536:. Auditory imagery in general occurs across participants in the temporal voice area (TVA), which allows top-down imaging manipulations, processing, and storage of audition functions. Olfactory imagery research shows activation in the anterior piriform cortex and the posterior piriform cortex; experts in olfactory imagery have larger gray matter associated to olfactory areas. Tactile imagery is found to occur in the dorsolateral prefrontal area, inferior frontal gyrus, frontal gyrus, insula, precentral gyrus, and the medial frontal gyrus with basal ganglia activation in the ventral posteriomedial nucleus and putamen (hemisphere activation corresponds to the location of the imagined tactile stimulus). Research in gustatory imagery reveals activation in the anterior insular cortex, frontal operculum, and prefrontal cortex. Novices of a specific form of mental imagery show less gray matter than experts of mental imagery congruent to that form. A meta-analysis of neuroimagery studies revealed significant activation of the bilateral dorsal parietal, interior insula, and left inferior frontal regions of the brain. Causal evidence from neurological patients with brain lesions demonstrates that vivid visual mental imagery is possible even when occipital visual areas are lesioned or disconnected from more anterior cortex. Visual mental imagery can instead be impaired by left temporal damage. Consistent with these findings, a meta-analysis of 27 neuroimaging studies demonstrated imagery-related activity in a region of the left ventral temporal cortex, which was dubbed the Fusiform Imagery Node. An additional Bayesian analysis excluded a role for occipital cortex in visual mental imagery, consistent with the evidence from neurological patients.
660:
imagery is dependent on the degree to which the neural substrates of visual imagery overlap with those of visual perception. They found that overlap between imagery and perception in the entire visual cortex, the parietal precuneus lobule, the right parietal cortex, and the medial frontal cortex predicted the vividness of a mental representation. The activated regions beyond the visual areas are believed to drive the imagery-specific processes rather than the visual processes shared with perception. It has been suggested that the precuneus contributes to vividness by selecting important details for imagery. The medial frontal cortex is suspected to be involved in the retrieval and integration of information from the parietal and visual areas during working memory and visual imagery. The right parietal cortex appears to be important in attention, visual inspection, and stabilization of mental representations. Thus, the neural substrates of visual imagery and perception overlap in areas beyond the visual cortex and the degree of this overlap in these areas correlates with the vividness of mental representations during imagery.
887:
neuropsychological patients have been used to test the hypothesis that a mental image is the reactivation, from memory, of brain representations normally activated during the perception of an external stimulus. In other words, if perceiving an apple activates contour and location and shape and color representations in the brainâs visual system, then imagining an apple activates some or all of these same representations using information stored in memory. Early evidence for this idea came from neuropsychology. Patients with brain damage that impairs perception in specific ways, for example by damaging shape or color representations, seem to generally to have impaired mental imagery in similar ways. Studies of brain function in normal human brains support this same conclusion, showing activity in the brainâs visual areas while subjects imagined visual objects and scenes.
385:
911:. Laboratory studies have suggested that the subjectively reported variations in imagery vividness are associated with different neural states within the brain and also different cognitive competences such as the ability to accurately recall information presented in pictures Rodway, Gillies and Schepman used a novel long-term change detection task to determine whether participants with low and high vividness scores on the VVIQ2 showed any performance differences. Rodway et al. found that high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low-vividness participants. This replicated an earlier study.
652:(DCM) to determine the connectivity of cortical networks, Ishai et al. (2010) demonstrated that activation of the network mediating visual imagery is initiated by prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex activity. Generation of objects from memory resulted in initial activation of the prefrontal and the posterior parietal areas, which then activate earlier visual areas through backward connectivity. Activation of the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex has also been found to be involved in retrieval of object representations from
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decomposed and then mentally re-imaged the objects into basic mathematical propositions, as the then-dominant view of cognition "as a serial digital computer" assumed, then it would be expected that the time it took to determine whether the object is the same or not would be independent of how much the object had been rotated. Shepard and
Metzler found the opposite: a linear relationship between the degree of rotation in the mental imagery task and the time it took participants to reach their answer.
590:
requiring visual imagery for judgment of size, shape, color, and composition. These findings conflict with previous research as they suggest there is a partial dissociation between visual imagery and visual perception. C.K. exhibited a perceptual deficit that was not associated with a corresponding deficit in visual imagery, indicating that these two processes have systems for mental representations that may not be mediated entirely by the same neural substrates.
839:
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773:. Berkeley stated that reality is equivalent to mental images—our mental images are not a copy of another material reality but that reality itself. Berkeley, however, sharply distinguished between the images that he considered to constitute the external world, and the images of individual imagination. According to Berkeley, only the latter are considered "mental imagery" in the contemporary sense of the term.
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234:'s 1870 speech called the "Scientific Use of the Imagination". Some have suggested that images are best understood to be, by definition, a form of inner, mental, or neural representation. Others reject the view that the image experience may be identical with (or directly caused by) any such representation in the mind or the brain, but do not take account of the non-representational forms of imagery.
762:: a prisoner, bound and unable to move, sits with his back to a fire watching the shadows cast on the cave wall in front of him by people carrying objects behind his back. These people and the objects they carry are representations of real things in the world. Unenlightened man is like the prisoner, explains Socrates, a human being making mental images from the sense data that he experiences.
171:), when the mental imagery may be dynamic, phantasmagoric, and involuntary in character, repeatedly presenting identifiable objects or actions, spilling over from waking events, or defying perception, presenting a kaleidoscopic field, in which no distinct object can be discerned. Mental imagery can sometimes produce the same effects as would be produced by the behavior or experience imagined.
918:(fMRI) was used to study the association between early visual cortex activity relative to the whole brain while participants visualized themselves or another person bench pressing or stair climbing. Reported image vividness correlates significantly with the relative fMRI signal in the visual cortex. Thus, individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery can be measured objectively.
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50:
942:. Proponents of these theories state that people often have learning processes that emphasize visual, auditory, and kinesthetic systems of experience. According to these theorists, teaching in multiple overlapping sensory systems benefits learning, and they encourage teachers to use content and media that integrates well with the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic systems whenever possible.
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neural mappings for imagined stimuli and perceived stimuli. The authors of these studies concluded that, while the neural processes they studied rely on mathematical and computational underpinnings, the brain also seems optimized to handle the sort of mathematics that constantly computes a series of topologically-based images rather than calculating a mathematical model of an object.
581:(rTMS) resulted in impaired visual perception and imagery. Furthermore, research conducted with lesioned patients has revealed that visual imagery and visual perception have the same representational organization. This has been concluded from patients in which impaired perception also experience visual imagery deficits at the same level of the mental representation.
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the lack of filtering input produced internally, one may as a consequence, hallucinateâessentially seeing something that isn't received as an input externally but rather internal (i.e. an error in the filtering of segmented sensory data from the cerebral cortex may result in one seeing, feeling, hearing or experiencing something that is inconsistent with reality).
