165:", Charlemagne "chose from the kingdom archbishops and bishops and abbots, with dukes and counts, who now had no need to receive gifts from the innocent, and sent them throughout his kingdom, so that they might administer justice to the churches, to widows, orphans and the poor, and to all the people." Presumably the same year the
252:
were not permanent officials, but were generally selected from the ranks of officials at the court, and during the reign of
Charlemagne high-standing personages undertook this work. They were sent out collegially, usually in twos, an ecclesiastic and a layman, and were generally complete strangers to
183:(then still royal officials), to receive their oath of allegiance, to let the king's will be known, at times by distributing capitularies around the empire, and to supervise the clergy of their assigned region. In short, they were the direct representatives of the king or
257:
represented the emperor on special occasions, and at times beyond the limits of his dominions. Even under the strong rule of
Charlemagne it was difficult to find men to discharge these duties impartially, and after his death in 814 it became almost impossible.
282:
were later selected from the district in which their duties lay, which led to their association with local hereditary filiations and in general a focus upon their own interests rather than that of the king. The 825 list of
156:
were at first chosen from
Charlemagne's personal, most trusted entourage, of whatever social degree. Soon they were selected only from the secular and ecclesiastical nobility: the entry for 802 in the so-called
690:
Bemerkungen zum frĂĽhmittelalterlichen Boten- und
Gesandtschaftswesen. Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters|Der frĂĽhmittelalterliche Staat Denkschriften der philosophisch-historischen Klasse 386.
175:
was issued, which gives a detailed account of their duties and responsibilities. They were to execute justice, to ensure respect for the king, to control the government of the military
1096:
Depreux, Philippe. "L’absence de jugement datant du règne de Louis le Pieux: l’expression d’un mode de gouvernement reposant plus systématiquement sur le recours aux missi."
931:
Depreux, Philippe. "L'absence de jugement datant du règne de Louis le Pieux: l'expression d'un mode de gouvernement reposant plus systématiquement sur le recours aux missi".
253:
the district which they administered, to deter them from putting out local roots and acting on their own initiative, as the counts were doing. In addition extraordinary
866:
870:
1174:
Hannig, JĂĽrgen. "Zentrale
Kontrolle und regionale Machtbalance: Beobachtungen zum System der karolingischen Königsboten am Beispiel des Mittelrheingebietes."
1119:
Gravel, Martin. "Du rôle des missi impériaux dans la supervision de la vie chrétienne. Témoignage d’une collection de capitulaires du début du IXe siècle."
453:
1271:
Vom
Frankenreich zur Entfaltung Deutschlands und Frankreichs. Ursprünge, Strukturen, Beziehungen; ausgewählte Beiträge; Festgabe zu seinem 60. Geburtstag
95:
performed important intermediary functions between royal and local administrations. There are superficial points of comparison with the original Roman
140:(ruling 768—814), who made them a regular part of his administration, "a highly intelligent and plausible innovation in Carolingian government",
330:
tended to produce inherited fiefdoms as the only way to ensure stability, especially in the face of renewed external aggression in the form of
1252:
187:. The inhabitants of the district they administered had to provide for their subsistence, and at times they led the host to battle. The
797:
547:
1278:
1070:
512:
91:
to supervise the administration, mainly of justice, in parts of his dominions too remote for frequent personal visits. As such, the
968:
1027:
998:
295:, who gradually increased in number, became merged in the ordinary work of the bishops and counts, and under the emperor
171:
1343:
885:
1188:
Hannig, JĂĽrgen. "Zur
Funktion der karolingischen «missi dominici» in Bayern und in den südöstlichen Grenzgebieten."
