374:, that grows towards the bark of the host under the influence of light and gravity, and potentially each forming a mistletoe plant in a clump. Possibly as an adaptation to assist in guiding the process of growing away from the light, the adhesive on the seed tends to darken the bark. On having made contact with the bark, the hypocotyl, with only a rudimentary scrap of root tissue at its tip, penetrates it, a process that may take a year or more. In the meantime the plant is dependent on its own photosynthesis. Only after it reaches the host's conductive tissue can it begin to rely on the host for its needs. Later it forms a
48:
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683:, although the only ancient writer to mention the use of mistletoe in this ceremony was Pliny. Evidence taken from bog bodies makes the Celtic use of mistletoe seem medicinal rather than ritual. It is possible that mistletoe was originally associated with human sacrifice and only became associated with the white bull after the Romans banned human sacrifices.
68:
701:. Mistletoe continued to be associated with fertility and vitality through the Middle Ages, and by the 18th century it had also become incorporated into Christmas celebrations around the world. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe is referred to as popular among servants in late 18th-century England.
704:
The serving class of
Victorian England is credited with perpetuating the tradition. The tradition dictated that a man was allowed to kiss any woman standing underneath mistletoe, and that bad luck would befall any woman who refused the kiss. One variation on the tradition stated that with each kiss a
357:
At another extreme other species have vigorous green leaves. Not only do they photosynthesize actively, but a heavy infestation of mistletoe plants may take over whole host tree branches, sometimes killing practically the entire crown and replacing it with their own growth. In such a tree the host is
445:
Specialist mistletoe eaters have adaptations that expedite the process; some pass the seeds through their unusually shaped digestive tracts so fast that a pause for defecation of the seeds is part of the feeding routine. Others have adapted patterns of feeding behavior; the bird grips the fruit in
575:
behaves similarly. When eaten, some seeds pass unharmed through their digestive systems, emerging in extremely sticky droppings which the bird deposits on tree branches, where some may stick long enough to germinate. As the plants mature, they grow into masses of branching stems which suggest the
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in Asia and
Australia. Depending on the species of mistletoe and the species of bird, the seeds are regurgitated from the crop, excreted in their droppings, or stuck to the bill, from which the bird wipes it onto a suitable branch. The seeds are coated with a sticky material called
1455:"When at Christmas in the hall / The men and maids are hopping, / If by chance I hear them bawl / Amongst them quick I pop in. / All the men, Jem, John, and Joe, / Cry, "What good luck has sent ye?" / And kiss beneath the mistletoe / The girl not turn'd of twenty...", song by
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International
Society for Horticultural Science. Section for Ornamental Plants; International Society for Horticultural Science. Commission on Landscape and Urban Horticulture; International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on New Ornamentals (2009).
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320:, grow largely within the host plant, with hardly more than the flower and fruit emerging. Once they have germinated and attached to the circulatory system of the host, their photosynthesis reduces so far that it becomes insignificant.
708:
From at least the mid-19th century, Caribbean herbalists of
African descent have referred to mistletoe as "god-bush". In Nepal, diverse mistletoes are used for a variety of medical purposes, particularly for treating broken bones.
442:. Some viscin remains on the seed and when it touches a stem, it sticks tenaciously. The viscin soon hardens and attaches the seed firmly to its future host, where it germinates and its haustorium penetrates the sound bark.
362:
community for years; it resembles a totally unknown species unless one examines it closely, because its foliage does not look like that of any tree. An example of a species that behaves in this manner is
484:), though concerns regarding toxicity are more prevalent in the US. The effects are not usually fatal. In parts of South Asia, they are frequently used as an external medicine. The active substances are
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for photosynthesis. Accordingly, their contribution to the host's metabolic balance becomes trivial and the idle parasite may become quite yellow as it grows, having practically given up photosynthesis.
370:
A mistletoe seed germinates on the branch of a host tree or shrub, and in its early stages of development it is independent of its host. It commonly has two or even four embryos, each producing its
563:, organisms that have a disproportionately pervasive influence over their community. A broad array of animals depend on mistletoe for food, consuming the leaves and young shoots, transferring
1472:"The pendant mistletoe, hung up to view / Reminds the youth, the duty youth should do: / While titt'ring maidens, to enhance their wishes / Entice the men to smother them with kisses...",
169:
Over the centuries, the term has been broadened to include many other species of parasitic plants with similar habits, found in other parts of the world, that are classified in different
349:
investigation. Therefore, their photosynthesis and transpiration only take place in their stems, limiting their demands on the host's supply of water, but also limiting their intake of
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has evolved at least twelve times among the vascular plants. Molecular data show the mistletoe habit has evolved independently five times within the
Santalales—first in the
166:
that it bears in clusters of two to six. The eastern mistletoe of North
America is similar, but has shorter, broader leaves and longer clusters of 10 or more berries.
