Mine railway - Knowledge

1005:, introduced a single-cylinder benzine locomotive for use in mines in 1897. Their first mining locomotives were rated at 6 to 8 hp (4.5 to 6.0 kW) and weighed 5,280 pounds (2,390 kg). The original 6 hp (4.5 kW) engine was 8 feet 6.5 inches (2.60 m) long, 3 feet 11 inches (1.19 m) wide and 4 feet 3.5 inches (1.31 m) high and weighed 2.2 long tons (2.46 short tons; 2.24 t). Typical Deutz mine engines in 1906 were rated at 8 to 12 hp (6.0 to 8.9 kW). By this time, double-cylinder 18 hp (13 kW). engines built by 667: 642:

automatically when the chain or cable was lifted away by an overhead pulley. Where the cable ran under the cars, a handheld grip could be used, where the grip operator would ride on the front car of the train working the grip chained to the front of the car. In some cases, a separate grip car was coupled to the head of the train. At the dawn of the 20th century, endless rope haulage was the dominant haulage technology for the main haulage ways of underground mines.

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commute to work. Mine railways were used from 1804 around Coalbrookdale in such industrial concentrations of mines and iron works, all demanding traction-drawing of bulky or heavy loads. These gave rise to extensive early wooden rail ways and initial animal-powered trains of vehicles, then successively in just two decadesto protective iron strips nailed to protect the rails, to steam drawn trains (1804), and to cast-iron rails. Later,

1114: 373:, were soon capped with iron strapping, those were replaced by wrought iron, then with the first steam traction engines, cast-iron rails, and eventually steel rails as each was in succession found to last much longer than the previous cheaper rail type. By the time of the first steam locomotive-drawn trains, most rails laid were of wrought iron which was outlasting cast-iron rails by 8:1. About three decades later, after 838: 765: 986: 31: 469: 440: 110: 299: 234:. The wagonways were engineered so that trains of coal wagons could descend to the staithe by gravity, being braked by a brakesman who would "sprag" the wheels by jamming them. Wagonways on less steep gradients could be retarded by allowing the wheels to bind on curves. As the work became more wearing on the horses, a vehicle known as a 1763: 266:, cast-iron cannon foundries, and the much in demand gateway or stimulus products of the glass making industries. These technologies, for several decades, had already begun gradually quickening industrial growth and causing early concentrations of workers so that there were occasional early small factories that came into being. 1073:

and systems solved many of the potential problems that combustion engines present, especially regarding fumes, ventilation and heat generation. Compared to simple electric locomotives, battery locomotives do not need trolley wire strung over each track. However, batteries are heavy items which used

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carried on the locomotive in compressed-air containers. This method of propulsion had the advantage of being safe but the disadvantage of high operating costs due to very limited range before it was necessary to recharge the air tanks. Generally, compressors on the surface were connected by plumbing

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In mines where grades were not uniform or where the grades were not steep enough for gravity to pull a train into the mine, the main hoisting rope could be augmented with a tail rope connected to the opposite end of the train of mine cars. The tail-rope system had its origins on cable-hauled surface

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One problem with battery locomotives was battery replacement. This was simplified by use of removable battery boxes. Eventually, battery boxes were developed that included wheels so that they could be rolled off of the locomotive. While the initial motivation had to do with battery maintenance,

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were the dominant source of animal power in the mine industry, with horses and ponies used to a lesser extent. At the peak in 1913, there were 70,000 ponies underground in Britain. In later years, mechanical haulage was quickly introduced on the main underground roads replacing the pony hauls and

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for pulling cars out of the un-powered tracks. This approach allowed use of temporary track that was too light to carry the weight of the a cable-reel or battery locomotive. The disadvantage of a crab locomotive was that someone had to pull the haulage cable from the winch to the working face,

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of 1784 leading in short order to foundries collocating near coal mines and accelerating the practice of supplanting the nations cottage industries. With that concentration of employees and separation from dwellings, horsedrawn trams became commonly available as a commuter resource for the daily

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with a few hundred volts and a direct supply of power to the motor from the overhead wire enabled the use of efficient, small and sturdy tractors of simple construction. Initially, there was no voltage standard, but by 1914, 250 volts was the standard voltage for underground work in the United

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were used in gathering filled cars from the working areas (galleries were driven across seams as much as possible) to main haulage ways. In the first decade of the 20th century, electric locomotives were displacing animal power for this secondary haulage role in mines where sparking triggered

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for power. This limited their usage for gathering loads at the mine face, where trackage was temporary and frequently relocated. This motivated the development of battery locomotives, but in the first decade of the 20th century the first successful electric gathering locomotives used cable

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somewhat later (also in England). In these systems, individual cars or trains within the mine could be connected to the cable by a grip comparable to the grips used on surface cable car systems. In some mines, the haulage chain or cable went over the top of the cars, and cars were released

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farther down into the valley. Sometimes, stationary engines were even located underground, with the boiler on the surface, though that was a minority situation. All of the cable haulage methods were primarily used on the main haulage ways of the mine. Typically, manual labor,

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While popular, battery systems were often practically restricted to mines where systems were short, and moving relatively low-density ore which could explode easily. Today, heavy-duty batteries provide full-shift (8 hours) operations with one or more spare batteries charging.

351:, on which drams were dragged by men, children or animals. This was later replaced by L-shaped iron rails, which were attached to the mine floor, meaning that no sleepers were required and hence leaving easy access for the feet of children or animals to propel more drams. 430:

Mine workers have often been used to push mine carts. In the very cramped conditions of hand-hewn mining tunnels, children were also often used before the advent of child labour legislation, either pushing the carts themselves or tending to animals that did (see below).

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wheel arrangement. Use of steam power underground was only practical in areas with very high exhaust airflow, with engine speed limits of 1/2 the air velocity to assure adequate clean air for the crew on outbound trips. Such engines could not be used in mines with

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on the general railway system, steam locomotives were also used on the surface trackage of mines. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, some large mines routinely used steam locomotives underground. Locomotives for this purpose were typically very squat

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For safety (noxious fumes as well as flammability of the fuel) modern mine railway internal combustion locomotives are only operated using diesel fuel. Catalytic scrubbers reduce carbon monoxide. Other locomotives are electric, either battery or trolley.