874:. For example, several studies have provided evidence that people are slower at rotating line drawings of objects such as hands in directions incompatible with the joints of the human body, and that patients with painful, injured arms are slower at mentally rotating line drawings of the hand from the side of the injured arm.
780:
criticized idealism. When asked what he thought about idealism, he is alleged to have replied "I refute it thus!" as he kicked a large rock and his leg rebounded. His point was that the idea that the rock is just another mental image and has no material existence of its own is a poor explanation of
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Imagery has been thought to cooccur with perception; however, participants with damaged sense-modality receptors can sometimes perform imagery of said modality receptors. Neuroscience with imagery has been used to communicate with seemingly unconscious individuals through fMRI activation of different
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The propositional theory involves storing images in the form of a generic propositional code that stores the meaning of the concept not the image itself. The propositional codes can either be descriptive of the image or symbolic. They are then transferred back into verbal and visual code to form the
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and the mental visualization that occurs while reading a book. Another is of the pictures summoned by athletes during training or before a competition, outlining each step they will take to accomplish their goal. When a musician hears a song, they can sometimes "see" the song notes in their head, as
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Educational researchers have examined whether the experience of mental imagery affects the degree of learning. For example, imagining playing a five-finger piano exercise (mental practice) resulted in a significant improvement in performance over no mental practiceâthough not as significant as that
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Logie, Pernet, Buonocore and Della Sala (2011) used behavioural and fMRI data for mental rotation from individuals reporting vivid and poor imagery on the VVIQ. Groups differed in brain activation patterns suggesting that the groups performed the same tasks in different ways. These findings help to
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to amend any occlusions for perception . It can be thought that the neocortex is a sophisticated memory storage warehouse in which data received as an input from sensory systems are compartmentalized via the cerebral cortex. This would essentially allow for shapes to be identified, although given
202:
mental imagery. It has sometimes been assumed that, like humans, some types of animals are capable of experiencing mental images. Due to the fundamentally introspective (reflective) nature of the phenomenon, it has been difficult to assess whether or not non-human animals experience mental imagery.
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when he states that, if we judge the value of our mental images of the world by the quality and quantity of the sense data that they can explain, then the most valuable mental image—or theory—that we currently have is that the world has a real independent existence and that humans have
392:
Significant positive correlations were also obtained between VVIQ scores and hippocampal structures including
Bilateral CA1, CA3, CA4 and Granule Cell (GC) and Molecular Layer (ML) of the Dentate Gyrus (DG). Follow-up analysis revealed that visual imagery was in particular correlated with the four
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studies showed that the interference between the motor and visual imagery system could be induced by having participants physically handle actual 3D blocks glued together to form objects similar to those depicted in the line-drawings. Amorim et al. have shown that, when a cylindrical "head" was
486:
in 1971, is the theory that we use two separate codes to represent information in our brains: image codes and verbal codes. Image codes are things like thinking of a picture of a dog when you are thinking of a dog, whereas a verbal code would be to think of the word "dog". Another example is the
267:
of his possessions" involved similes that were "too far-fetched"; and he advised the orator to, instead, just speak of "the rock" and "the gulf" (respectively)âon the grounds that "the eyes of the mind are more easily directed to those objects which we have seen, than to those which we have only
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and colleagues showed in a series of neuroimaging experiments that the mental image of objects like the letter "F" are mapped, maintained and rotated as an image-like whole in areas of the human visual cortex. Moreover, Kosslyn's work showed that there are considerable similarities between the
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Vividness of visual imagery is a crucial component of an individualâs ability to perform cognitive tasks requiring imagery. Vividness of visual imagery varies not only between individuals but also within individuals. Dijkstra and colleagues (2017) found that the variation in vividness of visual
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acquired after a vehicular accident. This deficit prevented him from being able to recognize objects and copy objects fluidly. Surprisingly, his ability to draw accurate objects from memory indicated his visual imagery was intact and normal. Furthermore, C.K. successfully performed other tasks
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added to
Shepard and Metzler's line drawings of 3D block figures, participants were quicker and more accurate at solving mental rotation problems. They argue that motoric embodiment is not just "interference" that inhibits visual mental imagery but is capable of facilitating mental imagery.
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and
Jacqueline Metzler challenged that view by presenting subjects with 2D line drawings of groups of 3D block "objects" and asking them to determine whether that "object" is the same as a second figure, some of which rotations of the first "object". Shepard and Metzler proposed that if we
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As cognitive neuroscience approaches to mental imagery continued, research expanded beyond questions of serial versus parallel or topographic processing to questions of the relationship between mental images and perceptual representations. Both brain imaging (fMRI and ERP) and studies of
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inside the head viewing these mental images, our brains do form and maintain mental images as image-like wholes. The problem of exactly how these images are stored and manipulated within the human brain, in particular within language and communication, remains a fertile area of study.
162:
is an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of "perceiving" some object, event, or scene but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. There are sometimes episodes, particularly on falling asleep
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Mental imagery can act as a substitute for the imagined experience: Imagining an experience can evoke similar cognitive, physiological, and behavioral consequences as having the corresponding experience in reality. At least four classes of such effects have been documented.
400:
has been found to be discrete to other components in that it processes all forms of perceptional data relayed from both lower and higher components of the brain. Damage to this component can produce permanent perceptual damage, however when damage is inflicted upon the
902:
One of the longest-running research topics on the mental image has basis on the fact that people report large individual differences in the vividness of their images. Special questionnaires have been developed to assess such differences, including the
656:, their maintenance in working memory, and attention during visual imagery. Thus, Ishai et al. suggest that the network mediating visual imagery is composed of attentional mechanisms arising from the posterior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex.
3352:
645:, the authors propose that these parietal and prefrontal regions, and occipital regions, are part of a network involved in mediating the manipulation of visual imagery. These results suggest a top-down activation of visual areas in visual imagery.
812:, mental images and the perception of them must be brain-states. According to critics, scientific realists cannot explain where the images and their perceiver exist in the brain. To use the analogy of the computer screen, these critics argue that
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Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, Nguyet Dang, Leonardo G. Cohen, Joaquim P. Brasil-Neto, Angel
Cammarota, and Mark Hallett (1995). Modulation of Muscle Responses Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation During the Acquisition of New Fine Motor Skills.
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Beyond visual imagery is the
Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire which measures seven senses. This form of imagery assessment correlates with the VVIQ for visual imagery and shows how other senses vary dependent on individual differences.
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The functional-equivalency hypothesis is that mental images are "internal representations" that work in the same way as the actual perception of physical objects. In other words, the picture of a dog brought to mind when the word
503:
When abstract words are thought of, it is easier to think of them in terms of verbal codesâfinding words that define them or describe them. With concrete words, it is often easier to use image codes and bring up a picture of a
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Imagery training has been effective in a series of studies, mostly in sport where participants are taught formal skills to improve a mental image. Imagery training has also been effective with individuals with low abilities.
