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579:. Due to the widespread corruption of her husband's term, resulting in his impeachment, thousands of voters crossed party lines in the general election to vote for the Republican candidate. Republicans usually took between 11,000 and 30,000 votes for governor, but Butte won nearly 300,000 votes, many of them from women and suffragists. It was still primarily a Democratic state, and Ferguson received 422,563 votes (58.9 percent) to Butte's 294,920 (41.1 percent). Butte had been supported in the general election by former governor
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in 1932 by publicly supporting
Governor Ross Sterling in his re-election campaign over "Ma" Ferguson. Immediately after taking office in January 1933, she proceeded to discharge all serving Rangers. The force also saw its salaries and funds slashed by the Texas Legislature, and their numbers reduced further to 32 men. The result was that Texas became a safe hideout for the many Depression-era gangsters escaping from the law, such as
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conclusions, but the basic underlying facts were simple: the criminality levels in Texas were extremely high, and the state's means to fight them were underfunded, undermanned, loose, disorganized and obsolete. The consultants' recommendation, besides increasing funding, was to introduce a whole reorganization of state security agencies; especially, to merge the
Rangers with the Texas Highway Patrol under a new agency called the
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617:, who had investigated her husband for embezzlement and recovered $ 1 million for Texas citizens, ran against her in a run-off election. He defeated her to become the next and then-youngest governor of Texas. Suffragist activism provided a major contribution to her defeat, as these women rallied behind Moody and campaigned for him.
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but also pushed for a state sales tax and corporate income tax. She is often credited with a quote allegedly referring to bilingualism in Texas schools: "If
English was good enough for Jesus Christ, it ought to be good enough for the children of Texas." Variations of this statement have been dated to
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were no exception. The number of commissioned officers in the law-enforcement agency was reduced to 45, and the only means of transportation afforded to
Rangers were free railroad passes, or using their personal horses. The situation worsened for the Rangers when they entangled themselves in politics
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published a pamphlet criticizing the former governor's numerous pardons of prisoners. Though never proven, rumors persisted that pardons were available in exchange for cash payments to the governor's husband. In 1936, voters passed an amendment to the state constitution stripping the governor of the
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The general disorganization of law enforcement in the state convinced the members of the
Legislature that a thorough revision of the public security system was in order, and with that purpose it hired the services of a consulting firm from Chicago. The resulting report yielded many worrying
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During her campaign, she said that voters would get "two governors for the price of one". Her speeches at rallies consisted of introducing him and letting him take the platform. A common campaign slogan was, "Me for Ma, and I Ain't Got a Durned Thing
Against Pa." Patricia Bernstein of the
694:(DPS). After deliberating, the Legislature agreed with the suggestion. The resolution that created the new state law enforcement agency was passed in 1935 under the next governor of Texas, James V. Allred, and with an initial budget of $ 450,000, the DPS became operational on August 10.
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A House committee investigated the rumors, but no charges were ever filed. The Great
Depression forced both the federal and state governments to cut down on personnel and funding of their organizations, and the
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Ferguson issued almost 4,000 pardons during her two nonconsecutive terms in office, many of them to free persons who had been convicted of violating prohibition laws. In 1930, between
Ferguson's terms, the
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Her nickname, "Ma", came from her initials, "M. A.", and the fact that her husband was known as "Pa" Ferguson. They had two daughters: Ouida
Wallace Ferguson, and Dorrace Watt Ferguson.
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Ferguson's second term as governor was less controversial than her first. It was rumored that state highway contracts went only to companies that advertised in the
Fergusons' newspaper, the
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of her late husband two weeks before Ferguson's inauguration, though Ross and Ferguson won their respective elections on the same day. Ferguson's campaign manager was Homer T. Brannon of
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454:: from 1925 to 1927, and from 1933 to 1935. She was the first female governor of Texas, and the second woman elected to the governorship of any U.S. state to assume office, after
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nomination for governor and was successful, openly supported by her husband, whom she said she would consult for advice. She ran for office in the 1924 general election.
