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property dispute between a father and son involving ownership of coal veins in
Pennsylvania is cited stating; “One who has the exclusive right to mine coal upon a tract of land has the right of possession even as against the owner of the soil, so far as it is necessary to carry on mining operations.” (Turner v. Reynolds, 1854). A later case in Texas in 1862 set precedent by stating “it is a well-established doctrine from the earliest days of the common law, that the right to the minerals thus reserved carries with it the right to enter, dig and carry them away." (Cowan v. Hardeman, 1862). Some may argue that the U.S. justice system's enabling of this precedent is further exacerbated by industry lobbying that enables the status quo of favoring oil and gas development vs other innovations.
199:
have been severed from the surface rights (or property rights), it is referred to as a "split estate." In a split estate, the owner of the mineral rights has the right to develop those minerals, regardless of who owns the surface rights. This is because in United States law, mineral rights trump surface rights. The U.S. historical precedent for this severance roots from western expansion and The Land
Ordinance Act of 1785 and The Northwest Ordinance Act of 1789 at the cost of dispossessed Natives. Severability was further reinforced by the
220:. Problems include water pollution, fluid storage issues and surface damages. These are especially common in the West Virginia gas wells of the Marcellus Shale. Often, companies will offer a surface rights owner a surface use agreement, which can provide financial compensation to the surface owner, or more commonly, offer some concessions on how the minerals are accessed. For example, some surface use agreements require the company to access the property from specific roads or points on the property.
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those minerals are to be extracted. For instance, a mineral rights owner might request that the company minimize any noise and light pollution when extracting the minerals. Leases are usually term-limited, meaning the company has a limited amount of time to develop the resources; if they do not begin development within that time-frame they forfeit their right to extract those minerals.
503:
legal right to extract those minerals regardless. However, companies will often enter into voluntary negotiations with the surface rights owner to ensure that the operations all go smoothly. In such cases, the company will offer a SUA, in which property owners may ask for financial compensation or other concessions regarding how the minerals are extracted. See sample.
481:
which the royalty rate is set at 5% of gross sales or 30% of net sales. Thus, the risks and profits are shared between the
Government of Canada (as the owner of the resources) and the oil developer. This attractive royalty rate is designed to incentivize oil and gas exploration in Canada's remote frontier areas, where costs and risks are higher than elsewhere.
341:
mineral revenues are divided up between the oil company, the owners of the mineral rights (royalty owners) and the overriding royalty interest owners. The division order needs a signature, a current address and social security number for individual royalty owners or tax identification number for companies.
476:
In the United States, simple ownership of mineral rights is possible, and royalty payments to individuals are quite common. Local taxing authorities may levy a severance tax on non-renewable natural resources extracted or withdrawn within their authority. The federal government receives royalties for
378:
Mineral owners may receive a monthly royalty check if oil, gas, or any other substances of value are extracted from below the surface and either sold or used by an oil and gas operating company. Royalty statements include the production and revenue figures for both the individual owner and the entire
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To bring oil and gas reserves to market, minerals are conveyed for a specified time to oil companies through a legally binding contract known as a lease. This arrangement between individual mineral owners and oil companies began prior to 1900 and still thrives today. Before exploration can begin, the
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Although there are numerous other important details, the basic structure of the lease is straightforward: in exchange for an up-front lease bonus payment, plus a royalty percentage of the value of any production, the mineral owner grants the oil company the right to drill for a period of time, known
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Mineral estates can be severed, or separated, from surface estates. There are two main avenues to mineral rights severance: the surface property may be sold and the minerals retained, or the minerals may be sold and the surface property retained, though the former is more common. When mineral rights
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A surface use agreement (SUA) is a contract between a property owner and a mineral rights holder that dictates how the mineral rights are to be developed. Meaning, when mineral rights are extracted by a company that does not own the property above where the minerals are located, the company has the
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A major issue involving fluid mineral rights is the "rule of capture" whereby minerals capable of migrating beneath the Earth's surface can be extracted, even if the original source was another person's mineral property. Such claims typically are protected by various states' oil and gas regulatory
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of 1848 began placing lands that were mineral abundant into private hands and furthered the precedent of mineral rights outweighing surface rights. This was a crucial step in the development of an economic system based largely on private incentives and market transactions. An early case involving a
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can refer to oil, gas, coal, metal ores, stones, sands, or salts. An owner of mineral rights may sell, lease, or donate those minerals to any person or company as they see fit. Mineral interests can be owned by private landowners, private companies, or federal, state or local governments. Sorting
480:
An example from Canada's northern territories is the federal rules on royalties for oil in border lands. The royalty rate begins at 1% of gross sales for the first 18 months of commercial production and increases by 1% every 18 months up to a maximum of 5% until initial costs are recovered, after
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It is common for royalty checks to fluctuate between pay periods due to monthly changes in oil or gas prices, or changes in the volumes produced by the associated oil or gas wells. Additionally, royalties may cease altogether if the associated wells quit producing marketable quantities of oil or
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those mineral rights to a company for development at any point. Signing a lease signals that both parties agree to the terms laid out in the lease. Lease terms typically include a price to be paid to the mineral rights owner for the minerals to be extracted, and a set of circumstances under which
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This type of estate occurs when mineral and surface ownership are separated. This can occur from prior ownership of mineral rights or is commonly performed when land is passed between family generations. Today corporations own a significant portion of mineral rights beneath private individuals.