413:
Not all people have the same mental imagery ability. For many, when the eyes are closed, the perception of darkness prevails. However, some people are able to perceive colorful, dynamic imagery (McKellar, 1957). The use of
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produced by physical practice. The authors of the study stated that "mental practice alone seems to be sufficient to promote the modulation of neural circuits involved in the early stages of motor skill learning".
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Behrmann and colleagues (1992) describe a patient C.K., who provided evidence challenging the view that visual imagery and visual perception rely on the same representational system. C.K. was a 33-year old man with
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Bensafi, M.; Porter, J.; Pouliot, S.; Mainland, J.; Johnson, B.; Zelano, C.; Young, N.; Bremner, E.; Aframian, D.; Kahn, R.; Sobel, N. (2003). "Olfactomotor
Activity During Imagery Mimics that During Perception".
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and higher visual areas. Kosslyn and colleagues (1999) showed that the early visual cortex, Area 17 and Area 18/19, is activated during visual imagery. They found that inhibition of these areas through repetitive
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Some psychologists, including
Kosslyn, have argued that such results occur because of interference in the brain between distinct systems in the brain that process the visual and motor mental imagery. Subsequent
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is the ability to create mental representations of things, people, and places that are absent from an individualâs visual field. This ability is crucial to problem-solving tasks, memory, and spatial reasoning.
527:
Research has occurred to designate a specific neural correlate of imagery; however, studies show a multitude of results. Most studies published before 2001 suggest neural correlates of visual imagery occur in
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Andrade, J., May, J., Deeprose, C., Baugh, S. J., & Ganis, G. (2014). Assessing vividness of mental imagery: The
Plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire. British Journal of Psychology, 105(4), 547-563|
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285:, where he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"; namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind".
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finding implied that the human mindâand the human brainâmaintains and manipulates mental images as topographic and topological wholes, an implication that was quickly put to test by psychologists.
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Meister, I. G; Krings, T; Foltys, H; Boroojerdi, B; MĂŒller, M; Töpper, R; Thron, A (2004-05-01). "Playing piano in the mind â an fMRI study on music imagery and performance in pianists".
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traditions, where holding the fully realized form in the mind is a prerequisite prior to creating an 'authentic' new art work that will provide a sacred support or foundation for deity.
3026:
Amorim, Michel-Ange, Brice
Isableu and Mohammed Jarraya (2006) Embodied Spatial Transformations: âBody Analogyâ for the Mental Rotation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
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Recent studies in neurology and neuropsychology on mental imagery have further questioned the "mind as serial computer" theory, arguing instead that human mental imagery manifests
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Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Thompson, William L.; Wraga, Mary J.; Alpert, Nathaniel M. (2001). "Imagining rotation by endogenous versus exogenous forces: Distinct neural mechanisms".
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and subcortical regions that exhibited increased activation when manipulating a visual image compared to when the visual image was just maintained. These regions included the
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Lima, CĂ©sar F.; Lavan, Nadine; Evans, Samuel; Agnew, Zarinah; Halpern, Andrea R.; Shanmugalingam, Pradheep; Meekings, Sophie; Boebinger, Dana; Ostarek, Markus (2015-11-01).
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in lower areas of the visual cortex. As humans, we have the ability to see with the mind's eyeâto have a perceptual experience in the absence of visual input. For example,
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Rick Strassman, DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences, 320 pages, Park Street Press, 2001,
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357:. In a large study with 285 participants, Tabi, Maio, Attaallah, et al. (2022) investigated the association between an established measure of visual mental imagery,
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Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Thompson, William L.; Kim, Irene J.; Alpert, Nathaniel M. (1995). "Topographic representations of mental images in primary visual cortex".
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Rhodes, J., Nedza, K., May, J., & Clements, L. (2024). Imagery training for athletes with low imagery abilities. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1-14.
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Recent studies have found that individual differences in VVIQ scores can be used to predict changes in a person's brain while visualizing different activities.
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Yoo, Seung-Schik; Freeman, Daniel K.; McCarthy, James J. III; Jolesz, Ferenc A. (2003-03-24). "Neural substrates of tactile imagery: a functional MRI study".
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have been unsuccessful in identifying either the component in the brain (i.e., "hardware") or the mental processes that store these images (i.e. "software").
381:. Tabi et al. (2022) found significant positive correlations between visual imagery vividness and the volumes of the hippocampus and primary visual cortex.
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have shown that when subjects, seated in a room, imagine they are at their front door starting to walk either to the left or right, activation begins in the
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Gibson, Raechelle M.; FernĂĄndez-Espejo, Davinia; Gonzalez-Lara, Laura E.; Kwan, Benjamin Y.; Lee, Donald H.; Owen, Adrian M.; Cruse, Damian (2014-01-01).
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Gur, R.C.; Hilgard, E.R. (1975). "Visual imagery and discrimination of differences between altered pictures simultaneously and successively presented".
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Behrmann, Marlene; Winocur, Gordon; Moscovitch, Morris (1992). "Dissociation between mental imagery and object recognition in a brain-damaged patient".
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230:), playing an important role in memory and thinking. William Brant (2013, p. 12) traces the scientific use of the phrase "mental images" back to
1026:, however, image-based prayer is generally frowned upon, because it is seen as an opening for demonic influence, and as contradictory to the aims of
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Brant, W. (2013). Mental Imagery and Creativity: Cognition, Observation and Realization. Akademikerverlag. pp. 227. SaarbrĂŒcken, Germany.
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One theory of the mind that was examined in these experiments was the "brain as serial computer" philosophical metaphor of the 1970s. Psychologist
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Bartolomeo, P (2002). "The Relationship Between Visual perception and Visual Mental Imagery: A Reappraisal of the Neuropsychological Evidence".
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Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2012). The Role of Imagery in Performance 11. The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology, 213.
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Kosslyn, S. M.; Pascual-Leone, A.; Felician, O.; Camposano, S.; Keenan, J. P.; l., W.; Ganis, G.; Sukel, K. E.; Alpert, N. M. (2 April 1999).
2316:"Multiple tasks and neuroimaging modalities increase the likelihood of detecting covert awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness"
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The nature of these experiences, what makes them possible, and their function (if any) have long been subjects of research and controversy in
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Logie, R.H.; Pernet, C.R.; Buonocore, A.; Della Sala, S. (2011). "Low and high imagers activate networks differentially in mental rotation".
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475:. Calling up an image in our minds can be a voluntary act, so it can be characterized as being under various degrees of conscious control.
894:, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy on the neural status of mental images. In general, researchers agree that, while there is no
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have empirically tested some of the philosophical questions related to whether and how the human brain uses mental imagery in cognition.
