Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS

613:(MMWR) noted that most cases of AIDS had been reported among homosexual men with multiple sexual partners, injection drug users, Haitians, and hemophiliacs. The report suggested that AIDS may be caused by an infectious agent that is transmitted sexually or through exposure to blood or blood products, and issued recommendations for preventing transmission. Although most cases of HIV/AIDS were discovered in gay men, on January 7, 1983, the CDC reported cases of AIDS in female sexual partners of males with AIDS. In 1984, scientists identified the virus that causes AIDS, which was first named after the T-cells affected by the strain and is now called HIV or human immunodeficiency virus. 1134: 1147: 1219:, such as traditional medicine, especially in areas where conventional therapies are less widespread. However, the overwhelming majority of scientifically rigorous research indicates little or negative effect on patient outcomes such as HIV-symptom severity and disease duration, and mixed outcomes on psychological well-being. It is important that patients notify their healthcare provider prior to beginning any treatment, as certain alternative therapies may interfere with conventional treatment. 280: 109: 585: 143:(the level of virus in the blood) to low or near-undetectable levels. Disease-specific drugs can also alleviate symptoms of AIDS and even cure specific AIDS-defining conditions in some cases. Medical treatment can reduce HIV infection in many cases to a survivable chronic condition. However, these advances do not constitute a cure, since current treatment regimens cannot eradicate latent HIV from the body. 293: 859:, albeit modest and short-lived. Among HIV-infected patients who had not yet developed AIDS, placebo-controlled trials found that AZT given as a single-drug therapy delayed, for a year or two, the onset of AIDS-related illnesses. The lack of excess AIDS cases and death in the AZT arms of these placebo-controlled trials effectively counters the argument that AZT causes AIDS. 156:

means if a person living with HIV is well controlled on medications with a viral load less than 200, they cannot transmit HIV to their partners via sexual contact. The landmark study that first established this was the HPTN052 study, which looked at over 2000 couples over 10 years, where one partner was HIV positive, and the other partner was HIV negative.

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in progression to AIDS and in survival when compared to two-drug regimens in clinical trials. Use of potent anti-HIV combination therapies has contributed to dramatic reductions in the incidence of AIDS and AIDS-related deaths in populations where these drugs are widely available, an effect which would be unlikely if antiretroviral drugs

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As with many diseases, a number of factors can influence the course of HIV disease. Factors such as age or genetic differences between individuals, the level of virulence of the individual strain of virus, as well as exogenous influences such as co-infection with other microbes may determine the rate

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Subsequent clinical trials found that patients receiving two-drug combinations had up to 50% increases in time to progression to AIDS and in survival when compared to people receiving single-drug therapy. In more recent years, three-drug combination therapies have produced another 50–80% improvements

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first official reporting of the AIDS epidemic in North America. By year-end, a cumulative total of 337 cases of severe immune deficiency had been reported, and 130 out of the 337 reported cases had died. On September 24, 1982, the CDC used the term "AIDS" (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) for the

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Due to media images of the effects of AIDS, many people believe that individuals infected with HIV always appear a certain way, or at least appear different from an uninfected, healthy person. In fact, disease progression can occur over a long period of time before the onset of symptoms, and as such,

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Progress in testing methodology has enabled detection of viral genetic material, antigens, and the virus itself in bodily fluids and cells. While not widely used for routine testing due to high cost and requirements in laboratory equipment, these direct testing techniques have confirmed the validity

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tests exceed the performance of most other infectious disease tests in both sensitivity (the ability of the screening test to give a positive finding when the person tested truly has the disease) and specificity (the ability of the test to give a negative finding when the subjects tested are free of

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for many years. If undiagnosed or left untreated, HIV usually progresses to AIDS, defined as possessing a CD4+ lymphocyte count under 200 cells/μL or HIV infection plus co-infection with an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. HIV cannot be cured, but it can be treated, and its transmission can be

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estimates that 30 percent of new HIV infections in the United States in 1998 were in women. As the number of HIV-infected women has risen, so too has the number of female AIDS patients in the United States. Approximately 23% of U.S. adult/adolescent AIDS cases reported to the CDC in 1998 were among

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men. HIV is spread primarily through unprotected sex, the exchange of HIV-contaminated needles, or cross-contamination of the drug solution and infected blood during intravenous drug use. Because these behaviors show a gender skew—Western men are more likely to take illegal drugs intravenously than

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Although the fraction of CD4+ T-cells that is infected with HIV at any given time is never high (only a small subset of activated cells serve as ideal targets of infection), several groups have shown that rapid cycles of death of infected cells and infection of new target cells occur throughout the

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HIV can survive at room temperature outside the body for hours if dry (provided that initial concentrations are high), and for weeks if wet (in used syringes/needles). However, the amounts typically present in bodily fluids do not survive nearly as long outside the body—generally no more than a few

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and can infect a bitten person with these diseases. HIV is not transmitted in this manner. On the other hand, a mosquito may have HIV-infected blood in its gut, and if swatted on the skin of a human who then scratches it, transmission is hypothetically possible, though this risk is extremely small,

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is a means to avoid AIDS or cure it if infected. As with "virgin cure" beliefs, there is no scientific evidence suggesting a sexual act can actually cure AIDS, and no plausible mechanism by which it could do so has ever been proposed. While the risk of contracting HIV via sex with animals is likely

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reduces the chance of acquiring an HIV infection when administered within 72 hours of exposure to HIV. However, an overwhelming body of clinical evidence has demonstrated the U=U rule - if someone's viral load is undetectable (<200 viral copies per mL) they are untransmissible. Essentially this

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of HIV disease, even though important details remain to be elucidated. However, a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of a disease is not a prerequisite to knowing its cause. Most infectious agents have been associated with the disease they cause long before their pathogenic mechanisms have

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Among HIV-infected hemophiliacs, Transfusion Safety Study investigators found that neither the purity nor the amount of factor VIII therapy had a deleterious effect on CD4+ T-cell counts. Similarly, the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study found no association between the cumulative dose of plasma

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with 17 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs with regard to clotting factor concentrate usage over a ten-year period. During this time, 16 AIDS-defining clinical events occurred in 9 patients, all of whom were HIV-seropositive. No AIDS-defining illnesses occurred among the HIV-negative patients. In each

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for similar diseases. Approximately 3 years following blood transfusion, the mean CD4+ T-cell count in 64 HIV-negative recipients was 850/μL of blood, while 111 HIV-seropositive individuals had average CD4+ T-cell counts of 375/μL of blood. By 1993, there were 37 cases of AIDS in the HIV-infected

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Eshleman, Susan H.; Wilson, Ethan A.; Zhang, Xinyi C.; Ou, San-San; Piwowar-Manning, Estelle; Eron, Joseph J.; McCauley, Marybeth; Gamble, Theresa; Gallant, Joel E.; Hosseinipour, Mina C.; Kumarasamy, Nagalingeswaran; Hakim, James G.; Kalonga, Ben; Pilotto, Jose H.; Grinsztejn, Beatriz; Godbole,

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enrolled in the Transfusion Safety Study, no significant differences in CD4+ T-cell counts were noted between 79 patients with no or minimal factor treatment and 52 with the largest amount of lifetime treatments. Patients in both groups had CD4+ T-cell-counts within the normal range. In another

441:, while for women transmission is primarily through heterosexual contact. It is true that anal sex (regardless of the sex of the receptive partner) carries a higher risk of infection than most sex acts, but most penetrative sex acts between any individuals carry some risk. Properly used 243:

the disease under study). Many current HIV antibody tests have sensitivity and specificity in excess of 96% and are therefore extremely reliable. While most patients with HIV show an antibody response after six weeks, window periods vary and may occasionally be as long as three months.

