West Germany - Knowledge (XXG)

3091:"... the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic." 1890: 2507:, a leading FDP official, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the European Community (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". Mounting external problems forced Schmidt to concentrate on foreign policy and limited the domestic reforms that he could carry out. The USSR upgraded its intermediate-range missiles, which Schmidt complained was an unacceptable threat to the balance of nuclear power, because it increased the likelihood of political coercion and required a western response. NATO respond in the form of its twin-track policy. The domestic reverberations were serious inside the SPD, and undermined its coalition with the FDP. One of his major successes, in collaboration with French President 2673: 2980: 3197: 1150:. They formally joined the federal republic on 3 October 1990, raising the total number of states from ten to sixteen, and ending the division of Germany. The reunited Germany is the direct continuation of the state previously informally called West Germany and not a new state, as the process was essentially a voluntary act of accession: the Federal Republic of Germany was enlarged to include the additional six states of the German Democratic Republic. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO, 2762: 2092: 204: 857: 244: 4996:

informally called "West German" before 1991. The only differences were a larger membership and a different name used by some foreigners. These organisations and teams in turn mostly continued the traditions of those that represented Germany before the Second World War, and even the First World War, thus providing a century-old continuity despite political changes. On the other hand, the separate East German teams and organisations were founded in the 1950s; they were an episode lasting less than four decades, yet quite successful in that time.

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Treaty. Following wartime commitments by the Allies to the governments-in-exile of Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Potsdam Protocols also agreed to the 'orderly and humane' transfer to Germany as a whole of the ethnic German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Eight million German expellees and refugees eventually settled in West Germany. Between 1946 and 1949, three of the occupation zones began to merge. First, the British and American zones were combined into the quasi-state of

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the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms and conditions; including fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990; that is through a binding agreement between the former GDR and the Federal Republic now recognising each another as separate sovereign states in international law. This treaty was then voted into effect on 20 September 1990 by both the Volkskammer and the

83: 2018: 1313: 1234:, had issued the "Directives for the Appellation of Germany", recommending avoiding the initialism BRD. On 31 May 1974, the heads of West German federal and state governments recommended always using the full name in official publications. From then on, West German sources avoided the abbreviated form, with the exception of left-leaning organizations which embraced it. In November 1979, the federal government informed the 224: 69: 2591:. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union. 1839: 5011: 1774: 5892: 2407:

1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998. Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged, partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims, the State Counsel Buback.

2579:. Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions. East Germany then dissolved itself, and its five post-war states ( 7057: 1788: 2377: 1995:

applied to Berlin as a whole despite the Soviets declaring the end of occupation of East Berlin unilaterally many decades before). The Two-plus-Four Agreement also saw the two parts of Germany confirm their post-war external boundaries as final and irreversible (including the 1945 transfer of former German lands east of the

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two department stores in Frankfurt; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the "struggle against imperialism". The student movement began to split into different factions, ranging from the unattached liberals to the

4981:, the Olympic teams of West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland were merged to represent Germany together. Four years earlier Saarland had attended as separate teams while East Germany had not attended. After 1956, 1962, and 1964; East Germany competed in the Summer Olympics as a separate member of the IOC. 1909:

and outside of 'Germany as a whole' were officially separated from German sovereignty in August 1945 and transferred from Soviet military occupation to Polish and Soviet (in the case of the territory of Kaliningrad) civil administration, their Polish and Soviet status to be confirmed at a final Peace

1205:(West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its constitutional amendment in 1974, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. The initialism 2814:

In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. The Social Democrats concluded that not only were the Greens unlikely to form a coalition, but also that such a coalition would be far from a majority. Neither

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Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke, coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims led to growing militance among students and their supporters. In May 1968, three young people set fire to

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The calling in question of the actions and policies of government led to a new climate of debate. The issues of emancipation, colonialism, environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society. In 1979 the environmental party, the Greens, reached the 5% limit required to

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was shot in the head and killed by a plainclothes policeman. (It has now been established that the policeman, Kurras, was a paid spy of the East German security forces.) Protest demonstrations continued, and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made, which was declared by

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that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty".

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in his illegal seizure of dictatorial powers. Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood

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remained in East Germany. Four days after obtaining the "authority of a sovereign state" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The UK and the USA retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding

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Eastern Europe, which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of

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After the peaceful revolution of 1989 in East Germany, the Volkskammer of the GDR on 23 August 1990 declared the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law and thus initiated the process of reunification, to come into effect on 3 October 1990. Nevertheless,

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who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin. Just before Easter 1968, a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union, seriously injuring him. All over West Germany, thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as

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states "In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded

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which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen, several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans, whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas. In the

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retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces

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was definitively ended and the Four Allied powers relinquished their joint residual sovereign authority for Germany as a whole including the area of West Berlin which had officially remained under Allied occupation for the purposes of international and GDR law (a status that the Western countries

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As in 1957, when the Saarland acceded, East German sport organisations ceased to exist in late 1990 as their subdivisions and their members joined their Western counterparts. Thus, the present German organisations and teams in football, Olympics and elsewhere are identical to those that had been

2861:. The program was hugely unpopular in West Germany and was opposed by the new government of Konrad Adenauer. In 1951, several laws were passed granting amnesties and ending denazification. As a result, many people with a former Nazi past ended up again in the political apparatus of West Germany. 3208:

As demand for consumer goods increased after World War II, the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and

2226:, Defence Minister, who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis. Adenauer was still wounded by his brief run for president, and this episode damaged his reputation even further. He announced that he would step down in the fall of 1963. His successor was to be Ludwig Erhard. 1877:

were negotiated. They agreed that the boundaries of Germany as at 31 December 1937 would be chosen as demarcating German national territory from German-occupied territory; all German annexations after 1937 were automatically null. Subsequently, and into the 1970s, the West German state was to

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in which women demonstrated for equal rights. Until 1977, a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account. Further reforms in 1979 to parental rights law gave equal legal rights to the mother and the father, abolishing the legal

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In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. Kohl's CDU and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, slipped from 48.8% of the vote in 1983 to 44.3%. The SPD fell to 37%; long-time SPD Chairman Brandt

2687:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a 2868:, to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in order to lay the groundwork for an eventual return to power. Although this effort was exposed and disrupted, many former Nazis still attained positions of power and influence in the political system. West German President (1974–1979) 2795:

Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government, continuing the SPD–FDP coalition. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister in the same years. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the

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as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity. Nevertheless, the new West Germany asserted its fundamental continuity with the 'overall' German state that was held to have embodied the unified German people since the

1257:, Germany), which has remained the country code of Germany after reunification. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are the most widely used country codes, and the DE code is notably used as a country identifier, extending the postal code and as the Internet's country code top-level domain 181: 3125:

on the territory of East Germany; and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Amongst these amendments was the repeal of the very Article 23 in respect of which the GDR had nominally declared its postdated accession to the Federal Republic.

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legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally, which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations

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as a sovereign state under international law; while at the same time acknowledging that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the

1886:: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Berlin was separately divided into four zones. These divisions were not intended to dismember Germany, only to designate zones of administration. 188: 5512:

However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in

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2–1 in the final. With the process of unification in full swing in the summer of 1990, the Germans won a third World Cup, with players that had been capped for East Germany not yet permitted to contribute. European championships have been won too, in 1972 and 1980.

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Religious affiliation in West Germany decreased from the 1960s onward. Religious affiliation declined faster among Protestants than among Catholics, causing the Roman Catholic Church to overtake the EKD as the largest denomination in the country during the 1970s.

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had been widely publicised in Germany but until a new generation of teachers, educated with the findings of historical studies, could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people, one courageous attorney,

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was 73 years old when he became chancellor in 1949, and for this reason he was initially reckoned as a caretaker. However, he ruled for 14 years. The grand statesman of German postwar politics had to be dragged—almost literally—out of office in 1963.

