Arbeiter" ( 1599:

Tagung: Widerstand, Verweigerung und Selbstbehauptung 1933-1945 .... die Vergangenheit lehrt und vieles über die Zukunft

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countryside, and many rural workers were drawn to the cities as a result. Nikolai was 18 when she relocated to nearby

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Volksfreund 28. Juni 1908 and various subsequent dates .... Quelle:Stadtarchiv Braunschweig, G XI Vereine:12: 1-3

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which later would be banned by the German constitutional court precisely on account of its unconstitutionality."

309: 800: 109: 707: 602: 204:, of which she succeeded in becoming a member in 1903. During the war she was actively engaged in the anti-war 2272:... dass das politische Braunschweig noch einmal über Minna Faßhauer debattieren würde, hätte ich nie gedacht 1377: 906:

After the war ended, despite being over 70 and her poor health, Minna Faßhauer set about re-establishing the

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Some days after the vote of the Committee for Arts and Sciences, in a significant shift of position, the

808: 468: 403: 770: 2383:„Soziokulturelle Einrichtungen eröffnen Zugänge zur Kultur“ .... Land gibt 2014 rund 1,6 Millionen Euro 2182: 1955:

Gerd Biegel: Minna Faßhauer (1875–1949). Biographische Dokumentation zu einem aktuellen Diskurs., p. 37

547: 320: 1404: 304: 2492: 2487: 1613: 1532: 1094: 850: 652: 1185:. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Kommunistischen Partei (Bezirk Niedersachse), Hannover. Archived from 769:. It was alleged that on 17 September 1920 she had participated in a "public communist meeting" at 526: 522: 378: 886:. During her relatively brief time at the "camp" she remained actively engaged with the illegal 795:, the city experienced several "politically motivated explosives attacks". Targets included the 2235:"Angemessene Würdigung für Minna Faßhauer (Antrag der Linken Nr. 2841/13 - VA TOP 14, Rat TOP 4)" 2025: 1042: 942: 640: 570: 491: 437: 353: 349: 193: 61: 1768: 1382:

Unser "Bildungsort Minna" wurde nach Minna Faßhauer benannt, um ihr Leben und Wirken zu würdigen

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teaching, issued on 16 November 1918, placed a prohibition on the "glorification of princes" or

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of 1918/19. She was one of the leaders of the revolution when it erupted locally just outside

473: 408: 330: 1872: 1801: 1638: 1570: 1562: 796: 788: 368:, characterised Minna Faßhauer's political contribution during those early years as follows: 1689: 610: 554: 205: 1503: 656: 1643:

Ein regionalgeschichtliches Symposium am Institut für Braunschweigische Regionalgeschichte

1245:. Institut für Braunschweigische Regionalgeschichte an der TU Braunschweig. Archived from 1078: 1074: 1027: 844: 840: 836: 750:

between April 1920 and its dissolution in 1933. She was also actively involved with the

676: 539: 197: 2321: 2021: 821: 582: 272:(as Egeln-Nord was known before 1950), a village in the flat countryside to the south of 1355:. DGB Region SüdOstNiedersachsen ("Magazin der DGB"), Braunschweig. 2018. pp. 41–42 1460:"Minna Faßhauer – die erste Ministerin Deutschlands wurde heute vor 135 Jahren geboren" 1086: 1041:

On 28 September 2013 there was a vote of the council on the original proposal from the

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in search of work and immediately found it, initially in domestic service and later in

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The revolutionaries drew much of their inspiration from the success of the so-called

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who had arrived back from Leipzig two days earlier, unanimously proclaimed/selected

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and proclaimed the "Braunschweig Socialist Republic". They called for a one-party

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took a further decision on the affair, now agreeing to defer any final decision.

930: 1102: 874:, but also well networked with equivalent groups in Berlin and, closer to home, 792: 645: 626: 486: 460: 192:: 10 October 1875 - 28 July 1949) was a political and feminist activist of the 1090: 971: 967: 730:

to splinter apart. Some of its activist members were among the founders of the

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she campaigned for gender equality both inside and outside the rapidly growing

1294:. taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH (taz nord), Berlin. pp. 26 ePaper 22 Nord 1118: 847: 240:), presented on behalf of the Women's Committee of the regional branch of the 267: 51: 2183:"CDU-Fraktion erfreut über plötzliches Einlenken der SPD bei Minna Faßhauer" 875: 637: 605:

was announced the same day, though a more formal statement of abdication by

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Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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who would emerged in November 1918 as the president of the revolutionary "

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form of "Minna - a life in Braunschweig", a musical revue staged at the

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In 1916 or 1917 she also joined the Braunschweig branch of the anti-war

891: 879: 672: 614: 1498: 1496: 1494: 2385:. Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur, Hannover 994:, for example - but the expressly anti-democratic anti-parliamentary 926: 735: 715: 598: 490:

March 1913. In 1913 or 1914 a "Children's Protection Commission" for

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Burgfriedenspolitik, Opposition gegen den Krieg und Spaltung der SPD

1384:. d&d design & distribution GmbH & Co. KG., Braunschweig 573:

she took an active part in the build-up to what became known as the

1428: 1426: 482:). The recommendation was accepted and the change was implemented. 2293:

Manfred Pesditschek, SPD Fraktionsvorsitzender (26 August 2013).