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2132:"A meta-analytic review of multisensory imagery identifies the neural correlates of modality-specific and modality-general imagery"
808:). The problem is similar to asking how the images you see on a computer screen exist in the memory of the computer. To scientific
2961:"Mental Imagery as a Rehabilitative Therapy for Neuropathic Pain in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
2232:"Visual mental imagery engages the left fusiform gyrus, but not the early visual cortex: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence"
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1822:"Gustatory Imagery Reveals Functional Connectivity from the Prefrontal to Insular Cortices Traced with Magnetoencephalography"
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198:, olfactory images, and so forth. However, the majority of philosophical and scientific investigations of the topic focus on
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in general to be mental images. Today, it is very widely believed that much imagery functions as mental representations (or
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2075:"Feel the Noise: Relating Individual Differences in Auditory Imagery to the Structure and Function of Sensorimotor Systems"
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McGabhann. R, Squires. B, 2003, 'Releasing The Beast Within â A path to Mental Toughness', Granite Publishing, Australia.
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Farah MJ; Soso MJ; Dasheiff RM (1992). "Visual angle of the mind's eye before and after unilateral occipital lobectomy".
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successfully evolved by building up and adapting patterns of mental images to explain it. This is an important idea in
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theorized that the human mind processes mental images by decomposing them into an underlying mathematical proposition.
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neural correlates of imagery, demanding further study into low quality consciousness. A study on one patient with one
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BrĂŒck, Carolin; Kreifelts, Benjamin; GöĂling-Arnold, Christina; Wertheimer, JĂŒrgen; Wildgruber, Dirk (2014-11-01).
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drugs increases the subject's ability to consciously access mental imagery including synaestesia (McKellar, 1957).
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Ishai, A. âSeeing faces and objects with the "mind's eyeâ", Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 148(1):1â9. (2010).
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well as hear them with all their tonal qualities. This is considered different from an after-effect, such as an
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Kobayashi, Masayuki; Sasabe, Tetsuya; Shigihara, Yoshihito; Tanaka, Masaaki; Watanabe, Yasuyoshi (2011-07-08).
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Farah, Martha J. (Sep 30, 1987). "Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology".
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Mental images are an important topic in classical and modern philosophy, as they are central to the study of
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3889:"Are Theories of Imagery Theories of Imagination? An Active Perception Approach to Conscious Mental Content"
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can instantiate the same performance benefits as physical practice and reduction central neuropathic pain.
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Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (2015). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. New York. Worth Publishers.
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explain the lack of association previously reported between VVIQ scores and mental rotation performance.
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482:, the propositional theory, and the functional-equivalency hypothesis. The dual-code theory, created by
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Rodway, P.; Gillies, K.; Schepman, A. (2006). "Vivid imagers are better at detecting salient changes".
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Pylyshyn, Zenon W (1973). "What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: a critique of mental imagery".
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Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Ganis, Giorgio; Thompson, William L. (2001). "Neural foundations of imagery".
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analysis of regions activated during manipulation of visual imagery. They identified 11 bilateral
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1924:"'Inner voices': the cerebral representation of emotional voice cues described in literary texts"
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is read is interpreted in the same way as if the person was observing an actual dog before them.
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3792:"Pain and the body schema evidence for peripheral effects on mental representations of movement"
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Shepard, Roger N.; Metzler, Jacqueline (1971). "Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects".
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Farah, M (1988). "Is Visual Imagery Really Visual? Overlooked Evidence From Neuropsychology".
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The previously mentioned and numerous related studies have led to a relative consensus within
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532:. Auditory performance imagery have been observed in the premotor areas, precunes, and medial
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ask how the inner perception of mental images actually occurs. This is sometimes called the "
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There are several theories as to how mental images are formed in the mind. These include the
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A biological basis for mental imagery is found in the deeper portions of the brain below the
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Schlegel, A., Kohler, P. J., Fogelson, S. V, Alexander, P., Konuthula, D., & Tse, P. U.
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Parsons, Lawrence M (2003). "Superior parietal cortices and varieties of mental rotation".
3456:
2959:
Kaur, Jaskirat; Ghosh, Shampa; Sahani, Asish Kumar; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (November 2020).
2404:âVividness of Visual Imagery Depends on the Neural Overlap with Perception in Visual Areasâ
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Zlatev, Jordan; Ziemke, Tom; Frank, Roz; Dirven, René (eds.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3566:
Parsons, Lawrence M (1987). "Imagined spatial transformations of one's hands and feet".
3374:
2904:
Kaur, Jaskirat; Ghosh, Shampa; Sahani, Asish Kumar; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2019-04-15).
2510:
1837:
449:
27:
Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
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4736:
4646:
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4581:
4566:
4536:
4394:
4339:
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3328:
3224:
3199:
2906:"Mental imagery training for treatment of central neuropathic pain: a narrative review"
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31:
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3879:
3786:(Translated from the French by B. Frechtman, New York: Philosophical Library, 1948.)
3768:
The Body in Space: Embodiment, Experientialism and Linguistic Conceptualization. In
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2558:, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(40), 16277 LP-16282. (2013).
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The biological foundation of mental imagery is not fully understood. Studies using
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151:
3398:
3069:
2300:
3863:
3688:
3307:
3272:"Image Effects of Newspapers. How Brand Images Change Consumers' Product Ratings"
3215:
3200:"Vividness of mental imagery: Individual variability can be measured objectively"
2440:
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Mental visualization is used across world religions, particularly as an aid for
809:
679:
467:
362:
322:
168:
49:
30:"Mental images" redirects here. For the computer graphics software company, see
3905:
3888:
3757:
3616:
3512:
2921:
2725:"Imagery and Perception Share Cortical Representations of Content and Location"
2701:
2475:
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17:
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4851:
4751:
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4641:
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4300:
4124:
4097:
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3053:
2425:"The Role of Area 17 in Visual Imagery: Convergent Evidence from PET and RTMS"
2199:
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can comprise information from any source of sensory input; one may experience
179:
175:
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2984:
2976:
2929:
2332:
2230:
Spagna, Alfredo; Hajhajate, Dounia; Liu, Jianghao; Bartolomeo, Paolo (2021).
2181:
Bartolomeo, Paolo; Hajhajate, Dounia; Liu, Jianghao; Spagna, Alfredo (2020).
2148:
2098:
1997:
1947:
1855:
1687:
1338:
1107:
Imagined experiences are attributed evidentiary value like physical evidence.
5001:
4934:
4898:
4561:
4526:
4114:
4102:
4092:
3480:
Marks, D.F. (1973). "Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures".
2744:
2090:
1440:
1377:
1146:
1140:
1119:
Imagined goal achievement can reduce motivation for actual goal achievement.
1040:
1027:
741:
642:
618:
544:
removed found the horizontal area of their visual mental image was reduced.
354:
264:
3817:
3790:
Schwoebel, John; Friedman, Robert; Duda, Nanci; Coslett, H. Branch (2001).