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279:, some of which experience side effects including reduced growth, stunting, and loss of infested outer branches. A heavy infestation may also kill the host plant.
460:
Once a mistletoe plant is established on its host, it usually is possible to save a valuable branch by pruning and judicious removal of the wood invaded by the
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concluded that more juniper berries sprout in stands where mistletoe is present, as the mistletoe attracts berry-eating birds which also eat juniper berries.
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prepared from the plant being particularly dangerous. While adults may suffer little effect, these are more pronounced in small children and in animals.
464:, if the infection is caught early enough. Some species of mistletoe can regenerate if the pruning leaves any of the haustorium alive in the wood.
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Mistletoes are often considered pests that kill trees and devalue natural habitats, but some species have recently been recognized as ecological
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Torngren, T. S., E. J. Perry, and C. L. Elmore. 1980. Mistletoe
Control in Shade Trees. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2571
388:, which lives deep inside the sugar-transporting tissue of a spiny cactus, appearing only to show its tubular red flowers, and the genus
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between plants and dispersing the sticky seeds. In western North
America their juicy berries are eaten and spread by birds (notably the
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for some period of their life cycle. However, in some species its contribution is very nearly zero. For example, some species, such as
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its bill and squeezes the sticky-coated seed out to the side. The seed sticks to the beak and the bird wipes it off onto the branch.
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relegated purely to the supply of water and mineral nutrients and the physical support of the trunk. Such a tree may survive as a
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394:(dwarf mistletoe; Santalaceae) which has reduced photosynthesis; as an adult, it manufactures only a small proportion of the
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European mistletoe has smooth-edged, oval, evergreen leaves borne in pairs along the woody stem, and waxy, white
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have markedly more mistletoe species; Australia has 85, of which 71 are in
Loranthaceae, and 14 in Santalaceae.
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Proceedings of the VIth
International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops: Funchal, Portugal, June 11–15, 2007
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berry was to be plucked from the mistletoe, and the kissing must stop after all the berries had been removed.
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associated mistletoe with peace, love and understanding and hung it over doorways to protect the household.
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species) of western North America also make excellent locations for roosting and nesting of the northern
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effectively, and photosynthesis proceeds within their green, fleshy stems as well. Some species, such as
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2005:
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There are 1500 species of mistletoe, varying widely in toxicity to humans; the European mistletoe (
1572:"West-India Mistletoe ... receives the name of the God-Bush from the Negroes." J. Macfadyen,
886:
JH Westwood, JI Yoder, MP Timko, CW dePhamphilis (2010) "The evolution of parasitism in plants".
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1679:
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Parasitic Plant Connection. See families Misodendraceae, Loranthaceae, Santalaceae, and Viscaceae
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referred to mistletoe as "oak sperm". Also in Roman mythology, mistletoe was used by the hero
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796:"Australian Mistletoes: unwrapping the mysteries of these intriguing native plants (CISRO)"
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and in southern Africa, . There is also a wide variety of species in Australia. The genus
89:
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59:
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2010:
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as a decoration under which lovers are expected to kiss, as well as with protection from
219:). Further etymology is uncertain, but may be related to the Germanic base for 'mash'.
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1321:"Medicine and psychiatry in Western culture: Ancient Greek myths and modern prejudices"
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Deck the halls with wild, wonderful mistletoe, West Virginia Department of Agriculture
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The word 'mistletoe' derives from the older form 'mistle' adding the Old English word
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30:, which is a growth of the host plant's own tissue, rather than a parasite in itself.
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Mistletoe has been used historically in medicine for its supposed value in treating
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that penetrates the host tissue and takes water and nutrients from the host plant.
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Scientific Studies, Research and Clinical Trials on Mistletoe Treatment in Cancer
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1167:"An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya"
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826:, 28 August 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 US
694:
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In the Christian era, mistletoe in the Western world became associated with
536:
528:. Toxins are more concentrated in the leaves and berries of the plant, with
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Most mistletoe seeds are spread by birds that eat the 'seeds' (in actuality
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246:
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flowers (as with Santalaceae), but others have spectacularly showy, large,
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and much of Europe. A related species with red rather than white fruits,
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actively photosynthesizes until a connection to the host is established.