538:(who would, incidentally, succeed her as Governor in 1927 after her first term) for actions that had been taken against the University of Texas. The Texas State Senate
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from Texas. He fared more strongly than most Texas Republican candidates did in that period, but did not match Butte's 1924 showing against Ferguson.
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in 1940, the Fergusons remained retired from political life after 1935. In the 1940 campaign, Ma Ferguson trailed O'Daniel's principal rival,
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1881, and were often used to ridicule the claimed backwardness of various unnamed Christians. Ferguson did not originate the quote.
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Her husband served as Governor of Texas from 1915 to 1917. During his second term, he was investigated by State Attorney General
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was called, remains a controversial subject in Texas. As governor, she tackled some of the tougher issues of the day. Though a
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power to issue pardons and granting that power to a politically independent Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles (see
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stated "There was never a question in anyone’s mind as to who was really running things when Ma was governor."
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1237:"Do Such Acts of Fergusonism Assure Your Home, Your Sister and Your Friends Safety...? (Campaign pamphlet)"
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In October 1933, Ferguson signed into law Texas House Bill 194, which was instrumental in establishing the
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450:; June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961) was an American politician who served two non-consecutive terms as the
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After her victory in the Democratic primary, Ferguson defeated George C. Butte, a prominent lawyer and
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him, convicted him on ten charges, and prohibited him from holding state office in Texas again.
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was elected as President of the United States. Bullington was a cousin of the first wife of
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In 1924, Ma Ferguson became the first elected female chief executive of Texas. She was the
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After her husband's impeachment and conviction, Ma Ferguson ran in the primary for the
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Ferguson ran again in 1932. She narrowly won the Democratic nomination over incumbent
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1271:(1954). "Ch. 7: Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson: 'Pa' & 'Ma' of the Lone Star State".
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in 1961 at the age of 86. She was buried in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.
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Edwina Crockett Snider, Ferguson's social secretary (as First Lady of Texas)
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second elected female state governor in the United States to assume office
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1081:"Opinion: Congress should learn from Texas' history of executive pardons"
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like her husband, she aligned herself with the "wets" in the battle over
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Her husband, James, died of a stroke in 1944. Miriam Ferguson died from
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918:"Mrs. Jane McCallum Still Fights for Old Ideals – Recognition of Women"
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Texas State Libraries and Archives Commission: "Pardons and Paroles"
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Coppedge, Clay (March 25, 2007). "'Ma' elected governor of Texas".
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844:"Portraits of Texas Governors: The Politics of Personality"
1108:"Junior Chamber Honors Youngest Texan Governor (1936)"
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List of female state governors in the United States
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1167:. Intercultural Development Research Association.
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216:January 20, 1925 – January 18, 1927
171:January 17, 1933 – January 15, 1935
2222:Lucadia Christiana Niles Pease (1867–1869)
495:Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson was born in
268:January 19, 1915 – August 25, 1917
2554:Women state governors of the United States
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1193:"Ma Ferguson, the apocryphal know-nothing"
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776:Monument to the Governors Ferguson at the
720:"Fergusonism," as the Fergusons' brand of
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1140:. UH Alumni Organization. Archived from
1079:Bernstein, Patricia (January 21, 2021).
1040:. Texas State Library | TSLAC. p. 2
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2564:20th-century American women politicians
2544:University of Mary Hardin–Baylor alumni
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1275:American Demagogues: Twentieth Century
1165:All Pianos Have Keys and Other Stories
1138:"Discover UH's Heritage & History"
1218:
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1017:. Texas State Historical Association.
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575:gubernatorial nominee in Texas since
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2519:American political bosses from Texas
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1009:John D. Huddleston (June 12, 2010).
489:Daughters Ouida and Dorrace Ferguson
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2534:First ladies and gentlemen of Texas
2529:Democratic Party governors of Texas
1235:McCallum, Jane Y. (July 21, 1930).