3624:
3464:
3427:
3233:
3143:
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2992:
2960:
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2016:
1965:
1908:
1873:
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3871:
3587:
3503:
3390:
3336:
2709:
2526:
2483:
2386:
2183:"Assessing the causal role of early visual areas in visual mental imagery"
1939:
4167:
1587:
Imagery of famous faces: effects of memory and attention revealed by fMRI
1075:
770:
755:
397:
366:
330:
2723:
Cichy, Radoslaw M.; Heinzle, Jakob; Haynes, John-Dylan (June 10, 2011).
572:
that function similarly during both imagery and perception, such as the
4944:
4285:
4260:
4108:
4072:
3198:
Cui, X.; Jeter, C.B.; Yang, D.; Montague, P.R.; Eagleman, D.M. (2007).
3180:
2611:
2587:
1678:
1330:
1091:
1087:
1071:
1067:
191:
383:
5061:
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4305:
4275:
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4213:
4134:
4119:
3712:
3382:
3345:
Ghosts in the Mind's Machine: Creating and Using Images in the Brain.
2822:
2518:
2284:
1464:
1083:
1019:
994:
326:
253:
243:
3921:(Volume 2, pp. 1147â1153). London: Nature Publishing/Macmillan.
3172:
3021:
and translation by H. Arnold) Paris: Mercier & Associés, 2018.
2603:
1562:, Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p. 239.
1044:
3135:
393:
subfields presented in the above illustration (Tabi et al., 2022).
190:. As contemporary researchers use the expression, mental images or
4706:
4250:
4198:
4154:
1756:
Dual Coding Theory. Theories of Learning in Educational Psychology
1206:
1064:
1060:
837:
751:
569:
512:
in your mind rather than words associated or descriptive of them.
434:
3017:
Albert, J.-M. ââMental Image and Representation. (French text by
1116:
Imagined consumption of a food can reduce its actual consumption.
5036:
4964:
4149:
1191:
448:(DMT) to produce internal visuals when external sensory data is
294:
223:
4478:
3960:
3947:
938:
have drawn from the idea of mental imagery in their studies of
1018:, visualization plays a central role in the recitation of the
957:
673:
452:. However, this hypothesis has yet to be fully supported with
43:
3956:
3936:
3308:
The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution
361:(VVIQ) scores, and volumes of brain structures including the
271:
The concept of "the mind's eye" first appeared in English in
1785:
1721:
459:
The condition where a person lacks mental imagery is called
388:
VVIQ correlations with Hippocampal CA & GC-ML-DG volumes
2588:"Johnson's Refutation of Berkeley: Kicking the Stone Again"
2413:, The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(5), 1367 LP-1373. (2017).
784:
David Deutsch addresses Johnson's objection to idealism in
259:
In this discussion, Cicero observed that allusions to "the
3159:
Block, N (1983). "Mental Pictures and Cognitive Science".
1649:
Zeman, Adam; Dewar, Michaela; Della Sala, Sergio (2015).
1310:
Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. (2016-07-01).
252:
during his discussion of the orator's appropriate use of
3689:
Furnishing the Mind: Concepts and their Perceptual Basis
2549:âNetwork structure and dynamics of the mental workspaceâ
1981:"Same same but different: the case of olfactory imagery"
1022:, where it may be used to visualize Biblical scenes. In
425:
is a hypothetical candidate for producing a mind's eye.
2402:
Dijkstra, N., Bosch, S. E., & van Gerven, M. A. J.
974:
842:
The types of rotation tests used by Shepard and Metzler
487:
difference between thinking of abstract words such as
437:, the gland might secrete the hallucinogenic chemical
3353:
Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate
1718:
The Effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic Performance
456:
evidence and plausible mechanism for DMT production.
3030:
Barsalou, L.W. (1999). "Perceptual Symbol Systems".
5085:
4912:
4782:
4512:
4438:
4420:
4319:
4176:
4030:
3994:
1815:
1813:
1010:Opinions on the value of visualization vary within
242:The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
37:"Mind's eye" redirects here. For other uses, see
2398:
2396:
1312:"Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience"
905:Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)
781:the painful sense data he had just experienced.
463:. The term was first suggested in a 2015 study.
3651:The Republic (New CUP translation into English)
3560:Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach.
1979:Arshamian, Artin; Larsson, Maria (2014-01-01).
1651:"Lives without imagery â Congenital aphantasia"
1596:, A. Ishai, J. V. Haxby and L. G. Ungerleider,
214:, and early experimental psychologists such as
4490:
3972:
2853:https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2024.2337019
321:is not a one-way street. Higher areas of the
8:
3513:"New directions for mental imagery research"
1272:Wright, Edmond (1983). "Inspecting images".
4125:Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
4038:Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)
3915:Mental Imagery, Philosophical Issues About.
3766:The Body in Space: Dimensions of embodiment
3113:Bennett, M.R. & Hacker, P.M.S. (2003).
1928:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
708:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
593:Schlegel and colleagues (2013) conducted a
309:are activated during mental imagery tasks.
4497:
4483:
4475:
4429:The Varieties of the Meditative Experience
3979:
3965:
3957:
3944:
3670:Respublica (New CUP edition of Greek text)
3115:Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience.
1742:Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain
776:The eighteenth century British writer Dr.
765:The eighteenth-century philosopher Bishop
3904:
3853:
3807:
3223:
3043:
2743:
2341:
2331:
2247:
2198:
2157:
2147:
2106:
2006:
1996:
1955:
1863:
1845:
1677:
1319:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
1217:Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire
728:Learn how and when to remove this message
466:Common examples of mental images include
359:Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
769:proposed similar ideas in his theory of
637:. Due to their suspected involvement in
3266:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1228:
1047:utilize sophisticated visualization or
429:and others have postulated that during
4155:Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
3457:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.011
5098:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2965:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
2899:
2897:
1807:, 2nd ed. New York: Psychology Press.
916:Functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
3264:Imagination in Teaching and Learning
2586:Patey, Douglas Lane (January 1986).
1784:Mental Imaging Theories. 2013. Web.
1305:
1303:
706:adding citations to reliable sources
495:and thinking of concrete words like
72:adding citations to reliable sources
4115:Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)
3938:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3738:London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
548:Neural substrates of visual imagery
325:can also send visual input back to
3949:Articles related to "mental image"
3562:New York: Oxford University Press.
3496:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x
3329:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01470.x
2823:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12050
1761:"Allan Paivio, Dual Coding Theory"
1744:. London: Picador. pp. 30â40.
1720:. The Mental Edge. 12/20/13. Web.
25:
3919:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science
3745:Journal of Individual Differences
2784:Rodway, Gillies and Schepman 2006
2367:J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
1901:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.12.005
872:both visually and kinesthetically
579:transcranial magnetic stimulation
4459:
4458:
4073:Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)
3770:Body, Language and Mind, vol. 2.
3420:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00046
2044:10.1097/00001756-200303240-00011
961:
678:
48:
3727:Reisberg, Daniel (Ed.) (1992).
