977:, who says the following about him: "He is so mean and dishonest, in all his dealings, that none who can avoid it will have anything to do with him; and so proverbially false, that none believes a word he says." Iranian academics likewise have a generally negative opinion of Mirza Abolhassan's personality. Assessing Mirza Abolhassans career, Sohrabi states that "Quite remarkably for a man who from the vantage point of later historians was on the losing end of many of his negotiations and activities, Ilchi had a long and prosperous career." According to Neguin Yavari and Isabel Miller; "Given Abu al-Hasan Khan's eventful life, it seems quite natural that there should be contradictory judgements on him and his actions. There are those who believe that he was an agent for foreign powers and blame him greatly for the disastrous treaties of Gulistan and Turkmanchay, which he negotiated and signed."
770:
811:
868:; and some of the exiled khans of the Caucasus, who had either been driven away by the Treaty of Golestan or had fled to Iran after the treaty. The main stance of the war party was that the Russians had clearly insulted the Iranians and been aggressive towards them. Agha Sayyed Mohammad, who was on his way to meet Fath-Ali Shah, mentioned Fath-Ali Shah's responsibilities "both as Sovereign of Persia, and as the head of the Mohamedian faith" in a letter to Fath-Ali Shah. Agha Sayyed Mohammad also brought up the Russian annexation of Iranian territory and the treatment of Muslims. Furthermore, the war party's interpretation of Russian events was more optimistic than realistic, arguing that Russia was weak overall, especially in the Caucasus due to Yermolov's recent defeats and the
31:
802:, maintaining security along its southern frontiers was no longer necessary for the Russian government. Moreover, this also meant that the development of positive ties between Iran and Russia was no longer in the Britain's interest. Mirza Abolhassan also assumed that "the friendship of the British government towards the august government of Iran is the result of Napoleon. Whenever a conflict occurs because of him, they display a willingness to assist Iran, and whenever he rises up and revolts, they give help to Iran. This shows that they are opportunistic." Having failed to achieve his goal, Mirza Abolhassan went back to Tehran.
846:, the governor of Georgia. The Russian army soon advanced further, capturing Balagh-lu as well. In Fath-Ali Shah's court, two factions had developed during the course of building policy toward Russia. One faction advocated for peace with Russia, and the other for war. Both were heavily lobbying Fath-Ali Shah and Abbas Mirza. The first question at hand was what to do if Russia did not stop their occupation of Gokcha and Balagh-lu. The state of the Muslim minority under Russian authority and, lastly, whether and to what extent Russia had been weakened as a result of its internal crises, were secondary concerns.
553:
655:
little knowledge of the world's affairs and their reliance on
Ouseley's pledge to advocate for the return of some of the territories under Russian occupation. It was well known that Mirza Shafi, who favored peace with the Russians, knew more about European politics than other politicians in Tehran. He had already come to the conclusion that the war with Russia was unwinnable, therefore he may have tried to stop additional land loss by convincing Fath-Ali Shah to make peace with Russia. Numerous domestic uprisings as well as economic issues were taking place in Iran.
876:
616:
the state had different meanings in the context of early nineteenth-century Iran. The money given to Ilchi was public knowledge in the Qajar court, and there is no evidence that it brought under question Ilchi's loyalty to Fath 'Ali Shah at any point." Another
Iranian historian, Hasan Javadi, notes that "Receiving gifts was not uncommon among the courtiers of Fath-'Ali Shah, but a regular annuity from a foreign government was unusual."
536:, it was him who had insisted that Mirza Abolhassan get assigned to the task, since the latter had become somewhat familiar with British etiquette and customs during his stay in India. Meanwhile some 20th-century sources assert that Mirza Abolhassan was hired because of his relationships with important courtiers, or they assert, citing British reports, that no one desired to work at the court of an "infidel". According to the
636:
675:, who had been accompanied by a full retinue of soldiers and had been at the village since October 5. Bournoutian states that; "It is clear that Ouseley had decided to cooperate fully with Russia and abandon Iran to its fate. In fact, on October 12, Rtishchev sent a letter to Ouseley in which he thanked the latter for his great services to Russia in these negotiations".