2811:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, because of the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote. 2324:

In the wakes of these demonstrations, in which the question of America's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role, came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of the parent-generation in the Nazi era. The proceedings of the

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The official position of West Germany concerning East Germany at the outset was that the West German government was the only democratically elected, and therefore the only legitimate, representative of the German people. According to the

2162:. The WEU, however, would regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states. Also, the German constitution prohibited any military action, except in the case of an external attack against Germany or its allies ( 5104: 2788:. However, the affair is widely considered to have been merely a trigger for Brandt's resignation, not a fundamental cause. Instead, Brandt, dogged by scandal relating to alcohol and depression as well as the economic fallout of the 2316:, mingled with anger over the vigour with which demonstrations were repressed led to mounting militance among the students at the universities in Berlin. One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called 2229:

In the early 1960s, the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly. In 1962 growth rate was 4.7% and the following year, 2.0%. After a brief recovery, the growth rate slowed again into a recession, with no growth in 1967.

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spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored. The FDP members of Adenauer's cabinet resigned from the government, demanding the resignation of

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refused to ratify it (August 1954), the treaty died. The French Gaullists and communists had killed the French government's proposal. Then other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament. In response, at the

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country code of West Germany was DEU, which has remained the country code of reunified Germany. The now deleted codes for East Germany, on the other hand, were DD in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and DDR in ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

2257: 5949: 5079: 3039:(December 1972) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both German states joining the United Nations. The Hallstein Doctrine was relinquished, and West Germany ceased to claim an 2373:

authority of the father. Parallel to this, a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities, especially in West Berlin, where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic.

2531:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the 2118:(EDC), with an integrated army, navy and air force, composed of the armed forces of its member states. The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states ( 1967:

of 1948–49), the two German states that had originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones respectively became known internationally as West Germany and East Germany. Commonly known in English as

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and supporters of direct action in every form—the anarchists. Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalising the industrial workers and taking an example from activities in Italy of the

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In many aspects, German culture continued in spite of the dictatorship and wartime. Old and new forms coexisted next to each other, and the American influence, already strong in the 1920s, grew.

6004: 3217:("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn. This would have implications later on for successive German governments as they tried to assimilate this group of workers. 1901:, the four Allied Powers asserted joint sovereignty over "Germany as a whole", defined as the totality of the territory within the occupation zones. Former German areas east of the rivers 5795: 2754:(RAF). The RAF was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s, attacks were still being committed under the name 6259:

Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). "Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium". In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.).

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is considered an observer of the young Federal Republic from the 1950s to the 1970s, and caused some political controversies because of his increasingly critical view on society. The

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in 1963. Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that

2576: 2249:: the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required for their ratification. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as 2050: 1987: 620: 5979: 2621:

However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the

2295:), armed with staves and bricks attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched. A demonstration in the centre was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named 2356:

was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed. (The term "Holocaust" for the systematic mass-murder of Jews first came into use in 1979, when a 1978

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Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007), "Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States",

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state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognise the GDR

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maintain that these 1937 boundaries continued to be 'valid in international law', although the Allies had already agreed amongst themselves that the territories east of the

2289:, visited West Berlin. Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance. Supporters of the Shah (later known as 176: 5584:

Frank Fischer, "Von Der 'Regierung Der Inneren Reformen' zum 'Krisenmanagement': Das Verhältnis Zwischen Innen- und Aussenpolitik in der Sozial-Liberalen Ära 1969–1982".

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published an analysis of the West German military defence. The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system. Ten days after publication, the offices of

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must be transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union in any peace agreement. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into

4922: 5854: 2281:("Democracy in Crisis") and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament. A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the 603: 6916:

Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945–52." PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, 1969.

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The goals of SPD and FDP however drifted apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s. On 1 October 1982 the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman

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state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world.

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rather than neutrality, and secured membership in the military alliance. Adenauer was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day

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Article 23 provided the possibility for other parts of Germany to join the Federal Republic (under the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).

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At first, Bonn was referred to only as the provisional seat of government institutions, but from the early 1970s it was called the "federal capital" (

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had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team. At the

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In October 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor. He maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening

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was held in West German cities and West Berlin. After having been beaten by their East German counterparts in the first round, the team of the

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Besides the interest in the older generation of writers, new authors emerged on the background of the experiences of war and after war period.

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in June 1950 led to U.S. calls to rearm West Germany to help defend Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat. Germany's partners in the

149: 2154:(WEU). West Germany was to be permitted to rearm (an idea many Germans rejected), and have full sovereign control of its military, called the 1752: 875: 8117: 7322: 6852: 6840: 6813: 6792: 6697: 6238: 6051: 5729: 5493: 1683: 1616: 928: 4973:. These were also the first summer games in which the East Germans showed up with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s, 8102: 7629: 6169: 5364: 4884: 2658: 7292: 2084:. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948–49, which was overcome by the 1579: 5971: 3117:

by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities; effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR and the re-establishment of

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members from positions of power and influence, by disbanding the organizations associated with Nazism, and by trying prominent Nazis for

7476: 7459: 6804: 1805: 1347: 1080:(ACC), West Berlin politically aligned itself with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions. 7367: 7332: 5024: 1833: 1718: 517: 8107: 7277: 5695: 4641: 3204: – for many years the most successful car in the world – on the assembly line in Wolfsburg factory, 1973 2808: 2684: 2618:

and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building.

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the prime cause of the violence against students. Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken.

2242: 2049:, whereby it obtained "the full authority of a sovereign state" on 5 May 1955 (although "full sovereignty" was not obtained until the 1512: 1367: 1227: 7557: 6075:"The Impact of the First World War and Its Implications for Europe Today | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office – European Union" 5475: 7816: 7720: 6991: 6876: 6773: 6754: 6735: 6716: 6630: 6611: 6592: 6573: 6554: 6535: 6516: 6497: 6478: 6459: 6440: 6421: 6416:. International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. McGill-Queen's Press. 6382: 6363: 6344: 6325: 6306: 6287: 6268: 5917: 5638: 5349: 3261: 3232: 2662: 2402:), many students went to work in the factories, but with little or no success. The most notorious of the underground groups was the 2111: 1973: 1893:

Dutch tanks, pictured in West Germany in 1956 as part of the large British and American-led foreign military presence in the country

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stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The

2543:. The FDP's share rose from 7% to 9.1%, its best showing since 1980. The Greens' share rose to 8.3% from their 1983 share of 5.6%. 6187: 1999:), and the Allied Powers confirmed their consent to German Reunification. From 3 October 1990, after the reformation of the GDR's 7165: 1413: 1362: 2800:(EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". 2091: 7682: 7282: 7009: 6962: 5293: 2666: 2268: 1947:

was characterised as having been a 'failed' state, whose inherent institutional and constitutional flaws had been exploited by

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Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work

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that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted. The editor/owner of the magazine,

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were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)

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In the 1969 election, the SPD gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP. SPD leader and Chancellor

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newspaper, as a massive disruption to life in Berlin, in a massive campaign against the protesters. Protests against the

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and halted rampant inflation. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950.

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was shown on West German television.) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later.

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The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the economic miracle of the 1950s (

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in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized. Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the

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In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman

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showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR.

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Between 1951 and 1953, there was even an effort by a clandestine group of former Nazi functionaries, known as the

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Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."

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in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce

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regime was characterised as having been a 'criminal' state, illegal and illegitimate from the outset; while the

7926: 7888: 7725: 7496: 5097: 5072: 4629: 3150:(as well as a unified Berlin) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, bringing an end to the East–West divide. 3032: 2512: 2168:). Also, Germans could reject military service on grounds of conscience, and serve for civil purposes instead. 1409: 359: 243: 6650: 5225: 1279:

was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones.

7061: 2780:, in which a senior member of his staff was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service, the 2699: 2694:

Leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising

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During the time leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the

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West Germany (blue) and West Berlin (yellow) after the accession of the Saarland in 1957 and before the five

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for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945

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This article is about the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949–1990. For the western region of Germany, see

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With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the

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aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his

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formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.

