216:
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Switzerland, etc. That does not make him a citizen of these countries any more than it makes him an Indian. Moreover, given the tense political realities of the region, King should have been careful and sensitive before proclaiming him as such, as he has denied a dead man his conscious decision of statehood. Khan chose to be resident in
Pakistan and contrary to King's assertion that he offered no political opinions, Khan was a patriot and believed firmly in Pakistan, a homeland created for South Asia's Muslim population in 1947.
498:
25.Kd2 Qc4 26.Be2 Qb3 27.Rab1 Kf7 28.Rhc1 Ke7 29.Rc3 Qa4 30.b4 Qd7 31.Rbc1 a6 32.Rg1 Qa4 33.Rgc1 Qd7 34.h5 Kd8 35.R1c2 Qh3 36.Kc1 Qh4 37.Kb2 Qh3 38.Rc1 Qh4 39.R3c2 Qh3 40.a4 Qh4 41.Ka3 Qh3 42.Bg3 Qf5 43.Bh4 g6 44.h6 Qd7 45.b5 a5 46.Bg3 Qf5 47.Bf4 Qh3 48.Kb2 Qg2 49.Kb1 Qh3 50.Ka1 Qg2 51.Kb2 Qh3 52.Rg1 Bc8 53.Rc6 Qh4 54.Rgc1 Bg4 55.Bf1 Qh5 56.Re1 Qh1 57.Rec1 Qh5 58.Kc3 Qh4 59.Bg3 Qxg5 60.Kd2 Qh5 61.Rxb6 Ke7 62.Rb7+ Ke6 63.b6 Nf6 64.Bb5 Qh3 65.Rb8
399:, colds, influenza, and throat infections, often arriving to play with his neck swathed in bandages. Sir Umar died in 1944. Sultan Khan lived for the rest of his life with his family in Sargodha. Ather Sultan, his eldest son, recalled that he would not coach his children at chess, telling them that they should do something more useful with their lives.
395:, also a servant of Sir Umar, had won the British Ladies Championship in 1933 by a remarkable three-point margin, scoring ten wins, one draw, and no losses. She said that Sultan Khan, upon his return to India, felt as though he had been freed from prison. In the damp English climate, he had been continually afflicted with
410:, Pakistan (the same district where he had been born) on 25 April 1966. Sultan Khan's son Ather Sultan is a graduate of the London School of Economics and retired as an Inspector General of Police from the Government of Pakistan. His granddaughter, Atiyab Sultan, holds a doctorate from the University of Cambridge.
521:
at Liège 1930: 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 b6 3.c4 e6 4.g3 Bb7 5.Bg2 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 Bxd2+ 7.Nbxd2 0-0 8.0-0 c5 9.Qc2 Nc6 10.dxc5 bxc5 11.e4 Qc7 12.Rfe1 d6 13.Rac1 h6 14.a3 Nd7 15.Qc3 a5 16.Nh4 g5 17.Qe3 Qd8 18.Nhf3 Qe7 19.h3 Rab8 20.b3 Ba8 21.Nb1 Nde5 22.a4 Nxf3+ 23.Bxf3 Nd4 24.Bd1 f5 25.exf5 Rxf5 26.Rc3 Rbf8 27.Rf1
497:
against
Capablanca at Hastings 1930–31: 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4 b6 3.c4 Bb7 4.Nc3 e6 5.a3 d5 6.cxd5 exd5 7.Bg5 Be7 8.e3 0-0 9.Bd3 Ne4 10.Bf4 Nd7 11.Qc2 f5 12.Nb5 Bd6 13.Nxd6 cxd6 14.h4 Rc8 15.Qb3 Qe7 16.Nd2 Ndf6 17.Nxe4 fxe4 18.Be2 Rc6 19.g4 Rfc8 20.g5 Ne8 21.Bg4 Rc1+ 22.Kd2 R8c2+ 23.Qxc2 Rxc2+ 24.Kxc2 Qc7+
733:
for the first 44 years of his life (1903-47) and then a very proud
Pakistani citizen from 1947 till his demise in 1966. He had no connection with the country that is now India other than for transit during travel or to play tournament matches, something that he also did in England, Czech republic,
380:, the maharajah had been granted special permission to drink intoxicating beverages, and he made liberal use of this dispensation. He presented us with a four-page printed biography telling of his life and exploits; so far as we could see his greatest achievement was to have been born a maharajah.
