284:... by the early 1980s, when Western analysts first became aware of MITI, the ministry's glory days were over. In 1979 MITI lost its primary instrument of control over Japanese firms â allocation of foreign currency. The power, that is, to decide who could â and who could not â import technologies. ... MITI bureaucrats attempted to deny fledgling Sony the $ 25,000 the company needed to license transistor technology from Western Electric.
345:
120:
246:
Japanese exports and the tension it has caused in other countries led MITI to provide guidance on limiting exports of particular products to various countries. Starting in 1981, MITI presided over the establishment of voluntary restraints on automobile exports to the United States to allay criticism from
American manufacturers and their unions.
656:
245:
These policies to promote domestic industry and to protect it from international competition were strongest in the 1950s and 1960s. As industry became stronger and as MITI lost some of its policy tools, such as control over allocation of foreign exchange, MITI's policies also changed. The success of
303:
made it more difficult for governments to protect local companies from foreign competition. The declining significance of MITI to
Japanese companies made it a less powerful agency within the bureaucracy, and by the end of the 20th century, it was folded into a larger body. In 2001, it was
249:
Similarly, MITI was forced to liberalize import policies, despite its traditional protectionist focus. During the 1980s, the ministry helped to craft a number of market-opening and import promoting measures, including the creation of an import promotion office within the ministry. The close
241:
The close relationship between MITI and
Japanese industry has led to foreign trade policy that often complements the ministry's efforts to strengthen domestic manufacturing interests. MITI facilitated the early development of nearly all major industries by providing protection from import
174:
from 1949 to 2001. The MITI was one of the most powerful government agencies in Japan and, at the height of its influence, effectively ran much of
Japanese industrial policy, funding research and directing investment. In 2001, MITI was merged with other agencies during the
250:
relationship between MITI and industry allowed the ministry to play such a role in fostering more open markets, but conflict remained between the need to open markets and the desire to continue promoting new and growing domestic industries.
227:, some aspects of foreign economic assistance, and consumer complaints. This span has allowed MITI to integrate conflicting policies, such as those on pollution control and export competitiveness, to minimize damage to export industries.
234:, an arbiter on industrial problems and disputes, and a regulator. A major objective of the ministry has been to strengthen the country's industrial base. It has not managed Japanese trade and industry along the lines of a centrally
257:
were expected to serve a tenure as MITI minister before taking over the government. MITI worked closely with
Japanese business interests, and was largely responsible for keeping the domestic market closed to most foreign companies.
218:
MITI has been responsible not only in the areas of exports and imports but also for all domestic industries and businesses not specifically covered by other ministries in the areas of investment in plant and equipment,
238:, but it has provided industries with administrative guidance and other direction, both formal and informal, on modernization, technology, investments in new plants and equipment, and domestic and foreign competition.
277:, pushed Japan to introduce more liberal trade laws that further lessened MITI's grip over the Japanese economy. By the mid-1980s, the ministry was helping foreign corporations set up operations in Japan.
316:
273:
in 1971. Before that point, MITI had been able to keep the exchange rate artificially low, which benefited Japan's exporters. Later, intense lobbying from other countries, particularly the
288:
However MITI still continued to benefit industry, especially in semiconductors, where, to overcome resistance to a new technology, it forced every electronic company to have at least one
31:
757:
878:
814:
873:
192:
80:
858:
868:
642:
180:
104:
853:
723:
242:
competition, technological intelligence, help in licensing foreign technology, access to foreign exchange, and assistance in mergers.
699:
322:
167:
176:
883:
220:
215:
rising and productivity failing to keep up, the government sought a better mechanism for reviving the
Japanese economy.
296:
888:
231:
224:
671:
632:
300:
200:
17:
195:
in May 1949 and given the mission for coordinating international trade policy with other groups, such as the
863:
262:
665:
564:
525:
473:
538:
408:
391:
is the highest position in a ministry filled by a career bureaucrat rather than a political appointee.