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of Germany (Image right). This used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks, to keep it going the right way. Such a transport system was used by German miners at

74:(also called variously spoils, waste, slack, culm, and tilings; all meaning waste rock). It is little remembered, but the mix of heavy and bulky materials which had to be hauled into and out of mines gave rise to the first several generations of 290:. Soon after the intense public publicity, in part generated by the contest to find the best locomotive won by Stephenson's Rocket, railways underwent explosive growth worldwide, and the industrial revolution gradually went global. 201:

By the 18th century, such wagonways and tramways existed in a number of areas. Ralph Allen, for example, constructed a tramway to transport stone from a local quarry to supply the needs of the builders of the Georgian terraces of

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F.M.F. Cazin, How can Mining and Metallurgical Industry be Benefited by Electric Contrivances? Part II, , Vol III, No. 35, (Nov. 1891); pages 405-409 (see pages 408-409 for a discussion of early German and U.S. electric mine

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inclines prior to the 1830s. This was the dominant system in the 1880s Frequently, one engine was used to work both ropes, with the tail rope reaching into the mine, around a pulley at the far end, and then out again.

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to recharge stations located throughout the mine. Recharging was generally very fast. Narrow gauge compressed air locomotives were manufactured for mines in Germany as early as 1875, with tanks pressurized to 4 or 5

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so that full (heavy) trains would use gravity down the slope, while horses would be used to pull the empty drams back to the workings. The Dandy wagon allowed for easy transportation of the required horse each time.

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in South Dakota, USA used such high pressures, with special compressors and distribution piping. Except for very small prospects and remote small mines, battery or diesel locomotives have replaced compressed air.

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safety was achieved by wire gauze shields over intake and exhaust ports as well as cooling water injection in the exhaust system. Bubbling the exhaust through a water bath also greatly reduced noxious fumes.

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was selling single-tank compressed-air locomotives operating at 800 psi (55 bar), double-tank models up to 1000 psi (69 bar) and one 6-tank model that may have operated at a much higher pressure. The

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Wagonways (or tramways) were developed in Germany in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and from mines, using primitive wooden rails. Such an operation was illustrated in 1556 by

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to require long periods of charge to produce relatively short periods of full-power operation, resulting in either restricted operations or the need for the doubling-up of equipment purchasing.

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Until 1995 the largest single, narrow gauge, above-ground, mine and coal railway network in Europe was in the Leipzig-Altenburg lignite field in Germany. It had 726 kilometres (451 mi) of

1165:) network in existence. Of this, about 215 kilometres was removable track inside the actual pits and 511 kilometres was fixed track for the transportation of coal to the main rail network. 820:). By the early 1900s, locomotive air tank pressures had increased to from 600 to 800 psi (41-55 bar), although pressures up to 2000 psi (140 bar) were already envisioned. In 1911, 2813:

T. C, Martin and Joseph Wetzler, Chapter XIII: Latest American Motors and Motor Systems, ; W. J. Johnston, New York, 1891; pages 218-224. Includes good illustrations of the Pioneer.

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built similar locomotives, starting in 1870. By the early 20th century, very small British-made oil-fired steam locomotives were in use in some South African mines. Porter and

396: 732:. Porter's mine locomotives required a minimum 5-foot clearance and 4-foot width when operating on 3-foot gauge track, where they could handle a 20-foot radius curve. The 3009:

J. S. Doe, The Iser vs. the Waser, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio Institute of Mining Engineers, Jan 19-21, 1898, Columbus, published as

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No. 46, Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1904; page 14, mentions the first delivery; page 9 shows storage and working pressures; pages 13-14 discuss operation at 2000 psi.

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and a board member of a mine, convinced his board to use steam for traction. Next, he petitioned Parliament to license a public passenger railway, founding the

2332:, 627 pages, (1913) ed.). Also Containing a Separate Account of the Several Boroughs and Townships in the County, J. Nungesser, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 1321:

A remnant of the coal railways in the Leipzig-Altenburg Lignite Field may be visited and operated as a museum railway. Regular museum trains also run on the

926:. The 15000 pound (6800 kg) locomotive was named the Pioneer, and by mid 1888, a second electric locomotive was in service at that mine. Use in the 501:

as "putting", in the United States as "tramming" or "gathering") which were more difficult to mechanise. As of 1984, 55 ponies were still at use with the

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with new gravity switchback sections and return cable inclines, but most notably by installing two cable lift sections and expanding the already famous

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to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. Though the first documentary record of this is later, its construction probably preceded the

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near Dresden (now Freital) and was being worked as early as 1882 on the 5th main cross-passage of the Oppel Shaft run by the Royal Saxon Coal Works.

1017:, and Milwaukee Locomotive Manufacturing Co. (later merged with Whitcomb) were making gasoline mining locomotives in the United States with 4 and 6 1101:

the primary use for this idea was at charging stations where a discharged battery box could be rolled off and replaced with a freshly charged box.

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spread rapidly. By 1903, there were over 600 electric mine locomotives in use in America with new ones being produced at a rate of 100 per year.

963: 2306: 2074: 1859: 2373:(First ed.). Easton, Pennsylvania: Center for Canal History and Technology, Hugh Moore Historical Park and Museum, Inc. pp. 4–5. 1081:

had delivered an experimental battery locomotive to a Virginia mine; battery recharging occurred whenever the locomotive was running under

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with a 'back track' dropping car return time from 3–4 hours to about 20 minutes, which the new inclines then fed from new mine shafts and

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system. Some mines used endless chains before wire-rope became widely available. The endless chain system originated in the mines near

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was clipped to the overhead line and then automatically unreeled as the locomotive advanced and reeled up as the locomotive returned.