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A division order is not a contract. It is a stipulation, derived from the lease agreement and other agreements, as to what the operator of a well or an oil and/or gas purchaser will disburse in terms of revenue to the mineral owner and others. The purpose of the division order is to show how the
328:
as the primary term. If the term of the oil or gas lease extends beyond the primary term, and a well was not drilled, then the Lessee is required to pay the lessor a delay rental. This delay rental could be $ 1 or more per acre. In some cases, no drilling occurs and the lease simply expires.
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gas, if the operating company has changed hands and the new operator has not yet established a new payment account for the owner, or if the operating company or product purchaser is missing appropriate paperwork or proper documentation of changes in ownership or contact information.
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It is possible for a mineral right owner to sever and sell an oil and gas royalty interest, while keeping the other mineral rights. In such case, if the oil lease expires, the royalty interest is extinguished, its purchaser has nothing, and the mineral owner still owns the minerals.
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This severability can create tension between mineral rights owners and surface rights owners if the surface rights owners do not want to allow the mineral rights owners to use their property to access their minerals. This is becoming ever more present in the light of recent
143:). Mineral rights can refer to sedentary minerals that do not move below the Earth's surface or fluid minerals such as oil or natural gas. There are three major types of mineral property: unified estate, severed or split estate, and fractional ownership of minerals.
490:
As a standard example, for every $ 100 per barrel of oil sold from a U.S. federal well with a 25% royalty, the U.S. government gets $ 25. The U.S. government does not pay, and will only collect revenue. All risks and responsibilities lie with the well operator.
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Many other line items can be negotiated by the time the contract is complete. The rights of all parties are defined in agreements; and, when mineral production begins, the division order states how much revenue goes to each party involved.
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well. The royalty paid is a function of the net value of the proceeds from the sale of the oil, gas, or other substance, multiplied by the owner's revenue interest decimal, less any amounts deducted for taxes or other deductions.
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The duration of the lease may be extended when drilling or production starts. This enters into the period of time known as the secondary term, which applies for as long as oil and gas is produced in paying quantities.
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mineral owner (lessor) and the oil company (lessee) must agree to certain terms regarding the rights, privileges and obligations of the respective parties during the exploration and possible production stages.
262:, which does not permit a person to sell them, but merely that they own the minerals so long as they live. After this, the rights revert to a predesignated entity, such as a specific organization or person.
700:
Ryder, Stacia S.; Hall, Peter M. (2017). "This land is your land, maybe: A historical institutionalist analysis for contextualizing split estate conflicts in U.S. unconventional oil and gas development".
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If there is a delay rental agreement—any delay in production by the lessee for a negotiated period, the lessee can pay the lessor a negotiated amount of money per year to keep the contract active
487:
In many North
American jurisdictions, oil and gas royalty interests are considered real property under the NAICS classification code and are eligible for a similar type of 1031 exchange.
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Here a percentage of the mineral property is owned by two or more entities. This can occur when owners leave fractions of the rights to multiple children or grandchildren.
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mining on federal lands, which is managed by the Bureau of Ocean Energy
Management, Regulation and Enforcement, formerly the Minerals Management Service.
782:
Collins, A. R.; Nkansah, K. (2015-10-07). "Divided Rights, Expanded
Conflict: Split Estate Impacts on Surface Owner Perceptions of Shale Gas Drilling".
