362:
400:-like footprints. There also exists oral tradition that both its arms are attached, so that tugging one arm makes the other become shorter, or pulling on one arm hard enough will cause both arms to be ripped out; however, this curious anatomical lore may not be original, since it is told of the kappa in some regions of Japan.
380:
are reputedly of the height and stature of a 3-year old to a 12 or 13 year-old human, and it has a head of hair without a "plate" like the kappa (though having fleshy, bald patches on their heads), and though they may be bald-headed the males and females still can be distinguished, or so it has been
568:
said to be an amulet of protection from night raids. When another village attacked, those who participated in providing hospitality to the spirit were intact, but those who failed to come to the gathering all lost their lives. The motif of the golden tobacco case amulet as a gift also occurs in a
545:
is thought capable of transforming into a youth and becoming an adopted husband at a home with only daughters, bringing about fortune and luck of the hunt, but once the village incurs his wrath, he will depart, absconding with the community's food spirit, causing famine. There are tales of the
422:, on a foggy nights, a victim may detect what seems to be human presence that has abruptly appeared ahead of him, and trying to engage this entity in conversation will go unanswered; it continues to walk onward until the victim notices the odd bird-like footprints, and just then the
1133:
611:
into a cross shape, breathing life into them to fight the smallpox divinity/demon. All but one of the puppets drowned and grand general who remained managed to defeat the smallpox demon. The puppets that drowned thereafter became the
460:
is a deity which controls the fish, it may bring luck to fishermen, but at a price, because as long as it is present it will be responsible for an increase in deaths by drowning. In an anecdote set in the
Ishikari region, the
2147:
246:
literally denoting a "mountain-side-person". Its bald-headedness and reference to the mountain-side suggests a hypothetical connection to, or conflation with, the generic
Japanese mountain deity, the
921:
predicts that the Yūbetsu people will be loth to comply with the youth's mission (return of a loaned treasure), and will persuade him to embark on a perilous search for the eggs of the giant bird
493:, and he brought about a rich harvest of fish, but was discovered to be the cause of increased drownings in the rivers, so was expelled, and thereafter it moved to Shibichari River (in town of
438:
is generally considered an "evil dispositioned" type of fabulous aquatic creature, reputed to "disembowel and devour human beings when they catch them", there are also benevolent types called
111:
has been defined as "fabulous animal", purported to be "half human and half animal and to inhabit lakes and rivers" in the Ainu dictionary c. 1900 compiled by
British missionary
619:
A (less mythologized) and historical folk tradition blames the arrival of the pox to
Japanese traders and their merchant ships. According to tradition, the Smallpox Deity (
699:
Prof. Ishikawa makes the problematic claim, directly quoting from
Batchelor's "glossaries" (dictionary) and (mis)translating "fabulous animal" as "spiritual being"
2010:
1611:
407:
are said to hunt people and livestock by dragging them under water, but this prankishness is also a trait frequently ascribed to the kappa, cf. the motif of the
1445:
Yazaki, Haruna; et al. (Graduate School of
Letters, Hokkaido University) (2013), "Kappa denshō kara miru Ainu-go mintuci to Nihon-go mizuchi no kankeisei"
861:
2277:
boats habitually forced the crewmen who presented with smallpox symptoms off board and abandoned them on Ainu territory, which led to epidemics. (
465:
allowed a bountiful catch of fish, but it was sure to take several lives each year, so that the people begged it to move elsewhere to the town of
512:
also blesses the hunter, rewarding him with game in plenitude according to folk tradition. According to one piece of lore, the chieftain of the
2469:
2167:
1595:
520:, and he is a bearer of bow and arrows, known to aid humans in need, or giving the gift of bow and arrows, but in return demands offering of
445:
It is not strictly just the mountain type which assists humans (bringing bounty of the mountain, i.e., luck of hunting), because the aquatic
645:. A smallpox outbreak killed many Ainu. And this led to the custom of creating the weed dolls for protection from this disease, namely, the
449:
are also known to help (bestow bounties of the waters, i.e., luck in fishing), and there are also dangerous consequences when the mountain
2005:
Fujita, Mamoru (1995), "Kikin wo shudai to suru Ainu no shinyō: ningen to kamui no sekai no taishōsei, kigen no tankyū, katari no jiyū"
2548:
2389:
2314:
2250:
2218:
2093:
1848:
1818:
1732:
1626:
1540:
1406:
1319:
1180:
2558:
2354:
1222:
112:
558:
who helped the chieftain carry his load demanded a banquet afterwards, rewarding his hosts with a golden tobacco case
2153:
Fenomen kukly v tradit︠s︡ionnoĭ i sovremennoĭ kulʹture : krosskulʹturnoe issledovanie ideologii antropomorfizma
2014:
1954:
2156:Феномен куклы в традиционной и современной культуре. Кросскультурное исследование идеологии антропоморфизма
1975:
1778:
927:
908:
2543:
288:
419:
314:
310:
1049:
991:, p. 71 also translatable as "shabby inaw") is also recorded in the oral tale recited by Ms. Ueda.