683:" of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, meaning the first case of HIV/AIDS in the United States. In fact, the "patient zero" moniker originated from a misinterpretation of a 1984 study that referred to Dugas as "patient O", where the O stood for "out of California". A 2016 study published in 3194:

Taha, T.E.; Kumwenda, N.I.; Broadhead, R.L.; Hoover, D.R.; Graham, S.M.; Van Der, Hoven L.; Markakis, D.; Liomba, G.N.; Chiphangwi, J.D.; et al. (1999). "Mortality after the first year of life among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected children".

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Donegan, E.; Stuart, M.; Niland, J.C.; Sacks, H.S.; Azen, S.P.; Dietrich, S.L.; Faucett, C.; Fletcher, M.A.; Kleinman, S.H.; et al. (1990). "Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations".

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One cannot become infected with HIV through normal contact in social settings, schools, or in the workplace. Other examples of casual contact in which HIV infection will not occur include shaking someone's hand, hugging or "dry" kissing someone, using the same

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first time, and released the first case definition of AIDS: "a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known case for diminished resistance to that disease." The March 4, 1983 edition of the

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for food, and epidemiologists theorize that the disease may have appeared in humans after hunters came into blood-contact with monkeys infected with SIV that they had killed. The first known instance of HIV in a human was found in a person who died in the

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Ackah, A.N.; Coulibaly, D.; Digbeu, H.; Diallo, K.; Vetter, K.M.; Coulibaly, I.M.; Greenberg, A.E.; De Cock, K.M. (1995). "Response to treatment, mortality, and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire".

1803:

Urassa, W.; Godoy, K.; Killewo, J.; Kwesigabo, G.; Mbakileki, A.; Mhalu, F.; Biberfeld, G. (1999). "The accuracy of an alternative confirmatory strategy for detection of antibodies to HIV-1: experience from a regional laboratory in Kagera, Tanzania".

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Goedert, JJ; Kessler, CM; Aledort, LM; Biggar, RJ; Andes, WA; White Gc, 2nd; Drummond, JE; Vaidya, K; et al. (1989). "A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia".

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Mocroft, A.; Vella, S.; Benfield, T.L.; Chiesi, A.; Miller, V.; Gargalianos, P.; Arminio Monforte, A.; Yust, I.; Bruun, J.N.; et al. (1998). "Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group".

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and who survived the first year of life was 9.5 times higher among HIV-seropositive children than among HIV-seronegative children. The leading causes of death were wasting and respiratory conditions. Elsewhere in Africa, findings are similar.

917:, 715 homosexual men were followed for a median of 8.6 years. Among 365 HIV-positive individuals, 136 developed AIDS. No AIDS-defining illnesses occurred among 350 seronegative men, despite the fact that these men reported appreciable use of 50:

arise from several different sources, from simple ignorance and misunderstandings about scientific knowledge regarding HIV infections and the cause of AIDS to misinformation propagated by individuals and groups with ideological stances that

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Webb, P.A.; Happ, C.M.; Maupin, G.O.; Johnson, B.J.; Ou, C.Y.; Monath, T.P. (1989). "Potential for insect transmission of HIV: experimental exposure of Cimex hemipterus and Toxorhynchites amboinensis to human immunodeficiency virus".

76:). Contracting HIV can lead to the development of AIDS or stage 3 HIV, which causes serious damage to the immune system. While this virus is the underlying cause of AIDS, not all HIV-positive individuals have AIDS, as HIV can remain 1511: 951:, mean CD4+ T-cell counts of the group were consistently more than 1000 cells/μL of blood. Only two individuals had two CD4+ T-cell measurements of less than 300/μL of blood, one of whom died with cardiac disease and 940:, more than 22,000 T-cell determinations in 2,713 HIV-seronegative homosexual men revealed only one individual with a CD4+ T-cell count persistently lower than 300 cells/μL of blood, and this individual was receiving 4708: 1458:

Sheela V.; Chotirosniramit, Nuntisa; Santos, Breno Riegel; Shava, Emily; Mills, Lisa A.; Panchia, Ravindre; Mwelase, Noluthando; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Chen, Ying Q.; Cohen, Myron S.; Fogel, Jessica M. (May 2017).

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Samdal, H.H.; Gutigard, B.G.; Labay, D.; Wiik, S.I.; Skaug, K.; Skar, A.G. (1996). "Comparison of the sensitivity of four rapid assays for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1/HIV-2 during seroconversion".

1173:(MAC), are not caused by HIV, but rather result from the immunosuppression caused by HIV disease. As the immune system of an HIV-infected individual weakens, he or she becomes susceptible to the particular 1005:

The distribution of AIDS cases, whether in the United States or elsewhere in the world, invariably mirrors the prevalence of HIV in a population. In the United States, HIV first appeared in populations of

174:-infected person, and such contact will expose the uninfected individual to HIV, potentially further spreading the disease. This myth has gained considerable notoriety as the perceived reason for certain 325:(CDC) has only recorded one case of possible HIV transmission through kissing (involving an HIV-infected man with significant gum disease and a sexual partner also with significant gum disease), and the 146:

High levels of HIV-1 (often HAART-resistant) develop if treatment is stopped, if compliance with treatment is inconsistent, or if the virus spontaneously develops resistance to an individual's regimen.

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carries a negligible viral load, so even open-mouthed kissing is considered a low risk. However, if the infected partner or both of the performers have blood in their mouth due to cuts, open sores, or

3491:"Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry" 5020: 1197:, which is caused by a fungus. A person in Africa is exposed to pathogens different from individuals in an American city. Children may be exposed to different infectious agents compared to adults. 1034:, and AIDS cases in Africa have occurred at least as frequently in women as in men. Overall, the worldwide distribution of HIV infection and AIDS between men and women is approximately 1 to 1. In 4984: 3792:

Des Jarlais, D.C.; Friedman, S.R.; Marmor, M.; Mildvan, D.; Yancovitz, S.; Sotheran, J.L.; Wenston, J.; Beatrice, S. (1993). "CD4 lymphocytopenia among injecting drug users in New York City".

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women. In 1998, AIDS was the fifth leading cause of death among women aged 25 to 44 in the United States, and the third leading cause of death among African-American women in that age group.

879: 259: 3364:

Mocroft, A.; Katlama, C.; Johnson, A.M.; Pradier, C.; Antunes, F.; Mulcahy, F.; Chiesi, A.; Phillips, A.N.; Kirk, O.; et al. (2000). "AIDS across Europe, 1994–98: the EuroSIDA study".

4031:"Effect of low- and intermediate-purity clotting factor therapy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in congenital clotting disorders. Transfusion Safety Study Group" 4703: 4338:

Littlewood, RA; Vanable, PA (8 Dec 2011). "A global perspective on complementary and alternative medicine use among people living with HIV/AIDS in the era of antiretroviral treatment".