1533:"Vereins- und Versammlungsrecht für die Frauen / Wahlrechtskampf" 2189:. Fraktion der CDU im Rat der Stadt Braunschweig. 21 August 2013 2129:. Fraktion der CDU im Rat der Stadt Braunschweig. 14 August 2013 2000:

Rätekommunistischer Politiker und Widerstandskämpfer (1870-1945)

1314:"Minna Faßhauer: Frieden, Freiheit, Brot! - Heute noch aktuell?" 929:. The eulogy at her funeral, three days later, was delivered by 698:. In January 1919 she was elected to the Braunschweig regional 2379:"Aufstellung der geförderten Vorhaben im zweiten Halbjahr 2014" 2357:

Biographische Revue .... Ein Kapitel Braunschweiger Geschichte

1563:"Grotewohl im späten Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik" 2187:

Wendroth: „Würdigung einer Terroristin ist niemals möglich!“

1179:"Minna Fasshauer - eine Frau in der Novemberrevolution 1918" 2002:. LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte, Bonn 1287: 503:

During the war years Minna Faßhauer sustained contact with

2274:. SPD-Fraktion im Rat der Stadt Braunschweig. October 2013 2157:

Der Oberbürgermeister Referat Wissenschaft und Stadtarchiv

2117: 2115: 1905:"Unruhige Zeiten in Braunschweig - Braunschweiger Zeitung" 1117:. In the first performances the title role was taken by 1537:

Volksfreund 28. January 1908 and various subsequent dates

2127:

SPD will die Feindin der Demokratie Minna Faßhauer ehren

1696:. Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen 1645:. Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Region SüdOstNiedersachsen 958:

quarter. The suggestion was not implemented, however.

686:, between December 1918 and May 1919, Faßhauer sat as a 480:"Young female and male Workers' Educational Association" 925:

Minna Faßhauer died on 28 July 1949, having suffered a

455:

fifth Women's Conference which was held, that year, at

1720:

Leben in Braunschweig .... Etappen der Stadtgeschichte

1567:

Otto Grotewohl (1894-1964): Eine politische Biographie

1243:

Biographische Dokumentation zu einem aktuellen Diskurs

1115:"Brunsviga" arts, communications and performance venue 261:

Minna Nikolai was born into a working-class family in

565:"Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" 1123:

State Ministry for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities

1899: 1897: 1895: 1372: 1370: 625:state government and, in response to a proposal by 166: 156: 148: 126: 98: 72: 28: 21: 1865:"Illustrations ... Figure 20: Minna Faßauer (sic)" 2094:Angemessene Ehrung für Minna Faßhauer – Sachstand 1743:"Peiner Frauen befassten sich mit Minna Faßhauer" 726:During the early 1920s it became the turn of the 212:she served as Volkskommissarin für Volksbildung ( 2458:Communist Workers' Party of Germany politicians 2453:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians 1556: 1554: 1085:councillors. Names mentioned included those of 937:Posthumous controversy over "a fitting tribute" 2448:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians 1963: 1961: 1690:"Erster Weltkrieg, Ein "Menschenschlachthaus"" 1237:Biegel, Gerd; Heilkenbrinker, Theresa (2013). 393:In 1903 Minna Faßhauer became a member of the 2468:Women members of state parliaments in Germany 1826: 1824: 742:"Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands" 373:working woman at the bottom of the ladder. 8: 2443:People of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 1483: 1481: 1172: 1170: 1168: 2346: 2344: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1749:. Peiner Allgemeine Zeitung (PAZ), Hannover 1662: 1660: 1639:"Kennen Sie August, Otto, Sepp oder Minna?" 1466:. kulinaria katastrophalia. 10 October 2010 1340: 1338: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1022:, an acknowledged expert on the history of 214:"People's Commissar for People's Education" 1716:"Novemberrevolution und Weimarer Republik" 1633: 1631: 1464:Archiv der Kategorie 'kulinaria minimalia' 1434:"Vom Bildungsverein zur Frauenversammlung" 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 18: 1970:"SPD denkt neu ueber Minna Faßhauer nach" 1378:"Zum Leben und Wirken von Minna Faßhauer" 797:Braunschweig Tennis and Hockey facilities 397:"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" 106:People's Commissar for People's Education 2123:"Schlag ins Gesicht für alle Demokraten" 1837:Vom Frauenwahlrecht zur Gleichstellung?! 426:"Young Workers' Educational Association" 1839:. Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt, Magdeburg 1346:"Minna Faßhauer – eine kurze Biografie" 1164: 1134: 853:. All political parties apart from the 548:"National Women's Service" organisation 2463:Members of the Landtag of Braunschweig 2209:"Weiter Streit um Ehrung von Faßhauer" 1616:. Dr. Uwe Meier (Braunschweig-Spiegel) 706:, unsuccessfully, for election to the 238:literally "Women Place Minna Faßhauer" 92:German Federal Republic (West Germany) 2478:Moringen concentration camp survivors 2034:Angemessene Ehrung für Minna Faßhauer 563:Independent Social Democratic Party ( 7: 1288:"Minna Faßhauerwar erste Ministerin" 964:Technical University of Braunschweig 655:system on 22 February 1919. The new 2359:. Greenmark IT GmbH, Alfeld (Leine) 2353:"Minna - Ein Leben in Braunschweig" 2241:. 17 September 2013. Archived from 2064:StBezRat 132 Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof 1508:Minna Faßhauer war eine mutige Frau 1062:in the explosives attacks of 1921. 1026:during the years of the so-called ' 1011:had spelled out two weeks earlier. 754:"Freie Arbeiter Union Deutschlands" 692:the Braunschweig State Parliament ( 415:loosely, "National Association Law" 244:"German Trades Union Confederation" 1411:. Braunschweig Stadtmarketing GmbH 518:". The approach of war led to a 509:Socialist Republic of Braunschweig 218:Socialist Republic of Braunschweig 14: 2351:Michael Rieper (4 October 2014). 2066:. 8 November 2012. Archived from 1614:"Stolperstein für Minna Faßhauer" 1561:Dierk Hoffmann (September 2009). 1286:Marthe Ruddat (10 October 2018). 708:provisional national parliament ( 529:" whereby leading figures in the 360:and an observer of the so-called 110:the Braunschweig State Parliament 2406: 1968:Henning Noske (21 August 2013). 996:Communist Party of Germany (KPD) 780:again in the hands of a(nother) 767:Disarmament Act of 5 August 1920 210:revolutionary context of 1918/19 1935:Der Kapp-Putsch in Braunschweig 1403:Stephanie Horn (8 March 2017). 589:Braunschweig Socialist Republic 121:Resistance Activist (1933-1945) 2090:"Stellungnahme der Verwaltung" 1239:"Minna Faßhauer (1875 – 1949)" 677:"Incitement of popular hatred" 659:contained members both of the 595:German republic was proclaimed 469:changes in the legal situation 459:under the joint presidency of 1: 2483:Politicians from Braunschweig 2096:. 31 May 2013. Archived from 1833:"Die erste Frau im Parlament" 1612:Heide Janicki (4 July 2015). 1409:Frauenpower in der Löwenstadt 966:", under the directorship of 231:honour. But the centre-right 2438:German women trade unionists 1871:. BRILL. pp. XXX, 204. 1177:Heide Janicki (March 2016). 1079:National Socialist take-over 740:"Communist Workers' Party" ( 694:"Braunschweigischer Landtag" 1863:Philippe Bourrinet (2017). 1741:Alex Leppert (4 May 2018). 