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The term of the lease. Usually there is a primary term and a secondary term. Each term has conditions set up either by the lessor or lessee to fulfill.
155:(often referred to as a "mineral interest" or a "mineral estate") gives the owner the right to exploit, mine, or produce any or all minerals they own.
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these rights are a large part of mineral exploration. A brief outline of rights and responsibilities of parties involved can be found here.
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If there is a "shut-in royalty" agreement—royalties are paid at a negotiated rate per acre, only while the well is not producing oil or gas
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Unified estates, sometimes referred to as "fee simple" or "unified tenure" mean that the surface and mineral rights are not severed.
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The royalty rate. This is how the rates are divided and how it is calculated from the revenues produced from the mineral rights.
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The owner of a mineral interest may separately convey any or all of the above-listed interests. Minerals may be possessed as a
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The revenue decimal used to calculate the amount of an owner's royalty check is calculated with the following equation:
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An oil and gas lease is a contract because it contains consideration, consent, legal tangible items and competency.
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988:
736:
Libecap, Gary D. (1978). "Economic
Variables and the Development of the Law: The Case of Western Mineral Rights".
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Y = Additional ownership factor assigned to the owner's mineral rights by any other arrangement or agreement
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P = Participation factor assigned to the tracts owned by the mineral owner as described in a unit agreement
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agencies whose broader mandate is to promote conservation and minimize conflicts between mineral owners.
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R = The royalty assigned to the mineral rights owner by the oil and gas lease covering the minerals
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1124:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Concerning Federally-Regulated Petroleum Pipelines in Canada"
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Environmental
Quality Council, The brochure reflects Montana law as ofOctober 1, 2013. (2013).
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The right to use as much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to access the minerals
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Oil and gas license fee rates range from 12.5% to 25%. This is true for all states.
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1250:"Surface Use Agreements: What They Are and How To Get One - Texas Agriculture Law"
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of 1862 (OHA) and the 1862 Railroad Act. Agricultural patents and the
California
1196:"Update On The Use Of Sec. 1031 And Sec. 1033 Like Kind Exchanges In Agriculture"
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1268:"Texas Sample Oil & Gas Lease and Surface Use Agreement - Earthworks"
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it harbors. Mineral rights can be separate from property ownership (see
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development (UOGD) made feasible by technological advancement such as
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2015:
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There are three distinct but related aspects of ownership. They are:
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679:. Real Estate Center, Texas A&M University, Technical Report 840
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U = Number of mineral acres in the oil and gas drilling unit or pool
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Royalties in the timber industry are called "stump trimming".
29:
989:"Division Order – Understanding Oil and Gas Division Orders"
2411:
3247:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
463:{\displaystyle =(A\div U)\times R\times (P\times Y-D)}
611:"A Guide to Split Estates in Oil and Gas Development"
411:
1223:"Section 1031 Exchanges In The Oil & Gas Sector"
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282:The four components of mineral rights leasing are:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Property rights to exploit an area for the minerals
462:
1172:"Investing In Oil & Gas With A 1031 Exchange"
1076:"Who owns the mineral rights to your property?"
887:"delay rental - Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
135:are property rights to exploit an area for the
2427:
1328:
677:Minerals, surface rights and royalty payments
8:
1007:"How to Read Oil and Gas Royalty Statements"
630:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1296:War Brewing' over Mining Rights in Rural BC
2778:
2434:
2420:
2412:
2194:
1928:
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634:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
232:The five elements of a mineral right are:
905:"Mineral Rights 101 | Infinity Resources"
851:"Mineral Rights 101 - Infinity Resources"
410:
274:An owner of mineral rights may choose to
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
971:"Lease & Division Orders - San Saba"
945:"Introduction to Mineral Rights Leasing"
242:The right to receive bonus consideration
1032:"Understanding Operator Royalty Checks"
576:
623:
1289:How to File a US Federal Mining Claim
823:
821:
649:
647:
645:
7:
828:Fitzgerald, Timothy (January 2017).
777:
775:
695:
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691:
689:
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654:Fitzgerald, Timothy (January 2017).
587:Fitzgerald, Timothy (January 2017).
582:
580:
549:Oil and gas law in the United States
58:adding citations to reliable sources
239:The right to further convey rights
25:
1303:Surface Rights vs. Mineral Rights
3414:
3413:
2396:
2395:
1308:What Is A Mining Claim, Legally?