35:
1075:
Davis, Jennifer R. "Inventing the Missi. Delegating Power in the Late Eighth and Early Ninth
Centuries." In
1319:
492:
1309:
1048:
1295:
1258:
845:
Missus-Marchio-Comes entre l'administration centrale et l'administration locale de l'Empire carolingien
667:
Missus-Marchio-Comes entre l'administration centrale et l'administration locale de l'Empire carolingien
644:
Missus-Marchio-Comes entre l'administration centrale et l'administration locale de l'Empire carolingien
197:
and resistance to them was punishable by death. In addition special instructions were given to various
1211:
Untersuchungen zu den Missi dominici. Herrschaft, Delegation und
Kommunikation in der Karolingerzeit
352:
Untersuchungen zu den Missi dominici. Herrschaft, Delegation und
Kommunikation in der Karolingerzeit
270:(ruling 813–840),the process of disintegration was hastened. Once the king associated the choice of
734:
Untersuchungen zu den Missi dominici Herrschaft, Delegation und Kommunikation in der Karolingerzeit
470:
Untersuchungen zu den Missi dominici Herrschaft, Delegation und Kommunikation in der Karolingerzeit
1269:, ed. W. Paravicini and K.F. Werner. Beihefte der Francia 9. Munich, 1980. 191–239. Reprinted in
1145:
913:
860:
825:
768:
575:
184:
88:
1133:
Grunin, Andrey. "RĂ©seau politique des agents du pouvoir central: l'exemple des missi dominici."
605:"They were most likely used to administer oaths of fidelity to Charlemagne in 789 and 792–93" (
1274:
1248:
1091:
Neuf capitulaires de Charlemagne concernant son œuvre réformatrice par les « Missi »
1066:
1042:
974:
964:
905:
848:
817:
737:
694:
670:
647:
567:
508:
473:
447:
355:
323:
1234:
1193:
1179:
1165:
1138:
1124:
1080:
1013:. London, 1975. pp. 73–9; tr. D.C. Munro, "General Capitulary of the Missi (802) ". In
897:
809:
778:
559:
500:
304:
296:
141:
1348:
1291:
1265:. Entre l'administration centrale et l'administration locale de l'Émpire carolingien.” In
1243:
Scior, Victor. "Bemerkungen zum frĂĽhmittelalterlichen Boten- und Gesandtschaftswesen". In
267:
76:
1018:
220:, which it was their duty to visit for a month at a time, four times a year, were called
1204:
Aux origines d'une seigneurie ecclésiastique. Langres et ses évêques VIIIe-XIe siècles.
68:
1337:
1110:
1077:
The ĘżAbbasid and Carolingian Empires. Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation
961:
La justice dans le royaume d'Italie: de la fin du VIIIe siècle au début du XIe siècle
917:
829:
579:
442:
158:
1233:, ed. S. Baxter, C. Karkov, J. Nelson, & D. Pelteret, Aldershot, 2009. 253-268.
1202:
Kaiser, Reinhold. "Les Ă©vĂŞques de Langres dans leur fonction de Missi dominici." In
1063:
La justice dans le royaume d'Italie de la fin du VIIIe siècle au début du XIe siècle
757:"RĂ©seau politique des agents du pouvoir central : l'exemple des missi dominici"
109:
effective as instruments of the centralized monarchy: the personal character of the
311:. About the end of the ninth century, with the implosion of Carolingian power, the
229:
144:
observes, "and a tribute to the administrative skill of the ecclesiastics, such as
132:(the "king's envoy") and sending a layman and an ecclesiastic in pairs, the use of
39:
1197:
113:, yearly change, isolation from local interests and the free choice of the king.
1169:
813:
563:
137:
122:
1213:. (Doktorgrades der Philosophie), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013.
1190:
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fĂĽr Rechtsgeschichte, Germanistische Abteilung
1017:. Vol. 6. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1900. pp. 16–8.
1142:
1084:
782:
504:
334:
attacks, to which the impaired central power was demonstrated to be impotent.
216:
sent out for some particular purpose. The districts placed under the ordinary
166:
31:
17:
1116:(tr. Bryce and Mary Lyons). Providence (Rhode Island), 1968. 566–7 and 14-20.