1011:-born barber's son, was an immediate success in England and was also published in Russian and German. In the story, Hajji Baba travels with Mirza Firuz, an inept Iranian ambassador who was modeled on Mirza Abolhassan, whose popularity he swiftly surpassed. Mirza Abolhassan resented his portrayal in Morier's novel.
945:
is a day-by-day account of Mirza
Abolhassan's first trip to Europe and starts with the day he left Tehran and ends with his return to Iran. It is uncertain whether all of the records were written while he was traveling or compiled after he returned to Iran (or both). The title and introduction of the
615:
per year, which they continued to do until his death. Later historians regarded this as evidence of his betrayal, or at the minimum, that he was a strong advocate for the
British. The Iranian historian Naghmeh Sohrabi, however, opposes this viewpoint: "it is important to keep in mind that fidelity to
308:
Between 1809 and 1810, Mirza
Abolhassan served as the Iranian ambassador to Britain, finalizing the "Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" between the two countries, and also unsuccessfully tried to receive British assistance in getting Russia to hand over the occupied Iranian territories in
890:
gathered. The peace party at Fath-Ali Shah's court was ultimately outmanoeuvred and the final decision was to launch full-scale warfare against the
Russians. In the summer of 1826, full-scale war erupted between Iran and Russia. The Iranians eventually lost the second war with the Russians, and were
789:
The journal blends commonplace daily occurrences with in-depth analyses of
Russian society. Because Mirza Abolhassan and his Mirza Mohammad Hadi Alavi-Shirazi have differing degrees of expertise about Russia, it gives the reader a conflicted perspective on that country. Mirza Abolhassan had grown to
742:
The Treaty of
Golestan's territorial arrangements were unclear, for example, in Talish, where it was left up to the mutually appointed administrators to "determine what mountains, rivers, lakes, villages, and fields shall mark the line of frontier." If one of the participants to the treaty felt that
602:
in
December 1810, none of the Iranians' goals were achieved. During his stay, Mirza Abolhassan started learning English and eventually picked up conversational skills. Two letters he wrote to an unnamed English nobleman and published in The Morning Star on May 29, 1810, demonstrate his improvement.
531:
The
British were driven by worries about Napoleon attacking India, while the Iranians were worried that the French would abandon them despite the Treaty of Finckenstein. This culminated in Iran and Britain agreeing to the "Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" in 1809. Mirza Abolhassan was
334:
In 1823, he was made the new Minister of Foreign Affairs. He kept this position and participated in the majority of significant Iranian foreign policy decisions until Fath-Ali Shah's death in 1834. Mirza Abolhassan was part of the faction that opposed another war with Russia, fearing the capability
654:
and others, he grudgingly agreed to this arrangement in the hopes that the British, acting as the Russian emperor's intermediary, could secure a more favorable agreement for him. One observer hypothesized that Fath-Ali Shah's acceptance of peace with Russia was due to Iranian political officials'
658:
Mirza Abolhassan was chosen by Mirza Shafi Mazandarani to be the only representative of Iran, since Abbas Mirza and Mirza Bozorg refused to ratify any agreement that called for the loss of Iranian territory. On October 2, 1813, with a retinue of 350 people, Mirza Abolhassan departed the city of
597:
was chosen to be Mirza Abolhassan's host while he was in London, and they grew close over time. The goal of Mirza Abolhassan's mission was to enlist England's assistance in getting Russia to hand over the occupied Iranian territories in the Caucasus to Iran. However, according to a letter Mirza
678:
Mirza Abolhassan gave Rtishchev a note by Ouseley, which he requested to be inserted in the draft of the treaty. The note asked for permission for Iran to send an ambassador to Russia in order to ask for the return of their lost lands. As he waited for a reply, Mirza Abolhassan asked Rtishchev
694:
reported that Rtishchev ordered Georgian and Armenian scribes who were proficient in Persian to record the treaty's Persian translation since he would not allow Agha Mirza Mohammad Na'ini to write the treaty's text in that language. The treaty was officially confirmed on 15 September 1814 in
325:
per year, which they continued to do until his death. Many later historians regarded this as evidence of his betrayal, or at the minimum, that he was a strong advocate for the British. In March 1813, Mirza Abolhassan signed the Treaty of Golestan on behalf of Iran, thus concluding the
810:
786:, who was engaged with dealing with Napoleon, the mission lasted until 1816. The trip, which gave the Iranian elite the chance to research Russia in greater detail than ever before, was described by a younger member of the delegation named Mirza Mohammad Hadi Alavi-Shirazi.