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2000:
1940:
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264:
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127:
1594:
Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants by Nickrent & Musselman
1588:
1297:
918:
WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens & MJ Donaghue (2002)
103:, through which they extract water and nutrients from the host plant.
67:
16:
Common name for various parasitic plants that grow on trees and shrubs
3361:
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2944:
2822:
2318:
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2020:
1801:
1230:, "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide"
669:
564:
509:
439:
395:
34:
196:
901:"The first mistletoes: origins of aerial parasitism in Santalales".
837:"Spread of European mistletoe (Viscum album) in California, U.S.A."
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66:
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1319:
Michele Fornaro, Nicoletta Clementi and Pantaleo Fornaro (2009).
126:, occurs in Southwest Spain and Southern Portugal, as well as in
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1764:
324:
208:
190:
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successfully parasitizes more than 200 tree and shrub species.
116:
in the order Santalales); it is the only species native to the
1653:
1246:
Susan Milius, "Mistletoe, of All Things, Helps Juniper Trees"
938:
B. A. Barlow (1983) A revision of the Viscaceae of Australia.
529:
405:
Some species of the largest family, Loranthaceae, have small,
381:
Species more or less obligate include the leafless quintral,
177:
of South America and the mainly southern hemisphere tropical
1671:
922:. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland Massachusetts, USA.
724:
holds a mistletoe festival and crowns a 'Mistletoe Queen'.
449:
Biochemically, viscin is a complex adhesive mix containing
823:
1398:
Diss. University of Wales, Trinity St David, 2014, p.55
195:(twig). 'Mistle' is common Germanic (Old High German
106:
The name mistletoe originally referred to the species
1425:"Tenbury Wells: Centuries-old romance with mistletoe"
1549:"Pucker up! Why do people kiss under the mistletoe?"
954:
952:
950:
948:
3375:
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3123:
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2133:
2044:
1921:
1775:
1264:"Mistletoe: The Evolution of a Christmas Tradition"
1160:
1158:
1156:
1071:. International Society for Horticultural Science.
626:
Viscum album § Culture, folklore and mythology
420:). Of the many bird species that feed on them, the
1000:
712:Mistletoe is the floral emblem of the US state of
648:cultures regarded the white berries as symbols of
1007:. University of California Press. 1959. pp.
609:are recorded as nesting in different mistletoes.
1396:Did the ancient Celts practice human sacrifice?
675:Mistletoe may have played an important role in
398:it needs from its own photosynthesis, but as a
214:
149:The eastern mistletoe native to North America,
146:was introduced to Northern California in 1900.
1542:
1540:
1488:
1486:
1290:"The Golden Bough: Mistletoe History and Lore"
660:, particularly, saw mistletoe as the semen of
1687:
516:. Less commonly they cause cardiac problems;
478:) is more toxic than the American mistletoe (
8:
1419:
1417:
155:, belongs to a distinct genus of the family
1371:"Mistletoe (Viscum album) - British Plants"
1150:at medicineplus; retrieved 17 December 2018
983:Susan Milius, "Botany under the Mistletoe"
835:F. G. Hawksworth and R. F. Scharpf (1986),
644:Mistletoe is relevant to several cultures.
238:and three times in the Santalaceae (in the
3065:
1694:
1680:
1672:
920:Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach
275:Mistletoe species grow on a wide range of
95:. They are attached to their host tree or
37:, the translation of a composite aircraft.
1346:
1336:
1192:
1182:
1171:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1135:at poison.org; retrieved 17 December 2018
1384:The Telegraph - The History of Mistletoe
1232:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1218:at thoughtco; retrieved 17 December 2018
961:South African parasitic flowering plants
345:scales, hardly visible without detailed
1476:(London), 24 December 1787 p.3 (poem),
899:R Vidal-Russell and DL Nickrent (2008)
822:USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (
756:
1030:Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (2002).
801:
256:, has 73 genera and over 900 species.
252:The largest family of mistletoes, the
3024:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1494:"Why do we kiss under the mistletoe?"
1143:
1141:
1128:
1126:
1036:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 869–.
904:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
323:Most of the Viscaceae bear evergreen
7:
1642:. Vol. 16 (9th ed.). 1883.
1165:O'Neill, A. R.; Rana, S. K. (2019).
840:European Journal of Forest Pathology
1033:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
716:and the flower of the UK county of
428:in southwestern North America, and
112:(European mistletoe, of the family
1602:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1102:. University of California - Davis
14:
1547:Norton, Lily (21 December 2010).
1520:"What's the deal with mistletoe?"
424:is the best-known in Europe, the
3445:
3444:
2900:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2795:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1656:The New Student's Reference Work
1518:Beam, Christopher (2011-12-14).
1423:Bethan Bell (10 December 2013).
576:popular name "witches' brooms".
341:conditions and their leaves are
249:, and the tribe Amphorogyneae).
2880:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2809:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2192:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1971:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1445:. First Printing. p. 119.
1216:Is mistletoe really poisonous?
57:) attached to a common aspen (
1:
2831:Christmas television specials
2730:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1817:Annunciation to the shepherds
1407:Kandela, Peter. "Mistletoe".
720:. Every year, the UK town of
298:because they do perform some
2885:Christmas and holiday season
1325:Annals of General Psychiatry
877:, 3rd edition, December 2000
652:, with the seeds resembling
500:) and their effects include
33:Not to be confused with the
990:.26/27 (December 2000:412).
681:Ritual of Oak and Mistletoe
240:former Santalalean families
3519:
1797:Adoration of the Shepherds
852:Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm.
808:: CS1 maint: url-status (
775:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
770:Plants of the World Online
623:
294:All mistletoe species are
99:by a structure called the
71:Mistletoe in an apple tree
39:
32:
25:
21:Mistletoe (disambiguation)
18:
3440:
3041:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2802:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2723:The Oxford Book of Carols
2299:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1862:Massacre of the Innocents
1711:
1668:Accessed 22 January 2018.
1478:The Approach of Christmas
1457:George Colman the Younger
1441:Mosteller, Angie (2010).
1184:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y
875:Oxford English Dictionary
672:to reach the underworld.
571:) while in Australia the
173:and families such as the
2843:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1431:. Accessed 2 April 2021.
612:A study of mistletoe in
40:Not to be confused with
26:Not to be confused with
3005:Small Business Saturday
2875:Black Friday (shopping)
2870:Black Friday (partying)
2364:Nine Lessons and Carols
2294:Events and celebrations
1639:Encyclopædia Britannica
1576:(1850), vol. II, p. 198
1133:Is Mistletoe poisonous?
959:Visser, Johann (1981).
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
78:is the common name for
2649:Post-War United States
1600:Phoradendron serotinum
1459:in the musical comedy
1411:358.9299 (2001): 2186.
1338:10.1186/1744-859X-8-21
854:"Deutsches Wörterbuch"
824:http://plants.usda.gov
641:
481:Phoradendron serotinum
312:, commonly species of
291:
152:Phoradendron leucarpum
72:
64:
2698:Hit singles in the US
2693:Hit singles in the UK
2254:Carols by Candlelight
2182:Santa Claus' daughter
1790:Adoration of the Magi
1294:The Symbol Dictionary
633:
555:Ecological importance
289:
201:, Middle High German
70:
50:
2990:Santa's Candy Castle
2314:Google Santa Tracker
1253:.1 (January 2002:6).
1011:–. GGKEY:5QX6L53RH1U
635:The Mistletoe Seller
579:The dense evergreen
51:European mistletoe (
19:For other uses, see
3493:Symbols of Oklahoma
2995:Santa Claus Village
2910:Christmas Mountains
2816:Journey of the Magi
1822:Baptism of the Lord
1394:Williams, Anarchy.
1148:Mistletoe poisoning
963:. Cape Town: Juta.