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Schechter, M.T.; Craib, K.J.; Gelmon, K.A.; Montaner, J.S.; Le, T.N.; O'Shaughnessy, M.V.; Schechter, M.T.; Gelmon, K.A.; Montaner, J.S.G. (1993). "HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS".

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HIV infections have a prolonged and variable course. The median period of time between infection with HIV and the onset of clinically apparent disease is approximately 10 years in

2458: 2019: 1519: 1336: 457:. Normally, the risk of transmitting HIV to the unborn child is between 15 and 30%. However, this may be reduced to just 2–3% if patients carefully follow medical guidelines. 5666: 4720: 508:

may be activated after years of latency even in the presence of abundant antibodies. In other animals, viral relatives of HIV with long and variable latency periods, such as

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Women in the United States, however, are increasingly becoming HIV-infected, usually through the exchange of HIV-contaminated needles or sex with an HIV-infected male. The

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Silvester, C.; Healey, D.S.; Cunningham, P.; Dax, E.M. (1995). "Multisite evaluation of four anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme immunoassays. Australian HIV Test Evaluation Group".

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Resnick, L.; Veren, K.; Salahuddin, S.Z.; Tondreau, S.; Markham, P.D. (1986). "Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments".

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This notion is contradicted by a report by the Transfusion Safety Study Group (TSSG), which compared HIV-negative and HIV-positive blood recipients who had been given

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in the early 1960s, or from another person who worked there during that time. In 1981 on June 5, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a

195: 3900:"Effect on lymphocyte subsets of clotting factor therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-1-negative congenital clotting disorders. The Transfusion Safety Study Group" 822:

been discovered. Because research in pathogenesis is difficult when precise animal models are unavailable, the disease-causing mechanisms in many diseases, including

4654: 4106: 2937: 981:

report from the Transfusion Safety Study, no instances of AIDS-defining illnesses were seen among 402 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs who had received factortherapy.

3655:"Effects of antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic illness primary chemoprophylaxis on survival after AIDS diagnosis. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group" 2976: 3450:"Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Investigators" 1054:

are known. Similar estimates of asymptomatic periods have been made for HIV-infected blood-transfusion recipients, injection-drug users and adult hemophiliacs.

55:

a causative relationship between HIV infection and the development of AIDS. Below is a list and explanations of some common misconceptions and their rebuttals.

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Auerbach, D.M.; W.W. Darrow; H.W. Jaffe; J.W. Curran (1984). "Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact".

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and home health care procedures, yet there are very few recorded incidents of transmission occurring in these ways. A handful of cases of transmission via

3614:"Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy" 3573:"Impact of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral treatments on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome survival in San Francisco, California, 1987–1996" 1001:

The distribution of AIDS cases casts doubt on HIV as the cause. Viruses are not gender-specific, yet only a small proportion of AIDS cases are among women

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Other studies show that among homosexual men and injection-drug users, the specific immune deficit that leads to AIDS—a progressive and sustained loss of

5040: 4569: 2393: 1023: 322: 211:

much lower than with humans due to HIV's inability to infect animals, the practice of bestiality still has the ability to infect humans with other fatal

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Piscitelli, Stephen C; Burstein, Aaron H; Chaitt, Doreen; Alfaro, Raul; Falloon, Judith (14 April 2001). "Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort".

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HIV can transmit from one person to another if an engaging partner is HIV positive. In the United States, the main route of infection is via homosexual

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Jackson, J.B.; Kwok, S.Y.; Sninsky, J.J.; Hopsicker, J.S.; Sannerud, K.J.; Rhame, F.S.; Henry, K.; Simpson, M.; Balfour, H.H. Jr; et al. (1990).

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Becker, S.; Dezii, C.M.; Burtcel, B.; Kawabata, H.; Hodder, S. (2002). "Young HIV-infected adults are at greater risk for medication nonadherence".

4162: 2457:"Disease Progression Despite Antibodies", "The Relationship Between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome", 2363: 1238: 1962:

Courville, T.M.; Caldwell, B.; Brunell, P.A. (1998). "Lack of evidence of transmission of HIV-1 to family contacts of HIV-1 infected children".

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Hassett, J.; Gjerset, G.F.; Mosley, J.W.; Fletcher, M.A.; Donegan, E.; Parker, J.W.; Counts, R.B.; Aledort, L.M.; Lee, H.; et al. (1993).

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HIV is the underlying cause of the condition named AIDS, but the additional conditions that may affect an AIDS patient are dependent upon the

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Gjerset, G.F.; Pike, M.C.; Mosley, J.W.; Hassett, J.; Fletcher, M.A.; Donegan, E.; Parker, J.W.; Counts, R.B.; Zhou, Y.; et al. (1994).

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Busch, M.P.; Eble, B.E.; Khayam-Bashi, H.; Heilbron, D.; Murphy, E.L.; Kwok, S.; Sninsky, J.; Perkins, H.A.; Vyas, G.N.; et al. (1991).

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Xu, X.N.; Laffert, B.; Screaton, G.R.; Kraft, M.; Wolf, D.; Kolanus, W.; Mongkolsapay, J.; McMichael, A.J.; Baur, A.S.; et al. (1999).

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The vast majority of people with AIDS never received antiretroviral drugs, including those in developed countries prior to the licensure of

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Furthermore, like other viruses, HIV is able to suppress the immune system by secreting proteins that interfere with it. For example, HIV's

5446: 3281:"Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators" 1729:"Evaluation of screened blood donations for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by culture and DNA amplification of pooled cells" 2725:"Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses: how and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population" 570:. This "bystander killing" effect shows that great harm can be caused to the immune system even with a limited number of infected cells. 5134: 3061: 874: 254: 896:, have existed for many years. The epidemic of AIDS, characterized by the occurrence of formerly rare opportunistic infections such as 5571: 4811: 1444:"HIV Undetectable=Untransmittable (U=U), or Treatment as Prevention | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases" 913:

men for long periods of time and found that only HIV-seropositive men develop AIDS. For example, in a prospectively studied cohort in

909:

Compelling evidence against the hypothesis that behavioral factors cause AIDS comes from recent studies that have followed cohorts of

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bite a person, they do not inject the blood of a previous victim into the person they bite next. Mosquitoes do, however, inject their

73: 2023: 555:

receptors of otherwise healthy T-cells; this interferes with the normal function of these signalling receptors. Another HIV protein,

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Mills, Edward; Wu, Ping; Ernst, Edzard (June 2005). "Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence".

3248: 2441: 1332: 1038:, 57% of adults with HIV are women, and young women aged 15 to 24 are more than three times as likely to be infected as young men. 2092:"Teaching Taboo Topics Without Talking About Them: An Epistemic Study of a New Approach to HIV/AIDS Prevention Education in India" 1129:

The spectrum of AIDS-related infections seen in different populations proves that AIDS is actually many diseases not caused by HIV

665:

was the subject of controversy in 2012 after stating that AIDS was the result of a human having sexual intercourse with a monkey.

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McNaghten, A.D.; Hanson, D.L.; Jones, J.L.; Dworkin, M.S.; Ward, J.W.; The Adultadolescent Spectrum Of Disease Group +/ (1999).