637:, then soundly defeated Republican
1279:. Beacon Press. pp. 153–181.
916:Bishop, Curtis (August 31, 1953).
571:dean who emerged as the strongest
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2559:20th-century American politicians
2464:Rita Crocker Clements (1987–1991)
2252:Frances Wickliffe Edwards Roberts
1112:Texas Archive of the Moving Image
1011:"Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace"
951:American Political Science Review
743:Ferguson has been described as a
692:Texas Department of Public Safety
2177:Margaret Lea Houston (1859–1861)
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867:"Ma Ferguson, A Puppet Governor"
613:In 1926, state attorney general
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419:University of Mary Hardin-Baylor
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2524:Burials at Texas State Cemetery
507:. When she was 24, she married
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47:needs additional citations for
27:American politician (1875–1961)
2539:People from Bell County, Texas
2385:Merle Estella Butcher O'Daniel
2371:James E. Ferguson (1933–1935)
2268:Elizabeth Dorothy Tinsley Ross
2170:Lucadia Christiana Niles Pease
1034:"Votes for Women! – Aftermath"
138:Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson
18:Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson
1:
621:1932 election and second term
2441:Betty Jane Slaughter Briscoe
2228:Anne Elizabeth Britton Davis
1201:. University of Pennsylvania
701:as a four-year institution.
546:1924 election and first term
515:, at her father's farm near
2417:Jean Houston Baldwin Daniel
1225:retrieved October 20, 2011.
805:Texas Railroad Commissioner
762:Capital punishment in Texas
754:Secretary of State of Texas
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2183:Martha Melissa Evans Clark
2154:Martha Evans Gindratt Wood
2092:First ladies and gentlemen
1163:Cárdenas, José A. (1994).
945:Stewart, Frank M. (1930).
676:George "Machine Gun" Kelly
2284:Sallie Harrison Culberson
2162:Laura A. Hooker Henderson
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2207:Mary Jane Bowen Hamilton
1362:Party political offices
1015:Handbook of Texas Online
812:congestive heart failure
2549:Women in Texas politics
2409:Marialice Shary Shivers
2377:Joe Betsy Miller Allred
2300:Sarah Beona Meng Lanham
2260:Anna Maria Penn Ireland
2215:Ann Rattan Throckmorton
2199:Sue Ellen Taylor Murrah
793:W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel
2316:Alice Murrell Colquitt
2308:Fannie Bruner Campbell
2276:Sarah Ann Stinson Hogg
947:"Impeachment in Texas"
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530:Early political career
289:Alice Murrell Colquitt
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2449:Rita Crocker Clements
2401:Mable Buchanan Jester
2244:Janie Roberts Hubbard
2236:Mary Evans Horne Coke
2146:Frances Cox Henderson
1066:Temple Daily Telegram
846:. Texas State Library
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699:University of Houston
647:Franklin D. Roosevelt
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594:had been sworn in as
509:James Edward Ferguson
505:Baylor Female College
320:Miriam Amanda Wallace
2393:Fay Wright Stevenson
2356:Mildred Paxton Moody
2292:Orline Walton Sayers
2119:Margaret Lea Houston
1528:lieutenant governors
925:The Austin Statesman
778:Texas State Cemetery
713:Bust of Ferguson by
391:; died
71:"Miriam A. Ferguson"
56:improve this article
2478:Anita Thigpen Perry
2332:Willie Cooper Hobby
2191:Adele Baron Lubbock
1975:T. W. Davidson
1950:A. B. Davidson
1865:J. W. Flanagan
1345:First Lady of Texas
1269:Luthin, Reinhard H.
745:fiscal conservative
569:University of Texas
301:Willie Cooper Hobby
256:First Lady of Texas
204:James Burr V Allred
2364:Maud Gage Sterling
2340:Myrtle Mainer Neff
2324:Miriam A. Ferguson
2111:Hannah Este Burnet
1433:Political offices
1191:(April 29, 2006).