790:
loathe the Russians through a lifetime of diplomatic experience and was known to have pro-British attitudes. His perceptions of Russia and Russians were also consistent with the stereotype held by his generation, which was that they were "brutes and unclean".
997:
be built to handle people's mail deliveries and other needs while also generating income for the budget of the government. Fath-Ali Shah mistook him for mocking him and ordered his execution, but it was called off after the meditation of Ouseley.
330:
and leading to the loss of most of the Iranian holdings in the Caucasus. Following the treaty, Mirza Abolhassan served as the Iranian ambassador to Russia between 1814 and 1816 to discuss the recovery of some of the lost territory, which failed.
650:" after he returned to Iran. Due to British pressure and promises, actual financial difficulties, and military difficulties elsewhere, Fath-Ali Shah ultimately conceded defeat to the Russians. On the recommendation of the chief minister
781:
In 1814, Mirza Abolhassan was in charge of the first diplomatic conversation with Russia to affirm the Treaty of Golestan and to discuss the recovery of some of the lost territory. Due to the unavailability of the Russian emperor
857:. In general, the peace party feared the capability of the Russian Empire and wanted armed conflict to be avoided at all costs. They were more accustomed to dealing with people from other cultures and knew more about Russia.
793:
Alexander I would inform Mirza Abolhassan of good news anytime he thought Napoleon posed a danger, and he would treat Mirza Abolhassan him in a rude manner when he thought Napoleon posed no danger. In 1815, after Napoleon was
826:
and London, where he was tasked with buying weaponry. Abbas Mirza also instructed Mirza Abolhassan to return to Iran with the students who had been sent to England in 1815. There are reports that Mirza Abolhassan joined the
980:
Mirza Abolhassan visited numerous scientific, industrial, technological, social, and political institutions while he was in Britain, studying many of their contemporary accomplishments. He urged the Iranians to adopt the
606:
Mirza Abolhassan drew the attention of the high society during his time in London, and newspapers and private letters as far away as the United States covered every move and word he made. At this time, the British
914:
had appointed Qa'em-Maqam II as his minister, Mirza Abolhassan sided with Ali Shah Mirza. Mohammad Shah eventually defeated Ali Shah and entered Tehran, which led Mirza Abolhassan to seek refuge in the
1868:
1766:
456:'s court. He was granted a royal amnesty after two and a half years, at which point he went back to Iran. He entered Fath-Ali Shah's court with the assistance of his wife's powerful relative
297:). When Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi fell out of favor and was executed in 1801, all of his relatives either escaped, were executed, or were blinded. Mirza Abolhassan, who held the governorship of
749:
principle, even the limits laid forth in the treaty could be changed. This essentially ensured that territorial conflicts would persist after the treaty's authorization. The region between
444:
When Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi fell out of favor and was executed in 1801, all of his relatives either escaped, were executed, or were blinded. Mirza Abolhassan, who held the governorship of
373:
Mirza Abolhassan is viewed in a positive light by the majority of contemporary British travelers. However, the majority of Iranian academics' assessments of his personality are negative.
769:
339:
in 1826. The Iranians eventually lost the second war with the Russians, and were thus forced to sign the Treaty of Turkmenchay on 28 February 1828, in which they agreed to cede
2176:
2171:
1861:
849:
Mirza Abolhassan was amongst those who advocated for peace, alongside other prominent figures such as the chief scribe Neshat Esfahani; the head of the royal office
690:
Rtishchev inserted Ouseley's note in the margin of the treaty after it was signed, and thus it did not appear in any of the treaty's articles. The Iranian historian
335:
of the Russian Empire and wanted armed conflict to be avoided at all costs. However, they were outmanoeuvred by the faction that advocated for war, leading to the
30:
1854:
1700:
532:
sent as the Iranian ambassador to London to wrap up the treaty. It is uncertain why he was assigned to the task. According to the British ambassador to Iran,
989:, and the advancements in medicine. The political inexperience that dominated Iran at the time, however, can be seen in Mirza Abolhassan's ignorance of the
839:. Mirza Abolhassan kept this position and participated in the majority of significant Iranian foreign policy decisions until Fath-Ali Shah's death in 1834.