1054:"Oil and Gas Royalty Calculator"
715:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.006
34:
738:The Journal of Economic History
524:Environmental impact assessment
45:needs additional citations for
2979:Right of way (property access)
830:"Understanding Mineral Rights"
656:"Understanding Mineral Rights"
589:"Understanding Mineral Rights"
457:
439:
427:
415:
359:If the lessor receives a bonus
1:
1152:www.mineralrightsalliance.org
891:www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com
1361:Pollution / quality
3285:Two Treatises of Government
1298:, TheTyee.ca, June 14, 2006
1176:blog.bangerterfinancial.com
1128:natural-resources.canada.ca
855:www.infinityresourcesco.com
559:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
386:A = Net mineral acres owned
3479:
873:marcellusmineralowners.com
534:General Mining Act of 1872
214:unconventional oil and gas
3458:Mining law and governance
3409:
2781:
2391:
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1932:Types / location
932:. Roar Press. p. 31.
869:"Oil and Gas Lease Bonus"
750:10.1017/s0022050700105121
520:- mining rights in Europe
405:Revenue interest decimal
3337:The Great Transformation
2695:Labor theory of property
2906:Forest-dwelling (India)
2868:restraint on alienation
2648:Common good (economics)
1203:nationalaglawcenter.org
909:infinityresourcesco.com
164:Types of mineral estate
3345:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
3119:Primitive accumulation
2974:Right of way (transit)
2759:Tragedy of the commons
2641:fictitious commodities
928:Stafford, Jim (1981).
464:
3398:The Wealth of Nations
3378:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3370:The Ethics of Liberty
930:Look Before You Lease
675:Fambrough, J., 2009.
498:Surface use agreement
465:
251:The right to receive
245:The right to receive
3261:Progress and Poverty
2595:Common-pool resource
2307:remnant natural area
1944:storage and recovery
1610:habitat conservation
1428:Deforestation (REDD)
1272:earthworksaction.org
1056:. PA Gas Lease Forum
949:Mineral Rights Coach
409:
218:hydraulic fracturing
194:Severed/split estate
186:Fractional ownership
177:Severed/split estate
54:improve this article
3384:The Social Contract
3072:population transfer
2989:prior-appropriation
2668:homestead principle
2261:Earth Overshoot Day
1835:Marine conservation
1816:non-timber products
796:10.3368/le.91.4.688
3364:Murray N. Rothbard
2675:Free-rider problem
2246:Ecosystem services
1369:Ambient standards
1256:. 20 January 2015.
1080:www.landsearch.com
1011:Blue Mesa Minerals
993:www.mineralweb.com
975:sansabaroyalty.com
460:
292:The division order
3453:Real property law
3440:
3439:
3351:What Is Property?
3144:human trafficking
3129:Regulatory taking
3004:
3003:
2749:Right to property
2409:
2408:
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2386:
2186:
2185:
1865:genetic resources
1801:genetic resources
1436:
1435:
1344:Natural resources
345:Oil and gas lease
311:Net mineral acres
308:Legal description
295:The royalty check
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3470:
3417:
3416:
3321:John Stuart Mill
3241:Friedrich Engels
3222:Frédéric Bastiat
3215:
3067:Forced migration
3035:Collectivization
2779:
2658:First possession
2631:Bundle of rights
2436:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2399:
2398:
2350:
2297:Natural heritage
2256:overexploitation
2195:
1929:
1875:herbal medicines
1855:FAO Plant Treaty
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1100:"Mineral Rights"
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1034:. Caddo Minerals
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837:msuextension.org
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596:msuextension.org
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69:"Mineral rights"
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3463:Oil and gas law
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3152:husband-selling
3089:Illegal logging
3084:Illegal fishing
3013:
3000:
2911:Freedom to roam
2884:
2797:(agrarian land)
2770:
2727:Property rights
2619:
2576:
2538:Estate (landed)
2521:
2445:
2440:
2410:
2405:
2383:
2348:
2328:
2314:Systems ecology
2280:Natural capital
2182:
2067:
2056:reclaimed water
1918:
1880:UPOV Convention
1728:
1523:
1432:
1406:
1402:Ozone depletion
1393:
1370:
1346:
1341:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1234:
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1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1148:"oil Royalties"
1146:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
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885:
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875:. 17 July 2014.