3279:

Palella, F.J. Jr; Delaney, K.M.; Moorman, A.C.; Loveless, M.O.; Fuhrer, J.; Satten, G.A.; Aschman, D.J.; Holmberg, S.D. (1998).

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The current consensus is that HIV was introduced to North America by a Haitian immigrant who contracted it while working in the

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Aledort, L.M.; Operskalski, E.A.; Dietrich, S.L.; Koerper, M.A.; Gjerset, G.F.; Lusher, J.M.; Lian, E.C.; Mosley, J.W. (1993).

3039: 1160: 1137: 1125:

evidence shows a very large rise in cases of immunosuppression among individuals who share one characteristic: HIV infection.

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Heimer, R.; Abdala, N. (2000). "Viability of HIV-1 in syringes: implications for interventions among injection drug users".

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The myth that sex with a virgin will cure AIDS is prevalent in South Africa. Sex with an uninfected virgin does not cure an

42:(WHO) estimated that in 2016 there were 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 1.8 million new 5536: 5030: 4761: 4649: 1358: 937: 628: 424: 113: 5649: 4922: 4910: 4791: 4751: 4426:"Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care" 1121:

and certain kinds of cancers. There is no evidence suggesting that the numbers of such cases have risen, while abundant

69: 5117: 3448:

Detels, R.; Munoz, A.; McFarlane, G.; Kingsley, L.A.; Margolick, J.B.; Giorgi, J.; Schrager, L.K.; Phair, J.P. (1998).

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pair, the mean CD4+ T-cell count during follow-up was, on average, 500 cells/μL lower in the HIV-seropositive patient.

5702: 5421: 5045: 4974: 4932: 4676: 4634: 1842:; Maurice, C.; Koblavi, S.; Kalou, M.; Yavo, D.; Maran, M.; Bile, C.; N'guessan, K.; Kouadio, J.; et al. (1999). 1167: 1150: 914: 3982:"Comparison of immunodeficiency and AIDS defining conditions in HIV negative and HIV positive men with haemophilia A" 1015:

Western women, and men are more likely to report higher levels of the riskiest sexual behaviors, such as unprotected

959:

AIDS among transfusion recipients is due to underlying diseases that necessitated the transfusion, rather than to HIV

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were 17 times more likely to die within six months than HIV-seronegative individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis. In

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found "neither biological nor historical evidence that was the primary case in the US or for subtype B as a whole."

453:

HIV-infected women remain fertile, although in late stages of HIV disease a pregnant woman may have a higher risk of

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Groce, N.E.; Trasi, R. (2004). "Rape of individuals with disability: AIDS and the folk belief of virgin cleansing".

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enrolling patients with AIDS found that AZT given as single-drug therapy conferred a survival advantage compared to

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The cover page of MMWR on July 3, 1981. The first major public info regarding (what later became known as) AIDS/HIV.

5111: 5035: 5025: 4756: 4589: 2953:"Stacey Campfield, Tennessee Senator Behind 'Don't Say Gay' Bill, On Bullying, AIDS And Homosexual 'Glorification'" 1228: 1628: 5585: 5553: 5541: 5494: 5070: 4193:

Alcabes, P.; Munoz, A.; Vlahov, D.; Friedland, G.H. (1993). "Incubation period of human immunodeficiency virus".

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HIV is not the cause of AIDS because some people have symptoms associated with AIDS but are not infected with HIV

952: 941: 152: 39: 5426: 5276: 5149: 4837: 4796: 2582:"Induction of Fas ligand expression by HIV involves the interaction of Nef with the T cell receptor zeta chain" 2165:

Patel, Pragna; Borkowf, Craig B.; Brooks, John T.; Lasry, Arielle; Lansky, Amy; Mermin, Jonathan (2014-06-19).

1186: 1146: 1047: 698: 556: 148: 112:

A bottle containing Stribild tablets (medication used to treat HIV). Stribild is a combination drug containing

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in 1959, and a recent study dates the last common ancestor of HIV and SIV to between 1884 and 1914 by using a

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Kaplan, JE; Hanson, D; Dworkin, MS; Frederick, T; Bertolli, J; Lindegren, ML; Holmberg, S; Jones, JL (2000).

2699: 5692: 5644: 5516: 5391: 5309: 5211: 4776: 4771: 1087: 82: 1680:"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in all seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals" 972:

High usage of clotting factor concentrate, not HIV, leads to CD4+ T-cell depletion and AIDS in hemophiliacs

5356: 5329: 5319: 5241: 5226: 5124: 4944: 4874: 4681: 4671: 3530:

Hogg, R.S.; Yip, B.; Kully, C.; Craib, K.J.; O'Shaughnessy, M.V.; Schechter, M.T.; Montaner, J.S. (1999).

2118:"Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes" 1243: 1201: 752: 517: 373:. No cases of such a transmission were observed in a sample of 8965 people performing receptive oral sex. 103: 1919:

Madhok, R.; Gracie, J.A.; Lowe, G.D.; Forbes, C.D. (1986). "Lack of HIV transmission by casual contact".

5639: 5593: 5531: 5521: 5431: 5366: 4937: 4905: 4842: 4666: 4582: 4516:

Piscitelli, Stephen; Burstein, Aaron H.; Weldon, Nada; Gallicano, Keith D.; Falloon, Judith (Jan 2002).

4169: 4100: 2931: 2663: 2367: 893: 807: 600:(MMWR) describing cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in five healthy 326: 165: 3532:"Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens" 2091: 888:

Behavioral factors such as recreational drug use and multiple sexual partners—not HIV—account for AIDS

5608: 5526: 5441: 5416: 5401: 5339: 5291: 5271: 5196: 5191: 5176: 4917: 4849: 4282: 3864: 3094: 2893: 2834: 2487: 2267: 1443: 1216: 898: 779: 496: 848:

in 1987. Even today, very few individuals in developing countries have access to these medications.

5623: 5598: 5566: 5484: 5456: 5406: 5324: 5314: 5266: 5256: 5246: 5221: 4832: 4806: 2098: 839: 461:

HIV cannot be the cause of AIDS because the body develops a vigorous antibody response to the virus

432: 279: 135:(HAART) in many cases allows the stabilization of the patient's symptoms, partial recovery of CD4+ 1543:

Meel, B.L. (2003). "1. The myth of child rape as a cure for HIV/AIDS in Transkei: a case report".

744: 566:, a cell-surface protein that triggers the death of neighboring uninfected T-cells expressing the 108: 5613: 5603: 5511: 5506: 5479: 5466: 5451: 5436: 5386: 5349: 5334: 5286: 5281: 5261: 5231: 5206: 5166: 5158: 5090: 5085: 4954: 4879: 4781: 4498: 4406: 4363: 4306: 3733: 3389: 3346: 3176: 2860: 2754: 1987: 1944: 1611: 1568: 1110: 1035: 964: 803: 799: 474: 370: 179: 17: 3407:

Vittinghoff, E.; Scheer, S.; O'Malley, P.; Colfax, G.; Holmberg, S.D.; Buchbinder, S.P. (1999).