68: 7863: 7838: 7801: 7660: 7592: 7421: 7312: 7302: 5525:

Comparative Law: Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in Europe, Latin America, and East Asia

5029: 2838: 2683:

Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the

2629:

concluded on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority, that both government and parliament should move to

2532: 2504: 2462: 2357: 2172: 2151: 1542: 1436: 1077: 718: 5178: 8097: 8024: 7843: 7828: 7791: 5130: 3142: 3120: 2604: 2558: 2466: 2286: 2246: 2099: 1929: 1739: 1381: 1131: 783: 419: 20: 5788:"Germany's post-war justice ministry was infested with Nazis protecting former comrades, study reveals" 4992:

programme. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.

3264:

of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production.

2465:

crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the

2233:

A new coalition was formed to deal with this problem. Erhard stepped down in 1966 and was succeeded by

1996: 1879: 1846: 1441: 1107:

was established in 1975, there was no serious debate as to whether West Germany would become a member.

6931: 5435: 3108:

Article 146 provided the possibility for unification of all parts of Germany under a new constitution.

2946:), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states ( 1211:(FRG in English) began to prevail in East German usage in the early 1970s, beginning in the newspaper 7806: 7750: 7634: 7572: 7567: 7537: 7469: 7447: 7395: 7297: 6230: 6224: 5039: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4937:, established in 1900, continued its tradition based in the Federal Republic of Germany, winning the 3240: 2974: 2955: 2873: 2654: 2572: 2552: 2422: 2234: 2006: 1953: 1734: 1562: 1549: 1123: 1047: 981: 961: 793: 633: 375: 135: 74: 6952:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

7989: 7883: 7858: 7853: 7730: 7675: 7614: 7520: 7251: 7185: 5850: 4946: 4938: 4926: 4880: 4870: 2677: 2564: 2473: 2369: 2250: 2223: 1858: 1111: 3177:) began in 1950. This improvement was sustained by the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the 2017: 8055: 8048: 7903: 7868: 7755: 7740: 7670: 7648: 7624: 7552: 7486: 7416: 7327: 7246: 7215: 7124: 7101: 6672: 6655: 5381: 4999:

West Germany played 43 matches at the European Championships, more than any other national team.

4850: 3260:(G6). In 1973, West Germany—home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population—featured the world's 3244: 3036: 3000: 2797: 2758:. The last action took place in 1993, and in 1998 the group announced it was ceasing activities. 2688: 2595: 2301: 2147: 1990:(also known as the "Two-plus-Four Agreement"); by which transitional status of Germany following 1928:) were formed in the Allied zones; replacing the geography of pre-Nazi German states such as the 1529: 1489: 1461: 1301: 1262: 1250: 585: 262: 5687: 8009: 7984: 7931: 7878: 7692: 7464: 7256: 6987: 6872: 6848: 6836: 6809: 6788: 6769: 6750: 6731: 6712: 6693: 6626: 6607: 6588: 6569: 6550: 6531: 6512: 6493: 6474: 6455: 6436: 6417: 6378: 6359: 6340: 6321: 6302: 6283: 6264: 6234: 6047: 5923: 5913: 5756: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5691: 5634: 5597:

Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: An analysis of change in foreign economic policy."

5489: 5345: 4893: 4864: 4690: 3201: 3166: 3040: 2899:

In West Germany, most of the political agencies and buildings were located in Bonn, while the

2540: 2130:) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces. 1933: 1898: 1850: 1494: 1417: 1239: 1214: 1086: 1055: 1036: 1021: 6728:

Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918–1990

6041: 5499: 8071: 8019: 8014: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7821: 7786: 7760: 7432: 7236: 7205: 7160: 7155: 6664: 5711: 5481: 5373: 4876: 3239:. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the "authority of a sovereign state". The 3077: 3076:

in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the

2925: 2846: 2777: 2751: 2736: 2477: 2403: 2381: 2326: 2076:, had been divided into four sectors, with the Western Allies joining their sectors to form 1870: 1849:, under Polish and Soviet administration/annexation, are shown in cream, as is the detached 1456: 1451: 1446: 479: 4867:, a former soldier who died young in 1947, is one of the best known representatives of the 1936:, which had derived ultimately from former independent German kingdoms and principalities. 7974: 7969: 7964: 7911: 7337: 7026: 6977: 6966: 6938: 6585:

Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945–1976

6008: 5896: 5659: 5617: 5442: 5334: 5258:, Deutscher Bundestag – Wissenschaftliche Dienste (ed.), No. 71/09 (4 September 2009) 5201: 5063: 4989: 2929: 2877: 2789: 2646: 2238: 2218: 2184: 2095: 2085: 1964: 1944: 1906: 1626: 1092: 438: 161: 115: 49: 4898: 2676:

The Brandt cabinet of 1969 on the steps of President Heinemanns's residence in Bonn, the

2657:(1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the 2053:

in 1990). The former occupying Western troops remained on the ground, now as part of the

5403: 1960:; albeit that this overall state had become effectively dormant long before 8 May 1945. 1312: 8076: 7954: 7941: 7604: 7362: 5942:"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015" 5886: 5680: 5016: 4888: 3236: 3130: 2884: 2865: 2828: 2824: 2744: 2714: 2500: 2488: 2452: 2365: 2192: 1854: 1792: 1778: 1519: 1100: 6692:. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University Press. 6126: 6100: 3101:, "Basic Law") provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany: 3003:, any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognised the authorities of the 8091: 7317: 6676: 5385: 3221: 3188: 3134: 2937: 2933: 2869: 2854: 2841:

initiative to rid German politics, judiciary, society, culture, press and economy of

2650: 2444: 2348: 2317: 2260: 1606: 1207: 1066:). In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial 759: 394: 6959: 5302: 2045:, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the 7702: 7372: 7347: 7342: 7241: 7195: 6433:

Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets

4933:

In the 20th century, association football became the largest sport in Germany. The

4909: 4903: 3257: 3212: 2983: 2773: 2723: 2615: 2485: 2457: 2416: 2393: 2133:

Though the EDC treaty was signed (May 1952), it never entered into force. France's

2065: 2035: 1991: 1978: 1969: 1957: 1948: 1940: 1919: 1866: 1715: 1646: 1636: 1597: 1484: 1220: 1127: 1063: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1017: 1009: 985: 941: 589: 558: 464: 279: 275: 258: 223: 103: 6644:. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs. 5650: 1865:

On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

6955: 6411: 4945:. Earlier, the German team was not considered part of the international top. The 2137:

rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty, and when the

2057:(NATO), which West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, promising to rearm itself soon. 1035:. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an 174: 148: 7712: 7426: 7261: 7210: 6021: 4954: 2987: 2880: 2804: 2765: 2743:

were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the

2710: 2607: 2568: 2524: 2436: 2331: 2313: 2200: 2127: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2032: 1963:

In 1949 with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War (for example, the

1874: 1499: 1231: 1119: 1005: 488: 473: 450: 6684:

Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). "Health Care and Pension Reforms".

5362:

Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1961). "NATO and Adenauer's Germany: Uneasy Partnership".

1838: 7921: 7542: 6668: 5538: 5485: 5377: 5006: 3180: 3014: 2850: 2427: 2157: 2123: 2107: 1569: 945: 364: 5762: 2594:

The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the

1861:

within the British zone. Berlin was a four-power area within the Soviet zone.

1130:

voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The

916:

in its entirety, but only the third stanza was to be sung at official events.

