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281:
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1046:. Many of the terms associated with ragtime have inexact definitions and are defined differently by different experts; the definitions are muddled further by the fact that publishers often labelled pieces for the fad of the moment rather than the true style of the composition. There is even disagreement about the term "ragtime" itself; experts such as David Jasen and
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142:
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on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of
Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating." He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".
546:, in 1960, by Harriet Janis and Rudi Blesh. Some historians refer to this book as "The Ragtime Bible." Regardless, it was the first comprehensive and serious attempt to document the first ragtime era, and its three most important composers, Joplin, Scott, and Lamb. The second major factor was the rise to prominence of
703:, has stated that "Hogan was the first to put on paper the kind of rhythm that was being played by non-reading musicians." While the success of "All Coons Look Alike to Me" helped popularize the country to ragtime rhythms, its use of racial slurs created a number of derogatory imitation tunes, known as "
1041:
Ragtime pieces came in a number of different styles during the years of its popularity and appeared under a number of different descriptive names. It is related to several earlier styles of music, has close ties with later styles of music, and was associated with a few musical fads of the period such
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later came to be applied to an early style of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common
973:
accents occur between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat ("a rhythmic base of metric affirmation, and a melody of metric denial"). The ultimate (and intended) effect
676:
By the start of the 20th century, it became widely popular throughout North
America and was listened and danced to, performed, and written by people of many different subcultures. A distinctly American musical style, ragtime may be considered a synthesis of African syncopation and European classical
1375:
A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s. A wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. Much of the ragtime recorded in this period is presented in a light-hearted novelty style, looked to with nostalgia as
892:
was written. However, its first performance, poorly staged with Joplin accompanying on the piano, was "disastrous" and was never performed again in Joplin's lifetime. The score was lost for decades, then rediscovered in 1970, and a fully orchestrated and staged performance took place in 1972. An
558:. Morath turned the latter into a one-man-show in 1969, and toured the U.S. with it for five years. Morath subsequently created different one-man-shows which also toured the U.S., that also educated and entertained audiences about ragtime. New ragtime composers soon followed, including Morath,
1347:
In the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire, and as early as 1936 78 rpm records of Joplin's compositions were produced. Old numbers written for piano were rescored for jazz instruments by jazz musicians, which gave the old style a new sound. The most famous
394:" (1902), although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s. For at least 12 years after its publication, "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its
968:
Ragtime is not a meter in the same way that marches are in duple meter and waltzes are in triple meter; it is rather a musical style that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which
831:, a more improvisational piano style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Elements of ragtime found their way into much of the American popular music of the early 20th century. It also played a central role in the development of the musical style later referred to as
1208:
composers were influenced by the form. The first contact with ragtime was probably at the Paris
Exposition in 1900, one of the stages of the European tour of John Philip Sousa. The first notable classical composer to take a serious interest in ragtime was
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rhythm to his music. Jazz largely surpassed ragtime in mainstream popularity in the early 1920s, although ragtime compositions continue to be written up to the present, and periodic revivals of popular interest in ragtime occurred in the 1950s and the
472:
Ragtime also made its way to Europe. Shipboard orchestras on transatlantic lines included ragtime music in their repertoire. In 1912 the first public concerts of ragtime were performed in the United
Kingdom by the American Ragtime Octette (ARO) at the
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number. These themes were typically 16 bars, each theme divided into periods of four four-bar phrases and arranged in patterns of repeats and reprises. Typical patterns were AABBACCC′, AABBCCDD and AABBCCA, with the first two strains in the
354:
composed the song "You've Been a Good Old Wagon But You Done Broke Down" the following year in 1896. The composition was a hit and helped popularize the genre to the mainstream. Another early ragtime pioneer was comedian and songwriter
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1054:
includes ragtime songs and excludes the later styles (which is closer to how ragtime was viewed originally). The terms below should not be considered exact, but merely an attempt to pin down the general meaning of the concept.
1297:; it presented a stereotypical wealthy American heir sailing on an ocean liner on the New York–Europe route, going to trade his fortune for an aristocratic title in Europe. There is a similar influence in Milhaud's ballets
1104:– the vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the coon song. Though this was the form of music most commonly considered "ragtime" in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the "popular music" category.
1162:). Together with novelty piano, it may be considered a successor to ragtime, but is not considered by all to be "genuine" ragtime. Johnson composed the song that is arguably most associated with the Roaring Twenties, "
858:'s arrangements of Joplin's rags. Ragtime guitar continued to be popular into the 1930s, usually in the form of songs accompanied by skilled guitar work. Numerous records emanated from several labels, performed by
792:
has primarily been a written tradition distributed though sheet music. But sheet music sales ultimately depended on the skill of amateur pianists, which limited classical ragtime's complexity and proliferation. A
680:
Some early piano rags were classified as "jig", "rag", and "coon songs". These labels were sometimes used interchangeably in the mid-1890s, 1900s, and 1910s. Ragtime was also preceded by its close relative the
253:. Despite being overshadowed by jazz in the 1920s, ragtime has experienced several revivals, notably in the 1950s and 1970s (the latter renaissance due in large part to the use of "The Entertainer" in the film
532:
There have been numerous revivals since newer styles supplanted ragtime in the 1920s. First in the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on
1076:– a march incorporating idiomatic touches (such as syncopation) supposedly characteristic of the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches.
1029:
673:
Ragtime originated in
African American music in the late 19th century and descended from the jigs and march music played by African American bands, referred to as "jig piano" or "piano thumping".
221:. Ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, often arranged in patterns of repeats and reprises. Scott Joplin, known as the "King of Ragtime", gained fame through compositions like "
1070:– a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks.
715:
images of black people. In Hogan's later years, he admitted shame and a sense of "race betrayal" from the song, while also expressing pride in helping bring ragtime to a larger audience.
537:. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime genres of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.
1409:
category. This recording reintroduced Joplin's music to the public in the manner the composer had intended, not as a nostalgic stereotype but as serious, respectable music. Second, the
465:
were among the first to crash the color bar in
American music. The new rhythms of ragtime changed the world of dance bands and led to new dance steps, popularized by the show-dancers
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key and the following strains in the subdominant. Sometimes rags would include introductions of four bars or bridges, between themes, of anywhere between four and 24 bars.
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1850:
1728:
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Ragtime music originated within
African-American communities in the late 19th century and became a distinctly American form of popular music. It is closely related to
3825:
1138:– a dance fad that began in 1913. Fox-trots contain a dotted-note rhythm different from that of ragtime, but which nonetheless was incorporated into many late rags.
1020:
1028:
801:), manifesting itself mostly through string bands, banjo and mandolin clubs (which experienced a burst of popularity during the early 20th century) and the like.
1443:
soundtrack of Joplin rags, ragtime was brought to a wide audience. Hamlisch's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag "The
Entertainer" won an Academy Award, and was an
2734:
1484:
was produced on
Broadway. With music by Stephen Flaherty and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, the show featured several rags as well as songs in other musical styles.
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1309:
during his trip in 1922. Even the Swiss composer
Honegger wrote works in which the influence of African American music is pretty obvious. Examples include
950:
melody in the right hand. According to some sources the name "ragtime" may come from the "ragged or syncopated rhythm" of the right hand. A rag written in
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in Paris never made any secret of their sympathy for ragtime, which is sometimes evident in their works. Consider, in particular, the ballet of Satie,
497:
in 1912; the first ragtime recordings made in Europe. James R. Europe's 369th Regiment band generated great enthusiasm during its 1918 tour of France.
1534:
1265:, an overture for piano for a drama in three acts, composed in the early 1900s in memory of his friend J.P. Contamine de Latour. In 1902 the American
618:(1973) brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. The film's rendering of "The Entertainer", adapted and orchestrated by
4067:
1581:
4087:
1144:– a piano composition emphasizing speed and complexity, which emerged after World War I. It is almost exclusively the domain of white composers.
989:
In a note on the sheet music for the song "Leola" Joplin wrote, "Notice! Don't play this piece fast. It is never right to play 'ragtime' fast."
167:
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as the first American popular songs to influence British culture and music. The ARO recorded some of Muir's rags with the British record label
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may be coming from African music, although no historian or musicologist has made any connection with any music from Africa. Ragtime composer
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with a predominant left-hand pattern of bass notes on strong beats (beats 1 and 3) and chords on weak beats (beat 2 and 4) accompanying a
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1112:" (1911) was the single most widely performed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation.
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The emergence of mature ragtime is usually dated to 1897, the year in which several important early rags were published. "Harlem Rag" by
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during the 1910s. The growth of dance orchestras in popular entertainment was an outgrowth of ragtime and continued into the 1920s.
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tradition also existed before and during the period of classical ragtime (a designation largely created by Scott Joplin's publisher
693:". The following year he released another composition called "All Coons Look Alike to Me", which eventually sold a million copies.
540:
In the 1960s, two major factors brought about a greater public recognition of ragtime. The first was the publication of the book,
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1424:
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772:
756:, were present and performed both ragtime and jazz styles during the period the two styles overlapped. He also incorporated the
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1927:
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Although most ragtime was composed for piano, transcriptions for other instruments and ensembles are common, notably including
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to permit a more complex, pyrotechnic, performance-oriented style of rag to be heard. Chief among the novelty rag composers is
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choose to exclude ragtime songs from the definition but include novelty piano and stride piano (a modern perspective), while
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2434:
1198:
1159:
482:
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457:) of New Orleans. Polite society embraced ragtime as disseminated by brass bands and "society" dance bands. Bands led by
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3964:
3888:
3883:
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1094:– a pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in
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who toured Europe. Immensely popular with British audiences, the ARO popularized several of Muir's rags (such as "
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4107:
4024:
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1962:
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1122:– ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did.
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92:
31:
606:. It won a Grammy for Best Chamber Music Performance of the year and was named Top Classical Album of 1974 by
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and the instrument deliberately somewhat out of tune, supposedly to simulate the sound of a piano in an old
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1150:– a style of piano that emerged after World War I, developed by and dominated by black East-coast pianists (
745:" was published and became a great hit and demonstrated more depth and sophistication than earlier ragtime.
630:
542:
466:
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The heyday of ragtime occurred before sound recording was widely available. Like European classical music,
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1977:
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207:
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hit in 1974, reaching No. 3 on May 18. Ragtime news and reviews publications during this period included
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867:
550:. Morath created two television series for National Educational Television (now PBS) in 1960 and 1962:
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312:
226:
148:
achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime" by contemporaries. His "
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1236:
638:
1098:. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. It was strongly associated with ragtime in its day.