584: 782:

that HIV is the cause of AIDS, but some individuals reject this consensus, including biologist

531:

Only a small number of CD4+ T-cells are infected by HIV, not enough to damage the immune system

5697: 5561: 5411: 5381: 5361: 5344: 5251: 5216: 5201: 5186: 5171: 4949: 4859: 4816: 4686: 4539: 4490: 4455: 4398: 4355: 4298: 4251: 4210: 4088: 4052: 4011: 3962: 3921: 3880: 3837: 3801: 3774: 3725: 3676: 3635: 3594: 3553: 3512: 3471: 3430: 3381: 3338: 3302: 3212: 3168: 3120: 3020: 2919: 2852: 2803: 2746: 2611: 2562: 2513: 2424: 2345: 2318: 2283: 2240: 2204: 2186: 2147: 2069: 1979: 1936: 1901: 1865: 1844:"Evaluation of HIV serial and parallel serologic testing algorithms in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire" 1821: 1785: 1750: 1709: 1603: 1560: 1489: 1423: 1396: 1286: 1095: 968:

group, but not a single AIDS-defining illness in the HIV-seronegative transfusion recipients.

918: 223: 212: 4324: 976:

This view is contradicted by many studies. For example, among HIV-seronegative patients with

936:—is extremely rare in the absence of other immunosuppressive conditions. For example, in the 5618: 5396: 5376: 5371: 5301: 5236: 4979: 4529: 4482: 4445: 4437: 4390: 4347: 4290: 4241: 4202: 4080: 4042: 4001: 3993: 3952: 3911: 3872: 3829: 3764: 3717: 3666: 3625: 3584: 3543: 3502: 3461: 3420: 3373: 3330: 3292: 3204: 3160: 3110: 3102: 3085: 3012: 2909: 2901: 2884: 2842: 2793: 2785: 2736: 2601: 2593: 2552: 2544: 2503: 2495: 2310: 2275: 2232: 2194: 2178: 2137: 2129: 2059: 1971: 1928: 1893: 1855: 1813: 1777: 1740: 1699: 1691: 1595: 1552: 1479: 1471: 1359:"Children and HIV and AIDS – What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS and emergencies?" 1276: 1106: 1016: 922: 811: 685: 662: 659: 632: 504: 2977:"Knoxville Republican says AIDS came from man having sex with a monkey then with other men" 2879: 271:, viral genetic material and the virus itself, providing confirmation of actual infection. 5129: 4869: 4639: 4206: 3489:

De Martino, M; Tovo, PA; Balducci, M; Galli, L; Gabiano, C; Rezza, G; Pezzotti, P (2000).

3236: 1839: 1635: 1074:

and hepatocellular carcinoma. Co-factors probably also determine why some smokers develop

653: 491: 402: 2415:

Groginsky, E.; Bowdler, N.; Yankowitz, J. (1998). "Update on vertical HIV transmission".

674: 4286: 3868: 3694: 3409:"Combination antiretroviral therapy and recent declines in AIDS incidence and mortality" 3255: 3098: 3081:"1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America" 2897: 2838: 2491: 2271: 2064: 2045: 1113:

can have increased susceptibility to unusual infections, as do individuals with certain

5080: 4864: 4450: 4425: 4246: 4229: 4006: 3981: 3548: 3531: 3115: 3080: 2914: 2798: 2773: 2606: 2581: 2499: 2199: 2166: 2142: 2117: 2050: 1484: 1459: 1194: 1102: 1051: 1007: 985: 892:

The proposed behavioral causes of AIDS, such as multiple sexual partners and long-term

852: 783: 773: 713: 702: 579: 540:

and other cell types are also infected with HIV and serve as reservoirs for the virus.

52: 4486: 3941:"Low CD4+ counts in a study of transfusion safety. The Transfusion Safety Study Group" 3377: 3334: 3164: 2557: 2532: 2508: 2475: 1932: 1897: 1817: 1704: 1679: 1599: 1042:

HIV is not the cause of AIDS because many individuals with HIV have not developed AIDS

5686: 5060: 4969: 3721: 3671: 3654: 3208: 3016: 2823:"An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic" 2685: 1860: 1843: 1781: 1416: 1281: 1264: 1190: 1122: 948: 902:

pneumonia (PCP), did not occur in the United States until a previously unknown human

870: 806:. (Some one-time skeptics have since rejected AIDS denialism, including physiologist 787: 250: 117: 4367: 4134: 3737: 3350: 3180: 2758: 2389: 1991: 1948: 1615: 708:

There is no AIDS in Africa, as AIDS is nothing more than a new name for old diseases

5095: 4786: 4502: 4410: 4310: 4148: 4120: 3980:

Sabin, C.A.; Pasi, K.J.; Phillips, A.N.; Lilley, P.; Bofill, M.; Lee, C.A. (1996).

3393: 2864: 1572: 1118: 1031: 977: 823: 818: 791: 760: 759:, mortality over three years among children who had received recommended childhood 748: 737: 721: 567: 398: 390: 203: 199: 183: 175: 121: 4047: 4030: 3916: 3899: 1475: 830:, are poorly understood, but the pathogens responsible are very well established. 3833: 2741: 2724: 2182: 2133: 1101:

However, immunosuppression has many other potential causes. Individuals who take

635:, highly plausible explanations for the transfer of the disease between species ( 4999: 4900: 4691: 4084: 3957: 3940: 3769: 3752: 3297: 3280: 2821:

Zhu, T.; Korber, B.T.; Nahmias, A.J.; Hooper, E.; Sharp, P.M.; Ho, D.D. (1998).

2789: 2629: 2087: 1745: 1728: 1695: 1075: 1059: 989: 827: 795: 643:. In particular, the African chimpanzees and monkeys which carry SIV are often 509: 454: 318: 305:

or drinking from the same glass as an HIV-infected person, and being exposed to

3753:"CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study" 2236: 1975: 1366: 1019:—it is not surprising that a majority of U.S. AIDS cases have occurred in men. 485:

cells, eventually causing a chronic neurologic disease despite the presence of

292: 4959: 4801: 4629: 4441: 4351: 2007: 1659:

Gilbert, Mark; Krajden, Mel (July–August 2010). "Don't wait to test for HIV".

910: 903: 845: 733: 729: 680: 640: 563: 537: 486: 470: 337: 125: 4394: 3997: 3855:

Cohen, J. (1994). "Duesberg and critics agree: hemophilia is the best test".