1200:
FIDE awarded
Rubinstein the International Grandmaster title on its first title list in 1950. Elo, p. 65. It awarded Torre the International Master title in 1963 and the International Grandmaster title in 1977, and Khan the Grandmaster title in 2024. Sunnucks, p. 462; Elo, p. 189. Elo lists Sultan
182:
three times in four attempts (1929, 1932, 1933), and had tournament and match results that placed him among the top ten players in the world. Sir Umar then brought him back to his homeland, where he gave up chess and returned to cultivate his ancestral farmlands in the area which became
371:
The story of the Indian Sultan Khan turned out to be a most unusual one. The "Sultan" was not the term of status that we supposed it to be; it was merely a first name. He spoke
English poorly and kept score in Hindustani. It was said that he could not even read the European notations.
796:"Caretaker Prime Minister Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar receives an award conferred upon Late Mir Sultan Khan, a Chess player, posthumously from the President of International Chess Federation Mr. Arkady Dvorkovich and President Asian Chess Federation Mr. Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan"
375:
After the tournament the
American team was invited to the home of Sultan Khan's master in London. When we were ushered in we were greeted by the maharajah with the remark, "It is an honor for you to be here; ordinarily I converse only with my greyhounds." Although he was a
795:
449:
which, by nature empirical, cannot be learned by the application of common sense alone. Under these adverse circumstances, and having known international chess for a mere seven years, only half of which was spent in Europe, Sultan Khan nevertheless had few peers in the
545:
Coles writes, "Sultan has unwittingly chosen one of the more hazardous openings against a master with a record of brilliancies in open games, and as will be seen
Marshall is psychologically unable to resist a try for a brilliancy against this inexperienced opponent."
444:
When Sultan Khan first travelled to Europe his
English was so rudimentary that he needed an interpreter. Unable to read or write, he never studied any books on the game, and he was put into the hands of trainers who were also his rivals in play. He never mastered
251:
from his father at the age of nine. By the time he was 21 he was considered the strongest player in Punjab. At that time, Sir Umar took him into his household with the idea of teaching him the
European version of the game and introducing him to European master
333:, there was still no rule that teams must put their best player on the top board, and some teams, unconvinced of his strength, matched their second or even third-best player against him. He scored nine wins, four draws, and four losses (64.7%). At
49:
647:
357:, he had his worst result, an even score, winning four games, drawing six, and losing four. Once again, his opponents included the world's best players, such as Alekhine, Flohr, Kashdan, Tartakower, Grünfeld, Ståhlberg, and
694:
Formally speaking, he was a
British subject from 1903-1947 and then a proud Pakistani citizen till his demise in 1966. As such, he is a Pakistani asset and deserves an honourable mention in the sporting history of the
639:
433:, Sultan Khan had not played for 15 years. However, FIDE made a practice of awarding titles to some long-retired players who had distinguished careers earlier in their lives, such as Rubinstein and
1487:
384:
In December 1933, Sir Umar took him back to India. In 1935, he won a match against V. K. Khadilkar, yielding just one draw in ten games. The chess world never heard from him again.
282:
Returning to Europe in May 1930, Sultan Khan began an international chess career that included wins over many of the world's leading players. His best results were second to
318:. Sultan Khan again won the British Championship in 1932 and 1933. In matches he narrowly defeated Tartakower in 1931 (+4−3=5) and narrowly lost to Flohr in 1932 (+1−2=3).
716:
1452:
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players, and one of the world's best ten players. This achievement brought admiration from Capablanca who called him a genius, an accolade he rarely bestowed.
