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the nature and duration of the tasks, and the exact locations of marked or cleared areas. Furthermore, it enables communities to inform local authorities and mine-action organizations about the location, extent and impact of contaminated areas. This information can greatly assist the planning of related activities, such as technical surveys, marking and clearance operations, and survivor-assistance services. Community liaison ensures that mine-action projects address community needs and priorities. Community liaison should be carried out by all organizations conducting mine-action operations.
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190:
360:
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375:, State Parties that accede to the treaty must destroy their stockpiled mines within four years. Sixty-five countries have now destroyed their stockpiles of antipersonnel landmines, destroying a combined total of more than 37 million mines. Another 51 countries have officially declared that they do not have a stockpile and a further three countries are scheduled to destroy theirs by the end of the year.
141:
affecting the places where ordinary people live must be cleared, and their safety in areas that have been cleared must be guaranteed. Mines are cleared and the areas are thoroughly verified so that they can say without a doubt that the land is now safe, and people can use it without worrying about the weapons. The aim of humanitarian demining is to restore peace and security at the community level.
323:"Public information" in the context of mine action describes landmine and unexploded ordnance situations and informs and updates a broad range of stakeholders. Such information may focus on local risk-reduction messages, address broader national issues such as complying with legislation or raise public support for mine-action programmes.
221:, vegetation cutters, and excavators, often attached to armoured bulldozers, to destroy the mines in the ground. These machines can only be used in certain terrains, and are expensive to operate. In most situations they are also not 100% reliable, and the work needs to be checked by other techniques.
172:
Minefield marking is carried out when a mined area is identified, but clearance operations cannot take place immediately. Minefield marking, which is intended to deter people from entering mined areas, has to be carried out in combination with mine awareness, so that the local population understands
347:
Community liaison refers to the systems and processes used to exchange information between national authorities, mine-action organisations and communities on the presence of mines, unexploded ordnance and abandoned munitions. It enables communities to be informed about planned demining activities,
266:
According to the
Landmine Monitor Report (2009), in 2008, MRE was provided in 57 states and areas, compared to 61 states and areas in 2007. However, in the 1999 MRE programs were identified in just 14 states. MRE activities increased significantly in Yemen and Somaliland, and also increased to some
395:
This technology is also under development in the USA. It utilises microwaves to heat up TNT based explosive fillings. It is a rapid, clean technique but has one major disadvantage, the lack of control over heating can lead to the formation of "hot spots" with a resultant initiation of the filling.
262:
MRE ensures that communities are aware of the risks from mines, unexploded ordnance and/or abandoned munitions and are encouraged to behave in ways that reduce the risk to people, property and the environment. Objectives are to reduce the risk to humans and to restore an environment where economic
154:
Non-technical surveying, or the formal gathering of mine-related information, is required before actual clearance can begin. Impact surveys assess the socio-economic impact of the mine contamination and help assign priorities for the clearance of particular areas. Impact surveys make use of all
140:
Humanitarian mine clearance aims to clear land so that civilians can return to their homes and their everyday routines without the threat of landmines and unexploded remnants of war (ERW), which include unexploaded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. This means that all the mines and ERW
459:
Mine victim assistance is a humanitarian effort which aims to organize a collaborative support for injured victims from mine and ERW as well as their families, thus enabling them to live normal lives. The approaches include physical rehabilitation, psychological support, and recovery of the
409:
An electro-chemical oxidation process. The organic waste is treated by the generation of highly oxidising species in an electro-chemical cell. The cell is separated into two compartments by a membrane that allows ion flow but prevents bulk mixing of the anolyte and catholyte. In the anolyte
338:
Education and training activities may be conducted in formal and non-formal environments: teacher-to-child education in schools, information shared at home from parents to children or from children to their parents, child-to-child education, peer-to-peer education in work and recreational
430:
This technology has been demonstrated at the pilot level for the destruction of perchlorate contaminated aqueous streams. The potential exists for bacteria to be used to consume the explosive content of APM, converting it into inert material. It requires extensive storage capacity whilst
378:
There are many options available to states in destroying their stockpiles. Stockpiles are usually destroyed by the military, but an industrial solution can also be employed. The techniques used vary depending on the make-up of the mines and the conditions in which they are found.