884:Moringen concentration camp 601:on 9 November 1918 and the 303:. On 16 April 1899, at the 2509: 1321:Diskussion/Vortrag/Program 864:Kommunistische Räte-Union" 778:Free State of Braunschweig 734:, at a conference held in 732:Communist Party of Germany 722:Explosives attacks in 1921 352:- than in others. After 280:First political engagement 2473:German resistance members 1931:"Die Reaktion marschiert" 619:state parliament building 395:Social Democratic Party ( 176:Dorothea Schmidt (mother) 789:coalition administration 173:Theodor Nikolai (father) 752:"Free Workers' Union" ( 202:Social Democratic Party 152:Johannes Georg Faßhauer 104:Women's rights activist 2428:German trade unionists 2213:Braunschweiger Zeitung 1974:Braunschweiger Zeitung 1909:Braunschweiger Zeitung 956:Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof 828:Twelve years of Hitler 358:Communist Party member 257:Childhood conditioning 2415:at Wikimedia Commons 1292:Die Tageszeitung: Taz 1071:"November Revolution" 892:the security services 880:the security services 834:the Hitler government 813:"Prinz Albrecht Park" 710:"Nationalversammlung" 669:"Religionsmündigkeit" 575:"November revolution" 428:) was inaugurated in 362:"November revolution" 1722:. Stadt Braunschweig 1405:"... Minna Faßhauer" 1077:, tight up till the 941:On 16 February 2012 862:participated in the 702:executive and stood 603:emperor's abdication 356:Hermann Wallbaum, a 348:- and especially in 1107:Ernst August Roloff 1020:Ernst-August Roloff 949:party group on the 841:transformed Germany 682:During much of the 607:the emperor himself 544:"the International" 527:Burgfriedenspolitik 463:and the formidable 404:Reichsvereinsgesetz 2239:WRS-Sitzungsdienst 1802:"Schule – Bildung" 818:"Gerichtschemiker" 641:October Revolution 485:Right up till the 102:Socialist activist 2411:Media related to 1878:978-90-04-26977-4 1831:Dr. Elke Stolze. 1782:. 29 October 2019 1095:Werner Küchenthal 294:a canning factory 183: 182: 16:German politician 2500: 2410: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2320:Janicki, Heide. 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2297:. Archived from 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2215:. 28 August 2013 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2159:. Archived from 2151:(26 July 2013). 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2036:. Archived from 2022:Gisela Ohnesorge 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1965: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1911:. 14 August 2013 1901: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1860: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1769:"Minna Faßhauer" 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1668:"Antifaschistin" 1664: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1558: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1504:"Biographisches" 1500: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1430: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1374: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1350: 1342: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1318: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1283: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1234: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1174: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1139: 992:Social Democrats 978:On 26 July 2013 868:resistance group 832:In January 1933 555:Spartacus League 517: 477: 446: 412: 387: 339: 324: 313: 305:Michaelis Church 302: 271: 226: 206:Spartacus League 118: 79: 55: 43: 41: 19: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2418: 2417: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2060:"Niederschrift" 2058: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1996:"August Merges" 1993: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1862: 1861: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1285: 1284: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1236: 1235: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1176: 1175: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1053:. However, the 1028:Weimar Republic 939: 920:Communist Party 908:Communist Party 904: 888:Communist Party 830: 805:Garrison Church 724: 684:revolution year 609:- by that time 591: 540:Karl Liebknecht 511: 501: 487:outbreak of war 471: 440: 406: 381: 333: 318: 316:old town centre 307: 296: 282: 265: 259: 254: 220: 198:First World War 179: 161: 141: 137: 133: 127:Political party 119: 112: 107: 105: 103: 94: 81: 77: 68: 49: 44: 39: 37: 36:10 October 1875 35: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2420: 2419: 2413:Minna Faßhauer 2403: 2402:External links 2400: 2397: 2396: 2370: 2340: 2312: 2285: 2256: 2226: 2200: 2174: 2140: 2111: 2081: 2051: 2013: 1994:Tobias Kühne. 