7532: 7180: 5927: 3173: 3114: 2918: 2904: 2858: 2624: 2435:, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including the 1235: 494: 6766:

Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary

6337:

Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions

3046:

Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a

2368:

provincial election. Also of great significance was the steady growth of a

2031:

With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old

1184:) of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, so 1062:

by France (the separation had been not legal as it had been opposed by the

23:. For the Federal Republic of Germany after the reunification in 1990, see 7056: 6394:

Democracy's Guardian: A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court

5889:

and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982

5572:

A rising middle power?: German foreign policy in transformation, 1989–1999

1095:, who remained in office until 1963, worked for a full alignment with the 1054:

joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the

5664: 5543: 3252: 3019:" led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany. The 2907:

which became the economic center. The judicial branch of both the German

2461:(Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the 2134: 2061: 2039: 1051: 1001: 937: 765: 742: 504: 368: 6970: 5610: 3277:

Total population of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, as collected by the

2739:

became fundamental values among left-wing Germans. As a result, in 1979

2503:(SPD) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. 7811: 7231: 7175: 7097: 6862: 6859:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

6356:

The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition

3083:

This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the

2776:

remained head of government until May 1974, when he resigned after the

2119: 1664: 1466: 977: 900: 349: 338: 310: 24: 4988:

study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale

2713:. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student 2645:

Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The

1172:(Federal Republic of Germany; commonly known as West Germany) and the 5819:

The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification

4966: 2991: 2842: 2732: 2630: 2389: 2073: 1915: 1911: 1141: 231: 211: 6833:

A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963

6261:

Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?

5527:, by John Henry Merryman, David Scott Clark, John Owen Haley, p. 542 5415:

William Glenn Gray, "Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity."

5252:

Stefan Schmidt, "Die Diskussion um den Gebrauch der Abkürzung «BRD»"

2940:. Whilst East Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts ( 2376: 7066: 6490:

The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

6471:

The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

5910:

The fading miracle : four decades of market economy in Germany

7170: 4920: 3195: 2978: 2952:) with independently elected state parliaments and control of the 2783: 2760: 2750:

Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the

2671: 2481: 2375: 2255: 2090: 2016: 1888: 1837: 1076:

not part of West Germany, for Berlin was under the control of the

1004:, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of 5295:

How a constitution can safeguard democracy:The German Experience

2634: 2306: 2241:

between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the

2054: 1902: 1151: 1096: 997: 545: 300: 7070: 6206:"West Germany cultivated doping culture among athletes: report" 5682:

Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany

2717:

was shot in the head by a policeman. The press, especially the

2256: 964:

but continued as the Federal Republic in an enlarged territory.

910:

From 1952 to 1991, the official national anthem of Germany was

6869:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

6623:

Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain

2900: 2876:

were both former members of the Nazi Party. Konrad Adenauer's

1258: 1243: 828: 6945:

Kohl: Genius of the Present : A Biography of Helmut Kohl

6899:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 1956:

of 1848, and which from 1871 had been represented within the

1027:

At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the

7191:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes

6642:

Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany

2994:, 1970; the first time a Chancellor met a GDR prime minister 2960:, the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government. 2735:

past had come into being. In the 1970s environmentalism and

2577:

a final settlement of the post-war special status of Germany

922:

Continued as Chancellor of the reunified Germany until 1998.

172: 146: 6640:

Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972).

1986:. In 1990 West Germany and East Germany jointly signed the 1104: 1012:. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the 919:

Continued as President of the reunified Germany until 1994.

607: 6549:. Translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf. 5325:

Detlef Junker (editor), Translated by Sally E. Robertson,

5213:

The Bonn Republic — West German democracy, 1945–1990,

1144:, which ended its special status and formed an additional 6802:

Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .

6783:

Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.).

2539:

subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by

1046:

Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form

6897:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

5328:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

1939:

In the dominant post-war narrative of West Germany, the

1873:

where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and

6566:

Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850

3007:

would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany.

2728:

newspaper, launched a campaign against the protesters.

2447:

became a recognised measure for describing the general

2245:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new 2150:

was modified to include West Germany, and to form the

1988:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1166:

Before reunification, Germany was divided between the

6000:

FOWID, Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung 1970–2011 (

5352:. See Section "The Presence of the Past" paragraph 9. 2924:

The West German government was known to be much more

2665:(CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller 2425:

in western Europe, while launching the new policy of

1914:. Soon afterwards, the French zone was included into 270: Lands of pre-1937 Germany that were annexed by 6152:"Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes" 5464:, Rogner und Bernhard, 1998 Dokument Nr. 193, p. 356 2917:) and the highest Court of Appeals, were located in 2891:'s senior officials were former Nazi Party members. 2883:

had played a major role in drafting the antisemitic

2849:. It was carried out by removing those who had been 1845:

in Germany, early 1946. The territories east of the

7902: 7773: 7647: 7519: 7446: 7409: 7388: 7270: 7224: 7148: 7117: 7108: 6043:

Religion and Modernity: An International Comparison

5717:

Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War

5190: 5188: 2649:era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under 2455:policies at the domestic level, culminating in the 896: 822: 814: 790: 772: 753: 735: 717: 707: 693: 683: 673: 662: 652: 647: 630: 617: 600: 581: 568: 555: 542: 527: 514: 500: 485: 470: 460: 444: 432: 418: 400: 388: 374: 358: 337: 324: 316: 306: 296: 34: 6170:"Study Says West Germany Engaged in Sports Doping" 5720:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5679: 6785:Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II: 1933–1990 6709:Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany 2334:patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the 7041:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 6547:The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848–2005 6229:. 2013 Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 5744: 988:on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the 6881:Henderson, David R. "German Economic Miracle." 6413:Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960–1990 5480:. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 92. 3050:government within a single German nation and a 2253:to be limited in case of a state of emergency. 2098:was a German statesman who served as the first 1190:became the official name of reunified Germany. 228:Location of West Germany (dark green) 208:Location of West Germany (dark green) 6188:"Report exposes decades of West German doping" 5123: 5121: 3010:In the early 1970s, Willy Brandt's policy of " 2709:("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the 1273:or its equivalent was used in many languages. 1140:) were reconstituted, along with the reunited 261:(East Germany), claimed by West Germany until 7082: 6906:, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989. 6890:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 6745:Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002). 6318:Management, Quality and Economics in Building 2472:Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after 2100:chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 1813: 16:Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990 8: 6999:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 6545:Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). 6025: 5452: 5450: 5434:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2005) p 179. 5160:. University of Chicago Press. 2002. p. 263. 5128: 5110: 5035:Economic history of the German reunification 4868: 4671: 3278: 3210: 3186: 3178: 3164: 3144: 3118: 3096: 3011: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932:East German counterpart, the former being a 2912: 2781: 2721: 2622: 2596: 2586: 2580: 2397: 2350: 2336: 2304: 2290: 2276: 2212: 2206: 2198: 2163: 2155: 2022: 2000: 1923: 1875:Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific 1681: 1567: 1274: 1246:had agreed to refuse to use the initialism. 1212: 1200: 1194: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1145: 1135: 1084: 980:from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its 952: 926: 911: 757: 159: 133: 113: 101: 41: 7201:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 6747:Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective 5777:, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40. 2833:List of companies involved in the Holocaust 2731:By 1968, a stronger desire to confront the 2345:about twenty were put on trial in Frankfurt 2027:from the GDR and East Berlin joined in 1990 1067: 8123:States and territories established in 1949 7779: 7653: 7525: 7452: 7114: 7089: 7075: 7067: 7008:(Central European University Press, 2004) 6431:Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001). 6316:Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991). 5912:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 2567:in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the 1820: 1806: 1286: 940:, between January 1957 and July 1959, the 242: 222: 202: 31: 6040:Pollack, D.; Rosta, G.; West, D. (2017). 5338:, A Handbook Volume 1, 1945–1968 Series: 3231:In 1952, West Germany became part of the 3137:in July 1990, and on 3 October 1990, the 2197:In October 1962 the weekly news magazine 2005:, the East German states and East Berlin 1253:country code of West Germany was DE (for 1238:that the West German public broadcasters 6921:The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty 6904:The Soviet-East German Military Alliance 5846:Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973 5821:, Princeton University Press, p. 14 5458:Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung 5279: 5267: 4720: 3289: 2653:(1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by 1922:. At the same time, new federal states ( 658:248,717 km (96,030 sq mi) 7016:Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany 6845:Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 6492:(3rd ed.). Duke University Press. 6046:. Oxford University Press. p. 76. 5874: 5831: 5149: 5056: 2895:Geographical distribution of government 2068:, a member of the subsequently founded 1300: 1289: 960:The state did not cease to exist after 908: 789: 771: 716: 706: 661: 651: 646: 484: 315: 305: 6452:Contemporary Western European Feminism 1228:Federal Minister of All-German Affairs 876:Federal Republic of Germany since 1990 6883:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 6831:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. 5857:from the original on 20 December 2016 5588:(January 2004), Vol. 44, pp. 395–414. 5215:Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997 5098:[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːkˈdɔʏtʃlant] 5096: 5071: 3251:remained in the country, just as the 3129:The two German states entered into a 2887:in Nazi Germany. In 1957, 77% of the 2845:ideology and personnel following the 1918:. Conversely, the Soviet zone became 1122:, both states took action to achieve 929:Federal Statistical Office of Germany 734: 692: 682: 672: 668: 629: 616: 599: 580: 567: 554: 541: 526: 513: 509: 469: 443: 431: 427: 417: 399: 387: 383: 373: 7: 6528:Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany 6410:Glatzer, Wolfgang (21 August 1992). 5798:from the original on 23 January 2019 5402:(National Defense University, 1987) 4986:Doping in Germany from 1950 to today 4885:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 3235:, which would later evolve into the 8133:1949 establishments in West Germany 6805:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 5982:from the original on 11 August 2018 5952:from the original on 11 August 2018 5537:Denso, Christian (13 August 2011). 2669:(FDP) or other right-wing parties. 2358:American mini-series with that name 2060:West Germany became a focus of the 976:is the common English name for the 925:Population statistics according to 6994:, broad survey of reunified nation 6509:Europe Since 1945: an Introduction 6396:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5976:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 5946:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 5686:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5158:Music and German National Identity 4642:Central Council of Jews in Germany 2809:constructive vote of no confidence 2529:constructive vote of no confidence 2364:obtain parliamentary seats in the 2055:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 14: 5775:The New Germany and the Old Nazis 5539:"RAF: Gefangen in der Geschichte" 5301:, Goethe-Institut, archived from 4953:won the cup again, defeating the 4925:Postage stamps commemorating the 3233:European Coal and Steel Community 3141:dissolved and the re-established 2571:, there was a rapid move towards 2535:, who received 5.6% of the vote. 2112:European Coal and Steel Community 1974:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 7166:List of ancient Germanic peoples 7055: 7043:(Oxford University Press, 1955) 6530:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5668:2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003 5009: 2327:War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg 1786: 1772: 1311: 880: 855: 282:, claimed by West Germany until 116:Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit 81: 67: 7293:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7262:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 6984:Developments in German Politics 6913:(2014) 66#8 pp. 1380–1382. 6435:. University of Chicago Press. 6377:. Manchester University Press. 6375:The Retreat of Social Democracy 6263:. University of Chicago Press. 5570:Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). 5551:from the original on 8 May 2013 4941:in a stunning upset dubbed the 3273:Population and vital statistics 3171:("economic miracle", coined by 2889:West German Ministry of Justice 1580:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1175:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 251: Territory of West Germany 121:"Unity and Justice and Freedom" 8128:1949 establishments in Germany 7278:Early modern period, 1500–1800 6127:"Season 1980 | UEFA EURO 1980" 6101:"Season 1972 | UEFA EURO 1972" 5025:History of Germany (1945–1990) 4935:Germany national football team 4655:Religion in West Germany, 1970 3095:The West German Constitution ( 3067:government, but also the sole 3029:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 2815:condition changed until 1998. 1834:History of Germany (1945–1990) 1: 7401:History of Germany since 1990 6956:excerpt and text search vol 2 6764:Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). 6707:Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991). 5972:"Population by area in 1,000" 5649:quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. 