337:, he faced a much stronger field. He had an outstanding result, scoring eight wins, seven draws, and two losses (67.6%). This included wins against Flohr and
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In the spring of 1929, Sir Umar took him to London, where a training tournament was organized for his benefit. Due to his inexperience and lack of
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620:
291:
215:
467:
418:
In his brief but meteoric career, Sultan Khan rose to the top of the chess world, playing on even terms with the world's best players. By
170:, who was the strongest Asian player of the early 1930s. The son of a Muslim landlord and preacher, Khan travelled with Colonel Nawab Sir
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178:), to Britain, where he took the chess world by storm. In an international chess career of less than five years (1929–33), he won the
1175:
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81:
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Sultan Khan is often accorded two other names, Mir Malik, but these are honorific. Mir is akin to addressing someone as 'sir'
272:
1492:
530:
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31:
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He was born in Pakistan's side of the Punjab and died there as a Pakistan citizen due to tuberculosis in 1966.
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to be held that summer. To everyone's surprise, he won. Soon afterwards, he went back to India with Sir Umar.
462:
FIDE awarded the title of Honorary Grandmaster to Khan posthumously on February 2, 2024. FIDE president
171:
1447:
1442:
590:
19. Bxd3 Nd4 20. Qxh7 a6 21. Bxe3 Qxe3+ 22. Kb1 Nc6 23. Qe4 Qh6 24. c3 Bd6 25. h4 Ne5 26. Bc2 Qe6 1–0
518:
430:
470:
346:
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537:, but Sultan Khan defends coolly. His biographer calls his play "a wonderful example of
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275:. After the tournament, Winter and Yates trained with him to help prepare him for the
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422:'s calculation, his playing strength during his five-year peak was equivalent to an
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77:
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1213:"PAKISTAN'S RECEIVES FIRST CHESS GRAND MASTER AWARD GIVEN TO LATE MIR SULTAN KHAN"
644:
How ‘Sultan’ of Indian chess won over Brits, beat Capablanca - The Times of India
576:
Not 16.Bxe3?? Bxe3+, winning. Now 16...Qxd5 17.Nxd5 Rxd5 18.Bc4! leaves White an
548:
6. Bd2 d5 7. exd5 Nxd5 8. Nxd5 Qxd5 9. Ne2 Bg4 10. Nf4 Qd7 11. f3 0-0-0 12. 0-0-0
1080:
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59:
612:
Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire
219:
Sultan Khan with his trophy after winning the British Chess Championship (1932)
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have called him "perhaps the greatest natural player of modern times". In 2024
17:
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315:
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In 1950, when FIDE first awarded the titles of International Grandmaster and
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Allowing the queen to interpose on d1 if Black plays the queen sacrifice.
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Marshall insists on a piece sacrifice rather than retreating the bishop.
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30:
This article is about the South Asian chess player. For other uses, see
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256:. In 1928, he won the all-India championship, scoring eight wins, one
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673:
1400:
BritBase – List of all British Chess Champions from 1904 to present
713:' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review - Chess.com
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BritBase: Chess Games played by Mir Sultan Khan, from 1928 to 1935
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267:, he did poorly, tying for last place with H. G. Conde, behind
1426:
Rear Window - Indian chess champions of the early 20th century
640:"How 'Sultan' of Indian chess won over Brits, beat Capablanca"
1076:
1074:
187:. He lived there before dying in his sixties in the city of
147:, 1903 – 25 April 1966; often given the erroneous honorific
1247:"This is Sultan Khan - the Servant who Defeated Champions"
529:
In this game from Liège 1930, long-time American champion
709:"' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review"
1201:
Khan on a list of "Untitled Chessmasters". Elo, p. 195.
1234:
FIDE delegation meets with Pakistan's President and PM
493:
Probably Sultan Khan's most famous game is his win as
543:
1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. Qxd4 Nc6 4. Qe3 Nf6 5. Nc3 Be7
1384:
Mir Sultan Khan: online games collection (BritBase)
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776:(2nd ed. 1992), Oxford University Press, p. 402.
672:Dr Atiyab Sultan and Ather Sultan (17 May 2020).