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or a piano. It was performed in brothels, bars, saloons, and informal gatherings at house parties or
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68:
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4172:
4019:
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602:, a compilation of some of Joplin's rags in period orchestrations edited by conservatory president
563:
1407:
Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (without orchestra)
1101:
816:(or novelty ragtime) emerged that took advantage of new advances in piano roll technology and the
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4205:
3984:
3588:
3441:
3386:
3183:
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1837:
The Blue Book of Tin Pan Alley: A Human Interest Encyclopedia of American Popular Music, Volume 2
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875:
494:
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Ragtime – with Joplin's work at the forefront – has been cited as an American equivalent of the
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1948:
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1123:
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race has been here, but the white people took no notice of it until about twenty years ago ."
367:
2164:
Dvorak to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots
1417:
which renewed interest in Joplin among musicians and prompted new stagings of Joplin's opera
1391:
Four events brought forward a different kind of ragtime revival in the 1970s. First, pianist
291:
Ragtime music was developed long before it was printed as sheet music. It had its origins in
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4567:
4445:
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3147:
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Ragged But Right: Black Traveling Shows, 'Coon Songs' and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz
1620:
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1402:
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855:
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sounds that predominated in the 1920s and 1930s when they adopted smoother rhythmic styles.
509:
304:
292:
1656:'Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, Introduction to Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works
1170:(Jazz Archives No. 111, EPM, Paris, 1997). Johnson's recorded version has a ragtime flavor.
1088:– another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags.
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4485:
4465:
4417:
4222:
4200:
3959:
3954:
3657:
3637:
3625:
3416:
3137:
3100:
2989:
2898:
2886:
1472:
1444:
1440:
1353:
1329:
1324:
1246:
1205:
1082:– a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps.
1012:
995:
870:, and others. Occasionally ragtime was scored for ensembles (particularly dance bands and
662:
650:
646:
619:
462:
410:
250:
190:, is a musical style that had its peak from the 1890s to 1910s. Its cardinal trait is its
73:
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the product of a supposedly more innocent time. A number of popular recordings featured "
1281:, a march for piano soloist, was written for Paulette Darty and initially bore the title
748:
Ragtime was one of the main influences on the early development of jazz (along with the
718:
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3699:
3687:
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often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training.
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813:
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596:(then a student group called The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble) recorded
582:
478:
442:
418:, Scott Joplin asserted that there had been "ragtime music in America ever since the
403:
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339:
115:
63:
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3453:
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3014:
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2525:"Charis Music Group, compilation of cue sheets from the American Top 40 radio Show"
2391:
2362:"Antonin Dvorak – Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" In Nature's Realm – Carnival"
1820:
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210:. Ragtime pieces (often called "rags") are typically composed for and performed on
199:
145:
110:
1132:– the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others.
1062:
Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell
1027:
165:
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2051:
Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music
1419:
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859:
821:
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882:. Joplin had long-standing ambitions of synthesizing the worlds of ragtime and
17:
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composed its music score, which was all original. In 1998, a stage version of
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1277:. Despite the two Anglo-Saxon settings, the tracks appear American-inspired.
214:, though the genre has been adapted for a variety of instruments and styles.
198:. Ragtime was popularized during the early 20th century by composers such as
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to have an impact on mainstream popular culture. Piano "professors" such as
330:
Cover for "La Pas Ma La" sheet music (1895). Words and Music by Ernest Hogan
296:
255:
141:
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1007:
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1108:
was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his "
1067:
682:
521:
347:
300:
53:
2124:
Ragging it: getting ragtime into history (and some history into ragtime)
4836:
4798:
4695:
3652:
3536:
3220:
2413:"L'Histoire du Soldat (The Soldier's Tale) A Brief Historical Overview"
2185:
Bastin, Bruce. "Truckin' My Blues Away: East Coast Piedmont Styles" in
2100:
1640:
1608:
1254:
1217:
emulated ragtime in three pieces for piano. The best-known remains the
1166:." A recording of Johnson playing the song appears on the compact disc
1135:
1043:
970:
634:
454:
399:
2712:
2668:
The Art of Ragtime: Form and Meaning of an Original Black American Art
1745:
Segregating Sound: Inventing Folk and Pop Music in the Age of Jim Crow
326:
267:, with some compositions adapted for other instruments and ensembles.
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1306:
812:. While the traditional rag was fading in popularity, a genre called
708:
626:
395:
386:
1868–1917) from Texas, became famous through the publication of the "
195:
2092:
1624:
1269:
was very popular in Paris and Satie two years later wrote two rags,
441:
Ragtime quickly established itself as a distinctly American form of
835:; indeed, much of the music played by such artists of the style as
4673:
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3526:
3205:
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2822:
1965:. Originally published, July 30, 1982; site accessed, July, 2021.
1818:"Theatrical Comment: Use of Vulgar Words a Detriment to Ragtime".
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883:
771:
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released a compilation of Joplin's work which was nominated for a
520:. Dance orchestras started evolving away from ragtime towards the
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279:
211:
140:
78:
2079:"From Piano Thumping to the Concert Stage: The Rise of Ragtime".
677:
music, especially the marches made popular by John Philip Sousa.
3402:
2827:
501:
230:
120:
3375:
2928:
2716:
2451:
Jasen, David A. Discography of 78 rpm Records of Joplin Works,
1944:
Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War
1227:). He later returned to the style with two preludes for piano:
2707:
780:
from 1885 are controlled by musical information in the center
315:. The instrument of choice by ragtime musicians was usually a
2390:
Gildo De Stefano, "Ragtime, jazz & dintorni", Preface by
504:; the influence of Jelly Roll Morton continued in the Harlem
1835:
Jack Burton, Graydon LaVerne Freeman, Larry Freeman (1962).
824:, whose "Kitten on the Keys" popularized the style in 1921.