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Ordinary mine compressed-air systems operating at 100 psi (7 bar) only allowed a few hundred feet of travel. By the late 1880s,

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The first electric mine locomotive in the United States went into service in mid 1887 in the Lykens Valley Coal Company mine in

250:, looking for higher quality clock springs, found in 1740 that he could produce high quality steel in unprecedented quantities ( 2102: 1038:/ benzene mixtures. Although such engines were initially used in metal mines, they were in routine use in coal mines by 1910. 3155: 2547: 2378: 1381: 582: 2170: 1077:

In the 19th century, there was considerable speculation about the potential use of battery locomotives in mines. By 1899,

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pioneered the technology in America using it to allow the dead-lift of loaded coal consists 1,100 feet (340 m) up the

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were often attached to trains of full drams, to contain a horse or pony. Mining and later railway engineers designed their

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Warren Allison, Samuel Murphy, and Richard Smith, 'An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck' in G. Boyes (ed.),

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and 2.5 miles of above ground conveyor belt were installed. The last load of coal was hauled by rail in January 2010.

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The Romans were the first to realise the benefits of using animals in their industrial workings, using specially bred

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in Leipzig. Once a very extensive railway network, towards the end it only had 70 kilometres (43 mi) of movable

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delivered their first compressed air locomotive in 1877, and by 1904, they offered a variety of models, most with an

214:, was fought astride the 1722 Tranent – Cockenzie Waggonway. This type of transport spread rapidly through the whole 701:

appears to have built the first underground mining locomotives used in the United States around 1870. By 1874, the

3442: 1064: 702: 1089:. This locomotive was eventually successful, but only after the voltage on the trolley system was stabilized. A 269:

This trend concentrating effort into bigger central located but larger enterprises turned into a trend spurred by

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reaching underground were commonly used for mine haulage. Unsurprisingly, the innovation-minded managers of the

506: 104: 1528: 3544: 790: 782: 749: 733: 718: 319: 1242:) fixed railway track within the Zwenkau open cast mine site itself, as well as a 20 kilometres (12 mi), 1918:(1st American Edition. 8"x10" Hard cover ed.). Viking Penguin, Inc., New York, U.S.A., (1985). pp. 666: 562: 211: 1499: 3305: 3300: 1818: 1680: 1377: 1302: 813: 798: 283: 75: 2640: 2284: 2271: 2256:

This film is run on a video loop with other historical programming in the Anthracite Coal Mining Museum,

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Out of Door Studies in Geography, I, The Making of the Surface and Soils of the Upper Mississippi Region

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continued to advertise steam locomotives for underground use outside the coal industry as late as 1921.

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advertised steam mine locomotives in 1909 and 1911. By the early 1920s, only a few small mines in the

35: 2287:, Bulletin 132, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, July 1922; page 70 and page 12. 377:

had made steel competitively cheap, steel rails were supplanting iron for the same longevity reasons.

3290: 1446: 1330: 1021: 919: 904: 741: 710: 578: 516: 167: 1454: 1418: 158:, England at some time before 1605. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the 1544: 908: 866: 626: 502: 259: 219: 191: 183: 2894: 2866: 2599: 2496: 2443:

Nicholas Wood, Chapter IV – Motive power, Section III – Steam-engine fixed upon ascending planes,

2402: 1715: 606:, where there was a continuous downgrade from the entrance to the working face, the rope from the 3498: 3458: 3295: 2752: 2673: 2535: 2509: 2457: 2431: 2337: 2188: 1980: 1777: 1619: 1070: 498: 444: 143:– a carriage. There are possible references to their use in central Europe in the 15th century. 2483: 2469:

Thomas J. Waters, Rope Haulage at the Westport Coal Company's Coalbrookdale Colliery, Westport,

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of a few percent, trains of 25 cars each carrying roughly half a ton were typical in the 1880s.

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track that is normally employed. In the United States, the standard gauge for mine haulage is

3493: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3023: 3010: 2997: 2984: 2962: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2823: 2788: 2719: 2706: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2627: 2586: 2573: 2522: 2444: 2384: 2374: 2302: 2274:, Bulletin 132, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, July 1922; pages 15-16. 2233: 2142: 2134: 2121: 2070: 1968: 1923: 1875: 1855: 1584: 1556: 1090: 1055: 1018: 1014: 912: 892: 821: 809: 753: 737: 698: 678: 659: 650: 311: 279: 247: 163: 127: 2801: 2775: 2739: 2735: 2689: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2560: 2470: 1060: 3438: 3238: 2731: 2611: 2418: 2214: 1659: 1334: 846: 544: 274: 83: 3022:

Francis A. Pocock, Accumulators and Mining, presented at the New York Meeting, Sept. 1890,

166:, completed in 1604, hitherto regarded as the earliest British installation. This ran from 3448: 2643:, Bulletin 132, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, July 1922; page 17. 2352: 2200: 1992: 1944: 1914:

Works of Man: History of Invention and Engineering, From the Pyramids to the Space Shuttle

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explosive methane buildup was a lesser danger. Several cable haulage systems were used:

374: 139:, England, perhaps from the 1560s. An alternative explanation derives it from the Magyar 118: 39: 1919: 1912: 614:, secondary hoisting engines could be used to pull cars on grades within the mine. For 3411: 3373: 3363: 3205: 2329: 2323: 1793: 1243: 922:. The 35 hp motor for this locomotive was built by the Union Electric Company of 858: 854: 837: 773: 497:

ponies tended to be confined to the shorter runs from coal face to main road (known in

251: 203: 3538: 3380: 3230: 1768: 1524: 1414: 1380:, visitor mine with working shaft, field and pit railway museum with circular track, 1310: 1298: 1094: 1082: 934: 745: 726: 625:

Finally, the most advanced systems involved continuous loops of rope operated like a

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J. F. Gairns, Industrial Locomotives for Mining, Factory and Allied Uses, part III,

903:. There were large scale deliveries of electric locomotives for these railways from 884:, was electrically driven, as were subsequently numerous other mine railways in the 3503: 3331: 3326: 3283: 3278: 3247: 3210: 2778:, Vol. XI, No. 8 (Feb. 25, 1888); page 88. Includes pictures of the traction motor. 1813: 1719: 1651: 923: 764: 603: 586: 360: 348: 315: 303: 218:

coalfield, and the greatest number of lines were to be found in the coalfield near

159: 2791:, Vol. XI, No. 24 (June 16, 1888); page 303. Includes a picture of the locomotive. 2040:

Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008

2014:

Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008

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Initially, electric locomotives were used only where it was economical to string

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Works (SSW) and the Union Electricitäts-Gesellschaft (UEG) in these countries.