793:
1139:
Dukhi, oborotni, demony i bozhestva aynov: religioznyye vozzreniya v traditsionnom aynskom obshchestve
477:), and as a result, the drownings ceased, but the fish catch plummeted afterwards. In another tale, a
2422:
914:
856:
841:
474:
470:
2538:
1226:
1147:
Spirits, werewolves, demons and deities of the Ainu: religious beliefs in traditional Ainu society
155:, but still others point out that there are legends peculiar to the Ainu that are attached to the
2493:
2447:
2299:
2233:
2201:
2197:
2108:
1971:
1950:
1801:
1793:
1717:
1665:
1519:
1391:
946:
846:
532:
type ornaments, and people are obliged to comply. But the ornament in question should not be the
494:
466:
135:
1904:
723:
is a type of "mermaid", and elsewhere he is seen applying "mermaid" as the
English shortand for
719:. Prof. Ishikawa's claim can still be justified however, since Batchelor's dictionary adds that
2080:
1773:
1302:
1097:
922:
903:
2553:
2519:[Uses for the ritual staff made of antlers: with legends around the mizuchi as clue],
2385:
2371:
2358:
2320:
2310:
2265:
2246:
2214:
2173:
2163:
2089:
1854:
1844:
1814:
1728:
1622:
1591:
1536:
1497:
1412:
1402:
1315:
1142:Духи, оборотни, демоны и божества айнов: религиозные воззрения в традиционном айнском обществе
797:
624:
486:
269:
2513:
2451:
2112:
1805:
418:, and women possessed by one may attempt to seduce men. According to a legend circulating in
128:
2426:
2401:
1458:
1196:
60:
2237:
2151:
1039:
without any qualification is assumed to designate a different plant whose
Japanese name is
2205:
1673:
1480:
898:
593:
descended on earth and ruled over the Ainu (human) world, there came far from the sea the
331:
2285:, tale 46). Although this commentary is on the smallpox deity, and does not touch on the
2272:
2076:
1797:
1576:
1298:
932:, but the youth is protected by a small bag amulet and succeeds in winning its feather.
632:
620:
594:
426:
s shadow would vanish and come around from behind, dragging the victim into the water.
365:
55:
941:
Discovered by a person named
Itonbiya from the hamlet of Nioi (荷負, now a district or
361:
2532:
1509:
1339:
879:
This fleshy head gave rise to its name, meaning "flesh devil" according to
Batchelor.
603:), and many succumbed to disease. Okikurmi then created a set of 61 Chishinap-kamui (
590:
335:
83:
26:
949:), who found the sickle-like prints at a spot named Abushi (also within Biratori).
649:
was not invented by a god, but by the Ainu people. In fact, the literal meaning of
247:
116:
51:
2497:
1523:
1455:
Presentation summary of the 2nd Meeting of the Graduate School of Letters, FY2013
1343:
1137:
2063:
Normalized spelling. "Chi-shinap-kamui" is the romanization that Kindaichi used.