1986: 1957: 1948: 1922: 1891: 1877: 1850: 1820: 1793: 1760: 1733: 1707: 1681: 1656: 1627: 1604: 1589: 1576:978-3486590326 1575: 1550: 1521: 1490: 1477: 1451: 1422: 1395: 1366: 1334: 1305: 1269: 1260: 1200: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1144: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1105:and the elder 1087:Otto Grotewohl 1075:"Weimar" years 1000: 999: 938: 935: 903: 900: 855:ruling "party" 829: 826: 723: 720: 657:administration 590: 587: 536:Rosa Luxemburg 500: 497: 449:Otto Grotewohl 391: 390: 281: 278: 258: 255: 253: 250: 186:Minna Faßhauer 181: 180: 178: 177: 174: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 128: 124: 123: 100: 96: 95: 82: 80:(aged 73) 74: 70: 69: 45: 32: 30: 26: 25: 23:Minna Faßhauer 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2505: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2401: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2301:on 2014-01-04 2300: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2245:on 2015-06-22 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2163:on 2014-12-02 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2100:on 2015-06-22 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2070:on 2015-06-22 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2040:on 2015-06-22 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1781: 1780:Niedersachsen 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1354: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1249:on 2015-06-22 1248: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1189:on 2016-03-15 1188: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:August Merges 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1043:"Die Linke" ( 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 997: 993: 989: 988: 987: 985: 981: 980:Gert Hoffmann 976: 973: 969: 965: 959: 957: 952: 948: 946: 943:"Die Linke" ( 936: 934: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:August Merges 856: 852: 849: 846: 842: 838: 835: 827: 825: 823: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 755: 749: 745: 743: 737: 733: 729: 721: 719: 717: 713: 711: 705: 701: 697: 695: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 642: 639: 634: 632: 631:August Merges 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 588: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 566: 558: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 528: 524: 521: 515: 510: 506: 505:August Merges 498: 496: 493: 488: 483: 481: 475: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 410: 405: 400: 398: 385: 380: 379:Robert Gehrke 376: 375:August Merges 371: 370: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 341: 337: 332: 328: 322: 317: 311: 306: 300: 295: 291: 287: 279: 277: 275: 269: 264: 256: 251: 249: 247: 245: 239: 234: 228: 224: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196:. Before the 195: 191: 190:Minna Nikolai 187: 175: 172: 171: 169: 165: 159: 155: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 116: 111: 101: 99:Occupation(s) 97: 93: 89: 85: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 53: 48: 33:Minna Nikolai 31: 27: 20: 2405: 2387:. Retrieved 2382: 2373: 2361:. Retrieved 2356: 2331:. Retrieved 2325: 2322:"Danksagung" 2315: 2303:. Retrieved 2299:the original 2288: 2276:. Retrieved 2271: 2259: 2247:. Retrieved 2243:the original 2238: 2229: 2217:. Retrieved 2203: 2191:. Retrieved 2186: 2177: 2165:. Retrieved 2161:the original 2156: 2149:Dr. Hoffmann 2143: 2131:. Retrieved 2126: 2102:. Retrieved 2098:the original 2093: 2084: 2072:. Retrieved 2068:the original 2063: 2054: 2042:. Retrieved 2038:the original 2033: 2016: 2004:. Retrieved 1999: 1989: 1977:. Retrieved 1951: 1939:. Retrieved 1934: 1925: 1913:. Retrieved 1882:. Retrieved 1868: 1841:. Retrieved 1836: 1811:. Retrieved 1805: 1796: 1784:. Retrieved 1772: 1763: 1751:. Retrieved 1746: 1736: 1724:. Retrieved 1719: 1710: 1698:. 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Retrieved 1187:the original 1182: 1147: 1137: 1111: 1064: 1051:"The Greens" 1044: 1040: 1024:Braunschweig 1013: 1001: 977: 960: 951:Braunschweig 944: 940: 931:Arthur Krull 924: 912:Braunschweig 905: 872:Braunschweig 866:, a leftist 851:dictatorship 839:and rapidly 831: 822:Wolfenbüttel 817: 807:between the 801:"Bürgerpark" 775: 763:or bourgeois 762: 760: 753: 741: 725: 709: 704:for election 693: 681: 668: 650: 635: 592: 583:Wolfenbüttel 579:Braunschweig 564: 559: 552: 502: 492:Braunschweig 484: 479: 465:Clara Zetkin 430:Braunschweig 425: 423: 414: 396: 392: 366:Braunschweig 342: 327:Braunschweig 290:Braunschweig 283: 260: 243: 237: 229: 213: 189: 185: 184: 88:Lower Saxony 84:Braunschweig 78:(1949-07-28) 76:28 July 1949 2493:1949 deaths 2488:1875 births 2026:"Die Linke" 1103:Sepp Oerter 1091:Carl Heimbs 972:Gerd Biegel 968:Gerd Biegel 916:Soviet zone 902:Final years 870:centred on 809:"Stadtpark" 793:Sepp Oerter 663:and of the 646:Sepp Oerter 627:Sepp Oerter 512: [ 472: [ 461:Luise Zietz 453:the party's 441: [ 438:Fritz Benke 407: [ 382: [ 334: [ 319: [ 308: [ 297: [ 266: [ 263:Bleckendorf 221: [ 113: [ 50: [ 47:Bleckendorf 2422:Categories 2389:5 November 2363:5 November 2333:5 November 2305:5 November 2278:5 November 2249:5 November 2219:5 November 2193:5 November 2167:4 November 2133:4 November 2104:4 November 2074:4 November 2044:4 November 2006:4 November 1979:3 November 1941:3 November 1915:3 November 1884:3 November 1843:3 November 1813:3 November 1786:3 November 1773:Broschüren 1753:3 November 1726:2 November 1700:2 November 1674:2 November 1649:2 November 1620:2 November 1582:1 November 1543:1 November 1514:1 November 1470:1 November 1444:1 November 1415:31 October 1388:1 November 1359:31 October 1327:1 November 1298:1 November 1253:31 October 1159:References 1119:Gisa Flake 1045:"the Left" 945:"the Left" 837:took power 771:Nordhausen 690:member of 653:democratic 208:. 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