258:) in using ceramic crucibles in the same fuel shortage/glass industry inspired 3453: 3421: 3385: 3215: 3200: 3086: 3071: 3069:

Eugene W. Schellentrager and Bradley E. Clarkson, Storage-Battery Locomotive,

2563:, second ed., Burnham, Parry, Williams & Co., Philadelphia, 1881; page 47. 2109:(1985), pages: 136-137, pbk: 304 pages, Little Brown & Co., New York, ISBN 1808: 1758: 1495: 1326: 1085:, while it could run from battery when working on temporary trackage near the 985: 927: 896: 874: 817: 802: 778: 729: 611: 610:

could be used to lower empty cars into the mine and then raise full cars. In

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Harry K. Myers, A Combined Trolley and Storage Battery Locomotive for Mines,

2936:, vol. XIV (New Series), no. 375 (June 23, 1906); page 411. Includes photos. 2880: 2852: 2837: 1027:

Late 19th and early 20th century mine railway locomotives were operated with

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Probably the last colliery horse to work underground in a British coal mine,

230:(a wooden pier) on the river bank, whence coal could be shipped to London by 3468: 3368: 3262: 3243: 1450: 1086: 969: 885: 566: 561:

became available from manufactories in both Europe and North America, large

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Original mine railways used wax-impregnated wooden rails attached to wooden

147: 100: 3220: 1972: 1268:) mine railways in the lignite mines of Saxony. In December 1999, the last 468: 58:, is a railway constructed to carry materials and workers in and out of a 3416: 3406: 3257: 3120: 2804:, Vol. XI, No. 26 (June 30, 1888); page xv. Includes locomotive weights. 1823: 1803: 1798: 1515: 1039: 1002: 990: 900: 889: 794: 714: 692: 481: 456: 386: 223: 215: 187: 179: 171: 151: 132: 113: 3131:

Fond-de-Gras industrial and railway park in the Luxembourg mining region

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were using several Porter locomotives in their underground mines in the

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There is usually no direct connection from a mine railway to the mine's

109: 78:, at first made of wooden rails, but eventually adding protective iron, 3463: 3433: 3336: 3190: 2949:, Vol. IX, No. 119 (Aug. 29, 1903); page 128. Includes scale drawings. 2709:, vol. II, no. 4 (May 1881), Columbia College, New York; pages 215-216. 1787: 1511: 1291: 1195: 1035: 1031: 630: 227: 136: 789:

wheel arrangement. Compressed air locomotives were introduced in the

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In the 19th century after the mid-1840s, when the German invention of

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was introduced, in which the horse could rest on downhill stretches.

195: 59: 2473:, George Didsbury, Government Printer, Wellington, NZ, 1890; page 12 862:

States. This relatively low voltage was adopted for safety's sake.

298: 3140: 2589:, Vol. IX, No. 125 (Oct. 10, 1903); pages 214-215. Includes photo. 1762: 1194:, a major mining area in central Europe, was closed in 1999 at the 488:

became greater. The first known recorded use in Britain was in the

3052:, Vol. XXVI, No. 5 (Sept. 1904); pages 474-496; see photo on page 2525:, The Colliery Engineer Co., Scranton, 1900; paragraphs 2436-2437. 2484:

Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers

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David R. Shearer, Chapger VI: Direct-Current Power Plant Design,

122:(1556). The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks. 2987:, Vol. LXI, No. 1573 (Mar. 24, 1910); page 272. Includes photo. 2471:

Papers read at the Mining Conference held at Dunedin, March 1890

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to use rail haulage. Starting in 2006, 12 miles of underground

633:(England) around 1845. An endless rope system was developed in 591: 493: 365:

These early mine railways used wooden rails, which in the early

67: 3144: 2965:, Vol. XVI, No. 2 (Feb. 1914); pages 100-103. Includes photos. 2826:, vol. 22, no. 3 (July 1902); pages 323-343. Well illustrated. 2447:, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1832; page 114. 2221:. Wallgate, Wigan, England: Stowager and Sons. 2 December 1893. 2141:. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration. p. 232. 2038:

Peter King, 'The First Shropshire Railways' in G. Boyes (ed.),

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The first electric mine railway in the world was developed by

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William T. Petterson, Locomotive Battery Changing Mechanism,

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pure storage battery locomotive was in use in a coal mine in

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were using steam locomotives underground. Nonetheless, both

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Schmalspurige Grubenbahn.de - narrow gauge mine railway site

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Heise-Herbst, Bergbaukunde, Springer-Verlag 1910, p. 345 ff.

2486:, vol. XVII, Appendix I (1867-8), Newcastle upon Tyne, 1868. 2366:

Bartholomew, Ann M.; Metz, Lance E.; Kneis, Michael (1989).

3115: 2602:, Vol. XXVII, No. 6 (September 1909); advertising page 111. 1059:

Trainload of chrome ore emerging from a mine tunnel at the

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The Union Electric Company, Philadelphia (Advertisement),

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Wilhelm Hildenbrand, Section IV, The Endless Rope System,

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Wilhelm Hildenbrand, Section II, The Simple Engine Plane,

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In 1894, the mine railway of the Aachen smelting company,

2175:. Vol. 132. University of Illinois. pp. 102–103 2169:

Stoek, H. H.; Fleming, J. R.; Hoskin, A. J. (July 1922).

3013:, No. 27, (1899); pages 60-66, see particularly page 62. 2983:

A Unique English Internal Combustion Mining Locomotive,

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George Gibbs, The Electric Locomotive for Mine Haulage,

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Wilhelm Hildenbrand, Section III, The Tail Rope System,

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Fred Brenckman, Official Commonwealth Historian (1884).