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678:CHESS: THE WRATH OF KHAN - Newspaper - DAWN.COM
203:posthumously awarded him the title of Honorary
1363:(2nd ed. 1977), British Chess Magazine, p. 52.
1267:"Sultan Khan vs. Capablanca, Hastings 1930–31"
294:1930–31 (+5−2=2) behind future World Champion
1488:Infectious disease deaths in Punjab, Pakistan
816:Sultan, Ather; Sultan, Atiyab (17 May 2020).
8:
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1189:The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
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550:Avoiding the complications of 12.fxg4 Bh4+.
1294:"Soultanbeieff vs. Sultan Khan, Liege 1930"
454:, was among the world's best two or three
143:
47:
38:
1217:Ministry of Inter-Provincial Coordination
533:(Black) tries to add to his long list of
513:Sultan Khan won this crushing victory as
306:1932 (+10−3=2); and a tie for third with
927:, David McKay, 1934, pp. 278–79, 331–32.
302:; fourth at Hastings 1931–32; fourth at
1211:Fawad, Fawad Hassan (2 February 2024).
1060:, New York, 1958, pp. 24–25, quoted in
601:
1321:"Sultan Khan vs. Marshall, Liege 1930"
729:Formally speaking, Sultan Khan was a
310:at London 1932, behind World Champion
1453:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1223:from the original on 2 February 2024.
7:
586:16... Qe7 17. Qf5+ Kb8 18. Nd3 Rdxd3
468:Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan
1168:Chess Personalia: A Biobibliography
976:, Dover Publications, 1979, p. 50.
855:, St. Martin's Press, 1970, p. 443.
719:from the original on 11 August 2021
650:from the original on 11 August 2021
568:Qxd2+! 15.Rxd2 Re1+ and mate next.
142:
875:, Crown Publishing, 1977, p. 313.
794:Rehman, Zia Ur (2 February 2024).
707:Dr Atiyab Sultan (30 April 2020).
341:and draws with Alekhine, Kashdan,
25:
947:"Sultan Khan - Tartakower (1931)"
684:from the original on 25 July 2021
646:. Times of India. 21 April 2020.
517:against the Russo-Belgian player
1191:, Arco Publishing, 1978, p. 195.
873:Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess
772:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld,
223:Sultan Khan was born in 1903 in
1483:Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan
1129:Hooper & Whyld, pp. 402–03.
440:Hooper and Whyld write of him:
1417:essay by Hartosh Singh Bal at
1:
1473:People from Sargodha District
1085:The World's Great Chess Games
774:The Oxford Companion to Chess
609:King, Daniel (8 April 2020).
588:"Tantamount to resignation."
1393:player profile and games at
32:Sultan Khan (disambiguation)
1170:, McFarland, 1987, p. 412.
1145:Hooper & Whyld, p. 403.
235:(then British India, today
1514:
1478:20th-century chess players
1468:Chess Olympiad competitors
936:Sergeant, pp. 279–81, 331.
925:A Century of British Chess
853:The Encyclopaedia of Chess
674:"CHESS: THE WRATH OF KHAN"
480:
321:Sultan Khan thrice played
298:and former World Champion
277:British Chess Championship
247:and landlords. He learned
162:) was a chess player from
29:
974:Chess Olympiads 1927–1968
818:"CHESS:The Wrath of Khan"
166:, and later a citizen of
46:
1429:, short documentary film
487:to describe chess moves.
27:South Asian Chess Master
1458:Pakistani chess players
1120:Sergeant, pp. 281, 338.
1087:, Dover, 1983, p. 181.
466:presented the award to
1415:The Ramanujan of Chess
564:Not falling for 14.Qb3
460:
382:
220:
1463:British chess players
1058:Lessons From My Games
442:
369:
265:theoretical knowledge
218:
1493:Indian chess players
559:13. fxg4 Bb4 14. Qf2
519:Victor Soultanbeieff
431:International Master
402:Sultan Khan died of
300:José Raúl Capablanca
180:British Championship
1035:Coles, pp. 18, 120.
592:Black lost on time.