586:
482:
442:(lit. "good mintuci") which inhabit the mountains according to John Batchelor.
54:
or an aquatic supernatural creature, a half-man-half-beast, told in stories of
86:: ミントゥチ) according to modern Ainu orthography, but it is also commonly spelled
2470:"Ainu kōshō bungei sanbun setsuwa: kappa ni tasukerareta otoko no monogatari"
1587:
642:
551:
502:
389:
2324:
2177:
1858:
1532:
1416:
498:
490:
1463:
1201:
1311:
638:
145:
66:
2264:
There is historical basis to this, as it has been pointed out, that the
709:. This is more accurately translated by Takamisawa as "legendary animal"
1189:
Jinruigaku zasshi, the Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon
826:
608:
185:
2514:"Rokkaku-sei gijō no yōtō―mizuchi ni kansuru densetsu wo tegagari ni"
1401:. Kwai books (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Kadokawa Shoten. pp. 317–318.
342:
appears the guise of a diminutive old person of indeterminate gender.
747:", and a nymph is of course commonly seen as a spirit or minor deity.
397:
393:
392:-like texture, and they have either bird-like feet or four sets of
2016:
Chiba daigaku daigakuin jinbun shkaikagaku kenkyūka project report
744:
528:
360:
151:
32:
229:
was a name that people on the Japanese mainland used to refer to
534:
522:
1091:
1089:
317:
regions. It is said to make an occasional grunting noise like "
253:
The name manifests local variation, and the creature is called
1500:(1917), "Jūnishi kō (4): hebi ni kansuru minzoku to densetsu"
896:) of Ishikari River occurs in the tale where a youth from the
1961:, summary pp. 57–5; text and opposing translation pp. 60–73.
1514:—— (1973). "Hebi ni kansuru minzoku to densetsu"
1234:(2nd ed.). Methodist Publishing House. pp. 265–266.
2082:
Itsutsu no shinzō wo motta kami: Ainu no kamizukuri to okuri
1255:
1253:
855:", but in this particular tale, it is the fiendish creature
538:
usually offered to the gods, but a more simplified version.
140:), which is a word glossed as meaning 'fairy' or 'daemon'.
119:, and stated it was considered by the Ainu to be a type of "
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
192:
However, Batchelor has given a strictly Ainu etymology for
1692:
1690:
1688:
1554:
1552:
485:
and came to live with the bride's family in the hamlet of
179:(or variants thereof) that are local appellations for the
2480:
Bulletin of Ainu Culture Research Center, Hokkaido Museum
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
800:(1917), which was an installment in his zodiacal series
1076:
1074:
764:
dragon, the source she invokes (Sakurai) only connects
2309:. Truth in fantasy. Tōkyō: Shinkigensha. p. 117.
1758:, pp. 312–313, as told by the woman Munsasima Kawamura
1487:
in the Kaga Province and Noto Peninsula regions) .. ".
1195:(10), The Anthropological Society of Nippon: 405–407,
641:
to establish trade relations with the Ainu during the
2402:"Mintsuchi (mintuci) genryūkō―Ainu minzoku no kappa"
2120:, Ainu kankei chosakushū 7, Miyama shōbō, p. 153
1023:
In Japanese writers refer to the Japanese plant name
913:
sets out to journey the way downstream this river to
58:
and folklore. It is also considered a variant of the
2521:
Journal of the Graduate School Kokugakuin University
2207:
Nihon mukashibanashi tsūkan: Hokkaido (Ainu minzoku)
349:
of the Ainu may otherwise be called "mintoci kamuy,
175:
is considered to be borrowed from the Japanese word
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
411:("the water-imp dragging a horse into the water").
99:in folkloric study literature written in Japanese.
1989:, Nihon no densetsu 17, Kadokawa, pp. 202–204
780:dragon. The hypothesis that the northeastern name
686:, but modern standard romanization of the Ainu is
616:, helping people in case of illness or adversity.