447:. Before locomotives, slate trains would travel down to 2850:

Kenneth Rushton, Reel Attachment for Mine Locomotives,

2576:, October 12, 1877; page 453. Has good scale drawings. 577:, and the augmentation of their works in and above the 472:

Pit ponies at work in 18th century French mine workings

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around 1864, and another independently developed near

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The Electric Railway in the Lykens Valley Coal Mine,

1290:) railway in the Central German coal mining field in 476:

Ponies began to be used underground, often replacing

2499:, Scott, Greenwood & Co. London, 1903; page 113. 1457:, open pit railway to the old station in Clausthal, 194:, on which a single horse could haul fifty to sixty 3481: 3394: 3356: 3349: 3319: 3271: 3229: 3183: 3176: 2961:Joseph A. Anglada, Gasoline Locomotives for Mines, 2674:

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Monthly Journal

2401:Francis M. Fultz, An Iowa Coal Mine, Chapter V of 1911: 1009:were being used in South African mines. By 1914, 942:. To run on tracks away from overhead lines, the 414:) cars used for mine haulage are generally called 1961:— "dog" — from the noise they made on the tracks. 1301:'s Shoemaker Mine, covering a large area east of 812:was building locomotives designed for 500 to 600 246:A tendency to concentrate employees started when 2069:. Tadworth, England: World's Work. p. 268. 1852:Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia 717:. Other users included several coal mines near 465:to power supplementary work such as mine pumps. 2734:, Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, 1911; pages 2684: 2682: 2614:, Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, 1911; pages 2240:. U.S. Department of the Interior. p. 131. 2957: 2955: 2301:. Cardiff: National Museum Wales. p. 66. 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 451:under gravity, and be pulled back up by horses 314:or the public railway network, because of the 3156: 2908:The Petroleum Industrial and Technical Review 2512:, John A. Roebling's Sons Co., 1884; page 37. 2510:The Underground Haulage of Coal by Wire Ropes 2460:, John A. Roebling's Sons Co., 1884; page 22. 2458:The Underground Haulage of Coal by Wire Ropes 2434:, John A. Roebling's Sons Co., 1884; page 16. 2432:The Underground Haulage of Coal by Wire Ropes 2238:A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry 2135:"Excavation, Loading, and Material Transport" 2117: 2115: 222:. They were mostly used to transport coal in 82:by fixed engines and the earliest commercial 8: 3039:, Vol. XI, No. 11 (Nov. 1899); page 512-513. 2869:, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1916; page 826-827. 2523:The Elements of Mining Engineering, Vol. III 2497:Haulage and Winding Appliances used in Mines 2252:"Jim the Mule Boy (Film Short, title @IMDB)" 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1748:National Museum of Luxembourg Iron Ore Mines 1190:) gauge mine railway in the German state of 677:For as long as it was economical to operate 86:, all in and around the works around mines. 2910:, vol. 2, no. 68 (June 23, 1900); page 388. 2417:Sydney F. Walker, Electrical Mining Notes, 772:Compressed-air locomotives were powered by 3353: 3180: 3163: 3149: 3141: 2722:, vol. XII, no. 8 (March, 1892); page 183. 1220:) track and 90 kilometres (56 mi) of 62:. Materials transported typically include 2932:Benzine Locomotives for Mining Purposes, 2923:, No. 1713 (Jan 21, 1898); pages 532-533. 2676:; vol. X, no. 1 (January, 1876); page 16. 2653:The Mining Catalog (Metal and Quarry Ed.) 2413: 2411: 662:1908 catalog for use in underground mines 505:in Britain, chiefly at the modern pit in 492:coalfield in 1750; in the United States, 190:, also laid down broad wooden rails near 2897:, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1916; page 827. 2641:A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois 2548:Porter Bell & Co. 1873 advertisement 2285:A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois 2272:A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois 2172:A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois 961:Explosion-proof mining locomotives from 2906:A Benzine Locomotive for use in Mines, 2878:W. E. Hamilton, Locomotive Car Puller, 2774:Schlesinger Electric Locomotive Motor, 2639:H.H. Stoek, J.R. Fleming, A.J. Hoskin, 2283:H.H. Stoek, J.R. Fleming, A.J. Hoskin, 2270:H.H. Stoek, J.R. Fleming, A.J. Hoskin, 1998:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1842: 527:, was retired from Pant y Gasseg, near 27:Type of railway that operates in a mine 3024:Trans. Amer. Inst. of Mining Engineers 2945:A Petroleum-Driven Mining Locomotive, 2347: 2346: 2335: 2254:. Edison Film Company. 28 March 1911. 2196: 2186: 1988: 1978: 1587:, Sauberg (underground section only), 949:Crab locomotives were equipped with a 422:is commonly used in the United States 2921:English Mechanic and World of Science 2895:The Coal Miners' Pocketbook, 11th Ed. 2867:The Coal Miners' Pocketbook, 11th Ed. 2325:HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA 2042:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), 70–84. 2016:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), 52–69. 841:Mine locomotive U 28 from AEG at the 7: 3103:, Martin's Ferry Ohio, Jan 28, 2010. 