1989:
Hitchcock, H. Wiley. "Stereo Review", 1971, p.84, cited in
1582:"The Easy Winners and other rag-time music of Scott Joplin"
1924:
British Dance Bands on Record 1911 to 1945 and Supplement
1197:'s 1904 "On the Pike", which refers to the midway of the
30:
This article is about ragtime music. For other uses, see
2924:
2018:
Dickinson, Peter (January 1, 1987). "Reviews of Books".
905:
The rag was a modification of the march made popular by
3371:
2584:
Ragtime: An Encyclopedia, Discography, and Sheetography
1973:
1971:
303:. Most of the early ragtime pianists could not read or
741:
were both release that year. In 1899, Scott Joplin's "
4813:
2554:"Mississippi Rag publisher Leslie Johnson dies at 66"
2189:. Ed. Lawrence Cohn. New York: Abbeville Press, 1993.
1333:
in 1919 and also included a rag in his theater piece
913:
coming from African music. It was usually written in
2294:
Joplin, Scott (1971). Brodsky Lawrence, Vera (ed.).
1980:, "1971 14th Grammy Awards". Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.
477:; a group organized by ragtime composer and pianist
4741:
4651:
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4494:
4478:
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4395:
4286:
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3730:
3512:
3409:
3292:
3229:
3156:
3059:
3023:
2962:
2877:
2813:
1671:
The Penguin History of the United States of America
689:
released the earliest ragtime composition, called "
334:
The first ragtime composition to be published was "
103:
87:
46:
41:
2665:
2612:
2295:
2225:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.
2218:
2187:Nothing But the Blues: The Music and the Musicians
287:, who is considered the "King of Ragtime" in 1912.
1371:", composed and released by Scott Joplin in 1908.
1239:), which was inspired by a MĂ©drano circus clown.
1011:Sheet music cover for "Spaghetti Rag" (1910) by
993:used the quotation as the epigraph to his novel
2672:. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
2212:
2210:
1395:released a compilation of Scott Joplin's work,
390:" (1899) and a string of ragtime hits such as "
259:). The music was distributed primarily through
2455:, New York Public Library, (1981), pp. 319–320
3387:
2940:
2728:
2619:. California: University of California Press.
2415:. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010
2203:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 37.
2199:Scott, William B.; Rutkoff, Peter M. (2001).
1423:. Next came the release and Grammy Award for
699:, a vaudeville entertainer and the author of
8:
1864:Stephen Inwood (2011). "Music and Dancing".
1849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1289:when Rouarts-Lerolle reprinted it in 1919.
241:, and European classical composers such as
4425:
4185:
3394:
3380:
3372:
2947:
2933:
2925:
2735:
2721:
2713:
2691:. Jazz at Lincoln Center Library Editions.
2333:. Oxford University Press. pp. 276–.
1895:After the Ball: Pop Music from Rag to Rock
1866:City Of Cities: The Birth Of Modern London
1673:(2 ed.). Penguin Books. p. 415.
851:could be referred to as "ragtime guitar."
38:
2330:King of Ragtime: Scott Joplin and His Era
453:played ragtime in the "sporting houses" (
2221:A century of musicals in black and white
1658:. New York Public Library. p. xvii.
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1435:. Finally, with the release of the film
1021:Spaghetti Rag (1910), by Lyons and Yosco
516:. Ragtime was also a major influence on
429:
325:
4820:
2615:Ragtime: A Musical and Cultural History
2282:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
2006:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1991:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1806:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1794:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1782:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1770:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1547:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22825
1513:
701:100 Years of the Negro in Show Business
362:Ragtime was also a modification of the
2655:Jasen, D. A.; Tichenor, T. J. (1980).
2426:
2201:New York Modern: The Arts and the City
2166:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
2043:
2041:
2001:
1999:
1842:
1720:
1694:Abbott and Seroff, Lynn, Doug (2009).
1293:, another march, was initially titled
1765:
1763:
1168:James P. Johnson: Harlem Stride Piano
827:Ragtime also served as the roots for
409:In a 1913 interview published in the
7:
2696:RAGTIME HISTORY (Storia del Ragtime)
2327:Berlin, Edward A. (March 30, 2016).
1405:, which was nominated in 1971 for a
489:") which were credited by historian
2708:Classic Ragtime Piano by Ted Tjaden
2664:Schafer, W. J.; Riedel, J. (1973).
2302:. New York Public Library. p.
2298:The Collected Works of Scott Joplin
2054:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.
1963:"MAX MORATH IN RAG AND 'UNRAGTIME'"
1748:. Duke University Press. p. 43
1415:The Collected Works of Scott Joplin
1305:, which he wrote after a visit to
1116:was a famous singer in this style.
878:or as songs like those written by
760:in his performances, which gave a
500:Ragtime was an influence on early
152:" is one of the most famous rags.
25:
4749:Album covers of Blue Note Records
2471:. Psychology Press. p. 289.
2468:Scott Joplin: A Guide to Research
2453:Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works
2394:. Sugarco Editions, Milan, 2007.
1922:Brian Rust, Sandy Forbes (1989).
1893:Ian Whitcomb (2013). "Invasion".
804:Ragtime was also distributed via
4847:
4835:
4823:
4797:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3341:
3329:
2552:Vezner, Tad (January 21, 2009).
1425:The New England Ragtime Ensemble
1382:pianos with tacks on the hammers
1025:
594:The New England Ragtime Ensemble
163:
2626:They All Played Ragtime, 4th ed
2586:. Routledge. pp. 202–205.