242:
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In early 1825, the northern bank of Lake Gokcha, which the Iranians believed to be a part of their realm, was seized by the Russians under the orders of
1683:
2181:
2166:
2161:
599:
619:
On July 16, 1810, Mirza Abolhassan left Portsmouth for Iran with Morier and Ouseley, who was the new British envoy to Iran. Their ship was driven to
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1735:
919:
in February 1835. There he stayed until 26 June 1835, when the now disgraced Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam was executed. The latter was succeeded by
366:
in February 1835. There he stayed until 26 June 1835, when the now disgraced Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam was executed. The latter was succeeded by
1672:
1624:
1493:
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Those who advocated for war were several prominent Islamic scholars led by Agha Sayyed Mohammad Esfahani; Fath-Ali Shah's new chief minister
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whether Russia could give Iran a very little piece of land as an act of goodwill. Rtishchev accepted, thus giving Iran back the town of
582:
757:
remained one of the most disputable, and the Russian military's takeover of the Gokcha district in 1825 served as the catalyst for the
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Following Fath-Ali Shah's death in 1834, Mirza Abolhassan supported the prince Ali Shah Mirza as his successor, since the other prince
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1918:
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1723:
1597:
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1517:
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234:
54:
1638:[Succession crisis in Qajar government from the establishment of the dynasty to the end of Mohammad Shah Qajar (1794-1847)].
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474:
336:
327:
509:
305:. He was granted a royal amnesty after two and a half years, at which point he went back to Iran and entered Fath-Ali Shah's court.
1772:
362:
as his minister. Mohammad Shah eventually defeated Ali Shah and entered Tehran, which led Mirza Abolhassan to seek refuge in the
1586:
From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813
774:
1908:
927:
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on 1 March 1811. The first Iranians to travel to South America were likely Mirza Abolhassan and his retinue of eight servants.
457:
209:
552:
2196:
36:
941:("Book of Wonder") is Mirza Abolhassan's only published piece of writing, excluding several formal correspondence. The
2186:
2151:
1933:
525:
237:
twice, first from 1824 to 1834, and then again from 1838 until his death in 1845. He also served as the ambassador to
1656:
926:
Following his death, Mirza Abolhassan's seat at the public assembly of the shah was given to his nephew and deputy
923:, who restored Mirza Abolhassan as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1838, which he held until his death in 1845.
843:
370:, who restored Mirza Abolhassan as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1838, which he held until his death in 1845.
973:
Mirza Abolhassan is viewed in a positive light by the majority of contemporary British travelers. An exception is
865:
359:
1551:
Bournoutian, George (2016). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4".