2655:, Keystone, Pittsburgh, 1921; pages 571:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company 480:or female labour, as distances from 262:that were spurring the coal mining, 34:Preserved typical mine train at the 2482:Report of the Tail-Rope Committee, 2445:A Practical Treatise on Railr-Roads 2405:, 1908; pages 97-105, see page 101. 2299:Harnessed: colliery horses in Wales 967:are used in all the mines owned by 707:Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company 186:, who was concerned with mining at 2561:Illustrated Catalog of Locomotives 1967:(2 ed.). London. p. 16. 1942:Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), 723:Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company 25: 3116:Grubenbahn.de - mine railway site 3026:, Vol. XIX (1891); pages 278-282. 2572:Mine Locomotives for Gold Mines, 1790:(shuttle for transporting miners) 1404:), 2.3 km (1.4 mi) long 1117:Passenger wagon on a mine railway 3099:Shoemaker Mine banks on future, 2718:Compressed Air Mine Locomotive, 2598:H.K. Porter Co., Advertisement, 2421:, Vol. 48, No. 1, January, 1906. 2133:Lowrie, Raymond L., ed. (2002). 1874:culture noted and terms listed: 1761: 1443:), 13 km (8.1 mi) long 1001:(Deutz Gas Engine Company), now 302:Mine wagon on wooden rails from 288:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 2703:Compressed Air Mine Locomotives 2103:James Burke (science historian) 1744:), 4 km (2.5 mi) long 981:Internal-combustion locomotives 673:, used on a mine in Switzerland 443:A preserved Dandy wagon of the 2996:Electric Underground Haulage, 2755:, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1914. 1341:Mine railways in visitor mines 768:Compressed air mine locomotive 583:Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway 226:wagons from the coalpits to a 36:Museu de Les Mines d' Eschucha 1: 3126:Kohlebahn - coal railway site 2707:The School of Mines Quarterly 2690:Record of Recent Construction 2538:, July 29, 1874; pages 39-40. 2139:SME Mining Reference Handbook 2122:George Stephenson#Locomotives 1957:The miners called the wagons 833:Overhead-electric locomotives 2835:Seward Mighell, Locomotive, 2688:Compressed Air Locomotives, 2672:Compressed Air Locomotives, 1479:), 2.2 km (1.4 mi) 1317:Museum and heritage railways 1051:Battery-electric locomotives 857:technology used pre-1900 to 2585:A Novel Mining Locomotive, 2536:Saward's Coal Trade Journal 2067:The archaeology of railways 1071:Battery powered locomotives 198:(130–150 kg) of coal. 3571: 2753:Electricity in Coal Mining 2559:Baldwin Locomotive Works, 2369:DELAWARE and LEHIGH CANALS 1529:Kleinenbremen Visitor Mine 1065:Stillwater County, Montana 797:in 1878, operating at 200 760:Compressed air locomotives 703:Consolidation Coal Company 538: 454: 384: 358: 242:Coal, iron, rail symbiosis 98: 3522: 3075:, granted April 25, 1922. 3000:, Oct. 3, 1894; page 726. 2330:pdf e-reprint 2nd edition 1965:The Evolution of Railways 1559:, Markus Röhling Stolln, 1011:Whitcomb Locomotive Works 507:Ellington, Northumberland 306:, end of the 16th century 105:History of rail transport 3136:Mine railway locomotives 2884:, granted July 26, 1904. 2865:Cable-Reel Locomotives, 2856:, granted Aug. 25. 1903. 993:mine railway locomotive. 783:Baldwin Locomotive Works 734:Baldwin Locomotive Works 725:and an iron mine in the 719:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 563:stationary steam engines 403:Riding on a mine car in 338:5 ft 6 in 328:), although gauges from 321:3 ft 6 in 3090:, granted Feb. 7, 1961. 3011:The Ohio Mining Journal 2947:The Locomotive Magazine 2841:, granted July 7, 1903. 2587:The Locomotive Magazine 2297:Thompson, Ceri (2008). 2232:Fay, Albert H. (1920). 2065:Ransom, Philip (1981). 1963:Lee, Charles E (1943). 928:Appalachian coal fields 284:the world-famous Rocket 212:Jacobite rising of 1745 3306:Bucket chain excavator 3301:Bucket-wheel excavator 2998:The Coal Trade Journal 2258:Coaldale, Pennsylvania 1624:Drei Kronen & Ehrt 1506:North Rhine-Westphalia 1352:Pradeisstollen, Radmer 1303:Benwood, West Virginia 1297:In the United States, 1118: 1067: 999:Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz 994: 850: 769: 699:Porter, Bell & Co. 674: 663: 473: 452: 407: 307: 275:iron processing patent 123: 43: 3087:U.S. patent 2,970,550 3072:U.S. patent 1,413,686 2720:The Colliery Engineer 2328:(Archive.org project 2053:Early Wooden railways 2027:Early wooden railways 1500:Lautenthals Glück Pit 1307:underground coal mine 1116: 1058: 988: 840: 822:Vulcan (Wilkes-Barre) 767: 738:Vulcan (Wilkes-Barre) 669: 653: 471: 442: 405:Ashland, Pennsylvania 402: 367:industrial revolution 301: 208:Battle of Prestonpans 112: 33: 3524:Part of a series on 3291:Rocker Shovel Loader 3037:American Electrician 2934:The Petroleum Review 2919:Benzine Locomotive, 2802:The Electrical World 2789:The Electrical World 2776:The Electrical World 2701:Professional Notes, 2600:Engineering Magazine 1850:Ellis, Iain (2006). 1681:Rabensteiner Stollen 1535:Rhineland-Palatinate 1447:Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1378:Grube Fortuna, Solms 1079:Baldwin-Westinghouse 958:at any sharp turns. 920:Lykens, Pennsylvania 909:Siemens & Halske 867:Siemens & Halske 742:Pocahontas Coalfield 711:Georges Creek Valley 579:Panther Creek Valley 565:on the surface with 260:reverbatory furnaces 3550:Industrial railways 2881:U.S. patent 765,833 2853:U.S. patent 737,491 2838:U.S. patent 732,768 2534:Light Locomotives, 1097:(Germany) by 1904. 