2969:Position towards East Germany 2745:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 2366:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 330: 8118:Political history of Germany 6711:. Cornell University Press. 5745:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 5631:Willy Brandt. Die Biographie 5342:German Historical Institutes 4638:Roman Catholicism in Germany 4634:Protestant Church in Germany 3310:Crude death rate (per 1000) 3307:Crude birth rate (per 1000) 3295:Average population (x 1000) 3085:Federal Constitutional Court 2909:Federal Constitutional Court 2476:, one of his closest aides, 2273:West German student movement 2144:London and Paris Conferences 1223:nations soon followed suit. 1112:collapse of the Eastern Bloc 1014:Allied occupation of Germany 996:) after its capital city of 8103:Contemporary German history 6808:. New York: Da Capo Press. 6787:. Oxford University Press. 6749:. Oxford University Press. 6602:Schäfers, Bernhard (1998). 6488:Kommers, Donald P. (2012). 6469:Kommers, Donald P. (1997). 6373:Callaghan, John T. (2000). 6226:Guinness World Records 2014 5652:Der Kanzler und sein Spion. 5586:Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 5418:German Politics and Society 5086:Federal Republic of Germany 5073:[ˈvɛstˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃlant] 4951:German Football Association 2872:and Chancellor (1966–1969) 2511:, was the launching of the 2351: 2007:joined the Federal Republic 1202:westdeutsche Bundesrepublik 1193:In East Germany, the terms 1156:European Economic Community 978:Federal Republic of Germany 141:"I have surrendered myself" 37:Federal Republic of Germany 8149: 7308:North German Confederation 7288:Confederation of the Rhine 7039:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. 6997:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. 6928:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography 6604:The State of Germany Atlas 6583:Pridham, Geoffrey (1977). 6354:Braunthal, Gerard (1994). 5763:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung 5678:Taylor, Frederick (2011). 5633:. Propyläen, Berlin 2001. 5432:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography 5365:International Organization 5094:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 4965:had been held in Germany, 4848: 4627: 3315: 3313:Natural change (per 1000) 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3139:German Democratic Republic 3005:German Democratic Republic 2972: 2822: 2659:Christian-Democratic Union 2556: 2550: 2414: 2314:US intervention in Vietnam 2300:the press, especially the 2190: 2116:European Defence Community 2064:with its juxtaposition to 2043:Confederation of the Rhine 1979:German Democratic Republic 1831: 1585:North German Confederation 1555:Confederation of the Rhine 1187:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1169:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 259:German Democratic Republic 43:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 18: 8108:Anti-communism in Germany 8042: 7782: 7656: 7528: 7455: 6669:10.1017/S2071832200013195 6526:Patton, David F. (1999). 6473:. Duke University Press. 6426:– via Google Books. 6405:, Gender Equality Network 6392:Collings, Justin (2015). 6335:Blackburn, Robin (2003). 6011:; PDF-Datei; 173 kB) 5908:Giersch, Herbert (1992). 5611:Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel 5486:10.1007/978-3-531-91924-9 5378:10.1017/S0020818300010663 5333:23 September 2015 at the 4969:was selected to host the 4712: 4704: 4699: 4689: 4684: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 2698:, a group calling itself 2275:, a group calling itself 2080:, while the Soviets held 1226:In 1965, the West German 906: 834: 713:254/km (657.9/sq mi) 703: 669: 643: 510: 456: 434:• 1949–1963 (first) 428: 414: 390:• 1949–1959 (first) 384: 199: 127: 97: 63: 58: 7460:Administrative divisions 7001:(2011) pp. 593–753. 6926:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. 6568:. Taylor & Francis. 6297:Banister, David (2002). 5616:1 September 2009 at the 5474:Cornelius Grebe (2010). 5430:Alfred C. Mierzejewski, 5200:13 November 2013 at the 5156:Applegate, Celia (ed.). 4705:Other & Unaffiliated 4630:Protestantism in Germany 3043:for Germany as a whole. 2914:Bundesverfassungsgericht 2565:collapse of eastern bloc 2513:European Monetary System 2509:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2441:right-wing authoritarian 2180:Reforms during the 1960s 2139:French National Assembly 2114:proposed to establish a 1976:, eventually became the 446:• 1982–1990 (last) 402:• 1984–1990 (last) 331:Religion in West Germany 6857:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 6649:Schiek, Dagmar (2006). 6450:Kaplan, Gisela (2012). 6280:Germany and the Germans 6223:Glenday, Craig (2013). 6007:15 October 2015 at the 5817:Quint, Peter E (1991), 5658:13 January 2009 at the 5230:Encyclopædia Britannica 4975:Germany at the Olympics 3281:Statistisches Bundesamt 2700:Notstand der Demokratie 2696:German student movement 2685:Social Democratic Party 2641:Government and politics 2278:Notstand der Demokratie 2243:Social Democratic Party 2051:Two Plus Four Agreement 1843:Occupation zone borders 1261:. The less widely used 1060:Allied-occupied Germany 959: 950: 935: 924: 921: 918: 909: 317:Official languages 289:Show territorial claims 143:(unofficial, 1949–1952) 7721:Science and technology 7422:History of Brandenburg 7313:Unification of Germany 7303:Frankfurt Constitution 6902:MacGregor, Douglas A. 6867:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. 6511:. Barnes & Noble. 6079:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 6026: 5129: 5111: 5093: 5067: 5030:Inner German relations 4930: 4869: 4672: 3279: 3211: 3205: 3187: 3179: 3165: 3145: 3119: 3097: 3031:(September 1971), the 3012: 2995: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2913: 2837:Denazification was an 2782: 2769: 2722: 2680: 2663:Christian Social Union 2623: 2612:Richard von Weizsäcker 2597: 2587: 2581: 2505:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 2463:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2398: 2384: 2337: 2305: 2291: 2277: 2264: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2164: 2156: 2152:Western European Union 2103: 2072:. The former capital, 2047:Bonn–Paris conventions 2028: 2023: 2001: 1924: 1894: 1862: 1682: 1568: 1437:Linear Pottery culture 1275: 1213: 1201: 1195: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1146: 1136: 1085: 1078:Allied Control Council 1072:eleventh state. While 1068: 1020:, established from 12 993: 953: 927: 912: 758: 532:Bonn–Paris conventions 408:Richard von Weizsäcker 192: 160: 156: 134: 114: 102: 42: 7358:Flight and expulsions 7064:at Wikimedia Commons 7025:12 April 2020 at the 6950:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. 6937:12 April 2020 at the 6278:Ardagh, John (1996). 5601:36.3 (1988): 397–412. 5441:12 April 2020 at the 5131:Heidelberg University 5127:Detlef Junker of the 4963:Olympic Games of 1936 4924: 3199: 3027:(December 1970), the 2982: 2764: 2675: 2667:Free Democratic Party 2559:Old states of Germany 2515:(EMS) in April 1978. 2467:Kniefall von Warschau 2379: 2287:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2269:Free Democratic Party 2259: 2094: 2038:and the 19th-century 2020: 1930:Free State of Prussia 1892: 1884:four occupation zones 1841: 1832:Further information: 1363:Territorial evolution 191: 155: 21:Old states of Germany 8030:World Heritage Sites 7708:German states by GDP 7298:German Confederation 6976:28 June 2011 at the 6965:28 June 2011 at the 6919:Merkl, Peter H. ed. 6895:Junker, Detlef, ed. 6888:Jarausch, Konrad H. 6726:Tomka, Béla (2004). 6564:Power, Anne (2002). 6507:Lane, Peter (1985). 5456:Wolfgang Kraushaar, 5421:25.2 (2007): 86–103. 5340:Publications of the 5040:Petersberg Agreement 4979:1956 Summer Olympics 4971:1972 Summer Olympics 4929:held in West Germany 3035:(May 1972), and the 2975:German reunification 2874:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2655:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2614:, former Chancellor 2573:German reunification 2553:German reunification 2423:European integration 2235:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2106:The outbreak of the 1954:Frankfurt Parliament 1699:Expulsion of Germans 1665:Contemporary Germany 1563:German Confederation 1269:The colloquial term 1132:five post-war states 1124:German reunification 1114:, symbolised by the 792:• Summer ( 136:Ich hab mich ergeben 7666:Automobile industry 7252:Carolingian dynasty 7186:History of the Huns 7014:Williams, Charles. 6982:Smith, Gordon, ed, 6943:Pruys, Karl Hugo . 6911:Europe-Asia Studies 6768:. Greenwood Press. 6730:. Akademie-Verlag. 6686:AICGS Policy Report 6403:GeNet Working Paper 5895:19 May 2016 at the 5851:University of Texas 5794:. 10 October 2016. 5792:The Daily Telegraph 5747:, pp. 189–190. 5308:on 20 December 2016 5181:on 5 December 2011. 4947:1974 FIFA World Cup 4939:1954 FIFA World Cup 4881:Frankfurt Book Fair 3226:East German economy 3023:(August 1970), the 2901:German Stock Market 2885:Nuremberg Race Laws 2807:as Chancellor in a 2678:Villa Hammerschmidt 2527:as Chancellor in a 2480:as an agent of the 2251:freedom of movement 2224:Franz Josef Strauss 1513:Early Modern period 1500:Eastward settlement 570:• Creation of 257: Lands of the 8113:Borders of Germany 7736:Telecommunications 7417:History of Prussia 7333:Revolution of 1918 7328:War guilt question 7247:Carolingian Empire 7216:Sack of Rome (410) 7125:History of Germany 7006:Germany, 1945–1990 6863:ACLS E-book online 6656:German Law Journal 6358:. Westview Press. 