867:
866:
862:
849:
848:
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832:
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819:
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780:
773:
735:
734:
730:
703:Land Use Policy
699:
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683:
674:
670:
658:
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643:
622:
613:
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603:
591:
586:
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509:
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149:
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63:
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51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3476:
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3342:
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3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3304:
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3302:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3271:
3269:Garrett Hardin
3266:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3233:
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3218:
3216:
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3086:
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3074:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Eminent domain
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3023:Bioprospecting
3019:
3017:
3015:redistribution
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
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2724:
2719:
2717:Natural rights
2714:
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2665:
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2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2349:(perpetuation)
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2302:Nature reserve
2299:
2294:
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2277:
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2263:
2258:
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2209:
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2058:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1920:
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1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:climate change
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:Bioprospecting
1744:
1738:
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1730:
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1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:Clean Air Act
1384:
1379:
1374:
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1354:
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1332:
1325:
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1311:
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1300:
1291:
1284:
1283:External links
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1187:
1163:
1139:
1115:
1104:investors.wiki
1091:
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1023:
998:
980:
962:
943:Wagner, Bret.
935:
920:
896:
878:
860:
842:
817:
790:(4): 688–703.
784:Land Economics
771:
744:(2): 338–362.
728:
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401:D = Deductions
399:
396:
393:
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387:
375:
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367:
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360:
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346:
343:
337:
336:Division order
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314:Ownership type
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228:Major elements
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169:Unified estate
167:
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153:mineral rights
148:
147:Mineral estate
145:
133:Mineral rights
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3475:
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3459:
3456:
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3451:
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3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:Categories:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
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3390:
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3385:
3381:
3380:
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3367:
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3362:
3360:
3359:David Ricardo
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Elinor Ostrom
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
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3149:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Privatization
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Legal plunder
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:Expropriation
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
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3018:
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2800:
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2789:(watercourse)
2788:
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2777:
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2760:
2757:
2755:
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2733:
2732:primogeniture
2730:
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2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Legal plunder
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:appropriation
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Excludability
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
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2432:
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2423:
2418:
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2414:
2402:
2394:
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2380:
2379:Non-renewable
2376:
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2368:
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2363:
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2353:
2351:
2345:
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2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Urban ecology
2317:
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2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
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2240:
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2200:
2199:
2196:
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2189:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Privatization
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Surface water
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
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1547:peak farmland
1545:
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1396:
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1389:
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1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3425:Property law
3396:
3382:
3368:
3349:
3335:
3331:Karl Polanyi
3311:
3307:Marcel Mauss
3297:
3283:
3274:David Harvey
3259:
3255:Henry George
3245:
3236:Ronald Coase
3226:
3211:
3157:wife selling
3139:bride buying
3077:repatriation
3059:
3010:Disposession
2964:
2959:
2853:Property law
2828:
2824:Forest types
2794:
2786:
2775:Applications
2705:rent-seeking
2690:Gift economy
2548:Intellectual
2377: /
2251:Exploitation
2136:Conservation
2079:Desalination
2014:
1907:conservation
1742:Biodiversity
1690:conservation
1677:
1537:Agricultural
1465:Fossil fuels
1295:
1271:
1262:
1254:agrilife.org
1253:
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
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1179:. Retrieved
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565:Water rights
554:Split estate
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Mining claim
3299:Das Kapital
3186:progressive
3176:inheritance
3099:Land reform
2873:real estate
2848:Land tenure
2836:Inheritance
2764:anticommons
2700:Law of rent
2680:Game theory
2610:Information
2590:Common land
2487:Cooperative
2370:Nationalism
2342:Common-pool
1983:Hydrosphere
1976:remediation
1961:Groundwater
1556:Degradation
955:30 December
709:: 149–159.