2500:"Entertainment Awards Database"
2465:Ping-Robbins, Nancy R. (1998).
1961:John S. Wilson, New York Times
1928:General Gramophone Publications
1327:wrote a solo piano work called
1186:Influence on European composers
4129:Institutions and organizations
2411:Robert Bridge (May 17, 1994).
1742:Miller, Karl Hagström (2010).
1613:The Black Perspective in Music
1199:St. Louis World's Fair of 1904
1:
3826:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
2624:Blesh, R.; Janis, H. (1971).
2217:Peterson, Bernard L. (1993).
2048:Van der Merwe, Peter (1989).
1839:. Century House. p. 213.
1700:. University of Mississippi.
1413:released a two-volume set of
1259:Parade (Ragtime du Paquebot),
685:. In 1895, black entertainer
483:Waiting for the Robert E. Lee
338:" in 1895. It was written by
2638:Ragtime, Jazz & Dintorni
1367:The first edition cover of "
1348:recording of this period is
229:". Ragtime influenced early
2640:. Milan: Sugarco Editions.
1947:. Homewood Press. pp.
1824:. April 3, 1913. p. 6.
1541:. Oxford University Press.
1253:, and the other members of
1221:(from the 1908 Piano Suite
965:time is a "ragtime waltz".
622:, was a Top 5 hit in 1975.
445:. Ragtime became the first
437:'s 1916 "The Top Liner Rag"
4896:
1539:The Grove Music Dictionary
1263:La Mort de Monsieur Mouche
1178:
1175:American ragtime composers
707:" because of their use of
649:. Ragtime also influenced
29:
4880:19th-century music genres
4793:
4155:See Template: Jazz theory
3323:
2750:
2558:Twin Cities Pioneer Press
2433:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2126:. iUniverse. p. 99.
1941:Emmett Jay Scott (1919).
1607:Reed, Addison W. (1975).
1321:for piano and orchestra.
1285:; it was later subtitled
1181:List of ragtime composers
893:earlier opera by Joplin,
886:, to which end the opera
752:). Some artists, such as
737:and "Mississippi Rag" by
508:style of players such as
3305:Blues musicians by genre
3005:Traditional blues verses
2636:; Baraka, Amiri (2007).
2087:(8): 53–56. April 1973.
1476:was released on screen.
1466:In 1980, an adaption of
1398:Scott Joplin: Piano Rags
1233:General Lavine-excentric
1110:Alexander's Ragtime Band
1003:Related forms and styles
32:Ragtime (disambiguation)
2081:Music Educators Journal
1609:"Scott Joplin, Pioneer"
1431:Joplin tunes edited by
1411:New York Public Library
1160:Willie 'The Lion' Smith
556:The Turn of the Century
543:They All Played Ragtime
467:Vernon and Irene Castle
4875:African-American music
2815:African-American music
2611:Berlin, E. A. (1980).
2580:"Ragtime Publications"
2122:White, Loring (2005).
1463:(monthly, 1973–2009).
1372:
1201:
1063:
1038:
874:) similar to those of
785:
730:
447:African-American music
438:
331:
288:
176:
2995:Musical improvisation
2687:Waldo, Terry (2009).
2578:Jasen, David (2007).
2504:The Los Angeles Times
2366:Musicallyspeaking.com
1669:Brogan, Hugh (1999).
1455:(bimonthly/sporadic,
1439:in 1973, which had a
1366:
1299:Le boeuf sur le toite
1193:
1061:
1010:
868:Blind Lemon Jefferson
775:
721:
433:
426:The heyday of ragtime
366:style popularized by
329:
283:
144:
4543:Bibliography of jazz
4323:Continental European
2532:Charismusicgroup.com
2176:Garrett 2004, p. 94.
1978:Past Winner Database
1654:Blesh, Rudi (1981).
1470:'s historical novel
1336:L'Histoire du soldat
1287:Intermezzo Americain
1219:Golliwog's Cake Walk
1074:Characteristic march
799:John Stillwell Stark
653:composers including
4784:Straight, No Chaser
4573:Straight-ahead jazz
4030:Winter & Winter
3479:French horn in jazz
3051:American folk music
2744:American folk music
2628:. Oak Publications.
1461:The Mississippi Rag
1380:", playing rags on
1317:and especially the
1295:The Transatlantique
1279:La Diva de l'empire
1271:La Diva de l'empire
837:Reverend Gary Davis
612:magazine. The film
564:Trebor Jay Tichenor
307:music, but instead
4728:West African music
4553:British dance band
4343:European free jazz
4316:British dance band
3809:Musicians by genre
3589:Free improvisation
2372:on August 20, 2017
2032:10.1093/ml/68.1.78
1449:The Ragtime Review
1429:The Red Back Book,
1373:
1358:Twelfth Street Rag
1213:. French composer
1202:
1064:
1039:
909:, with additional
876:James Reese Europe
786:
731:
725:of Joplin's 1899 "
669:Historical context
495:The Winner Records
475:Hippodrome, London
439:
400:chord progressions
332:
289:
177:
4811:
4810:
4684:New Orleans blues
4531:
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4474:
4473:
4048:Beaches (Toronto)
3459:Swing performance
3369:
3368:
2985:Call and response
2922:
2921:
2647:978-88-7198-532-9
2634:De Stefano, Gildo
2400:978-88-7198-532-9
2340:978-0-19-024605-1
2020:Music and Letters
1899:Faber & Faber
1707:978-1-4968-0030-5
1680:978-0-14-025255-2
1588:on April 26, 2013
1556:978-1-56159-263-0
1531:Berlin, Edward A.