1843:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Shinkigensha. p. 299.
1727:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Shinkigensha. p. 109.
2038:, p. 119 specifies this as an origin tale (
550:acting as guardians for humans in Asahikawa and
2245:, Hokkaido shuppan kikaku center, p. 453,
673:(ミンツゥチ) is also attested in a Taisho-era paper.
1942:
1770:'sweep', the "n" before "s" is pronounced "y")
1761:
1096:Ainu mukei bunka denshō hozonkai, ed. (1983).
1003:
965:
959:
820:
712:
702:
598:
561:
323:
302:
280:
261:
239:
210:
92:
43:
2363:. Religious Tract Society. pp. 321, 545.
1128:
1126:
1124:
573:" where the benefactor is the kappa-deity or
8:
2384:, JIji tsushin shuppankyoku, pp. 250–,
2007:飢饉を主題とするアイヌの神謡 - 人間とカムイの世界の対称性、起原の探究、語りの自由 -
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1000:These are otherwise known as noya-imos-kamuy
505:was attributed to the mintuci's protection.
330:", according to the folklore of the town of
2213:, vol. 1, Dōhōsha, pp. 164, 901,
1451:2013 nendo dai-2 kai kenkyūkai happyō yōshi
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
115:. But he also contrived of it as a type of
1939:) in Ainu language, told by Ms. Toshi Ueda
1476:
1259:
1115:
2130:
2071:
2069:
2051:
1831:
1829:
1747:
1672:[The ashes of a burnt-up kappa],
1652:
1640:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1462:
1440:
1438:
1280:
1200:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1080:
589:, long ago during the epoch when the god
2337:
2134:
1883:
1871:
1696:
1429:
1244:
554:areas. In one tale set in Saru River, a
414:People may also become possessed by the
396:, with one supposed witness discovering
2304:Gensō sekai no jūnin tachi IV nihon-hen
1183:(1914), "Ainu no yōkai setsuwa (zoku)"
1070:
682:Batchelor (2nd ed., 1905) romanized as
662:
1836:Kusano, Takumi; Shibuya, Yūji (1997).
1483:: "加賀、能登方面でミズシ (That whichi is called
817:(フンヅゥチ) among the Ainu of Fushikobetsu
388:Its skin is purplish or reddish, with
2035:
1992:
1958:
1581:Mujara1: Kantō, Hokkaido, Okinawa hen
988:
979:The motif of requiring a more meagre
37:also transliterated into Japanese as
7:
851:in his notes to his collected tale "
183:, ultimately deriving from the term
1228:An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary
840:Here quoting the examples given by
473:(now incorporated into the town of
1813:, Taishūkan shoten, p. 1236,
1012:, lit. 'mugwort magic-imbued god')
964:, though the original paper gives
792:dragon was already anticipated by
597:known to the Ainu as Patum-kamui (
309:or slight variants thereof in the
294:The creature is known by the name
189:which signifies a type of dragon.
14:
2512:Takamisawa, Miki (October 1995),
1134:Spevakovsky, Alexander Borisovich
743:to be the Ainu name for a "water
653:is 'god whom we bundled/bound'.
196:, explaining it as a compound of
1447:河童伝承からみるアイヌ語「ミントゥチ」と日本語「ミヅチ」の関係性
772:etc., (local Japanese terms for
233:, and the correct Ainu term was
637:which the Japanese sailed into
453:is crossed, as detailed below:
385:appears in the Ishikari River.