620:Cultural importance
601:. In Australia the
541:high blood pressure
455:mucopolysaccharides
290:Mistletoe in winter
3503:Plant common names
3105:Twelve-dish supper
2955:Jews and Christmas
2905:Christmas Lectures
2634:American Civil War
2369:NORAD Tracks Santa
1745:Saint Nicholas Day
1619:2007-10-08 at the
1607:2009-01-15 at the
765:"Viscum cruciatum"
699:witches and demons
642:
607:painted honeyeater
308:, that parasitize
292:
234:, but also in the
73:
65:
3498:Winter traditions
3460:
3459:
3436:
3435:
3100:Thirteen desserts
3020:Virginia O'Hanlon
2865:Advent Conspiracy
2779:Films (Christmas,
2771:A Christmas Carol
2716:Carols for Choirs
2259:Cavalcade of Magi
2239:Boar's Head Feast
1908:Star of Bethlehem
1879:Nativity of Jesus
1867:flight into Egypt
1752:St. Stephen's Day
1649:"Mistletoe"
1633:"Mistletoe"
1300:on 9 October 2018
1078:978-90-6605-200-0
1043:978-0-7614-7266-7
970:978-0-7021-1228-7
856:. Woerterbuchnetz
677:Druidic mythology
407:insect-pollinated
337:, are adapted to
138:is not native to
3510:
3483:Parasitic plants
3478:Medicinal plants
3473:Christmas plants
3452:
3448:
3447:
3283:Redcurrant sauce
3072:
3066:
3061:
3035:Winter festivals
2785:Christmas horror
2752:
2663:
2494:
2349:Meals and feasts
2269:Christmas jumper
2216:
2187:Santa's reindeer
2139:
2085:Father Christmas
2049:
2006:Santa's workshop
1927:
1889:in later culture
1767:
1760:
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1296:. Archived from
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888:Trends Plant Sci
884:
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833:
827:
820:
814:
813:
807:
799:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
761:
603:diamond firetail
599:marbled murrelet
585:dwarf mistletoes
561:keystone species
365:Viscum continuum
218:
212:
206:
200:
194:
123:Viscum cruciatum
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3432:
3398:Pickled herring
3371:
3340:
3287:
3278:Cranberry sauce
3261:
3240:
3216:Red velvet cake
3201:Poppy seed roll
3119:
3070:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3030:White Christmas
2920:Christmas truce
2915:Christmas seals
2895:Christmas creep
2857:
2855:
2849:
2750:
2744:
2661:
2655:
2492:
2486:
2339:Lord of Misrule
2274:Christmas Peace
2224:Advent calendar
2214:
2208:
2157:Knecht Ruprecht
2137:
2135:
2129:
2051:
2047:
2040:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1842:Herod the Great
1777:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1666:ANBG: Mistletoe
1646:
1630:
1621:Wayback Machine
1609:Wayback Machine
1585:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1553:livescience.com
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1283:
1273:
1271:
1270:. Dec. 21, 2011
1262:
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1237:(2001:219–249).
1228:David M. Watson
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830:
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789:
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763:
762:
758:
754:
734:Festive ecology
730:
628:
622:
581:witches' brooms
557:
470:
411:bird-pollinated
329:photosynthesise
273:
243:Eremolepidaceae
225:
187:
60:Populus tremula
45:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3329:Smoking Bishop
3321:
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3017:
3012:
3010:Super Saturday
3007:
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2992:
2987:
2982:
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2947:
2942:
2940:Giving Tuesday
2937:
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2897:
2892:
2890:Christmas club
2887:
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2745:
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2742:
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2740:
2737:Piae Cantiones
2733:
2726:
2719:
2709:
2703:Music charts (
2700:
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2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Père Fouettard
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2138:Saint Nicholas
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Grandpa Indian
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:Saint Nicholas
2054:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Old Man Winter
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Miner's figure
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Kallikantzaros
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1896:Nativity scene
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1854:
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1844:
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1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1731:Children's Day
1727:
1720:
1717:Blue Christmas
1712:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1644:
1628:
1623:
1611:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1583:External links
1581:
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815:
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750:
749:
748:
741:
736:
729:
726:
666:Ancient Greeks
650:male fertility
639:Adrien Barrère
621:
618:
583:formed by the
556:
553:
526:cardiac arrest
502:blurred vision
469:
466:
351:carbon dioxide
334:Viscum capense
305:Viscum minimum
300:photosynthesis
272:
269:
232:Misodendraceae
224:
221:
207:, Old English
186:
183:
175:Misodendraceae
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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3376:Meat and fish
3374:
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3355:
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3343:
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3314:Hot chocolate