471:Anwaar ul Haq Kakar
284:Savielly Tartakower
1498:Chess Grandmasters
1421:, 28 February 2011
1066:Sultan Khan (2003)
951:www.chessgames.com
921:Philip W. Sergeant
574:15... Re3 16. Qd5!
570:14... Bc5 15. Qf3!
522:Rf3! 28.Bxf3 Rxf3
485:algebraic notation
483:This section uses
312:Alexander Alekhine
221:
124:(posthumous, 2024)
1236:, 5 February 2024
963:Coles, pp. 42–43.
911:Sunnucks, p. 444.
622:978-90-5691-876-7
541:under pressure":
464:Arkady Dvorkovich
260:, and no losses.
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104:(aged 62–63)
16:(Redirected from
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347:Gideon Ståhlberg
339:Akiba Rubinstein
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90:Khushab District
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526:White resigned.
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355:Folkestone 1933
351:Efim Bogolyubov
327:Chess Olympiads
325:for England at
290:1930; third at
273:Frederick Yates
239:), to a Muslim
213:
172:Umar Hayat Khan
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414:Chess strength
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367:wrote of him:
343:Ernst Grünfeld
269:William Winter
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144:میاں سلطان خان
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1111:Coles, p. 11.
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1062:Edward Winter
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1008:Coles, p. 67.
1005:
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996:Coles, p. 18.
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865:Raymond Keene
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849:Anne Sunnucks
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680:. DAWN News.
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477:Notable games
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164:British India
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100:25 April 1966
99:
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86:British India
83:
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60:British India
58:
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33:
19:
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1330:. Retrieved
1324:
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1164:Jeremy Gaige
1159:
1154:Coles, p. 8.
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825:. Retrieved
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535:brilliancies
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428:
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404:tuberculosis
401:
391:
383:
374:
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331:Hamburg 1930
320:
281:
262:
249:Indian chess
225:Mitha Tiwana
222:
211:Chess career
193:David Hooper
175:
155:
148:
130:
129:
102:(1966-04-25)
78:Mitha Tiwana
36:
1448:1966 deaths
1443:1903 births
1409:Sultan Khan
1391:Sultan Khan
1081:Reuben Fine
1054:Reuben Fine
393:Miss Fatima
365:Reuben Fine
335:Prague 1931
323:first board
205:Grandmaster
160:Sultan Khan
152:Sultan Khan
131:Sultan Khan
122:Grandmaster
92:, Pakistan)
67:(1947–1966)
62:(1903–1947)
42:Sultan Khan
1437:Categories
1332:6 February
1305:26 January
1278:26 January
871:(editor),
801:2 February
597:References
552:12... Rhe8
539:sang-froid
452:middlegame
424:Elo rating
388:Later life
378:Mohammedan
316:Salo Flohr
243:family of
113:, Pakistan
723:11 August
688:11 August
654:11 August
426:of 2530.
420:Arpad Elo
1221:Archived
717:Archived
695:country.
682:Archived
648:Archived
580:exchange
506:resigned
447:openings
408:Sargodha
296:Max Euwe
292:Hastings
237:Pakistan
233:Sargodha
189:Sargodha
185:Pakistan
176:Sir Umar
168:Pakistan
107:Sargodha
65:Pakistan
1252:YouTube
827:12 June
584:ahead.
456:endgame
397:malaria
229:Khushab
135:Punjabi
88:(today
56:Country
1411:(2003)
1174:
1091:
980:
879:
780:
619:
502:Black
349:, and
111:Punjab
82:Punjab
515:Black
495:White
353:. At
329:. At
288:Liège
254:chess
158:Malik
118:Title
1334:2009
1307:2009
1280:2009
1172:ISBN
1089:ISBN
978:ISBN
877:ISBN
829:2020
822:Dawn
803:2024
778:ISBN
725:2021
690:2021
656:2021
617:ISBN
314:and
304:Bern
271:and
258:draw
245:pirs
241:Awan
201:FIDE
195:and
156:Mir
139:Urdu
137:and
97:Died
75:1903
72:Born
524:0–1
500:1–0
406:in
286:at
154:or
150:Mir
1439::
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1342:^
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