6299:Transport Planning 6174:The New York Times 5712:Goda, Norman J. W. 5629:Gregor Schöllgen: 5620:on 21 October 2002 5175:bundesregierung.de 4931: 4851:Culture of Germany 3262:fourth largest GDP 3206: 3078:Helsinki Final Act 3001:Hallstein Doctrine 2996: 2798:European Community 2770: 2689:state of emergency 2681: 2449:North-South divide 2385: 2341:concentration camp 2265: 2171:The three Western 2104: 2029: 1897:By the subsequent 1895: 1863: 1793:History portal 1779:Germany portal 1530:Kingdom of Prussia 1490:Kingdom of Germany 1462:Barbarian kingdoms 1263:ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 1251:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 1199:(West Germany) or 1162:Naming conventions 1008:were parts of the 731:1990 estimate 238:Show map of Europe 193: 157: 8085: 8084: 8038: 8037: 7769: 7768: 7683:Chemical Triangle 7643: 7642: 7630:Political parties 7578:Foreign relations 7515: 7514: 7442: 7441: 7353:Allied occupation 7257:Holy Roman Empire 7060:Media related to 6853:978-0-631-16788-4 6841:978-0-631-16787-7 6815:978-0-306-80793-0 6794:978-0-19-926598-5 6699:978-1-933942-08-7 6663:(10): 1233–1257. 6621:Scheffer (2008). 6282:. Penguin Books. 6240:978-1-908843-15-9 6053:978-0-19-880166-5 5758:Der Naumann-Kreis 5731:978-0-521-86720-7 5599:Political Studies 5495:978-3-531-91924-9 5398:John A. Reed Jr, 5256:Aktueller Begriff 5232:(Online ed.) 5195:Bevölkerungsstand 5084:; officially the 4894:The German Lesson 4865:Wolfgang Borchert 4842: 4841: 4717: 4716: 4691:Roman Catholicism 4621: 4620: 3202:Volkswagen Beetle 3167:Wirtschaftswunder 3143:five East German 3041:exclusive mandate 3033:Transit Agreement 2964:Foreign relations 2936:and the latter a 2541:Hans-Jochen Vogel 2499:Finance Minister 2370:feminist movement 2122:, France, Italy, 1934:Republic of Baden 1899:Potsdam Agreement 1851:Saar Protectorate 1830: 1829: 1761: 1760: 1655: 1654: 1495:Holy Roman Empire 1372:Holy Roman Empire 1215:Neues Deutschland 1087:Wirtschaftswunder 1056:Saar Protectorate 1050:in 1952, and the 1048:Baden-Württemberg 1037:exclusive mandate 971: 970: 892: 891: 888: 887: 868: 867: 626:12 September 1990 613:18 September 1973 544:• Member of 234: (dark grey) 214: (dark grey) 189: 167:"Song of Germany" 153: 8140: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8015:Prussian virtues 7780: 7688:Economic history 7654: 7548: 7526: 7477:Cities and towns 7453: 7433:Baden Revolution 7237:Treaty of Verdun 7206:Marcomannic Wars 7161:Migration Period 7156:Germanic peoples 7140:Military history 7115: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7068: 7059: 6819: 6798: 6779: 6760: 6741: 6722: 6703: 6680: 6645: 6636: 6617: 6598: 6579: 6560: 6541: 6522: 6503: 6484: 6465: 6446: 6427: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6369: 6350: 6331: 6312: 6293: 6274: 6245: 6244: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6212:. 5 August 2013. 6202: 6196: 6195: 6194:. 5 August 2013. 6184: 6178: 6177: 6176:. 8 August 2013. 6166: 6160: 6159: 6158:. 3 August 2013. 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6018: 6012: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5905: 5899: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5685: 5675: 5669: 5647: 5641: 5627: 5621: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5502:on 16 April 2017 5498:. 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Verso Books. 6334: 6328: 6315: 6309: 6296: 6290: 6277: 6271: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6019: 6015: 6009:Wayback Machine 5999: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5920: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5897:Wayback Machine 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5772: 5768: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5660:Wayback Machine 5648: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5618:Wayback Machine 5609: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5455: 5448: 5443:Wayback Machine 5429: 5425: 5414: 5410: 5397: 5393: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5335:Wayback Machine 5324: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5292:Jutta Limbach, 5291: 5290: 5286: 5280:Collings (2015) 5278: 5274: 5270:, p. xxiv. 5268:Collings (2015) 5266: 5262: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5202:Wayback Machine 5193: 5186: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5126: 5119: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5068:Westdeutschland 5062: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5005: 4943:miracle of Bern 4919: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4697: 4682: 4644: 4626: 3304:Natural change 3275: 3270: 3256:nations of the 3249:U.S. militaries 3161: 3156: 2977: 2971: 2966: 2930:state socialist 2903:was located in 2897: 2878:State Secretary 2835: 2821: 2790:1973 oil crisis 2702: 2643: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2521: 2497: 2458:Radikalenerlass 2419: 2413: 2239:grand coalition 2219:Rudolf Augstein 2195: 2185:Konrad Adenauer 2182: 2148:Brussels Treaty 2096:Konrad Adenauer 2015: 2013:NATO membership 1945:Weimar Republic 1836: 1826: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1762: 1744: 1723: 1690: 1667: 1657: 1656: 1627:Weimar Republic 1600: 1590: 1589: 1576: 1545: 1535: 1534: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1467:Frankish Empire 1442:Únětice culture 1432: 1424: 1423: 1368:Historic states 1323: 1303: 1296: 1285: 1276:Westdeutschland 1196:Westdeutschland 1164: 1093:Konrad Adenauer 994:Bonner Republik 967: 913:Deutschlandlied 881: 856: 800: 797: 776: 738: 722: 710: 696: 686: 676: 655: 636: 623: 610: 593: 584: 574: 561: 548: 535: 530: 520: 491: 476: 447: 439:Konrad Adenauer 435: 406: 403: 391: 354: 292: 291: 288: 287: 286: 267: 265: 254: 252: 248: 240: 237: 236: 220: 217: 216: 195: 194: 173: 170: 168: 166: 162:Deutschlandlied 158: 147: 144: 142: 140: 132: 122: 120: 112: 110: 108: 93: 92: 91: 86: 78: 77: 72: 54: 47: 39: 36: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8146: 8144: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8090: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7946:Cultural icons 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7726:Stock exchange 7723: 7718: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7365: 7363:Denazification 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7135:Historiography 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7052: 7051:External links 7049: 7048: 7047: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7012: 7010:online edition 7002: 6995: 6980: 6948: 6941: 6924: 6917: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6865: 6855: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6799: 6793: 6780: 6774: 6761: 6755: 6742: 6736: 6723: 6717: 6704: 6698: 6681: 6646: 6637: 6631: 6618: 6612: 6599: 6593: 6587:. 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656: 653: 650: 649: 645: 644: 641: 640: 639:3 October 1990 637: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 601: 598: 597: 594: 582: 579: 578: 575: 569: 566: 565: 564:1 January 1957 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 501:Historical era 498: 497: 492: 486: 483: 482: 477: 471: 468: 467: 462: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 445: 442: 441: 436: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 415: 412: 411: 404: 401: 398: 397: 392: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 367:parliamentary 362: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 343: 341: 335: 334: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 293: 266: 253: 247: 241: 227: 221: 207: 201: 200: 197: 196: 171: 145: 125: 124: 95: 94: 87: 80: 79: 73: 66: 65: 64: 61: 60: 56: 55: 40: 35: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8145: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8028: 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Routledge. 6605: 6600: 6596: 6594:9780856645082 6590: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6575:9780415089357 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6556:9783801203658 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6537:9780312213619 6533: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6518:9780389205753 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6499:9780822352662 6495: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6480:9780822318385 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6461:9780415636810 6457: 6454:. Routledge. 6453: 6448: 6444: 6442:9780226356471 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6423:9780773509092 6419: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6384:9780719050312 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6365:9780813315355 6361: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6346:9781859844090 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6327:9780419174707 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6308:9780415261715 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6289:9780140252668 6285: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6270:0-226-05678-3 6266: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6118: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6092: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5919:0-521-35351-3 5915: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5868: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773:Tetens, T.H. 5770: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5639:3-549-07142-6 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5563: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5513:partnership'. 