434:
577:
551:
266:
204:
590:
447:
460:
328:
171:
135:
486:
421:
207:
ministries. At the time it was created, Japan was still recovering from the economic disaster of
499:
719:
695:
713:
683:
637:
512:
295:
The influence of MITI shrank in the 1990s because of deregulation and the collapse of the
235:
254:
344:
847:
688:
660:
612:
274:
196:
208:
790:
Details for the period 25 May 1949 to 27 July 1976 are from
Johnson, pp. 330-331
829:
816:
715:
We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age
212:
758:"'Industrial Policy' Is Back: The West Dusts Off Old Idea to Counter China"
677:
304:
reorganized into the
Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI).
289:
125:
806:
659:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
317:
National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
339:
270:
356:
261:
MITI lost some influence when the switch was made to a
32:
131:
113:
97:
89:
73:
58:
53:
38:
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
687:
280:The decline of MITI was described by Johnstone:
384:
155:
378:
149:
43:
18:Ministry of International Trade & Industry
8:
145:Ministry of International Trade and Industry
37:
393:
739:
643:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
191:MITI was created with the split of the
181:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
105:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
36:
879:Former government ministries of Japan
7:
230:MITI has served as an architect of
203:, and the various commerce-related
25:
874:Ministries disestablished in 2001
323:Japan External Trade Organization
312:Important MITI agencies include:
193:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
81:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
27:Agency of the Government of Japan
654:
343:
118:
30:For the Malaysian ministry, see
859:2001 disestablishments in Japan
869:Ministries established in 1949
706:MITI and the Japanese Miracle.
1:
694:. Stanford University Press.
690:MITI and the Japanese Miracle
336:Administrative Vice-Ministers
854:1949 establishments in Japan
375:Administrative Vice-Minister
385:
297:Japanese asset price bubble
156:
905:
299:, and the creation of the
179:to form the newly created
29:
756:Ip, Greg (29 July 2021).
672:Federal Research Division
633:Fifth generation computer
379:
177:Central Government Reform
150:
44:
42:
301:World Trade Organization
201:Economic Planning Agency
762:The Wall Street Journal
712:Bob Johnstone (1999).
263:floating exchange rate
253:As late as the 1980s,
884:Economic nationalism
267:United States dollar
826: /
684:Chalmers A. Johnson
329:Japan Patent Office
172:Government of Japan
136:Government of Japan
39:
830:35.672°N 139.751°E
565:Yoshihiko Morozumi
526:Shigenobu Yamamoto
474:Hisatsugu Tokunaga
355:. You can help by
98:Superseding agency
889:Industrial policy
725:978-0-465-09118-8
624:
623:
539:Yoshifumi Kumagai
442:25 November 1955
429:17 November 1953
409:Takayuki Yamamoto
373:
372:
232:industrial policy
221:pollution control
157:TsÅ«shÅ-sangyÅ-shÅ
141:
140:
49:TsÅ«shÅ-sangyÅ-shÅ
16:(Redirected from
896:
841:
840:
838:
837:
836:
831:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
805:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
772:
770:
768:
753:
747:
744:
729:
708:
693:
675:
658:
657:
638:Economy of Japan
585:8 November 1974
546:7 November 1969
507:23 October 1964
452:25 November 1955
439:17 November 1953
435:TomisaburÅ Hirai
394:
390:
388:
382:
381:
368:
365:
347:
340:
225:energy and power
165:
159:
153:
152:
124:
122:
121:
74:Preceding agency
69:
67:
47:
46:
40:
21:
904:
903:
899:
898:
897:
895:
894:
893:
844:
843:
835:35.672; 139.751
834:
832:
828:
825:
820:
817:
815:
813:
812:
803:
800:
795:
794:
789:
785:
780:
776:
766:
764:
755:
754:
750:
746:Johnstone p. xv
745:
741:
736:
726:
718:. Basic Books.