797:Ernest O. Thompson
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732:. She opposed the
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705:Views and policies
639:Orville Bullington
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592:Nellie Tayloe Ross
521:Bell County, Texas
497:Bell County, Texas
456:Nellie Tayloe Ross
333:Bell County, Texas
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2348:James E. Ferguson
2103:Republic of Texas
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1482:Succeeded by
1475:Governor of Texas
1455:Succeeded by
1448:Governor of Texas
1423:Succeeded by
1414:Governor of Texas
1390:Succeeded by
1381:Governor of Texas
1352:Succeeded by
1320:Handbook of Texas
1174:978-1-878550-53-8
1118:on March 31, 2019
1086:Houston Chronicle
1038:www.tsl.texas.gov
768:Post-governorship
715:Enrico Cerracchio
608:Fort Worth, Texas
561:Houston Chronicle
499:. She studied at
452:governor of Texas
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373:James E. Ferguson
277:James E. Ferguson
159:Governor of Texas
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757:Jane Y. McCallum
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635:Ross S. Sterling
581:William P. Hobby
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1262:Further reading
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72:
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67:Find sources:
61:
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51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2395:(1941–1942)
2323:
1891:(ex officio)
1885:(ex officio)
1879:(ex officio)
1873:(ex officio)
1700:
1685:
1601:Throckmorton
1473:
1446:
1412:nominee for
1408:
1379:nominee for
1375:
1355:Willie Hobby
1343:
1318:
1274:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1230:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:Language Log
1196:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1084:
1074:
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1042:. Retrieved
1037:
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928:. Retrieved
924:
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899:. Retrieved
895:
886:
876:December 26,
874:. Retrieved
870:
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848:. Retrieved
838:
809:
790:
750:
742:
734:Ku Klux Klan
719:
696:
688:
661:
659:
655:U.S. Senator
632:
612:
585:
566:
559:
556:
549:
533:
525:
494:
458:of Wyoming.
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
429:
345:(1961-06-25)
296:Succeeded by
263:
244:Succeeded by
225:Barry Miller
211:
199:Succeeded by
166:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2514:1961 deaths
2509:1875 births
2472:(1995–2000)
2459:(1983–1987)
2451:(1979–1983)
2443:(1973–1979)
2435:(1969–1973)
2427:(1963–1969)
2419:(1957–1963)
2411:(1949–1957)
2403:(1947–1949)
2387:(1939–1941)
2379:(1935–1939)
2366:(1931–1933)
2358:(1927–1931)
2350:(1925–1927)
2342:(1921–1925)
2334:(1917–1921)
2326:(1915–1917)
2318:(1911–1915)
2310:(1907–1911)
2302:(1903–1907)
2294:(1899–1903)
2286:(1895–1899)
2278:(1891–1895)
2270:(1887–1891)
2262:(1883–1887)
2254:(1879–1883)
2246:(1876–1879)
2238:(1874–1876)
2230:(1870–1874)
2217:(1866–1867)
2209:(1865–1866)
2201:(1863–1865)
2193:(1861–1863)
2185:(1861–1861)
2172:(1853–1857)
2164:(1853–1853)
2156:(1847–1849)
2148:(1846–1847)
2129:(1844–1846)
2121:(1841–1844)
2113:(1836–1836)
1970:L. Davidson
1877:W. Flanagan
1701:M. Ferguson
1686:M. Ferguson
1671:J. Ferguson
1244:Dallas News
930:October 31,
730:prohibition
284:Preceded by
232:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
2503:Categories
2470:Laura Bush
1806:Lieutenant
1479:1933–1935
1452:1925–1927
1410:Democratic
1377:Democratic
1349:1915–1917
1285:B0007DN37C
803:, who was
726:teetotaler
573:Republican
552:Democratic
462:Early life
361:Democratic
326:1875-06-13
221:Lieutenant
176:Lieutenant
82:newspapers
2480:(2000–14)
2025:Hobby Jr.