439:
Only demonstrated at prototype scale. Can destroy finely divided and consistent organic waste, therefore significant pre-processing required. These wastes can be destroyed by incineration anyway. A purely technical solution, but too expensive and impracticable at the moment.
155:
available sources of information, including minefield records (where they exist), data about mine victims, and interviews with former combatants and local people. Technical surveys then define the minefields and provide detailed maps for the clearance operations.
314:
International standards have been developed to guide the management of MRE programmes. These standards emphasize that MRE should typically not be a stand-alone activity; it is an integral part of overall mine-action planning and implementation.
576:
163:
Maps resulting from the impact surveys and technical surveys are stored in an information management system, including a variety of programme databases, and provide baseline data for clearance organisations and operational planning.
326:
Public information "dissemination", however, is primarily a one-way form of communication transmitted through mass media. Initiatives may be stand-alone MRE projects that are implemented in advance of other mine-action activities.
546:
472:(UNMAS) is another active participant cooperating with other actors under United Nations, recently presenting the six-year plan according to mine action, "The Strategy of the United Nations on Mine Action 2013-2018".
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Community liaison services may begin far in advance of demining activities and help the development of local capacities to assess the risks, manage information and develop risk-reduction strategies.
229:
248:
259:
Mine-risk education, or MRE, refers to efforts to raise awareness and promote behavioural change through public-information campaigns, education and training, and liaison with communities.
110:
The objective of these activities is to provide a safe environment in which landmines and ERW do not impede economical, social and health development, and to address the needs of victims.
133:
In its broad sense, mine clearance includes surveying, mapping and marking of minefields and removal of mines from the ground. This range of activities is also sometimes referred to as
267:
degree in 10 other states. In
Palestine, RE decreased in 2008 but rose sharply in response to conflict in Gaza in December 2008–January 2009. Some of the main players in MRE include
460:
victimized family and community. The work involves different level of actors, various organizations and State
Parties who are obliged to perform the task under the Article 6 of the
481:
396:
Work continues on its development, but it is not yet a feasible production technique. It is more energy efficient that steam and improves the value of any recovered explosives.
335:"Education and training" is a two-way process that involves the imparting and acquiring of knowledge and the changing of attitudes and practices through teaching and learning.
632:
431:
bio-remediation is taking place and only has limited applications. There is also a requirement for an element of mechanical breakdown prior to the addition of the bacteria.
339:
environments, landmine safety training for humanitarian aid workers and the incorporation of landmine safety messages in occupational health and safety practices.
181:
Manual clearance relies on trained deminers using metal detectors and long thin prodders to locate the mines, which are then destroyed by controlled explosion.
103:
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As well as dogs, rats detect the presence of explosive in the ground by smell. Rats are used in combination with manual deminers or mechanical demining
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304:
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705:
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Mine detection dogs, which detect the presence of explosives in the ground by smell. Dogs are used in combination with manual deminers.
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will ensure that the different needs of women, girls, boys and men are taken into account and inequality is not perpetuated.
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730:
584:. International Mine Action Standards (Amendment 9 of Second ed.). United Nations Mine Action Service. November 2018
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253:
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Risk education (RE), i.e. the communication to the public of the risk of ERW and how to act in the presence of ERW
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to promote policies and practices that will reduce the threat from landmines and ERW, usually in the context of
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compartment a highly reactive species of silver ion attacks organic material ultimately converting it to CO
843:
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Iraqi army soldiers prepare for a controlled detonation of ordnance (November 23, 2009, at
Mahmudiyah)
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32:
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and social development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmine contamination.
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371:(APM) far outnumber those actually laid in the ground. In accordance with Article 4 of the
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Mine action is commonly represented as comprising five complementary groups of activities:
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The coordination of mine action activities in affected countries is commonly conducted by
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637:"Emergency mine risk education for pilgrims during Madhu festival, 2010. Photo: AusAID"
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554:(Amendment 9 of Second ed.). United Nations Mine Action Service. March 2018
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and reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of them and the
71:, i.e. mine and ERW survey, land release, mapping, marking and clearance
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Guide for the application of
International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)
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Participant reading a risk education leaflet during a UNMAS event in
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is the lead agency for MRE and supports programmes in 30 countries.