3672:. E Typographeo Clarendoniano.
3270:Fichter, C.; Jonas, K. (2008).
2592:Journal of the History of Ideas
2320:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2249:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.029
2136:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1540:from the original on 2022-12-06
1528:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1840).
59:needs additional citations for
4140:Transcendental meditation (TM)
3784:The Psychology of Imagination.
3653:. Cambridge University Press.
2130:Mcnorgan, Chris (2012-01-01).
1280:(223): 57â72 (see pp. 68â72).
631:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1:
4955:Hard problem of consciousness
4163:(tai chi standing meditation)
4145:VipassanÄ (Silent meditation)
4103:Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)
4012:Meditation in popular culture
4002:Brain activity and meditation
3541:The Design of Everyday Things
3483:British Journal of Psychology
3317:British Journal of Psychology
3300:Principles of Mental Imagery.
3091:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70665-8
3032:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1560:Cicero on Oratory and Orators
4063:DhyÄna (Buddhist meditation)
3864:10.1126/science.171.3972.701
3605:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3580:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90011-9
3343:Kosslyn, Stephen M. (1983).
3216:10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.013
2441:10.1126/science.284.5411.167
1847:10.1371/journal.pone.0021736
1670:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.019
930:Training and learning styles
560:have found that imagery and
347:cognitive processing centers
4093:Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)
3887:Thomas, Nigel J.T. (1999).
3288:10.1027/0044-3409.216.4.226
3276:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Psychologie
2642:Kosslyn 1995; see also 1994
2273:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2187:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1613:A User's Guide to the Brain
263:of his patrimony" and "the
39:Mind's eye (disambiguation)
5191:
3906:10.1207/s15516709cog2302_3
3758:10.1027/1614-0001.27.4.218
3617:10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.002
3305:Garnder, Howard. (1987)
2922:10.1007/s13760-019-01139-x
2702:10.1037/0033-295x.95.3.307
2476:10.1037/0033-295X.95.3.307
2379:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.241
1518:Bennett & Hacker, 2003
954:Visualization and religion
824:In experimental psychology
667:
299:lateral geniculate nucleus
36:
29:
5118:
4677:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
4667:David Lewis (philosopher)
4454:
4068:DhyÄna (Hindu meditation)
3954:
3809:10.1093/brain/124.10.2098
3534:London: Cohen & West.
3532:Imagination and Thinking.
3517:Journal of Mental Imagery
3357:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3302:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3054:10.1017/s0140525x99002149
2833:Pascual-Leone et al. 1995
2200:10.1038/s41583-020-0348-5
1805:Fundamentals of Cognition
1786:http://faculty.mercer.edu
1722:http://www.vanderbilt.edu
1286:10.1017/s0031819100056266
1162:Fantasy prone personality
833:cognitive neuroscientists
615:posterior parietal cortex
335:visual association cortex
3530:McKellar, Peter (1957).
3350:Kosslyn, Stephen (1994)
2977:10.1177/1545968320962498
2910:Acta Neurologica Belgica
2624:Shepard and Metzler 1971
2333:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00950
2149:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00285
1998:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00034
1889:Cognitive Brain Research
1057:Transpersonal Psychology
4805:Eliminative materialism
4017:Mindâbody interventions
3913:Thomas, N.J.T. (2003).
3734:Richardson, A. (1969).
3731:Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3642:Journal of Neuroscience
3241:Deutsch, David (1998).
1985:Frontiers in Psychology
1803:Eysenck, M. W. (2012).
1558:J.S. (trans. and ed.),
829:Cognitive psychologists
804:problem" (see also the
650:Dynamic Causal Modeling
564:share many of the same
5165:Psychological concepts
5057:Propositional attitude
5052:Problem of other minds
4960:Hypostatic abstraction
4022:Research on meditation
3824:Skinner, B.F. (1974).
3782:Sartre, J.-P. (1940).
3700:Psychological Bulletin
3693:Boston, MA: MIT Press.
3558:Paivio, Allan (1986).
3311:New York: Basic Books.
1740:Sacks, Oliver (2007).
1603:(2002), pp. 1729â1741.
1534:, Liber III: XLI: 163"
1152:Creative visualization
843:
431:near-death experiences
405:, the brain adapts to
389:
351:
186:, and, more recently,
5128:Philosophers category
5032:Mental representation
4795:Biological naturalism
4682:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
4657:Frank Cameron Jackson
4189:Brainwave entrainment
4007:History of meditation
3243:The Fabric of Reality
2864:The Dalai Lama at MIT
2745:10.1093/cercor/bhr106
2660:Schwoebel et al. 2001
2236:Neurosci Biobehav Rev
2091:10.1093/cercor/bhv134
1754:Paivio, Allan. 1941.
936:educational theorists
841:
786:The Fabric of Reality
670:Mental representation
587:visual object agnosia
387:
375:primary visual cortex
315:
206:Philosophers such as
4810:Emergent materialism
4229:Higher consciousness
4048:Christian meditation
3777:The Concept of Mind.
3764:Rohrer, T. (2006).
3686:Prinz, J.J. (2002).
3568:Cognitive Psychology
3511:Marks, D.F. (1995).
3298:Finke, R.A. (1989).
3161:Philosophical Review
2802:Gur and Hilgard 1975
2690:Psychological Review
2464:Psychological Review
1574:The Man of Laws Tale
1368:Bensafi et al., 2003
1157:Fantasy (psychology)
1098:Substitution effects
1063:construction of the
1051:(in the language of
760:Allegory of the Cave
702:improve this section
371:primary motor cortex
297:have shown that the
68:improve this article
5007:Language of thought
4757:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4587:Patricia Churchland
4446:Meditation and pain
4209:Conscious breathing
4043:Buddhist meditation
3917:In L. Nadel (Ed.),
3846:1971Sci...171..701S
3779:London: Hutchinson.
3375:1995Natur.378..496K
3124:Nature Neuroscience
2669:Kosslyn et al. 2001
2511:1992Natur.359..636B
1940:10.1093/scan/nst180
1838:2011PLoSO...621736K
1716:Plessinger, Annie.
1059:) processes in the
664:Philosophical ideas
446:-Dimethyltryptamine
237:
169:hypnopompic imagery
4835:Neurophenomenology
4506:Philosophy of mind
4326:Focused attention
4098:New Age meditation
4078:Islamic meditation
3826:About Behaviorism.
3117:Oxford: Blackwell.