975:Deutsche Steinkohle 964:Schalker Eisenhütte 503:National Coal Board 220:Newcastle upon Tyne 192:Newcastle upon Tyne 184:Huntingdon Beaumont 54:, U.S.), sometimes 3459:Articulated hauler 3296:Dragline excavator 3050:Cassier's Magazine 2893:Crab Locomotives, 2824:Cassier's Magazine 2732:Vulcan Locomotives 2612:Vulcan Locomotives 1778:Industrial railway 1620:Elbingerode (Harz) 1361:Schwaz Silver Mine 1119: 1068: 995: 954:threading it over 851: 770: 675: 664: 658:advertised in the 499:North East England 474: 453: 445:Ffestiniog Railway 408: 308: 182:is noted onwards. 124: 44: 3532: 3531: 3477: 3476: 3345: 3344: 2419:Electrical Review 2345:External link in 2308:978-0-7200-0591-2 2076:978-0-437-14401-0 1861:978-1-8472-8643-7 1585:Ehrenfriedersdorf 1557:Annaberg-Buchholz 1520:Ramsbeck Ore Mine 1091:Siemens and Haske 1063:chromite mine in 1015:Vulcan Iron Works 913:Siemens-Schuckert 843:Verein Rothe Erde 679:steam locomotives 660:H.K. Porter, Inc. 646:Steam locomotives 400: 355:Wood to cast iron 312:industrial siding 280:George Stephenson 248:Benjamin Huntsman 164:Wollaton Wagonway 148:funicular railway 128:Georgius Agricola 84:steam locomotives 16:(Redirected from 3562: 3555:Mining equipment 3439:Material ropeway 3354: 3239:Blasting machine 3181: 3171:Mining equipment 3165: 3158: 3151: 3142: 3104: 3101:The Times Leader 3097: 3091: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2574:Railroad Gazette 2570: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2294: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2110: 2100: 2081: 2080: 2062: 2056: 2051:M. J. T. Lewis, 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1955: 1949: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1917: 1908:Clark, Ronald W. 1904: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1847: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1750:, circular track 1743: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1725: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1686: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1629: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1562: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1424: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1335:Regis-Breitingen 1289: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1201: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1146: 1143:) – the largest 1142: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1124: 873:mining in Saxon 847:Esch-sur-Alzette 545:gravity railroad 401: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 178:. Another early 80:steam locomotion 21: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3545:Mining railways 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3518: 3473: 3449:Conveyor bridge 3390: 3341: 3315: 3272:Heavy machinery 3267: 3225: 3172: 3169: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2953: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2381: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2344: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2250: 2249: 2245: 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1497: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1420: 1416: 1415:Barsinghausen 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1311:conveyor belt 1308: 1305:was the last 1304: 1300: 1299:Consol Energy 1295: 1293: 1245: 1197: 1193: 1166: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1095:Gelsenkirchen 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 992: 987: 980: 978: 976: 972: 971: 966: 965: 959: 957: 952: 947: 945: 941: 936: 935:overhead line 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 863: 860: 856: 848: 844: 839: 832: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 766: 759: 757: 755: 751: 747: 746:West Virginia 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 727:Lake Superior 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 694: 689: 685: 680: 672: 668: 661: 657: 652: 645: 643: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 597: 593: 588: 587:coal breakers 584: 580: 576: 575:Ashley Planes 572: 568: 564: 560: 554: 550: 549:cable railway 546: 542: 535:Cable haulage 534: 532: 530: 526: 521: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 490:County Durham 487: 483: 479: 470: 466: 464: 458: 450: 446: 441: 434: 432: 425: 423: 421: 417: 413: 410:The tram (or 406: 388: 380: 378: 376: 372: 371:Coalbrookdale 368: 362: 354: 352: 350: 345: 342:1,676 mm 326:1,067 mm 323: 317: 313: 305: 300: 293: 291: 289: 285: 281: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 256:blister steel 253: 249: 241: 239: 237: 233: 232:collier brigs 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 129: 121: 120: 115: 111: 106: 102: 94: 89: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 52:mine railroad 49: 41: 37: 32: 19: 3504:Carbide lamp 3402:Mine railway 3401: 3332:Gold panning 3327:Fire-setting 3284:Steam shovel 3279:Power shovel 3248:Blasting cap 3211:Sledgehammer 3095: 3080: 3065: 3044: 3031: 3018: 3005: 2992: 2979: 2970: 2941: 2928: 2915: 2902: 2889: 2874: 2861: 2846: 2831: 2818: 2809: 2796: 2783: 2770: 2760: 2747: 2727: 2714: 2702: 2697: 2668: 2648: 2635: 2607: 2594: 2581: 2568: 2555: 2543: 2530: 2517: 2504: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2452: 2439: 2426: 2397: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2324: 2317: 2298: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2177:. Retrieved 2171: 2164: 2152:. Retrieved 2138: 2128: 2066: 2060: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2008: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1943: 1938: 1913: 1870: 1854:. Lulu.com. 1851: 1845: 1814:Rail profile 1720:Fond-de-Gras 1716:Minièresbunn 1652:Sangerhausen 1409:Lower Saxony 1320: 1296: 1294:was closed. 