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762:"Airmen, Iraqi army technicians destroy stockpile of munitions"
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Victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration
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Glossary of mine action terms, definitions and abbreviations
608:"UNMAS - International Day of Mine Action Service (album)"
252:
Emergency mine risk education for pilgrims during a 2010
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737:. United Nations Mine Action Service. Archived from
672:Yen, Ta Thi Hai (Catholic Relief Services) (2013).
94:. The most commonly applied treaties including the
788:"UN Mine Action Gateway : Victim Assistance"
674:"Catholic Relief Services Develops MRE Materials"
303:, Association for Aid and Relief, Japan and the
193:Dog search for mines in Bosnia and Herzegovina
8:
571:
569:
541:
539:
254:Roman Catholic festival in Madhu, Sri Lanka
104:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
524:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines
173:the meaning and importance of the signs.
819:UN's electronic mine information network
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387:Still in the research phase in the USA.
305:International Committee of the Red Cross
633:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
513:
487:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
502:Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD)
7:
823:International Mine Action Standards
735:Electronic Mine Information Network
710:International Mine Action Standards
422:and non-toxic inorganic compounds.
96:1997 anti-personnel Mine Ban Treaty
470:United Nations Mine Action Service
14:
731:"Landmine and ERW Safety Project"
790:. United Nations. Archived from
319:Public information dissemination
243:Democratic Republic of the Congo
125:or the host country government.
119:Mine Action Coordination Centers
466:Convention on Cluster Munitions
213:Mechanical clearance relies on
100:Convention on Cluster Munitions
679:Journal of ERW and Mine Action
661:Landmine Monitor Report (2009)
373:anti-personnel mine-ban treaty
92:international humanitarian law
1:
121:(MACC) managed either by the
273:German Caritas international
768:. No. 30 November 2009
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58: Acceded or succeeded
225:Mine-risk education (MRE)
52: Signed and ratified
33:explosive remnants of war
369:anti-personnel landmines
269:Catholic Relief Services
492:Mine clearance agencies
307:. Within the UN system
47:Ottawa Treaty members:
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444:Mine victim assistance
426:Biological degradation
400:Destruction technology
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331:Education and training
297:Norwegian People's Aid
281:Handicap International
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464:and Article 5 of the
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435:Molten salt oxidation
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355:Stockpile destruction
301:Mines Awareness Trust
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98:(Ottawa Treaty), the
80:Stockpile destruction
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794:on 26 September 2015
497:Mines Advisory Group
452:Land mine victim in
277:Mines Advisory Group
209:Mechanical clearance
112:Gender mainstreaming
27:that aims to remove
19:is a combination of
849:Development studies
201:Mine detection rats
185:Mine detection dogs
25:development studies
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391:Microwave melt-out
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760:Kapinos, Joseph.
706:"IMAS in English"
343:Community liaison
285:Save the Children
168:Minefield marking
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854:Humanitarian aid
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796:. Retrieved
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839:Mine action
405:"Silver II"
367:Stockpiled
88:disarmament
39:Description
17:Mine action
864:Minefields
833:Categories
508:References
454:Mozambique
239:North Kivu
102:, and the
150:Surveying
129:Clearance
29:landmines
798:12 March
745:12 March
715:12 March
690:12 March
588:12 March
558:12 March
476:See also
289:INTERSOS
135:demining
84:Advocacy
69:demining
604:MONUSCO
219:rollers
145:Methods
35:(ERW).
817:E-mine
641:Flickr
612:Flickr
309:UNICEF
299:, the
275:, the
215:flails
56:
50:
772:8 May
646:8 May
617:8 May
582:(PDF)
552:(PDF)
528:8 May
825:IMAS
800:2019
774:2019
747:2019
717:2019
692:2019
648:2019
619:2019
590:2019
560:2019
530:2019
235:Goma
159:Maps
90:and
23:and
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568:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