539:Land rights
260:life estate
3447:Categories
3430:by country
3392:Adam Smith
3279:John Locke
2943:indigenous
2938:aboriginal
2858:alienation
2553:indigenous
2543:Intangible
2457:Collective
2365:Extraction
2324:Wilderness
2285:accounting
2268:Management
2234:ecological
2222:tragedy of
2141:Peak water
2126:Efficiency
2099:Sanitation
2041:Stormwater
2034:harvesting
2010:Irrigation
1912:management
1870:gene banks
1811:management
1789:management
1705:resilience
1671:phosphorus
1627:industrial
1605:Management
1581:soundscape
1487:Geothermal
1235:2024-09-27
1208:2024-09-27
1181:2024-09-27
1157:2024-09-27
1133:2024-09-27
1109:2024-09-27
1085:2024-09-27
914:2023-07-28
618:leg.mt.gov
571:References
544:Mining law
513:Air rights
80:newspapers
3293:Karl Marx
3094:Land Back
3045:Enclosure
3028:biopiracy
2966:Bergregal
2948:squatting
2722:Ownership
2636:Commodity
2615:Knowledge
2526:By nature
2482:Customary
2472:Community
2375:Renewable
2360:Depletion
2347:Conflict
2229:Economics
2207:enclosure
2166:Resources
2146:Pollution
2063:Watershed
1966:pollution
1897:Seed bank
1892:Rangeland
1774:Fisheries
1759:Biosphere
1752:biopiracy
1695:fertility
1571:cityscape
1566:Landscape
1473:peak coal
1460:Resources
1411:Emissions
812:154383113
804:0023-7639
766:154319708
758:0022-0507
723:0264-8377
518:Bergregal
452:−
446:×
437:×
431:×
422:÷
300:Ownership
286:Ownership
253:royalties
205:gold rush
3420:Property
3313:The Gift
3212:key work
3207:Scholars
3191:property
3148:spousal
3114:Poaching
3050:Eviction
2994:riparian
2955:Littoral
2863:easement
2841:executor
2812:literary
2737:usufruct
2685:Georgism
2565:Tangible
2560:Personal
2467:Communal
2450:By owner
2443:Property
2401:Category
2334:Resource
2273:adaptive
2171:improved
2131:Conflict
2116:Security
2111:Scarcity
2104:improved
2094:Leaching
1971:recharge
1951:Drinking
1902:Wildlife
1769:Bushmeat
1764:Bushfood
1717:planning
1622:gemstone
1617:Minerals
1598:property
1586:viewshed
1576:seascape
1507:sunlight
1481:peak oil
1477:peak gas
1016:5 August
626:cite web
529:Easement
507:See also
157:Minerals
137:minerals
110:May 2012
3228:The Law
3134:Slavery
2960:Mineral
2928:Hunting
2921:pannage
2916:Grazing
2901:Fishing
2787:Acequia
2754:Rivalry
2742:women's
2600:Digital
2582:Commons
2517:Unowned
2492:Private
2202:Commons
2191:Related
2156:Quality
2072:Aspects
1998:glacial
1939:Aquifer
1845:Pasture
1796:Forests
1722:reserve
1497:Nuclear
1467: (
1423:Trading
1418:Airshed
561:of 1916
319:Leasing
289:Leasing
270:Leasing
151:Owning
94:scholar
3109:Piracy
3061:Farhud
2889:Rights
2830:Huerta
2802:Estate
2624:Theory
2605:Global
2507:Social
2497:Public
2462:Common
2212:global
2176:policy
2121:Supply
2084:Floods
2051:Sewage
2024:Marine
2016:huerta
1850:Plants
1840:Meadow
1700:health
1678:rights
1666:copper
1644:mining
1542:arable
1442:Energy
1382:Indoor
1060:19 Jul
810:
802:
764:
756:
721:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3198:Theft
2984:Water
2878:title
2807:legal
2795:Ejido
2533:Croft
2512:State
2477:Crown
2355:Curse
2161:Right
2003:polar
1993:bergs
1956:Fresh
1924:Water
1637:metal
1561:Field
1512:shade
1502:Solar
1492:Hydro
1377:Index
1226:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1038:6 May
833:(PDF)
808:S2CID
762:S2CID
659:(PDF)
614:(PDF)
592:(PDF)
276:lease
101:JSTOR
87:books
3181:poll
3164:wage
2933:Land
2817:real
2570:real
2502:Self
2290:good
2239:land
2217:land
2029:Rain
1885:wood
1860:food
1823:Game
1734:Life
1685:Soil
1661:peak
1654:sand
1529:Land
1519:Wind
1394:(US)
1371:(US)
1062:2019
1040:2016
1018:2019
957:2012
800:ISSN
754:ISSN
719:ISSN
636:link
632:link
73:news
3171:Tax
2896:Air
2089:Law
1988:Ice
1828:law
1806:law
1784:law
1712:Use
1649:law
1632:ore
1593:Law
1469:gas
1455:Law
1450:Bio
1387:Law
1352:Air
792:doi
746:doi
711:doi
56:by
3449::
1479:,
1475:,
1471:,
1270:.
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