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3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Ugly sweaters
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
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2928:
2926:
2925:Controversies
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2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
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2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:In literature
2758:
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2747:
2739:
2738:
2734:
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2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
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2629:United States
2627:
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2359:Moravian star
2357:
2355:
2354:Midnight Mass
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2244:Candle arches
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Advent wreath
2232:
2230:
2229:Advent candle
2227:
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2222:
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2136:Companions of
2132:
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2073:
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2068:
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2056:
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2048:Gift-bringers
2043:
2037:
2034:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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1928:
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1913:Twelfth Night
1911:
1909:
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1898:
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1874:Nativity Fast
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1832:Christmastide
1830:
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1807:Angel Gabriel
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739:Kissing bough
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719:
718:Herefordshire
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318:Euphorbiaceae
315:
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296:hemiparasites
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118:British Isles
115:
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83:hemiparasitic
81:
77:
69:
62:
61:
56:
55:
49:
43:
36:
29:
28:witch's broom
22:
3388:Gefilte fish
3336:Ponche crema
3171:Melomakarono
3039:
2930:Cyber Monday
2835:
2800:
2769:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2711:Music books
2704:
2542:Nazi Germany
2434:
2430:Secret Santa
2417:
2304:Flying Santa
2011:Tió de Nadal
1961:Korvatunturi
1812:Annunciation
1778:Christianity
1759:Sol Invictus
1655:
1637:
1599:
1573:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
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1328:
1324:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1293:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1250:
1248:Science News
1247:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1211:
1174:
1170:
1116:
1106:November 30,
1104:. Retrieved
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1067:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1032:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1003:Zulu Journal
1002:
995:
987:
985:Science News
984:
979:
960:
939:
934:
919:
914:
906:
903:
895:
887:
882:
874:
870:
860:November 30,
858:. Retrieved
847:
839:
831:
818:
790:
778:. Retrieved
768:
759:
745:Viscum album
743:
711:
707:
703:
692:
685:
674:
664:, while the
643:
634:
611:
590:Arceuthobium
588:
578:
558:
534:
522:hypertension
497:
490:Phoradendron
489:
479:
475:Viscum album
473:
471:
459:
453:strands and
448:
444:
429:
415:
404:
391:Arceuthobium
389:
382:
380:
369:
364:
359:
356:
332:
322:
303:
293:
281:Viscum album
280:
274:
254:Loranthaceae
251:
236:Loranthaceae
226:
213:, Old Norse
188:
179:Loranthaceae
168:
161:
150:
148:
144:Viscum album
143:
135:
132:North Africa
121:
109:Viscum album
107:
105:
75:
74:
58:
54:Viscum album
52:
3403:Roast goose
3324:Mulled wine
3304:Champurrado
3299:Apple cider
3273:Bread sauce
3226:Szaloncukor
3206:Pumpkin pie
3156:Gingerbread
3110:Smörgåsbord
2751:Other media
2589:Philippines
2579:New Zealand
2462:Twelve Days
2419:Räuchermann
2374:Nutcrackers
2324:Las Posadas
2284:Decorations
2264:Christingle
2204:Zwarte Piet
2199:Snegurochka
2120:Sinterklaas
2070:Santa Claus
1498:History.com
1268:Smithsonian
1100:"Mistletoe"
595:spotted owl
569:phainopepla
549:infertility
524:, and even
426:phainopepla
258:Subtropical
157:Santalaceae
114:Santalaceae
42:TOW missile
3488:Santalales
3467:Categories
3131:Candy cane
3080:Joulupöytä
2980:Pikkujoulu
2644:New Mexico
2493:By country
2467:Wassailing
2408:Poinsettia
2215:Traditions
2167:Mrs. Claus
2147:Belsnickel
2100:Julemanden
2095:Joulupukki
2026:Wenceslaus
1991:North Pole
1956:Jack Frost
1946:Christkind
1901:Neapolitan
1724:Boxing Day
1461:Two to One
1409:The Lancet
1177:(14): 14.
890:15:227-235
752:References
624:See also:
486:Phoratoxin
462:haustorium
451:cellulosic
376:haustorium
310:succulents
277:host trees
271:Life cycle
228:Parasitism
101:haustorium
93:Santalales
3418:Tourtière
3408:Romeritos
3345:Dumplings
3292:Beverages
3196:Pecan pie
3186:Panettone
3181:Pampushka
3176:Mince pie
3151:Fruitcake
3095:Réveillon
2975:NFL games
2970:NBA games
2965:In August
2935:Economics
2705:Billboard
2559:Indonesia
2502:Australia
2477:Yule goat
2452:Stockings
2386:Ornaments
2115:Père Noël
2110:Olentzero
2105:Noel Baba
2080:Ded Moroz
2036:Yule Lads
1976:Mari Lwyd
1827:Bethlehem
1704:Christmas
1524:slate.com
1474:The Times
1443:Christmas
1304:9 October
1274:9 October
942:6, 25–58.