978:
909:
852:
821:
741:
698:
674:
651:
571:
477:
359:
274:
with the assembly of nobles, the nobles interfered in the appointment of the
1031:
1006:
327:
97:
291:
now corresponded with provinces, strengthening local powers. The duties of
1238:
1183:
901:
1002:
245:
457:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 583.
1303:
1222:
1160:
1128:
1015:
Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European history
326:. In the course of the ninth century, the forces which were making for
303:, they took control of associations for the preservation of the peace.
241:
193:
149:
299:(ruling 843–877), who was repeatedly pressured by bishops to send out
446:
331:
162:
145:
27:
Administrator commissioned by the Frankish king or Holy Roman Emperor
1149:
1103:
Eckhardt, Wilhelm A. "Die Capitularia missorum specialia von 802."
773:
802:
Mitteilungen des Instituts fĂĽr Ă–sterreichische Geschichtsforschung
552:
Mitteilungen des Instituts fĂĽr Ă–sterreichische Geschichtsforschung
180:
58:
1229:
McKitterick, Rosamond. "Charlemagne's missi and their books." In
761:
Journal of Interdisciplinary Methodologies and Issues in Sciences
30:"Missi" redirects here. For the American actress and singer, see
1135:
Journal of Interdisciplinary Methodologies and Issues in Science
756:
315:
disappeared from France and during the 10th century from Italy.
176:
84:
997:("General Capitulary of the Missi"), Spring 802, ed. G. Pertz,
372:
Points noted in James Laurence Laughlin, "The decline of the
322:
were the last attempt to preserve centralised control in the
1158:
Zur Entstehung der karolingischen Königbotenorganisation."
607:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
394:
Encyclopedia of barbarian Europe: society in transformation
1267:
Histoire Comparée de l'administration (IVe-XVIIe siècles)
1245:
Der frühmittelalterliche Staat – europäische Perspektiven
87:", was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or
963:. Ecole française de Rome. pp. 177–203, 296–305.
105:
was sent out on a regular basis. Four points made the
843:
Werner, Karl Ferdinand, (1924-2008), Auteur. (1980).
161:(794–803) states that instead of relying on "poorer
1231:
Early medieval studies in memory of Patrick Wormald
240:) avoided division along the lines of the existing
617:
615:
1105:Deutsches Archiv fĂĽr Erforschung des Mittelalters
1045:, MGH Scriptores 1. entry for 802, pp. 38–9.
1247:, ed. W. Pohl, V. Wieser, Wien, 2009. 315-331.
886:"Zentrale Kontrolle und regionale Machtbalance"
307:(ruling 843–876) is not known to have sent out
208:became a conventional part of court machinery,
1273:, ed. K.F. Werner. Sigmaringen, 1984. 108–56.
1216:Krause, Victor. "Geschichte des Instituts der
266:Under Charlemagne's surviving legitimate son,
262:Reigns of Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald
711:James Laurence Laughlin, "The decline of the
8:
865:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1098:Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest
933:Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest
869:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
772:
437:
435:
201:, and many of these have been preserved.
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
228:(a term illustrating the analogy with a
1114:Frankish Institutions under Charlemagne
342:
858:
1065:Rome, École française de Rome, 1995.
798:"Pauperiores vassi de infra palatio?"
548:"Pauperiores vassi de infra palatio?"
7:
1079:, ed. Tor D.G., Brill, 2017. 13-51.
497:The ĘżAbbasid and Carolingian Empires
592:Tr. Henry R. Loyn and J. Percival,
534:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
25:
491:Davis, Jennifer R. (2017-10-20),
287:reveals that the circuits of the
1038:. London, 1975. pp. 79–82.
796:Hannig, JĂĽrgen (January 1983).
665:Werner, Karl Ferdinand (1980).
642:Werner, Karl Ferdinand (1980).
1:
1330:under Charles the Bald in 853
1156:Pauperiores de infra palatio?
1024:Capitularia missorum speciale
884:Hannig, JĂĽrgen (1984-01-01).
669:. Artemis. pp. 196–205.