5501: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5350:0-511-19218-5 5347: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5285: 5282:, p. xv. 5281: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5143: 5133: 5132: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4984:The 800-page 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877:Heinrich Böll 4873: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4677: 4676:Protestantism 4674: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 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3577: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222:Marshall Plan 3218: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3189:Deutsche Mark 3183: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3135:customs union 3132: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934:federal state 2931: 2927: 2926:decentralised 2922: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Walter Scheel 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:labour unions 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Ludwig Erhard 2648: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2547:Reunification 2546: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Brandt Report 2443:regimes. The 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2399:Brigate Rosse 2395: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2318:Rudi Dutschke 2315: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2271:, the rising 2270: 2262: 2261:Rudi Dutschke 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2025: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1972:, the former 1971: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1783: 1780: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735:Reunification 1733: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1607:German Empire 1605: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550:Mediatisation 1548: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431:Early history 1428: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Eastern blocs 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000:. During the 999: 995: 991: 990:Bonn Republic 987: 983: 982:reunification 979: 975: 963: 962:reunification 955: 947: 943: 939: 931: 930: 914: 905: 902: 899: 897:Today part of 895: 879: 877: 874: 873: 870: 864: 861: 854: 853: 850: 849: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 833: 830: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 803: 799: 795: 785: 779: 775: 767: 762: 761: 760:Deutsche Mark 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 730: 726: 720: 712: 702: 698: 688: 678: 665: 657: 642: 638: 635: 634:Reunification 625: 622: 612: 609: 605: 595: 591: 587: 577:25 March 1957 576: 573: 563: 560: 550: 547: 537: 533: 522: 519: 506: 503: 499: 496: 493: 490: 481: 478: 475: 466: 463: 459: 455: 452: 449: 440: 437: 423: 421: 413: 409: 405: 396: 395:Theodor Heuss 393: 379: 377: 370: 366: 363: 361: 357: 351: 348: 345: 344: 342: 340: 336: 333: 332: 327: 323: 319: 312: 309: 302: 299: 295: 285: 281: 277: 273: 264: 260: 245: 235: 233: 225: 215: 213: 205: 198: 164: 163: 138: 137: 130: 126: 118: 117: 109:"God with us" 106: 105: 100: 96: 90: 84: 76: 70: 62: 57: 51: 44: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8098:West Germany 8063:Bibliography 7937:Coat of arms 7917:Architecture 7894:Trade unions 7874:Prostitution 7834:Homelessness 7797:Demographics 7746:Trade unions 7713: 7703:German model 7676:Central bank 7620:Conservatism 7583:Human rights 7568:Court system 7563:Constitution 7543: 7389:Contemporary 7378:West Germany 7377: 7373:East Germany 7348:World War II 7343:Nazi Germany 7283:18th-century 7242:East Francia 7196:Cimbrian War 7062:West Germany 7054: 7040: 7015: 7005: 6998: 6983: 6951: 6944: 6927: 6920: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6868: 6858: 6844: 6832: 6803: 6784: 6765: 6746: 6727: 6708: 6689: 6685: 6660: 6654: 6641: 6622: 6603: 6584: 6565: 6546: 6527: 6508: 6489: 6470: 6451: 6432: 6412: 6402: 6393: 6374: 6355: 6336: 6317: 6298: 6279: 6260: 6225: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6134:. Retrieved 6130: 6120: 6108:. Retrieved 6104: 6094: 6082:. Retrieved 6078: 6069: 6057:. Retrieved 6042: 6035: 6024:outside the 6016: 5996: 5984:. Retrieved 5975: 5966: 5954:. Retrieved 5945: 5936: 5909: 5903: 5882: 5870: 5859:, retrieved 5845: 5839: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5800:. Retrieved 5791: 5782: 5774: 5769: 5757: 5752: 5740: 5716: 5706: 5681: 5673: 5663: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5625: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5553:. Retrieved 5542: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5506:18 September 5504:. Retrieved 5500:the original 5476: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5431: 5426: 5416: 5411: 5399: 5394: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5339: 5326: 5321: 5310:, retrieved 5303:the original 5294: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5255: 5246: 5234:. Retrieved 5229: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5179:the original 5174: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5089: 5085: 5059: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4960: 4932: 4910:The Flounder 4908: 4904:The Tin Drum 4902: 4899:Günter Grass 4892: 4862: 4854: 4736:None/other 4645: 3298:Live births 3287: 3276: 3268:Demographics 3258:Group of Six 3230: 3219: 3213:Gastarbeiter 3207: 3172: 3162: 3128: 3111: 3094: 3082: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3037:Basic Treaty 3009: 2997: 2984:Willy Brandt 2923: 2898: 2863: 2836: 2813: 2802: 2794: 2774:Willy Brandt 2771: 2755: 2749: 2730: 2724:Bild-Zeitung 2693: 2682: 2644: 2620: 2616:Willy Brandt 2610:, President 2603:, including 2593: 2562: 2537: 2522: 2498: 2471: 2456: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2417:Willy Brandt 2411:Willy Brandt 2394:Red Brigades 2386: 2380:Logo of the 2362: 2323: 2283:Shah of Iran 2266: 2232: 2228: 2196: 2183: 2170: 2132: 2105: 2066:East Germany 2059: 2036:East Francia 2030: 1992:World War II 1983: 1977: 1970:East Germany 1962: 1958:German Reich 1938: 1920:East Germany 1896: 1867:Soviet Union 1864: 1711: 1647:World War II 1637:Nazi Germany 1598:German Reich 1525:18th century 1520:Sectionalism 1485:East Francia 1271:West Germany 1270: 1268: 1254: 1248: 1225: 1221:Eastern Bloc 1206: 1192: 1165: 1128:East Germany 1109: 1082: 1073: 1064:Soviet Union 1045: 1041:German Reich 1026: 1018:World War II 1010:Western Bloc 989: 986:East Germany 974:West Germany 973: 972: 942:French franc 845:Succeeded by 844: 839: 824:Internet TLD 815:Calling code 764: (DM) ( 737:• Total 695:• 1990 685:• 1970 675:• 1950 654:• Total 586:Basic Treaty 559:Saar statute 465:Bicameralism 328: 307:Largest city 280:World War II 276:Soviet Union 229: 209: 128: 123:(since 1962) 104:Gott mit uns 99:Motto: 98: 89:Coat of arms 29: 7864:Pornography 7839:Immigration 7802:Drug policy 7714:Mittelstand 7661:Agriculture 7625:Nationalism 7598:Transgender 7482:Earthquakes 7429:, 1583-1588 7427:Cologne War 7323:World War I 7225:Middle Ages 7211:Gothic Wars 6022:Protestants 4961:After both 4955:Netherlands 3253:Soviet Army 3098:Grundgesetz 2988:Willi Stoph 2938:unitary one 2881:Hans Globke 2805:Helmut Kohl 2766:Helmut Kohl 2703: [ 2608:Helmut Kohl 2569:Berlin Wall 2525:Helmut Kohl 2519:Helmut Kohl 2486:East German 2478:was exposed 2437:Vietnam War 2332:Fritz Bauer 2292:Jubelperser 2237:. He led a 2208:Der Spiegel 2201:Der Spiegel 2165:Bündnisfall 2128:Netherlands 2082:East Berlin 2078:West Berlin 2070:Warsaw Pact 2033:Middle Ages 1617:World War I 1543:Unification 1479:Middle Ages 1414:Württemberg 1394:Family tree 1302:History of 1255:Deutschland 1232:Erich Mende 1120:Berlin Wall 1103:. When the 1006:West Berlin 840:Preceded by 523:23 May 1949 489:Lower house 474:Upper house 461:Legislature 451:Helmut Kohl 346:West German 169:(1952–1990) 111:(1949–1962) 8092:Categories 8025:Television 8010:Philosophy 7985:Literature 7844:Irreligion 7829:Healthcare 7792:Corruption 7558:Chancellor 7547:(military) 7544:Bundeswehr 6125:UEFA.com. 6099:UEFA.com. 5861:7 December 5802:23 January 5312:7 December 5144:References 5092:; German: 4849:See also: 4628:See also: 3181:Reichsmark 3015:Ostpolitik 2973:See also: 2859:war crimes 2851:Nazi Party 2823:See also: 2741:the Greens 2661:(CDU) and 2605:Chancellor 2557:See also: 2433:Ostpolitik 2428:Ostpolitik 2158:Bundeswehr 2124:Luxembourg 2108:Korean War 2040:Napoleonic 1757:since 1990 1740:New states 1684:Ostgebiete 1677:Occupation 1570:Zollverein 1418:Mediatised 1328:Chronology 1154:, and the 946:Saar franc 699:63,254,000 689:61,001,000 679:50,958,000 664:Population 551:9 May 1955 538:5 May 1955 420:Chancellor 360:Government 339:Demonym(s) 218:Show globe 7980:Libraries 7960:Festivals 7807:Education 7751:Transport 7716:companies 7635:President 7573:Elections 7538:Bundesrat 7533:Bundestag 7502:Mountains 7470:Districts 7448:Geography 7181:Visigoths 7118:Overviews 6843:; vol 2: 6677:141058426 6192:France 24 6156:USA Today 6136:20 August 6110:20 August 6020:Includes 5986:11 August 5956:11 August 5462:Dokumente 5460:, vol. 2 5386:155025137 5226:"Germany" 5051:Footnotes 4883:(and its 4489:−118 141 4460:−118 141 4431:−111 961 4402:−124 160 4286:−129 748 4257:−146 750 4228:−122 578 4199:−130 289 4170:−148 748 4141:−101 138 3932:1 019 459 3903:1 050 345 3874:1 044 328 3845:1 065 437 3816:1 054 123 3787:1 018 552 3758:1 012 687 3185:with the 3174:The Times 3115:Bundestag 3087:in 1973; 2956:Bundesrat 2928:than its 2919:Karlsruhe 2905:Frankfurt 2625:Bundestag 2598:Reichstag 2563:With the 2338:Auschwitz 2214:Bundestag 2135:Gaullists 1869:held the 1726:1949–1990 1703:1944–1950 1651:1939–1945 1641:1933–1945 1631:1918–1933 1621:1914–1918 1611:1871–1918 1386:Empresses 1236:Bundestag 992:(German: 773:Time zone 588:with the 518:Formation 495:Bundestag 480:Bundesrat 376:President 325:Religion 59:1949–1990 8072:Category 7990:Internet 7975:Language 7965:Folklore 7884:Religion 7859:Pensions 7854:Naturism 7731:Taxation 7615:Lobbying 7588:Intersex 7521:Politics 7130:Timeline 7109:General 7102:articles 7023:Archived 6974:Archived 6963:Archived 6935:Archived 6835:(1992); 6320:. 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