909:, 523-37.
842:16(1):1-6
695:Christmas
537:arthritis
413:flowers.
384:Tristerix
372:hypocotyl
343:vestigial
339:semi-arid
314:Cactaceae
247:Viscaceae
185:Etymology
76:Mistletoe
3451:Category
3422:meat pie
3413:Stuffing
3367:Varenyky
3236:Yule log
3211:Qurabiya
3085:Julebord
3058:Food and
2985:SantaCon
2950:El Gordo
2837:Yule Log
2609:Scotland
2522:Ethiopia
2507:Colombia
2482:Yule log
2436:Spanbaum
2413:Pyramids
2279:Crackers
2177:Sack Man
2063:folklore
2031:Yule cat
1936:Badalisc
1926:folklore
1837:Epiphany
1617:Archived
1605:Archived
1429:BBC News
1357:19811642
1203:26912113
940:Brunonia
804:cite web
728:See also
714:Oklahoma
614:junipers
597:and the
545:epilepsy
518:seizures
514:vomiting
506:diarrhea
494:Tyramine
468:Toxicity
400:seedling
386:aphyllus
265:climates
262:tropical
80:obligate
3357:Pierogi
3352:Hallaca
3257:Borscht
3221:Stollen
3191:Pavlova
3166:Makówki
3146:Cozonac
3115:Wigilia
3000:Scrooge
2960:In July
2858:society
2790:Poetry
2624:Ukraine
2599:Romania
2564:Ireland
2554:Iceland
2549:Hungary
2537:Germany
2527:Finland
2517:England
2512:Denmark
2472:Windows
2403:Piñatas
2391:Parades
2344:Markets
2329:Letters
2319:Hampers
2162:Krampus
2001:Perchta
1941:Caganer
1661:. 1914.
1558:July 8,
1529:July 8,
1503:July 8,
1348:2762970
1194:4765049
780:4 April
679:in the
662:Taranis
431:Dicaeum
164:berries
128:Morocco
88:in the
3428:Turkey
3362:Tamale
3319:Kissel
3309:Eggnog
3266:Sauces
3252:Menudo
3231:Turrón
3141:Cookie
3124:Sweets
3090:Kūčios
3071:Dinner
2945:Grinch
2856:modern
2823:Tomten
2782:Santa,
2765:novels
2683:Operas
2671:Carols
2639:Hawaii
2619:Sweden
2614:Serbia
2604:Russia
2594:Poland
2584:Norway
2574:Mexico
2532:France
2447:Stamps
2442:Szopka
2334:Lights
2289:Didukh
2125:Others
2075:Befana
2021:Vertep
1884:in art
1852:Joseph
1802:Advent
1658:
1463:(1784)
1355:
1345:
1331:: 21.
1201:
1191:
1084:17 May
1075:
1049:17 May
1040:
1015:17 May
967:
926:
688:Romans
670:Aeneas
656:. The
565:pollen
510:nausea
498:Viscum
492:) and
440:viscin
418:drupes
396:sugars
360:Viscum
325:leaves
223:Groups
216:mistil
210:mistel
204:mistel
198:mistil
171:genera
142:, but
136:Viscum
86:plants
35:Mistel
3161:Kutia
3060:drink
2688:Songs
2662:Music
2569:Italy
2425:Seals
2379:dolls
2309:Gifts
2249:Cards
2152:Elves
2016:Turoń
1986:Nisse
1951:Grýla
1847:Jesus
658:Celts
654:semen
646:Pagan
327:that
97:shrub
90:order
3383:Carp
3245:Soup
3136:Cake
3047:Xmas
2676:list
2457:Tree
2396:list
1857:Mary
1766:Yule
1560:2015
1531:2015
1505:2015
1353:PMID
1306:2018
1276:2018
1199:PMID
1108:2014
1086:2013
1073:ISBN
1051:2013
1038:ISBN
1017:2013
965:ISBN
924:ISBN
862:2014
810:link
782:2018
686:The
605:and
547:and
530:teas
512:and
496:(in
488:(in
260:and
245:and
3393:Ham
1923:In
1343:PMC
1333:doi
1251:161
1189:PMC
1179:doi
1009:114
988:158
637:by
316:or
192:tān
130:in
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