3466: 3449: 2314: 2190: 1058:

and severity of HIV disease expression. Similarly, some people infected with

267:

Positive HIV antibody tests are usually followed up by retests and tests for

4565: 3876: 3589: 3572: 2279: 2102: 1204: 1185:

infections common in the community. For example, HIV-infected people in the

1071: 1066:

and clear their infection, while others suffer disease ranging from chronic

227: 207: 4543: 4494: 4459: 4402: 4359: 3680: 3639: 3598: 3557: 3516: 3507: 3490: 3385: 3216: 3124: 2923: 2807: 2750: 2615: 2597: 2566: 2349: 2208: 2151: 2073: 1869: 1825: 1607: 1564: 1556: 1493: 1400: 1290: 4302: 4255: 4214: 4092: 4056: 4015: 3966: 3925: 3884: 3841: 3805: 3778: 3729: 3475: 3434: 3342: 3306: 3172: 3024: 2856: 2517: 2428: 2322: 2287: 2244: 1983: 1940: 1905: 1789: 1754: 1713: 1648:"HIV Assays: Operational Characteristics", World Health Organization, 2004 5065: 4964: 4661: 4609: 1233: 1182: 1114: 1063: 717: 636: 622: 438: 428: 382: 366: 362: 310: 306: 239: 235: 99: 35: 31: 4518:"The Effect of Garlic Supplements on the Pharmacokinetics of Saquinavir" 3106: 2905: 288:

HIV can be spread through casual contact with an HIV infected individual

4989: 1050:, according to prospective studies of homosexual men in which dates of 856: 644: 601: 478: 394: 268: 140: 5105: 4294: 2880:"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960" 1178: 1091: 933: 756: 544: 524: 442: 386: 341: 314: 302: 136: 4270: 2548: 2533:"Normal physiology and HIV pathophysiology of human T-cell dynamics" 679:

The Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas has been referred to as "

4534: 4517: 3630: 3613: 3425: 3408: 3079:

Worobey, Michael; Thomas D. Watts; et al. (October 26, 2016).

997:

concentrate and incidence of AIDS among HIV-infected hemophiliacs.

4574: 2847: 2822: 1174: 1145: 1132: 1067: 725: 583: 548: 513: 482: 466: 291: 278: 231: 107: 2684:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

921:("poppers") and other recreational drugs, and frequent receptive 5139: 5100: 2878:

Worobey, Michael; Gemmel, Marlea; et al. (2 October 2008).

2364:"HIV Surveillance –Epidemiology of HIV Infection (through 2008)" 1460:"Virologic outcomes in early antiretroviral treatment: HPTN 052" 1211:

AIDS can be prevented with complementary or alternative medicine

77: 34:

has affected millions of people worldwide; AIDS is considered a

4578: 3571:

Schwarcz, S.K.; Hsu, L.C.; Vittinghoff, E.; Katz, M.H. (2000).

2167:"Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review" 4624: 4605: 1011: 929: 552: 171: 43: 5021:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

947:

In a survey of 229 HIV-seronegative injection-drug users in

724:

have long been severe burdens there. However, high rates of

348:

HIV-positive individuals can be detected by their appearance

46:

infections per year and 1 million deaths due to AIDS.

4230:"The clinical illness promotion factor: a third ingredient" 336:

result in person-to-person transmission include caring for

4271:"Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease" 2390:"Condoms and STDs: Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel" 728:

from these diseases, formerly confined to the elderly and

406:

and no cases have yet been identified through this route.

3062:"Researchers Clear 'Patient Zero' From AIDS Origin Story" 190:

Sexual intercourse with an animal will avoid or cure AIDS

4704:

WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease

2476:"Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection" 4560: 2258:

Siemens, D.F. (1987). "AIDS Transmission and Insects".

1422:(4th ed.). Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1030:

In Africa, HIV was first recognized in sexually active

834:

AZT and other antiretroviral drugs, not HIV, cause AIDS

353:

HIV infections cannot be detected based on appearance.

5672:

List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region

3040:"How a typo created a scapegoat for the AIDS epidemic" 2046:"Human bites: a rare risk factor for HIV transmission" 1414:

Fan, H.; Conner, R.F.; Villarreal, L.P., eds. (2005).

617:

Origin of AIDS through human–monkey sexual intercourse

4561:

HIV.gov – The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV/AIDS Resource

2459:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

1265:"The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS" 559:, has been demonstrated to suppress T cell activity. 389:

into their victims, which may carry diseases such as

1337:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease

5667:

List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

5632: 5584: 5552: 5493: 5465: 5300: 5157: 5148: 5056:

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

5041:

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

5008: 4893: 4825: 4729: 4617: 1215:Many HIV-infected people turn to complementary and 410:

HIV survives for only a short time outside the body

329:says that this is essentially a no-risk situation. 4424:Littlewood, Rae A; Vandable, Peter A (June 2002). 2003: 2001: 1512:"South African men rape babies as 'cure' for Aids" 1415: 1327: 1325: 1086:Most AIDS symptoms result from the development of 712:The diseases that have come to be associated with 527:to evade the ongoing immune response of the host. 365:is possible, but it is much less likely than from 196:Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 2044:Bartholomew, Courtenay F; Jones, Avion M (2006). 631:(SIV), a disease present only in chimpanzees and 419:HIV can infect only homosexual men and drug users 85:, which is the key to ultimately defeating AIDS. 604:in Los Angeles. This edition would later become 520:damage even after the production of antibodies. 27:Misinformation about the HIV/AIDS and its spread 4655:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program 3136: 3134: 736:people, including well-educated members of the 433:History of HIV/AIDS § Unsterile injections 182:occurrences, including the rape of infants, in 160:Sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS 3751:Vermund, S.H.; Hoover, D.R.; Chen, K. (1993). 2453: 2451: 2449: 732:, are now common among HIV-infected young and 551:, sheds from viral particles and binds to the 344:have occurred, though this is extremely rare. 4590: 2469: 2467: 1638:, March 25, 2002; retrieved February 22, 2007 1538: 1536: 8: 2366:. Center for Disease Control. Archived from 465:This reasoning ignores numerous examples of 4747:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome 4105:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2936:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2778:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 1159:The diseases associated with AIDS, such as 627:While HIV is most likely a mutated form of 449:An HIV-infected person cannot have children 5499: 5154: 4980:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement 4597: 4583: 4575: 4570:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2394:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1770:J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1505: 1503: 988:, researchers matched 17 HIV-seropositive 357:HIV cannot be transmitted through oral sex 323:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4533: 4449: 4245: 4046: 4005: 3956: 3915: 3768: 3670: 3629: 3588: 3547: 3506: 3465: 3424: 3296: 3114: 2913: 2846: 2797: 2740: 2723:Locatelli, S; Peeters, M (Mar 27, 2012). 2605: 2556: 2507: 2198: 2141: 2063: 1859: 1744: 1703: 1483: 1280: 906:—HIV—spread through certain communities. 1062:, for example, show no symptoms or only 1010:users (a majority of whom are male) and 4383:International Journal of STD & AIDS 1255: 1239:Contaminated haemophilia blood products 206:, recorded beliefs amongst youths that 72:, which is the virus that causes AIDS ( 4098: 2951:Signorile, Michelangelo (2012-01-26). 2929: 2774:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic" 2772:Sharp, PM; Hahn, BH (September 2011). 1105:or immunosuppressive drugs to prevent 523:HIV has a well-recognized capacity to 5016:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories 4207:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036122 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 1207:to which the patient may be exposed. 611:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 598:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 133:Highly active anti-retroviral therapy 59:The relationship between HIV and AIDS 7: 2700:"Timeline: AIDS moments to remember" 2122:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 1189:are much more likely than people in 810:, and physician and AIDS researcher 5135:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert 4073:The New England Journal of Medicine 3038:Johnson, Brian D. (17 April 2019). 2065:10.1097/01.aids.0000210621.13825.75 1333:"The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS" 234:is a well-established technique in 2630:"Key HIV strain 'came from Haiti'" 2500:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16459.x 2020:"THT: "Ways HIV is not passed on"" 219:HIV antibody testing is unreliable 74:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 25: 4721:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate 1629:"Bestiality new Aids myth – SPCA" 562:Infected lymphocytes express the 194:In 2002, the National Council of 48:Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS 18:Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS 5182:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4742:AIDS-defining clinical condition 3672:10.1097/00002030-199909100-00012 3209:10.1097/00006454-199908000-00007 3004:The American Journal of Medicine 2679: 1861:10.1097/00002030-199901140-00015 1782:10.1097/00042560-199504000-00014 1282:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x 817:A great deal is known about the 650:Democratic Republic of the Congo 594:Democratic Republic of the Congo 377:HIV is transmitted by mosquitoes 283:Symptoms of acute HIV infection 2116:Yu, M; Vajdy, M (August 2010). 481:virus may persist for years in 3794:J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr 955:listed as the cause of death. 669:Gaëtan Dugas as "patient zero" 332:Other interactions that could 1: 5051:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS 5031:International AIDS Conference 4985:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry 4928:Discrimination against people 4487:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 4048:10.1182/blood.V84.5.1666.1666 3917:10.1182/blood.V82.4.1351.1351 3378:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02504-6 3335:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03201-2 3165:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90519-7 1933:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92898-9 1898:10.1016/S0928-0197(96)00244-9 1818:10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00043-8 1600:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16288-0 1510:Flanagan, Jane (2001-11-11). 1476:10.1080/15284336.2017.1311056 938:Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 629:simian immunodeficiency virus 425:Gay-related immune deficiency 114:tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 4911:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS 4792:HIV Drug Resistance Database 4522:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3834:10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-733 3722:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90421-C 3618:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3017:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5 2742:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328350fb68 2664:"A Timeline of HIV and AIDS" 2183:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000298 2134:10.1517/14712598.2010.496776 1269:Journal of Internal Medicine 768:HIV is not the cause of AIDS 429:Anal sex § Health risks 70:human immunodeficiency virus 5212:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 5046:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS 4975:List of HIV-positive people 4085:10.1056/NEJM198910263211701 3958:10.1056/NEJM199302113280614 3822:Annals of Internal Medicine 3770:10.1056/NEJM199302113280615 3298:10.1056/NEJM199803263381301 2790:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841 1746:10.1056/NEJM199107043250101 1696:10.1128/JCM.28.1.16-19.1990 1310:. World Health Organization 915:Vancouver, British Columbia 743:For example, in a study in 469:other than HIV that can be 5719: 5112:Reports from the Holocaust 5036:International AIDS Society 5026:Elton John AIDS Foundation 1976:10.1177/000992289803700303 1229:International AIDS Society 925:(Schechter et al., 1993). 875:Excessive citations inline 837: 771: 696: 672: 620: 577: 422: 371:penile–vaginal intercourse 321:, the risk increases. The 255:Excessive citations inline 163: 100:HIV/AIDS § Management 97: 83:can prevent new infections 5662: 5502: 5071:Treatment Action Campaign 4787:Tuberculosis co-infection 4650:disease progression rates 4442:10.1080/09540120701767216 4352:10.1007/s11904-011-0090-8 1418:AIDS: science and society 1389:Medscape General Medicine 942:immunosuppressive therapy 720:, diarrheal diseases and 153:post-exposure prophylaxis 139:levels, and reduction in 40:World Health Organization 4797:Innate resistance to HIV 4767:Neurocognitive disorders 4395:10.1258/0956462054093962 3998:10.1136/bmj.312.7025.207 3467:10.1001/jama.280.17.1497 2315:10.1001/jama.255.14.1887 2237:10.1093/infdis/160.6.970 1518:. London. Archived from 1187:Midwestern United States 1088:opportunistic infections 1048:industrialized countries 699:AIDS conspiracy theories 536:course of the disease. 361:Contracting HIV through 149:Antiretroviral treatment 5118:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor 5101:Gay Men's Health Crisis 4777:Opportunistic infection 3877:10.1126/science.7992044 3197:Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J 2698:Wilson, Jacque Wilson. 2280:10.1126/science.2889266 1094:associated with severe 880:considered for deletion 660:Tennessee State Senator 623:HIV/AIDS § Origins 313:by an infected person. 260:considered for deletion 64:HIV is the same as AIDS 4945:HIV-affected community 4885:HIV and homosexual men 3508:10.1001/jama.284.2.190 2598:10.1084/jem.189.9.1489 2531:Richman, D.D. (2000). 1557:10.1258/rsmmsl.43.1.85 1305:"AIDS epidemic update" 1244:Prevention of HIV/AIDS 1156: 1143: 1109:rejection or to treat 953:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 794:, conservative writer 790:, journalist/activist 753:pulmonary tuberculosis 639:) exist not involving 589: 518:central nervous system 445:can reduce this risk. 297: 284: 247:of the antibody tests. 129: 104:Management of HIV/AIDS 68:HIV is an acronym for 5125:Silence=Death Project 4923:Criminal transmission 4843:Multiple sex partners 3590:10.1093/aje/152.2.178 1162:Pneumocystis jiroveci 1149: 1139:Pneumocystis jiroveci 1136: 1078:while others do not. 894:recreational drug use 808:Robert Root-Bernstein 587: 327:Terence Higgins Trust 295: 282: 166:Virgin cleansing myth 111: 81:halted. Treating HIV 5447:United Arab Emirates 4918:Circumcision and HIV 4875:City of Hope Patient 4635:structure and genome 4269:Fauci, A.S. (1996). 4228:Evans, A.S. (1982). 4149:"U.S. Bureau Census" 4121:"U.S. Census Bureau" 1263:Kallings LO (2008). 