1196:Zwenkau Mine 1167: 1120: 1109:In operation 1103: 1099: 1083:trolley wire 1076: 1069: 1045: 1026: 998: 996: 974: 968: 962: 960: 948: 932: 924:Philadelphia 917: 899:and Belgian 881: 879: 864: 852: 842: 807: 771: 697: 684:tank engines 676: 670: 624: 620: 601: 556: 524: 522: 513:Dandy wagons 512: 511: 475: 460: 429: 419: 418:. The term 415: 411: 409: 381:Motive power 364: 361:rail profile 346: 344:) are used. 316:narrow-gauge 309: 304:Transylvania 268: 245: 200: 160:river Severn 150:was made at 145: 140: 125: 117: 55: 51: 48:mine railway 47: 45: 3509:Ventilation 3489:Safety lamp 3427:Slate wagon 3311:Gold dredge 2495:Carl Volk, 2371:, 158 pages 2197:|work= 2107:Connections 1989:|work= 1819:Rail tracks 1724:700 mm 1685:600 mm 1628:600 mm 1589:600 mm 1561:600 mm 1492:Langelsheim 1487:Rammelsberg 1459:600 mm 1423:600 mm 1383:600 mm 1270:900 mm 1248:900 mm 1222:900 mm 1200:900 mm 1170:900 mm 1145:900 mm 1123:900 mm 944:power cable 730:Iron Ranges 612:shaft mines 604:slope mines 334:457 mm 254:to replace 236:dandy wagon 56:pit railway 3539:Categories 3454:Haul truck 3422:Quarry tub 3395:Horizontal 3386:Man engine 3216:Jackhammer 3201:Hand steel 3177:Excavation 3056:, text on 2380:0930973097 1838:References 1809:Quarry tub 1710:Luxembourg 1656:Wettelrode 1496:Lautenthal 1327:Meuselwitz 897:Luxembourg 882:Rothe Erde 875:Zauckerode 695:problems. 596:pit ponies 463:pit ponies 449:Porthmadog 435:Pit ponies 330:18 in 271:Henry Cort 176:Nottingham 156:Shropshire 95:Mine rails 72:overburden 3469:Reclaimer 3369:Headframe 3350:Transport 3263:Gunpowder 3244:Detonator 2765:haulage). 2663:(Vulcan). 2338:cite book 2199:ignored ( 2189:cite book 2154:9 October 1991:ignored ( 1981:cite book 1677:Netzkater 1667:Thuringia 1662:show mine 1451:Clausthal 1331:Haselbach 1168:The last 970:Ruhrkohle 886:Rhineland 826:Homestake 791:Newbottle 627:cable car 559:wire rope 553:funicular 541:wire rope 529:Pontypool 486:coal face 210:, in the 116:shown in 101:Wagonways 3499:Headlamp 3417:Pit pony 3412:Mine car 3407:Minecart 3357:Vertical 3258:Dynamite 3231:Blasting 3058:page 489 3054:page 474 2389:89-25150 1910:(1985). 1824:Wagonway 1804:Plateway 1799:Minecart 1794:Mine car 1755:See also 1742: in 1703: in 1646: in 1607: in 1579: in 1516:Ramsbeck 1477: in 1441: in 1402: in 1288: in 1266: in 1240: in 1218: in 1188: in 1163: in 1141: in 1040:Firedamp 1019:cylinder 1003:Deutz AG 901:Wallonia 893:Lorraine 890:Saarland 795:Scotland 715:Maryland 693:firedamp 686:with an 517:tramways 482:pit head 457:Pit pony 420:mine car 387:Minecart 349:sleepers 224:chaldron 216:Tyneside 188:Strelley 180:wagonway 172:Wollaton 168:Strelley 152:Broseley 133:Caldbeck 114:Minecart 76:railways 40:Eschucha 3464:Stacker 3443:Blondin 3434:Mantrip 3337:Hushing 3206:Crowbar 3191:Pickaxe 2179:22 June 2029:, 8-10. 2025:Lewis, 1973:1591369 1788:Mantrip 1737:⁄ 1698:⁄ 1675:– 1654:– 1641:⁄ 1602:⁄ 1574:⁄ 1514:– 1512:Bestwig 1494:– 1472:⁄ 1449:– 1436:⁄ 1397:⁄ 1367:Germany 1354:in the 1346:Austria 1292:Lusatia 1283:⁄ 1261:⁄ 1235:⁄ 1213:⁄ 1183:⁄ 1158:⁄ 1136:⁄ 1061:Ben Bow 1036:alcohol 1032:benzene 1022:engines 973:(today 956:pulleys 816:(34-41 781:. The 750:Baldwin 631:Burnley 228:staithe 196:bushels 137:Cumbria 90:History 42:, Spain 3526:mining 3482:Safety 3253:Dualin 3221:Gezähe 3196:Shovel 2387: 2377: 2305: 2219:Mining 2145: 2073: 1971: 1926: 1858: 1673:Ilfeld 1551:Saxony 1483:Goslar 1356:Styria 1192:Saxony 1029:petrol 810:Porter 754:Vulcan 721:, the 616:grades 567:cables 551:, and 525:Robbie 426:Humans 369:about 264:coking 206:. The 3364:Hoist 3320:Other 3184:Tools 2736:74-78 2234:"Car" 1372:Hesse 1325:from 991:Deutz 989:1938 951:winch 940:reels 787:0-4-0 688:0-4-0 639:Wigan 592:mules 494:mules 478:child 336:) to 294:Rails 174:near 141:hintó 3514:SCSR 3381:Whim 2738:and 2626:and 2385:LCCN 2375:ISBN 2353:help 2303:ISBN 2201:help 2181:2011 2156:2012 2143:ISBN 2071:ISBN 2000:link 1993:help 1969:OCLC 1959:Hund 1924:ISBN 1876:culm 1856:ISBN 1329:via 1323:line 1087:face 1034:and 997:The 869:for 853:The 849:1894 801:(14 752:and 705:and 671:Gnom 416:tubs 412:dram 204:Bath 103:and 70:and 68:coal 60:mine 50:(or 2661:275 2657:273 2628:105 1333:to 977:). 905:AEG 818:bar 814:psi 805:). 803:bar 799:psi 779:bar 744:in 713:of 602:In 594:or 484:to 273:'s 170:to 154:in 64:ore 3541:: 3246:/ 2954:^ 2740:97 2705:, 2681:^ 2624:86 2622:, 2620:72 2618:, 2616:70 2410:^ 2383:. 2342:: 2340:}} 2336:{{ 2236:. 2217:. 2193:: 2191:}} 2187:{{ 2137:. 2114:^ 2105:, 2085:^ 1985:: 1983:}} 1979:{{ 1922:. 1883:^ 1739:16 1722:, 1718:, 1691:11 1683:, 1679:, 1658:, 1634:11 1622:, 1595:11 1567:11 1543:, 1527:, 1518:, 1498:, 1485:, 1465:11 1453:, 1429:11 1421:, 1417:, 1390:11 1337:. 1285:16 1276:11 1263:16 1254:11 1237:16 1228:11 1215:16 1206:11 1185:16 1176:11 1160:16 1151:11 1138:16 1129:11 1024:. 1013:, 911:, 907:, 895:, 888:, 859:DC 845:, 654:A 547:, 543:, 509:. 146:A 135:, 66:, 46:A 38:, 3445:) 3441:( 3164:e 3157:t 3150:v 3060:. 2742:. 2630:. 2550:. 2391:. 2355:) 2351:( 2311:. 2203:) 2183:. 2158:. 2079:. 2055:. 2002:) 1995:) 1975:. 1932:. 1878:. 1864:. 1735:9 1732:+ 1730:3 1726:( 1705:) 1700:8 1696:5 1693:+ 1687:( 1648:) 1643:8 1639:5 1636:+ 1630:( 1609:) 1604:8 1600:5 1597:+ 1591:( 1581:) 1576:8 1572:5 1569:+ 1563:( 1474:8 1470:5 1467:+ 1461:( 1438:8 1434:5 1431:+ 1425:( 1399:8 1395:5 1392:+ 1386:( 1281:7 1278:+ 1272:( 1259:7 1256:+ 1250:( 1233:7 1230:+ 1224:( 1211:7 1208:+ 1202:( 1181:7 1178:+ 1172:( 1156:7 1153:+ 1147:( 1134:7 1131:+ 1125:( 340:( 332:( 324:( 20:)

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