225:According to some Ainu elders,
2448:Miura, Sukeyuki<!三浦佑之-->
2088:, Komine shoten, p. 262,
1924:], Ainu Museum, p. 97
1031:, when the Ainu refers to the
776:, not the Ainu term) with the
1:
2370:Ishikawa, Jun'ichiro (1985),
1668:(1963), "Kappa wo yaita hai"
1333:kosimpu: 'daemon' (Japanese:
1035:as in (noya-kamuy), the word
368:, Hokkaido where some of the
2360:The Ainu and Their Folk-lore
2133:, p. 24; summarized in
1681:, Kita shobō, pp. 58–59
1292:kosimpu: 'fairy' (Japanese:
796:in his essay concerning the
143:Others characterize it as a
16:Creature from Ainu mythology
2472:アイヌ口承文芸「散文説話」―河童に助けられた男の物語―
2404:ミンツチ( mintuci )源流考―アイヌ民族の河童
2279:Nihon mukashibanashi tsūkan
2019:千葉大学大学院人文社会科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書
1978:(1977), "Kappa no hanashi"
1949:of Penakori in the town of
1807:Nihon no shinbutsu no jiten
1616:Ainu go Chitose hōgen jiten
1027:but this generally implies
888:This description of a bald
739:); Batchelor also explains
381:told in the tale where the
334:in the eastern part of the
2575:
2516:鹿角製儀仗の用途について―蛟に関する伝説を手掛りに―
2400:Kanematsu, Mafumi (1985),
1922:A hare's (grain-)gathering
1105:. Vol. 1. p. 27.
1943:
1762:
1457:], pp. 405–407,
1149:] (in Russian). Nauka
1004:
966:
960:
821:
713:
703:
599:
562:
324:
303:
281:
262:
240:
211:
93:
44:
2549:Ainu legendary creatures
2515:
2501:
2471:
2453:
2452:"Mintsuchi no kigentan"
2428:
2403:
2381:
2373:
2306:
2241:
2209:
2155:
2116:
2084:
2018:
2006:
1986:
1979:
1917:
1906:
1840:
1809:
1724:
1722:Nihon yōkai hakubutsukan
1677:
1669:
1621:, Sōfūkan, p. 126,
1618:
1583:
1527:
1515:
1501:
1446:
1398:
1345:
1306:
1230:
1184:
1141:
1101:
987:, translated "hard inaw"
123:" (normalized spelling:
64:and therefore a type of
1344:"Bunrui Ainu-go jiten"
756:While Takamisawa links
569:variant tale entitled "
2468:Ōtani, Yōichi (2016),
2379:Shinpan kappa no sekai
2085:五つの心臓を持った神: アイヌの神作りと送り
1752:Ishikari-gawa no kappa
1464:10.1537/ase1911.29.397
1202:10.1537/ase1911.29.397
866:which is labeled as a
373:
353:, or huntoci kamuy".
204:) meaning 'flesh' and
149:, closely akin to the
2239:Ainu shi wo mitsumete
1935:Untitled prose tale (
1915:Ueda Toshi no minwa 2
1905:"4. Usagi no hozumi"
1479:, p. 359 quotes
735:means 'fairy/demon' (
497:). The prosperity of
364:
2427:"Hokkaido no kappa"
2114:Ainu bungaku no nazo
1984:Hokkaidō no densetsu
1903:Ueda, Toshi (2014),
1643:, pp. 120, 127.
1510:Aozora bunko No.2536
1396:Nihon yōkai daijiten
870:as a shorthand name.
475:Shinhidaka, Hokkaido
430:Benefactor or menace
2042:); cited by Fujita.
1838:Gensō dōbutsu jiten
1432:, pp. 250–251.
945:within the town of
623:) sneaked onto the
607:) made by braiding
2559:Sprites (folklore)
2423:Kindaichi, Kyōsuke
2210:日本昔話通観: 北海道(アイヌ民族)
2162:. Moskwa: Indrik.
1531:. Toyo bunko 215.
1502:十二支考(4):蛇に関する民俗と伝説
1498:Minakata, Kumagusu
1351:Jōmin bunka kenkyū
1029:Artemesia princeps
947:Biratori, Hokkaido
853:kappa wo yaita hai
374:
2169:978-5-91674-114-8
2011:Nakagawa, HIroshi
1612:Nakagawa, Hiroshi
1597:978-4-86133-004-9
1477:Takamisawa (1995)
1260:Takamisawa (1995)
1116:Takamisawa (1995)
1008:
798:year of the snake
794:Kumagusu Minakata
788:derived from the
725:pe-boso-koshimpuk
669:The romanization
657:Explanatory notes
595:smallpox divinity
585:According to one
217:meaning 'devil'.