2888:2008-02-29 at the
2869:2022-01-21 at the
2793:Rodway et al. 2006
2678:Amorim et al. 2006
2651:Parsons 1987; 2003
2554:2021-02-12 at the
2409:2020-10-19 at the
1791:2008-11-21 at the
1727:2011-07-12 at the
1592:2006-08-21 at the
1331:10.1111/spc3.12257
1177:Internal monologue
1035:Tibetan traditions
973:. You can help by
844:
798:scientific realism
791:scientific thought
627:frontal eye fields
621:lobule, and three
568:, or areas of the
390:
165:hypnagogic imagery
148:philosophy of mind
5152:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5042:Mindâbody problem
4940:Cognitive closure
4904:Substance dualism
4522:G. E. M. Anscombe
4472:
4471:
4410:Stephen Batchelor
4405:Martine Batchelor
4351:Multiple methods
4224:Guided meditation
4088:Jewish meditation
4053:Taoist meditation
3893:Cognitive Science
3840:(3972): 701â703.
3802:(10): 2098â2104.
3775:Ryle, G. (1949).
3729:Auditory Imagery.
3679:978-0-19-924849-0
3660:978-0-521-48443-5
3551:978-0-465-06710-7
3451:(11): 3071â3077.
3414:(11): 2519â2525.
3369:(6556): 496â498.
3347:New York: Norton.
3252:978-0-14-014690-5
3245:. Penguin Adult.
3193:978-3-639-46288-3
3130:(11): 1142â1144.
2971:(11): 1038â1049.
2505:(6396): 636â637.
2435:(5411): 167â170.
2085:(11): 4638â4650.
1934:(11): 1819â1827.
1615:, John J. Ratey,
1143:(imaginary sound)
1024:Eastern Orthodoxy
991:
990:
892:cognitive science
814:cognitive science
738:
737:
730:
635:prefrontal cortex
566:neural substrates
421:Furthermore, the
343:prefrontal cortex
277:Man of Law's Tale
184:cognitive science
167:) and waking up (
156:cognitive science
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
5182:
4894:Representational
4889:Property dualism
4882:Type physicalism
4847:New mysterianism
4815:Epiphenomenalism
4637:Martin Heidegger
4499:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4462:
4461:
4370:Joseph Goldstein
3981:
3974:
3967:
3958:
3945:
3910:
3908:
3883:
3857:
3828:New York: Knopf.
3821:
3811:
3761:
3724:
3713:10.1037/h0034650
3683:
3664:
3636:
3599:
3555:
3538:Norman, Donald.
3524:
3507:
3476:
3445:Neuropsychologia
3439:
3402:
3383:10.1038/378496a0
3340:
3295:
3290:. Archived from
3256:
3237:
3227:
3184:
3155:
3110:
3073:
3047:
3005:
3004:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2901:
2892:
2880:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2840:
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2809:
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2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2519:10.1038/359636a0
2494:
2488:
2487:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2420:
2414:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2285:10.1038/35090055
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2202:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1849:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1681:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1584:
1578:
1576:, lines 550â553.
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:Bartolomeo, 2002
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
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1350:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1244:Richardson, 1969
1242:
1236:
1233:
1136:Animal cognition
1031:
986:
983:
965:
958:
733:
726:
722:
719:
713:
682:
674:
654:long-term memory
534:Brodmann area 40
530:Brodmann area 17
480:dual-code theory
282:Canterbury Tales
246:'s reference to
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5114:
5081:
5027:Mental property
4920:Abstract object
4908:
4778:
4732:Wilfrid Sellars
4607:Donald Davidson
4592:Paul Churchland
4552:George Berkeley
4508:
4503:
4473:
4468:
4450:
4434:
4416:
4400:Thubten Chodron
4390:Sharon Salzberg
4385:Matthieu Ricard
4380:14th Dalai Lama
4336:Open awareness
4330:Thich Nhat Hanh
4315:
4172:
4083:Jain meditation
4058:Dancemeditation
4026:
3990:
3985:
3950:
3929:
3924:
3886:
3855:10.1.1.610.4345
3831:
3789:
3741:
3736:Mental Imagery.
3696:
3680:
3667:
3661:
3648:
3611:(12): 515â551.
3602:
3565:
3552:
3537:
3510:
3479:
3442:
3405:
3360:
3314:
3269:
3253:
3240:
3204:Vision Research
3197:
3173:10.2307/2184879
3158:
3120:
3076:
3029:
3019:Jean-Max Albert
3013:
3011:Further reading
3008:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2890:Wayback Machine
2881:
2877:
2871:Wayback Machine
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2811:Cui et al. 2007
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2732:Cerebral Cortex
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2604:10.2307/2709600
2585:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2556:Wayback Machine
2546:
2542:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2411:Wayback Machine
2401:
2394:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2079:Cerebral Cortex
2072:
2071:
2067:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1793:Wayback Machine
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:. (2013). Web.
1753:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1729:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1594:Wayback Machine
1585:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1202:Spatial ability
1187:Mental rotation
1126:
1111:Mental practice
1100:
1037:
1009:
1007:
987:
981:
978:
971:needs expansion
956:
940:learning styles
932:
864:Stephen Kosslyn
860:mental rotation
826:
767:George Berkeley
734:
723:
717:
714:
699:
683:
672:
666:
558:Neuroscientists
550:
407:neuroplasticity
403:cerebral cortex
339:parietal cortex
291:
240:
208:George Berkeley
196:auditory images
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mind's eye
15:
12:
11:
5:
5188:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Mental process
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Intentionality
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Neutral monism
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4825:Interactionism
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Baruch Spinoza
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Edmund Husserl
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:René Descartes
4614:
4612:Daniel Dennett
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:David Chalmers
4579:
4574:
4569:
4567:Franz Brentano
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Alexander Bain
4544:
4539:
4537:Thomas Aquinas
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Daniel Goleman
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4340:Jon Kabat-Zinn
4334:
4333:
4332:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3933:Mental Imagery
3928:
3927:External links
3925:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3899:(2): 207â245.
3884:
3829:
3822:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3762:
3752:(4): 218â228.
3739:
3732:
3725:
3694:
3684:
3678:
3668:Plato (2003).
3665:
3659:
3649:Plato (2000).
3646:
3637:
3600:
3574:(2): 178â241.
3563:
3556:
3550:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3508:
3477:
3440:
3403:
3358:
3348:
3341:
3323:(3): 341â345.
3312:
3303:
3296:
3294:on 2013-01-03.
3282:(4): 226â234.
3267:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3210:(4): 474â478.
3195:
3185:
3167:(4): 499â539.
3156:
3136:10.1038/nn1145
3118:
3111:
3085:(3): 357â378.
3074:
3038:(4): 577â660.
3027:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2951:
2916:(2): 175â186.
2893:
2883:Mental Imagery
2875:
2856:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2738:(2): 372â380.
2715:
2696:(3): 307â317.
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2598:(1): 139â145.
2578:
2569:
2560:
2540:
2489:
2470:(3): 307â317.
2454:
2415:
2392:
2373:(1): 241â246.
2357:
2306:
2279:(9): 635â642.
2263:
2222:
2173:
2122:
2065:
2038:(4): 581â585.
2022:
1971:
1914:
1895:(3): 219â228.