1217:alternative medicine 899:Pneumocystis carinii 780:scientific consensus 4995:AIDS Memorial Quilt 4807:HIV-positive people 4287:1996Natur.384..529F 3869:1994Sci...266.1645C 3624:(Suppl 1): S5–S14. 3107:10.1038/nature19827 3099:2016Natur.539...98W 2957:The Huffington Post 2906:10.1038/nature07390 2898:2008Natur.455..661W 2839:1998Natur.391..594Z 2492:1989NYASA.567...58L 2474:Levy, J.A. (1993). 2272:1987Sci...238..143S 2099:Stanford University 1464:HIV Clinical Trials 1169:Mycobacterium avium 1152:Mycobacterium avium 1117:conditions, severe 1111:autoimmune diseases 984:In a cohort in the 840:Duesberg hypothesis 574:History of HIV/AIDS 5703:HIV/AIDS denialism 5572:Dominican Republic 4955:HIV/AIDS denialism 4880:Women and HIV/AIDS 4870:The London Patient 4737:Signs and symptoms 4645:CDC classification 4340:Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep 4135:"AIDS/HIV Statics" 3235:2007-06-14 at the 2396:. 10 February 2010 1886:Clin. Diagn. Virol 1684:J. Clin. Microbiol 1661:BC Medical Journal 1634:2008-12-19 at the 1339:. 4 September 2009 1157: 1144: 1098:secondary to HIV. 1036:sub-Saharan Africa 965:blood transfusions 804:Phillip E. Johnson 800:intelligent design 641:sexual intercourse 590: 489:. Viruses such as 473:after evidence of 298: 285: 130: 5680: 5679: 5658: 5657: 5580: 5579: 5061:The SING Campaign 4950:HIV/AIDS activism 4938:Cost of treatment 4860:Timothy Ray Brown 4855:World AIDS Museum 4234:Yale J. Biol. Med 3863:(5191): 1645–46. 3329:(9142): 1725–30. 2461:, September, 1995 2177:(10): 1509–1519. 2008:"Kissing and HIV" 1594:(9422): 1663–64. 1429:978-0-7637-0086-7 1096:immunosuppression 919:nitrite inhalants 751:individuals with 213:zoonotic diseases 180:child molestation 78:in a latent state 16:(Redirected from 5710: 5650:Papua New Guinea 5500: 5155: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4481:(9203): 547–48. 4470: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4295:10.1038/384529a0 4281:(6609): 529–34. 4266: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4168:. Archived from 4167: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4009: 3992:(7025): 207–10. 3977: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3716:(8846): 658–59. 3705: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3674: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3577:Am. J. Epidemiol 3568: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3469: 3460:(17): 1497–503. 3445: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3372:(9226): 291–96. 3361: 3355: 3354: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3254:. Archived from 3253: 3245: 3239: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3159:(8950): 607–10. 3147: 3141: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3093:(7627): 98–101. 3076: 3070: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3035: 3029: 3028: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2917: 2892:(7293): 661–64. 2875: 2869: 2868: 2850: 2833:(6667): 594–97. 2818: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2744: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2660: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2609: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2471: 2462: 2455: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2022:. Archived from 2016: 2010: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1863: 1840:Nkengasong, J.N. 1836: 1830: 1829: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1707: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1656: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1487: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1421: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1365:. Archived from 1355: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1260: 1070:inflammation to 1017:anal intercourse 923:anal intercourse 883: 812:Joseph Sonnabend 663:Stacey Campfield 505:Varicella zoster 415:minutes if dry. 296:Symptoms of AIDS 263: 232:antibody testing 208:sex with animals 21: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5654: 5628: 5576: 5548: 5489: 5461: 5407:Myanmar (Burma) 5296: 5144: 5130:Day Without Art 5076:The Global Fund 5004: 4933:Economic impact 4889: 4821: 4725: 4677:pathophysiology 4613: 4603: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4240:(3–4): 193–99. 4227: 4226: 4222: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4097: 4079:(17): 1141–48. 4069: 4068: 4064: 4028: 4027: 4023: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3945:N. Engl. J. Med 3938: 3937: 3933: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3757:N. Engl. J. Med 3750: 3749: 3745: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3665:(13): 1687–95. 3652: 3651: 3647: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3285:N. Engl. J. Med 3278: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3237:Wayback Machine 3228: 3224: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2928: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2549:10.1172/JCI9478 2537:J. Clin. Invest 2530: 2529: 2525: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2370:on 4 March 2011 2362: 2361: 2357: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2309:(14): 1887–91. 2300: 2299: 2295: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1733:N. Engl. J. Med 1726: 1725: 1721: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1636:Wayback Machine 1627: 1623: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1225: 1213: 1131: 1103:glucocorticoids 1084: 1044: 1003: 974: 961: 890: 868: 853:clinical trials 842: 836: 778:There is broad 776: 770: 710: 705: 697:Main articles: 695: 677: 671: 654:molecular clock 633:African monkeys 625: 619: 582: 576: 533: 492:Cytomegalovirus 463: 451: 435: 421: 412: 403:West Nile virus 379: 359: 350: 290: 277: 248: 221: 192: 168: 162: 106: 96: 91: 66: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:Misconceptions 5685: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475:United Kingdom 5471: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5088: 5086:YAA/Youthforce 5083: 5081:World AIDS Day 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Berlin Patient 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4782:Superinfection 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:Cardiomyopathy 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4714:Teens / Adults 4711: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4563: 4556: 4555:External links 4553: 4550: 4549: 4535:10.1086/324351 4508: 4465: 4436:(8): 1002–18. 4416: 4389:(6): 395–403. 4373: 4330: 4316: 4261: 4220: 4195:Epidemiol. Rev 4185: 4163:"UNAIDS, 2005" 4154: 4140: 4126: 4112: 4062: 4041:(5): 1666–71. 4021: 3972: 3931: 3910:(4): 1351–57. 3890: 3847: 3828:(10): 733–39. 3811: 3784: 3743: 3700: 3686: 3645: 3631:10.1086/313843 3604: 3563: 3522: 3481: 3440: 3426:10.1086/314623 3413:J. Infect. Dis 3399: 3356: 3312: 3291:(13): 853–60. 3271: 3240: 3222: 3186: 3142: 3130: 3071: 3053: 3030: 2993: 2968: 2943: 2870: 2813: 2784:(1): a006841. 2764: 2715: 2690: 2646: 2621: 2592:(9): 1489–96. 2572: 2523: 2486:(1): 183–289. 2480:Microbiol. Rev 2463: 2445: 2434: 2407: 2381: 2355: 2328: 2293: 2250: 2225:J. Infect. Dis 2214: 2157: 2128:(8): 1181–95. 2108: 2090:(March 2009). 2079: 2036: 2011: 1997: 1954: 1911: 1875: 1831: 1806:J. Clin. Virol 1795: 1760: 1719: 1670: 1651: 1640: 1621: 1578: 1532: 1499: 1470:(3): 100–109. 1449: 1435: 1428: 1406: 1379: 1350: 1321: 1296: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1212: 1209: 1195:histoplasmosis 1130: 1127: 1083: 1080: 1052:seroconversion 1043: 1040: 1008:injection-drug 1002: 999: 986:United Kingdom 973: 970: 960: 957: 889: 886: 851:In the 1980s, 838:Main article: 835: 832: 784:Peter Duesberg 774:AIDS denialism 772:Main article: 769: 766: 714:AIDS in Africa 709: 706: 703:AIDS denialism 694: 693:AIDS denialism 691: 673:Main article: 670: 667: 618: 615: 580:Origin of AIDS 578:Main article: 575: 572: 532: 529: 498:Herpes simplex 462: 459: 450: 447: 420: 417: 411: 408: 378: 375: 358: 355: 349: 346: 289: 286: 276: 273: 220: 217: 191: 188: 161: 158: 95: 92: 90: 87: 65: 62: 60: 57: 30:The spread of 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5715: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5586:South America 5583: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5542:New York City 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537:United States 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:North America 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4970:Sex education 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752:Lipodystrophy 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4528:(2): 234–38. 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4346:(4): 257–68. 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4201:(2): 303–18. 4200: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4175:on 2013-12-02 4171: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3951:(6): 441–42. 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3800:(7): 820–22. 3799: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3583:(2): 178–85. 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3542:(5): 659–65. 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3501:(2): 190–97. 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3419:(3): 717–20. 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3261:on 2017-10-04 3257: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203:(8): 689–94. 3202: 3198: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011:(3): 487–92. 3010: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2994: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2848:10.1038/35400 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2735:(6): 659–73. 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686:public domain 2669: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543:(5): 565–66. 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2423:(8): 637–46. 2422: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2344:(7): 410–17. 2343: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266:(4824): 143. 2265: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231:(6): 970–77. 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Pediatr 1958: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927:(8511): 863. 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1854:(1): 109–17. 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776:(4): 411–19. 1775: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Med. Sci. 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