2566:
2524:
2523:, 26–27: 358–359
2506:
2499:Ainu densetsushū
2494:Sarashina, Genzō
2487:
2477:
2462:
2441:
2416:
2394:
2372:"Ainu no kappa"
2364:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2307:幻想世界の住人たち IV 日本編
2296:
2290:
2276:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2234:Hirayama, Hiroto
2230:
2224:
2223:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2131:Kindaichi (1914)
2128:
2122:
2121:
2109:Sarashina, Genzō
2105:
2099:
2098:
2073:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:Kindaichi (1914)
2049:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2025:, p. 67, n9
2024:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1972:Sarashina, Genzō
1968:
1962:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1891:Ainu densetsushū
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1794:Ōshima, Tatehiko
1790:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:Ainu densetsushū
1748:Sarashina (1971)
1745:
1739:
1738:
1716:Kusano, Takumi;
1713:
1700:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1666:Sarashina, Genzō
1662:
1656:
1653:Kanematsu (1985)
1650:
1644:
1641:Kanematsu (1985)
1638:
1632:
1631:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1584:妖鬼化 1 関東・北海道・沖縄編
1573:
1562:
1559:Kindaichi (1914)
1556:
1547:
1546:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1388:
1355:
1354:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1290:
1284:
1281:Batchelor (1901)
1278:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1177:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1084:
1081:Kanematsu (1985)
1078:
1054:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
998:
992:
977:
971:
969:
968:
963:
962:
956:
950:
939:
933:
931:
912:
886:
880:
877:
871:
865:
850:
838:
832:
830:
824:
823:
811:
805:
754:
748:
718:
716:
715:
708:
706:
705:
697:
691:
680:
674:
667:
636:
602:
601:
571:Kappa no hanashi
567:
565:
564:
329:
327:
326:
308:
306:
305:
286:
284:
283:
267:
265:
264:
245:
243:
242:
216:
214:
213:
139:
98:
96:
95:
49:
47:
46:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2492:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2455:
2446:
2430:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2355:Batchelor, John
2353:
2344:
2338:Ishikawa (1985)
2336:
2332:
2317:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2204:, eds. (1989),
2196:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2135:Ishikawa (1985)
2129:
2125:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2077:Kayano, Shigeru
2075:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1991:Brief summary:
1988:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1884:Ishikawa (1985)
1882:
1878:
1872:Ishikawa (1985)
1870:
1866:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1811:
1802:Tamamuro, Fumio
1792:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1697:Ishikawa (1985)
1695:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:. p. 126.
1585:
1577:Mizuki, Shigeru
1575:
1574:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:. p. 231.
1529:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:Mitsuru Sakurai
1475:
1471:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1430:Ishikawa (1985)
1428:
1424:
1409:
1400:
1392:Murakami, Kenji
1390:
1389:
1358:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1314:, p. 237,
1308:
1299:Kayano, Shigeru
1297:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1245:Ishikawa (1985)
1243:
1239:
1232:
1223:Batchelor, John
1221:
1220:
1209:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1022:
1018:
1001:
999:
995:
978:
974:
957:
953:
940:
936:
925:
906:
887:
883:
878:
874:
859:
857:mosir-sinnaysam
844:
842:Genzō Sarashina
839:
835:
818:
812:
808:
755:
751:
710:
700:
698:
694:
681:
677:
668:
664:
659:
630:
583:
559:
483:adopted husband
432:
372:legends are set
359:
321:
300:
278:
259:
237:
235:Shiri-sham-ainu
223:
208:
169:
133:
105:
90:
76:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2508:
2507:
2489:
2488:
2464:
2463:
2443:
2442:
2418:
2417:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2366:
2365:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2340:, p. 257.
2330:
2315:
2291:
2257:
2251:
2225:
2219:
2189:
2168:
2148:Morozov, I. A.