1879:
1809:
1796:
1777:
1747:
1732:
1709:
1641:
1625:
1605:
1579:
1565:
1550:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1370:
1361:
1359:Reisberg, 1992
1352:
1325:(7): 405â420.
1299:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1235:McKellar, 1957
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Guided imagery
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1036:
1033:
1006:
1003:
989:
988:
968:
966:
955:
952:
931:
928:
848:Zenon Pylyshyn
825:
822:
778:Samuel Johnson
736:
735:
686:
684:
677:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
639:working memory
607:ventral stream
603:occipital lobe
595:functional MRI
553:Visual imagery
549:
546:
542:occipital lobe
516:mental image.
427:Rick Strassman
416:hallucinogenic
379:fusiform gyrus
319:visual pathway
290:
289:Physical basis
287:
239:
236:
142:
141:
83:"Mental image"
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5187:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Understanding
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Introspection
4995:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Consciousness
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Phenomenology
4870:
4868:
4867:Phenomenalism
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Occasionalism
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:NaĂŻve realism
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Functionalism
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:Stephen Yablo
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Richard Rorty
4715:
4713:
4712:Hilary Putnam
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Marvin Minsky
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Immanuel Kant
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:William James
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Henri Bergson
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
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4311:Visualization
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4204:Concentration
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3045:10.1.1.601.93
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2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
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1975:
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1963:
1958:
1953:
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1832:(7): e21736.
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1767:on 2011-02-21
1766:
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1638:0-89281-927-8
1635:
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1621:0-375-70107-9
1618:
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1200:
1198:
1197:Motor imagery
1195:
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1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:Buddhism and
1042:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
985:
976:
972:
969:This section
967:
964:
960:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
941:
937:
929:
927:
923:
919:
917:
912:
910:
907:developed by
906:
900:
897:
893:
888:
884:
881:
875:
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
852:Roger Shepard
849:
840:
836:
834:
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
787:
782:
779:
774:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
732:
729:
721:
711:
707:
703:
697:
696:
692:
687:This section
685:
681:
676:
675:
671:
663:
661:
657:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:regions, the
624:
620:
616:
613:regions, the
612:
611:parietal lobe
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
582:
580:
575:
574:visual cortex
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
547:
545:
543:
537:
535:
531:
525:
523:
517:
513:
511:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
474:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
454:neurochemical
451:
447:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
411:
408:
404:
399:
394:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
350:
349:of the brain.
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
307:visual cortex
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
283:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
250:
245:
235:
233:
229:
228:mental models
225:
222:, understood
221:
220:William James
217:
216:Wilhelm Wundt
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: â
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
32:Mental Images
19:
5108: /
5104: /
5100: /
5017:Mental image
5016:
5012:Mental event
4975:Intelligence
4925:Chinese room
4771:
4722:Gilbert Ryle
4702:Derek Parfit
4692:Thomas Nagel
4622:Fred Dretske
4542:J. L. Austin
4514:Philosophers
4427:
4375:Yuval Harari
4365:S. N. Goenka
4355:Pema Chödrön
4310:
4244:Mindful Yoga
4160:
4130:Silva Method
4107:
3937:
3918:
3896:
3892:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3799:
3795:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3728:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3669:
3650:
3641:
3608:
3604:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3540:
3531:
3520:
3516:
3490:(1): 17â24.
3487:
3481:
3448:
3444:
3411:
3407:
3366:
3362:
3351:
3344:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3299:
3292:the original
3279:
3275:
3263:
3260:Egan, Kieran
3242:
3207:
3203:
3164:
3160:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3082:
3078:
3035:
3031:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2913:
2909:
2878:
2859:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2735:
2731:
2718:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2633:Gardner 1987
2629:
2620:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2543:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2035:
2031:
2025:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1829:
1825:
1804:
1799:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1755:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1717:
1712:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1628:
1623:, at p. 107.
1612:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1531:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1500:Thomas, 1999
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1381:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1322:
1318:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1262:Thomas, 2003
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1212:Visual space
1182:Mental event
1101:
1053:Jean Houston
1048:
1039:In general,
1038:
1012:Christianity
1008:
1005:Christianity
992:
979:
975:adding to it
970:
948:
944:
933:
924:
920:
913:
901:
889:
885:
880:neuroimaging
876:
869:
857:
845:
831:and (later)
827:
795:
785:
783:
775:
764:
758:present the
750:, Book VII,
745:
739:
724:
715:
700:Please help
688:
658:
647:
623:frontal lobe
592:
583:
552:
551:
538:
526:
521:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:Allan Paivio
477:
465:
458:
443:
439:
423:pineal gland
420:
412:
395:
391:
352:
345:âall higher
316:
292:
280:
270:
258:
249:mentis oculi
248:
247:
241:
232:John Tyndall
205:
199:
188:neuroscience
173:
160:mental image
159:
152:neuroscience
145:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
5170:Imagination
5102:information
5093:Metaphysics
5067:Tabula rasa
4877:Physicalism
4862:Parallelism
4790:Behaviorism
4747:Michael Tye
4742:Alan Turing
4727:John Searle
4602:Dharmakirti
4577:Tyler Burge
4572:C. D. Broad
4360:Susan Piver
4291:Tantric sex
4239:Mindfulness
4184:Biofeedback
4161:Zhan zhuang
3995:Main topics
3408:NeuroReport
2775:Marks, 1973
2766:Rohrer 2006
2242:: 201â217.
2032:NeuroReport
1679:10871/17613
1664:: 378â380.
1431:Prinz, 2002
1383:On the Soul
1253:Finke, 1989
1172:Imagination
1082:and in the
1028:hesychastic
1016:Catholicism
909:David Marks
810:materialism
796:Critics of
609:areas, two
468:daydreaming
433:(NDEs) and
363:hippocampus
5159:Categories
5138:Task Force
5106:perception
4980:Artificial
4930:Creativity
4852:Nondualism
4752:Vasubandhu
4672:John Locke
4642:David Hume
4597:Andy Clark
4345:Sam Harris
4281:Relaxation
4177:Techniques
4031:Traditions
3988:Meditation
3523:: 153â167.
2193:(9): 517.
1771:2010-06-16
1598:NeuroImage
1544:2018-03-23
1532:De Oratore
1386:III.3 428a
1274:Philosophy
1224:References
1131:Aphantasia
1080:meditation
999:meditation
982:March 2023
896:homunculus
818:psychology
806:mind's eye
802:homunculus
744:. In the
633:, and the
562:perception
473:afterimage
461:aphantasia
341:, and the
275:(c. 1387)
238:Mind's eye
212:David Hume
180:psychology
176:philosophy
94:newspapers
5002:Intuition
4935:Cognition
4899:Solipsism
4562:Ned Block
4532:Armstrong
4527:Aristotle
4219:Emptiness
4194:Breathing
3850:CiteSeerX
3721:264755021
3040:CiteSeerX
3001:222300017
2985:1552-6844
2946:115153320
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