1303:Creation du Monde
1283:Stand-Walk Marche
1224:Children's Corner
1030:
907:John Philip Sousa
897:, has been lost.
818:phonograph record
790:classical ragtime
776:The keys of this
754:Jelly Roll Morton
599:The Red Back Book
451:Jelly Roll Morton
368:John Philip Sousa
168:
139:
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47:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
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3970:India Navigation
3668:Progressive jazz
3522:Avant-garde jazz
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3010:Twelve-bar blues
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1459:1962–2003), and
1458:
1433:Gunther Schuller
1427:'s recording of
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1255:The Group of Six
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1052:Edward A. Berlin
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864:Blind Boy Fuller
856:Gunther Schuller
845:Elizabeth Cotten
841:Blind Boy Fuller
604:Gunther Schuller
576:William Albright
560:Donald Ashwander
510:James P. Johnson
293:African American
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3417:Outline of jazz
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2689:This Is Ragtime
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1354:Euday L. Bowman
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1330:Piano-Rag-Music
1325:Igor Stravinsky
1247:Arthur Honegger
1235:(from his 1913
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663:Igor Stravinsky
620:Marvin Hamlisch
552:The Ragtime Era
530:
463:James R. Europe
428:
411:black newspaper
404:metric patterns
392:The Entertainer
295:communities of
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251:Igor Stravinsky
227:The Entertainer
182:, also spelled
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3765:Percussionists
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3688:Spiritual jazz
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3410:General topics
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3169:Classic female
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3143:United Kingdom
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2702:External links
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1468:E. L. Doctorow
1369:Pine Apple Rag
1352:'s version of
1344:
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1251:Darius Milhaud
1215:Claude Debussy
1211:AntonĂn Dvořák
1187:
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1179:Main article:
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833:Piedmont blues
743:Maple Leaf Rag
727:Maple Leaf Rag
670:
667:
659:Claude Debussy
572:William Bolcom
535:78 rpm records
529:
526:
518:Piedmont blues
427:
424:
388:Maple Leaf Rag
370:. Jazz critic
277:
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247:Claude Debussy
239:Piedmont blues
223:Maple Leaf Rag
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159:Maple Leaf Rag
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150:Maple Leaf Rag
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4733:Western swing
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4456:New York City
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4380:Flamenco jazz
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4206:South African
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3903:Discographies
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3790:Vibraphonists
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3710:Swing revival
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3569:Flamenco jazz
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3504:Women in jazz
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3489:Jazz trombone
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3469:Jazz drumming
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3437:Improvisation
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3230:Fusion genres
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3201:Fife and drum
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3164:Boogie-woogie
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3036:Field hollers
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2914:Western swing
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2262:Classical.net
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1778:
1775:
1772:, pp. xv–xvi.
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1453:The Rag Times
1451:(1962–1966),
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:Joshua Rifkin
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:, (1910) and
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:Novelty piano
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:Irving Berlin
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
985:
980:
975:
972:
966:
959:
949:
945:
937:
922:
912:
908:
900:
898:
896:
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:Irving Berlin
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
814:novelty piano
811:
810:player pianos
807:
802:
800:
796:
791:
783:
779:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
758:Spanish tinge
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
739:William Krell
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
713:stereotypical
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
678:
674:
668:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
601:
600:
595:
590:
588:
584:
583:Joshua Rifkin
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
538:
536:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Lewis F. Muir
476:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:popular music
436:
432:
425:
423:
421:
417:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:played by ear
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
282:
275:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
160:
151:
147:
143:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:novelty piano
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:Early 1890s,
90:
86:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
64:Minstrel show
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4795:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4764:(miniseries)
4761:
4753:
4723:Sophisti-pop
4710:
4557:
4153:
4144:Jazz royalty
4134:Jazz funeral
3930:Contemporary
3821:Chamber jazz
3775:Saxophonists
3745:Clarinetists
3717:Third stream
3554:Chamber jazz
3454:Scat singing
3358:
3346:
3327:
3184:Hill country
3096:Hill country
3074:Desert blues
3015:Walking bass
2975:Blues ballad
2963:Musical form
2856:
2779:Folk revival
2688:
2667:
2656:
2637:
2625:
2614:
2583:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:
2547:
2537:September 5,
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2417:. Retrieved
2406:
2392:Amiri Baraka
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:the original
2365:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2329:
2322:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2220:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2050:
2026:(1): 78–79.
2023:
2019:
2013:
2005:
1990:
1985:
1957:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1865:
1859:
1836:
1830:
1821:New York Age
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1750:. Retrieved
1744:
1737:
1711:. Retrieved
1696:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1619:(1): 45–52.