128:arrangements, using the form
1298:and one of twelve episcopal
1198:10.7767/zrgga.1984.101.1.256
1121:Memini. Travaux et documents
995:Capitulare missorum generale
172:Capitulare missorum generale
61:for "envoy of the lord " or
1176:Archiv fĂĽr Kulturgeschichte
1170:10.7767/miog.1983.91.34.309
1005:, no. 60, p. 147; tr.
890:Archiv fĂĽr Kulturgeschichte
814:10.7767/miog.1983.91.34.309
564:10.7767/miog.1983.91.34.309
191:were protected by a triple
1365:
989:Sources and external links
959:Bougard, François (1995).
693:. oeaw. pp. 315–317.
29:
1143:10.18713/JIMIS-180719-5-4
1085:10.1163/9789004353046_003
783:10.18713/jimis-180719-5-4
732:Kikuchi, Shigeto (2013).
505:10.1163/9789004353046_003
499:, Brill, pp. 11–51,
468:Kikuchi, Shigeto (2013).
350:Kikuchi, Shigeto (2013).
38:. For the 1976 film, see
1263:Missus – Marchio – Comes
1036:The Reign of Charlemagne
1011:The Reign of Charlemagne
646:. Artemis. p. 210.
594:The Reign of Charlemagne
1111:Ganshof, François Louis
755:Grunin, Andrey (2019).
546:Hannig, JĂĽrgen (1983).
454:Encyclopædia Britannica
136:was fully exploited by
1259:Werner, Karl Ferdinand
1049:Catholic Encyclopaedia
688:Scior, Volker (2009).
596:. London, 1975. p. 44.
495:, in Tor, D.G. (ed.),
448:"Missi Dominici"
1320:Capitulary of Servais
1296:Patriarch of Aquileia
1239:10.4324/9781315257259
1206:Langres, 1986. 91-113
1184:10.7788/akg-1984-0102
902:10.7788/akg-1984-0102
493:"Inventing the Missi"
169:usually known as the
1192:101 (1984):256-300.
1123:11, (2007): 99-130.
1100:108:1, (2001): 7-20.
1089:de Clercq, Charles.
1030:Cap. 1, no. 34; tr.
1001:Cap. 1, no. 33; ed.
736:. pp. 229–231.
472:. pp. 220–229.
383:.1 (1903:1–22) p. 5.
117:Reign of Charlemagne
34:. For the poet, see
1310:Theodulf of Orléans
1226:11 (1890). 193–300.
1164:91 (1983): 309–74.
1061:Bougard, François.
1041:Lorsch Annals, ed.
715:in Frankish Gaul",
392:Michael Frassetto,
376:in Frankish Gaul",
179:and administrative
1344:Carolingian Empire
1209:Kikuchi, Shigeto.
1178:66:1 (1984):1-46.
1129:10.4000/memini.128
354:. pp. 58–66.
185:Holy Roman Emperor
101:, except that the
89:Holy Roman Emperor
1316:under Charlemagne
1306:under Charlemagne
1253:978-3-7001-6604-7
1154:Hannig, JĂĽrgen. "
1107:12 (1956):498-516
1034:and J. Percival,
1009:and J. Percival,
400:"Missi Dominici";
324:Holy Roman Empire
83:), meaning "sent
16:(Redirected from
1356:
1314:missus dominicus
1026:, ed. G. Pertz,
1019:Available online
983:
982:
956:
950:
949:Laughlin 1903:*.
947:
941:
940:
928:
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921:
881:
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856:
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834:
833:
808:(3–4): 309–374.
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621:Laughlin 1903:6.
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409:Laughlin 1903:4.
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305:Louis the German
297:Charles the Bald
212:came to signify
142:Norman F. Cantor
67:, also known in
64:palace inspector
48:missus dominicus
21:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
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1312:, a bishop and
1292:St. Paulinus II
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445:, ed. (1911).
443:Chisholm, Hugh
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374:missi dominici
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1338:Categories
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238:missaticum
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