2139:
2137:, p. 257.
2123:
2100:
2094:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2028:
1997:
1963:
1928:
1895:
1886:, p. 251
1876:
1874:, p. 251.
1864:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1798:Sonoda, Minoru
1785:
1740:
1733:
1701:
1699:, p. 255.
1684:
1657:
1655:, p. 127.
1645:
1633:
1627:
1603:
1596:
1563:
1548:
1541:
1520:Iikura, Shohei
1489:
1469:
1434:
1422:
1407:
1356:
1340:Chiri, Mashiho
1326:
1320:
1285:
1283:, p. 545.
1264:
1262:, p. 359.
1249:
1247:, p. 250.
1237:
1207:
1159:
1120:
1118:, p. 358.
1108:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1016:
993:
972:
958:Normalized as
951:
934:
881:
872:
833:
806:
749:
692:
675:
661:
660:
658:
655:
651:Ti-sinap-kamuy
647:Ti-sinap-kamuy
621:smallpox demon
605:Ti-sinap-kamuy
582:
579:
440:pirika mintuci
431:
428:
409:kappa komabiki
366:Ishikari River
358:
355:
222:
219:
171:The Ainu word
168:
165:
159:, not seen in
113:John Batchelor
104:
101:
75:
72:
56:Ainu mythology
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Water spirits
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:9784788785151
2387:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:4-915146-44-8
2312:
2305:
2301:
2300:Tada, Katsumi
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2252:9784832896024
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2220:9784810406177
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2202:Ozawa, Toshio
2199:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2095:9784338081443
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2054:, p. 24.
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1995:, p. 59.
1994:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:Saru District
1952:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1926:1996年9月28日採録。
1923:
1916:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:4-88317-283-X
1846:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1820:9784469012682
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1734:4-88317-240-6
1730:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1675:Ainu minwashū
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1628:4-88323-078-3
1624:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1561:, p. 23.
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:9784582802153
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:4-04-883926-8
1404:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:(68): 143–144
1352:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1321:9784385170503
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Ainu-go jiten
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1181:Yoshida, Iwao
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:Ainu no minwa
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
973:
955:
952:
948:
944:
938:
935:
929:
924:
920:
916:
910:
905:
902:(village) of
901:
900:
895:
894:nintoci kamuy
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
869:
863:
858:
854:
848:
843:
837:
834:
828:
816:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
696:
693:
689:
685:
679:
676:
672:
666:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
629:
627:
622:
617:
615:
614:mintuci kamuy
610:
606:
596:
592:
588:
580:
578:
576:
575:nintoci kamuy
572:
557:
553:
549:
544:
539:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
434:Although the
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
379:
371:
367:
363:
356:
354:
352:
351:nintoci kamuy
348:
343:
341:
337:
336:Tokachi Plain
333:
320:
316:
312:
299:
298:
292:
290:
277:
276:
271:
258:
257:
251:
249:
236:
232:
228:
220:
218:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
147:
141:
137:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
102:
100:
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
53:
40:
36:
34:
28:
24:
23:
2520:
2505:, Kita shobō
2498:
2483:
2479:
2461:(7): 112–123
2458:
2437:
2434:Kyōdo kenkyū
2433:
2415:(9): 118–127
2412:
2408:
2378:
2359:
2347:Bibliography
2333:
2303:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2238:
2228:
2206:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2152:
2142:
2126:
2113:
2103:
2081:
2059:
2047:
2039:
2036:Miura (2002)
2031:
2015:
2000:
1993:Ōtani (2016)
1983:
1966:
1959:Ōtani (2016)
1947:, 1912–2005)
1936:
1931:
1921:
1914:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1879:
1867:
1837:
1806:
1788:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1721:
1674:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1615:
1606:
1580:
1525:Jūnishi kō 1
1524:
1505:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1454:
1450:
1425:
1395:
1350:
1334:
1329:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1240:
1227:
1192:
1188:
1185:アイヌの妖怪説話 (續)
1151:. Retrieved
1146:
1138:
1111:
1098:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
996:
989:Ōtani (2016)
984:
980:
975:
954:
942:
937:
918:
897:
893:
889:
884:
875:
867:
852:
836:
814:
809:
801:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
695:
687:
683:
678:
670:
665:
650:
646:
625:
618:
613:
604:
584:
574:
570:
555:
547:
542:
540:
533:
527:
521:
518:mintuci-tono
517:
513:
509:
507:
478:
462:
457:
455:
450:
446:
444:
439:
435:
433:
423:
415:
413:
408:
404:
402:
387:
382:
377:
375:
369:
350:
346:
344:
339:
338:, where the
318:
296:
295:
293:
274:
273:
272:dialect and
255:
254:
252:
248:Yama-no-Kami
234:
230:
226:
224:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
160:
156:
150:
144:
142:
129:
124:
120:
117:water spirit
108:
106:
87:
79:
78:The name is
77:
74:Nomenclature
65:
59:
52:water sprite
38:
30:
29:ミントゥチ; also
21:
20:
18:
2440:(12): 22–25
2271: [
2198:Inada, Kōji
1976:Andō, Mikio
1777: [
1718:Tobe, Tamio
926: [
907: [
860: [
845: [
631: [
587:origin myth
581:Origin tale
481:became the
134: [
103:Definitions
2539:Ainu kamuy
2533:Categories
2459:Tōhokugaku
2183:2020-11-12
1907:4. ウサギの穂摘み
1754:石狩川の河童 ",
1619:アイヌ語千歳方言辞典
1588:Softgarage
1516:蛇に関する民俗と伝説
1153:2020-11-12
1061:References
1050:A. montana
1041:ezo-yomogi
985:nitne inaw
923:huri kamuy
802:Jūnishi kō
737:viz. infra
690:as stated.
643:Edo period
552:Saru River
516:is called
503:Saru River
390:sea turtle
2325:673449350
2242:アイヌ史を見つめて
2178:711737736
2040:kigen tan
1918:上田トシの民話 ２
1859:675909434
1774:Chikapuni
1533:Heibonsha
1231:アイヌ・英・和辭典
1225:(1905) .
1066:Citations
904:Chikapuni
813:Known as
760:with the
731:), where
671:mintsūchi
591:Okikurumi
499:Asahikawa
491:Asahikawa
487:Chikabumi
167:Etymology
163:legends.
121:koshimpuk
88:mintsuchi
39:mintsuchi
2496:(1971),
2454:ミンツチの起源譚
2450:(2002),
2425:(1914),
2374:IXアイヌの河童
2357:(1901).
2302:(1990).
2267:bezaisen
2236:(1996),
2150:(2011).
2111:(1982),
2079:(2003),
1951:Biratori
1937:uwepeker
1810:日本の神仏の辞典
1804:(2001),
1763:川村ムイサシマッ
1720:(1994).
1614:(1995),
1579:(2004).
1417:64576243
1394:(2005).
1346:分類アイヌ語辞典
1342:(1936),
1312:Sanseido
1301:(1996),
1136:(1988).
684:mintuchi
639:Hokkaido
626:bezaisen
609:mugworts
495:Shizunai
467:Shizunai
424:mintuci'
357:Folklore
315:Kurshiro
291:region.
289:Ishikari
221:Synonyms
212:トゥームーンチー
125:kosimpuk
31:mintuci
2486:: 57–77
2382:新版河童の世界
2289:per se.
2287:mintuci
2117:アイヌ文学の謎
2013:(ed.),
1768:munnuye
1725:日本妖怪博物館
1670:河童を焼いた灰
1522:(ed.).
1485:mizushi
1399:日本妖怪大事典
1045:ōyomogi
983:(Ainu:
967:ミンツゥチトノ
961:ミントゥチトノ
915:Yūbetsu
827:Obihiro
815:hunduci
790:mizuchi
782:medochi
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256:mimtuci
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2429:北海道の河童
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