1616:
1612:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1538:
1498:
1494:Animal dance
1481:
1478:Randy Newman
1471:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1374:
1350:Pee Wee Hunt
1346:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1203:
1167:
1148:Stride piano
1120:Folk ragtime
1102:Ragtime song
1040:
994:
988:
976:
967:
957:
935:
920:
904:
901:Musical form
894:
887:
853:
829:stride piano
826:
803:
795:folk ragtime
787:
778:player piano
747:
732:
700:
697:Tom Fletcher
695:
691:La Pas Ma La
687:Ernest Hogan
679:
675:
672:
624:
613:
607:
597:
591:
587:Grammy Award
580:
555:
551:
541:
539:
531:
506:stride piano
499:
491:Ian Whitcomb
471:
440:
415:New York Age
413:
408:
383:
380:Scott Joplin
374:thought its
361:
357:Irving Jones
344:Ernest Hogan
336:La Pas Ma La
333:
290:
285:Scott Joplin
254:
235:stride piano
216:
200:Scott Joplin
194:or "ragged"
187:
183:
179:
178:
146:Scott Joplin
36:
4706:Quiet storm
4669:Contradanza
4451:New Orleans
4446:Kansas City
4249:Jazz mugham
4244:Azerbaijani
4168:Second line
4163:Rare groove
4149:Jazz theory
4139:Jazz poetry
4124:Contrafacts
4108:Saint Lucia
4088:New Orleans
4020:Strata-East
3995:MPS Records
3925:Cobblestone
3846:Smooth jazz
3836:Jazz fusion
3780:Trombonists
3693:Sacred jazz
3678:Smooth jazz
3611:Jazz fusion
3494:Jazz violin
3474:Jazz guitar
3449:Jam session
3422:Jazz (word)
3360:Blues songs
3252:Boogie rock
3247:Biker metal
3123:New Zealand
3106:New Orleans
2980:Blues scale
2781:(1950s–60s)
2755:Appalachian
2563:December 9,
2419:January 31,
1808:, p. xxiii.
1752:January 22,
1713:January 21,
1420:Treemonisha
1311:Pacific 231
1261:(1917) and
1195:James Scott
1156:Fats Waller
1130:Classic rag
1114:Gene Greene
911:polyrhythms
889:Treemonisha
872:brass bands
860:Blind Blake
822:Zez Confrey
806:piano rolls
723:Sheet music
514:Fats Waller
459:W. C. Handy
435:Joseph Lamb
321:juke joints
265:piano rolls
261:sheet music
208:Joseph Lamb
204:James Scott
131:classic rag
27:Music genre
4864:Categories
4691:Brass band
4679:Jump blues
4523:Ethno jazz
4486:Australian
4466:West Coast
4223:Zimbabwean
4063:Copenhagen
3985:Mainstream
3795:Violinists
3785:Trumpeters
3755:Guitarists
3663:Organ trio
3648:Modal jazz
3621:Latin jazz
3601:Gypsy jazz
3499:Vocal jazz
3484:Jazz piano
3242:Blues rock
3148:West Coast
3046:Work songs
3041:Spirituals
2909:Rockabilly
2904:Honky-tonk
2892:Roots rock
2862:Spirituals
2790:New Mexico
2147:Ragging It
2008:, p. xiii.
1796:, p. xviii
1508:References
1386:honky tonk
1319:Concertino
1291:Piccadilly
1275:Piccadilly
1243:Erik Satie
1164:Charleston
948:syncopated
849:Etta Baker
782:piano roll
735:Tom Turpin
705:coon songs
655:Erik Satie
568:John Arpin
548:Max Morath
487:Hitchy-Koo
376:polyrhythm
372:Rudi Blesh
352:Ben Harney
313:improvised
243:Erik Satie
192:syncopated
126:honky tonk
93:Midwestern
4659:Acid jazz
4516:Worldwide
4502:Brazilian
4299:Bulgarian
4261:Indo jazz
4211:Cape jazz
4098:North Sea
4053:Cape Town
4040:Festivals
4015:Riverside
3990:Milestone
3915:Blue Note
3910:Bethlehem
3894:post-1950
3866:Standards
3851:Soul jazz
3800:Vocalists
3760:Organists
3732:Musicians
3722:Trad jazz
3683:Soul jazz
3606:Jazz-funk
3594:Punk jazz
3584:Free funk
3579:Free jazz
3574:Folk jazz
3564:Dixieland
3559:Cool jazz
3549:Cape jazz
3464:Jazz bass
3427:Jazz band
3157:Subgenres
3101:Louisiana
2970:Blue note
2899:Bluegrass
2887:Americana
2833:Dixieland
2772:Swamp pop
2509:March 14,
2484:March 20,
2376:April 21,
2267:March 20,
2242:March 20,
2109:221056114
1993:, p. xiv.
1845:cite book
1784:, p. xiii
1723:cite book
1633:0090-7790
1535:"Ragtime"
1437:The Sting
1229:Minstrels
1206:Classical
1204:European
1124:Folk rags
1096:blackface
1092:Coon song
1086:Slow drag
977:The name
651:classical
641:, or the
615:The Sting
609:Billboard
592:In 1973,
581:In 1971,
455:bordellos
342:comedian
297:St. Louis
256:The Sting
233:, Harlem
74:classical
54:Cakewalks
4664:Afrobeat
4578:Pre-1920
4563:Jazz Age
4479:Oceanian
4429:American
4403:Canadian
4287:European
4278:Japanese
4239:Armenian
4201:Malawian
4196:Ethiopia
4083:Montreux
4078:Montreal
4073:Monterey
4010:Prestige
3980:Landmark
3965:Impulse!
3945:ESP-Disk
3874:Pre-1920
3831:Hard bop
3770:Pianists
3750:Drummers
3740:Bassists
3673:Ska jazz
3616:Jazz rap
3542:Post-bop
3532:Hard bop
3432:Big band
3348:Category
3216:Jug band
3196:Electric
3128:Piedmont
3060:Regional
3000:Shuffles
2795:Red dirt
2760:Old-time
2659:. Dover.
2429:cite web
2284:, p. xv.
2162:(2003).
2149:, p.100.
1592:June 17,
1562:June 29,
1533:(2001).
1488:See also
1343:Revivals
1339:(1918).