1995:Stevenson
1960:Hobby Sr.
1925:Pendleton
1855:Stockdale
1825:Henderson
1808:governors
1716:Stevenson
1646:Culberson
1539:Governors
1524:Governors
1458:Dan Moody
1393:Dan Moody
1317:from the
1249:August 9,
1122:March 30,
1092:March 29,
1044:August 9,
989:147274001
973:0003-0554
850:April 13,
653:, future
615:Dan Moody
540:impeached
536:Dan Moody
411:Education
249:Dan Moody
212:In office
167:In office
2045:Dewhurst
2015:P. Smith
1940:Browning
1883:Fountain
1871:Campbell
1867:(acting)
1850:Crockett
1766:Richards
1761:Clements
1751:Clements
1736:Connally
1711:O'Daniel
1696:Sterling
1666:Colquitt
1661:Campbell
1596:Hamilton
1441:Pat Neff
1370:Pat Neff
901:April 1,
818:See also
801:Amarillo
722:populism
596:governor
439:Ferguson
403:Children
273:Governor
112:May 2023
2050:Patrick
2040:Ratliff
2030:Bullock
2005:Shivers
1965:Johnson
1920:Wheeler
1895:Hubbard
1889:Pickett
1840:Lubbock
1835:Runnels
1830:Dickson
1746:Briscoe
1726:Shivers
1631:Ireland
1626:Roberts
1621:Hubbard
1586:Lubbock
1576:Houston
1571:Runnels
1301:1098334
1293:54-8426
1148:May 29,
981:1946933
641:in the
600:Wyoming
448:Wallace
397:
381:
377:
264:In role
96:scholar
2020:Barnes
2010:Ramsey
1990:Woodul
1980:Miller
1935:Jester
1910:Martin
1905:Storey
1900:Sayers
1815:Horton
1781:Abbott
1731:Daniel
1721:Jester
1706:Allred
1656:Lanham
1651:Sayers
1591:Murrah
1322:Online
1299:
1291:
1283:
1171:
987:
979:
971:
782:Austin
517:Belton
513:lawyer
387:
367:Spouse
352:, U.S.
335:, U.S.
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2096:Texas
2035:Perry
1955:Mayes
1930:Crane
1915:Gibbs
1860:Jones
1845:Clark
1820:Greer
1776:Perry
1756:White
1741:Smith
1691:Moody
1676:Hobby
1611:Davis
1606:Pease
1581:Clark
1566:Pease
1532:Texas
1240:(PDF)
985:S2CID
977:JSTOR
921:(PDF)
830:Notes
786:Texas
395:)
383:(
379:
103:JSTOR
89:books
1985:Witt
1945:Neal
1771:Bush
1681:Neff
1641:Hogg
1636:Ross
1616:Coke
1556:Bell
1551:Wood
1526:and
1419:1932
1386:1924
1297:OCLC
1289:LCCN
1281:ASIN
1251:2018
1207:2007
1169:ISBN
1150:2008
1124:2019
1094:2021
1046:2018
969:ISSN
932:2017
903:2019
878:2019
852:2007
682:and
511:, a
503:and
393:1944
389:1899
340:Died
316:Born
75:news
2094:of
1530:of
959:doi
799:of
780:in
764:).
602:to
598:of
519:in
444:née
58:by
2505::
1295:.
1287:.
1242:.
1215:^
1195:.
1110:.
1083:.
1054:^
1036:.
1023:^
1013:.
997:^
983:.
975:.
967:.
955:24
953:.
949:.
923:.
894:.
869:.
807:.
784:,
740:.
678:,
674:,
610:.
523:.
437:"
435:Ma
385:m.
2084:e
2077:t
2070:v
1516:e
1509:t
1502:v
1303:.
1253:.
1209:.
1177:.
1152:.
1126:.
1096:.
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991:.
961::
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880:.
854:.
441:(
433:"
406:2
328:)
324:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