711:
702:
682:
667:Country Studies
664:
655:
651:
629:
595:8 November 1974
578:Eimei Yamashita
556:7 November 1969
552:Yoshihisa Åjimi
517:23 October 1964
513:Shigeru Sahashi
376:
369:
363:
360:
353:needs expansion
338:
310:
292:project going.
255:prime ministers
236:planned economy
189:
147:
119:
117:
109:
93:January 6, 2001
85:
65:
63:
54:Agency overview
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
902:
900:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
846:
845:
810:
809:
799:
798:External links
796:
793:
792:
783:
781:Johnson, p. 52
774:
748:
738:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
724:
709:
700:
680:
650:
647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
628:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:29 August 1979
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
591:YÅ«gorÅ Komatsu
587:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
541:
535:
534:
531:
528:
522:
521:
520:25 April 1966
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
450:
448:Takeo Ishihara
444:
443:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
424:
418:
417:
416:31 March 1952
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
398:
371:
370:
350:
348:
337:
334:
333:
332:
326:
320:
309:
306:
286:
285:
188:
185:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
101:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
84:
83:
77:
75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
901:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:MITI projects
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
842:
839:
808:
802:
801:
797:
787:
784:
778:
775:
763:
759:
752:
749:
743:
740:
733:
727:
721:
717:
716:
710:
707:
703:
701:0-8047-1206-9
697:
692:
691:
685:
681:
679:
673:
669:
668:
662:
661:public domain
653:
652:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
620:26 June 1981
619:
616:
614:
613:Naohiro Amaya
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:27 July 1976
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
572:25 July 1973
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:15 June 1971
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:25 April 1966
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
494:23 July 1963
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
462:
461:KÅshichi Ueno
459:
458:
455:15 June 1957
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:31 March 1952
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
397:Office holder
396:
395:
392:
387:
367:
358:
354:
351:This section
349:
346:
342:
341:
335:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:
313:
307:
305:
302:
298:
293:
291:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
275:United States
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Bank of Japan
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
163:
158:
146:
137:
134:
132:Parent agency
130:
127:
116:
112:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
79:
78:
76:
72:
62:May 1949
61:
57:
52:
41:
33:
19:
811:
807:METI website
804:(in English)
786:
777:
765:. Retrieved
761:
751:
742:
714:
705:
689:
666:
582:25 July 1973
569:15 June 1971
533:25 May 1968
504:23 July 1963
487:KinzÅ Matsuo
481:7 July 1961
468:13 May 1960
465:15 June 1957
422:KeizÅ Tamaki
374:
364:January 2014
361:
357:adding to it
352:
311:
294:
287:
279:
265:between the
260:
252:
248:
244:
240:
229:
217:
209:World War II
190:
161:
144:
142:
114:Jurisdiction
833: /
821:139°45â²04â³E
543:25 May 1968
491:7 July 1961
478:13 May 1960
413:25 May 1949
848:Categories
818:35°40â²19â³N
500:Zenei Imai
386:Jimu jikan
213:inflation
90:Dissolved
686:(1982).
627:See also
308:Agencies
211:. With
183:(METI).
168:ministry
767:30 July
649:Sources
325:(JETRO)
205:cabinet
187:History
170:of the
66:1949-05
64: (
722:
698:
663:.
319:(AIST)
199:, the
166:was a
123:
59:Formed
734:Notes
678:Japan
331:(JPO)
151:éåç£æ¥ç
126:Japan
45:éåç£æ¥ç
769:2021
720:ISBN
696:ISBN
400:From
380:äºå次å®
290:CMOS
269:and
162:MITI
143:The
403:To
359:.
271:yen
850::
760:.
704:.
676:â
670:.
383:,
223:,
160:,
154:,
771:.
728:.
674:.
603:?
389:)
377:(
366:)
362:(
164:)
148:(
68:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.