1267:cakewalk
1237:Préludes
1080:Two-step
1068:Cakewalk
762:habanera
683:cakewalk
635:mazurkas
528:Revivals
522:big band
348:Kentucky
340:minstrel
301:Missouri
188:rag time
184:rag-time
97:Southern
4870:Ragtime
4816:Portals
4711:Ragtime
4696:Exotica
4652:Related
4558:Ragtime
4536:History
4441:Chicago
4408:Haitian
4387:Swedish
4375:Spanish
4358:Italian
4311:British
4306:Belgian
4273:Iranian
4189:African
4117:Culture
4093:Newport
4068:Jakarta
4058:Chicago
3955:Freedom
3653:Nu jazz
3537:Neo-bop
3221:Skiffle
3174:Country
3118:Memphis
3086:Chicago
3031:Origins
3024:Origins
2857:Ragtime
2805:Western
2101:3394278
1641:1214379
1500:Ragtime
1482:Ragtime
1473:Ragtime
1136:Foxtrot
1044:foxtrot
1042:as the
996:Ragtime
971:melodic
643:waltzes
627:minuets
485:" and "
398:lines,
350:native
276:Origins
271:History
225:" and "
219:marches
180:Ragtime
69:marches
42:Ragtime
4363:Polish
4353:German
4348:French
4333:Danish
4294:Balkan
4256:Indian
4216:Marabi
4173:Venues
3700:Stride
3643:Marabi
3633:M-Base
3514:Genres
3269:Gospel
3211:Holler
3138:Turkey
3081:Canada
3069:Africa
3062:styles
2867:Gospel
2845:Zydeco
2840:Creole
2800:Tejano
2676:
2644:
2590:
2475:
2398:
2337:
2310:
2233:
2130:
2107:
2099:
2062:
1905:
1876:
1704:
1677:
1639:
1631:
1553:
1503:(film)
1307:Harlem
1158:, and
847:, and
769:1970s.
709:racist
661:, and
647:Brahms
639:Chopin
633:, the
631:Mozart
554:, and
396:melody
305:notate
249:, and
196:rhythm
111:Stride
4854:Music
4742:Media
4701:Plugg
4674:Blues
4628:2010s
4623:2000s
4618:1990s
4613:1980s
4608:1970s
4603:1960s
4598:1950s
4593:1940s
4588:1930s
4583:1920s
4548:Blues
4418:Cuban
4338:Dutch
4266:Sitar
4232:Asian
4025:Verve
3889:1940s
3884:1930s
3879:1920s
3856:Swing
3816:Bebop
3705:Swing
3527:Bebop
3293:Lists
3206:Hokum
3191:Dirty
3179:Delta
3133:Texas
3111:Swamp
3091:Delta
2956:Blues
2823:Blues
2767:Cajun
2528:(PDF)
2439:also
2105:S2CID
2097:JSTOR
1637:JSTOR
1401:, on
984:tonic
979:swing
884:opera
766:tango
750:blues
420:Negro
364:march
317:banjo
212:piano
79:blues
4842:Jazz
4762:Jazz
4755:Bird
4643:2022
4638:2021
4633:2020
4368:Yass
4103:Pori
4005:Muse
3841:Scat
3442:Jazz
3403:Jazz
3279:Soul
3274:Jump
3257:Punk
2828:Jazz
2674:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2565:2019
2539:2009
2511:2009
2486:2009
2473:ISBN
2435:link
2421:2012
2396:ISBN
2378:2013
2348:2018
2335:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2269:2009
2244:2009
2231:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2060:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1851:link
1754:2024
1729:link
1715:2024
1702:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1629:ISSN
1594:2019
1564:2009
1551:ISBN
1356:'s "
1301:and
1273:and
944:time
711:and
512:and
502:jazz
461:and
359:.
311:and
263:and
231:jazz
206:and
121:jazz
99:U.S.
95:and
59:folk
4000:MPS
3975:JMT
3940:ECM
3935:CTI
3920:BYG
2852:Jug
2441:PDF
2304:284
2227:357
2089:doi
2028:doi
1949:308
1621:doi
1543:doi
1457:fl.
1360:."
928:or
764:or
645:of
637:of
629:of
402:or
384:ca.
186:or
4866::
2582:.
2556:.
2530:.
2502:.
2431:}}
2427:{{
2364:.
2306:.
2260:.
2229:.
2209:^
2103:.
2095:.
2085:59
2083:.
2058:.
2056:63
2040:^
2024:68
2022:.
1998:^
1970:^
1926:.
1901:.
1897:.
1872:.
1868:.
1847:}}
1843:{{
1762:^
1725:}}
1721:{{
1635:.
1627:.
1615:.
1611:.
1580:.
1549:.
1537:.
1516:^
1388:.
1313:,
1249:,
1245:,
1154:,
999:.
866:,
862:,
843:,
839:,
665:.
657:,
589:.
578:.
574:,
570:,
566:,
562:,
406:.
346:.
299:,
245:,
237:,
202:,
4818::
3395:e
3388:t
3381:v
2948:e
2941:t
2934:v
2736:e
2729:t
2722:v
2682:.
2650:.
2596:.
2567:.
2541:.
2513:.
2488:.
2437:)
2423:.
2380:.
2350:.
2316:.
2271:.
2246:.
2136:.
2111:.
2091::
2068:.
2034:.
2030::
1951:.
1911:.
1882:.
1853:)
1756:.
1731:)
1717:.
1683:.
1643:.
1623::
1617:3
1596:.
1566:.
1545::
958:4
936:4
921:4
784:.
729:"
382:(
323:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