2103:
1705:
Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914)
416:
276:
683:, which the Russian army had already withdrawn from. On October 24, Mirza Abolhassan and Rtishchev signed the
664:
504:). During this period, the focus of the major powers' interest in the East had shifted to Iran as a result of
822:
In 1818–1819, Mirza Abolhassan was dispatched on another official diplomatic mission to Europe, this time to
671:, which had been chosen the last negotiation location. He was greeted by the Russian general and negotiator
651:
576:
on November 25, 1809. A thorough and frequently sarcastic description of the trip was provided by Morier in
204:
1978:
916:
569:
513:
363:
2191:
892:
880:
783:
533:
404:
261:
250:
199:
2146:
2141:
2098:
2023:
2008:
1928:
974:
850:
1953:
875:
2073:
2053:
2033:
2028:
1560:
911:
906:
Fath-Ali Shah's death in 1834 sparked riots across the country, and a number of princes, including
900:
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517:
427:
355:
344:
287:
118:
75:
2088:
2078:
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2003:
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1527:
1477:
795:
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684:
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608:
541:
521:
453:
318:
302:
246:
2063:
2058:
1993:
1923:
1913:
1898:
1752:
1719:
1668:
1643:
1620:
1593:
1537:
1513:
1489:
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907:
869:
672:
578:
A Journey Through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople, in the years 1808 and 1809
482:
2093:
1988:
1983:
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1740:
1589:
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732:
704:
537:
367:
226:
2018:
1888:
1807:
1687:
1660:
1612:
1481:
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in Shiraz and Ali Shah Mirza in Tehran, proclaimed themselves shahs. After realizing that
836:
823:
743:
the other party had "infringed on" territorial possessions claimed in accordance with the
728:
716:
557:
87:
41:
1948:
1608:
452:
out of fear for his life, traveled to India from there, and subsequently enrolled in the
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To advise Fath-Ali Shah and formulate a course of action in this matter, the Council of
2113:
2043:
1973:
1846:
1744:
1503:
958:
896:
861:
736:
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635:
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340:
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practices of the West. Mirza Abolhassan also once recommended to Fath-Ali Shah that a
2135:
2083:
2048:
2038:
1968:
1963:
1943:
1576:
1509:
Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
620:
486:
408:
386:
265:
385:. He was the second son of Mirza Mohammad-Ali, who had served as a scribe under the
903:. It was Mirza Abolhassan and Abbas Mirza who signed the treaty on behalf of Iran.
799:
724:
712:
647:
594:
438:
437:). Before his service under the Qajars, Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi had served under the
163:
1789:
1767:"Abu al-Hasan [Abū'l-Ḥasan] [known as Mirza Abu al-Hasan Shirazi]"
1568:
588:
An Account of His Majesty's Mission to the Court of Persia, in the years 1807-1811
1713:
1531:
1507:
493:("envoy") after his first expedition, which was to the court of the British king
2108:
1958:
1938:
1007:
under an unidentified pen name. This dramatized autobiography of Hajji Baba, an
994:
990:
982:
828:
815:
348:
1781:
441:(1751–1794), in whose court Mirza Abolhassan had received his early education.
2013:
1998:
1903:
986:
950:("The Wonders of Vilayat"), written in 1785 by the Bengali-born Muslim scribe
887:
750:
745:
700:
494:
412:
393:
272:
175:
1756:
1647:
773:
Entrance of the Persian Embassy in Saint Petersburg, as sketched by a young
1635:
572:, who was serving as the mission's secretary at the time. They arrived in
668:
573:
505:
445:
310:
298:
1715:
Taken for Wonder: Nineteenth-Century Travel Accounts from Iran to Europe
233:; 1776 – 1845) was an Iranian politician and diplomat who served as the
1008:
754:
624:
520:
in 1807. Fath-Ali Shah, however, switched to the British when Napoleon
1665:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/3: Ablution, Islamic–Abū Manṣūr Heravı̄
699:. Per the terms of the treaty, Iran ceded to Russia the sultanates of
544:, Mirza Abolhassan was given the assignment due to his familial ties.
1667:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 308–310.
831:
during one of his two trips to England. In 1823, he was made the new
696:
680:
660:
565:
382:
257:
159:
1619:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 86–90.
1488:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 66–71.
556:
Illustration of Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi by the English painter
508:'s preparations to march to India. Fath-Ali Shah wanted to reclaim
874:
809:
768:
634:
612:
586:
on the events of this journey. Brydges provides another report in
551:
449:
322:
389:
301:
at the time, fled to India, where he served in the court of the
268:
1850:
1636:"بحران جانشینی در دولت قاجار (از تأسیس تا جلوس محمد شاه قاجار)"
961:
in London and the Maljes Library in Tehran have copies of the
739:. Moreover, Iran also had to abandon its claims over Georgia.
16:
Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs and ambassador (1776–1845)
1214:
1212:
1210:
1132:
1130:
1047:
1045:
1043:
646:
Fath-Ali Shah gave Mirza Abolhassan the honorific title of "
512:
from the Russians with the help of Napoleon, who had made a
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1289:
1287:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
381:
Mirza Abolhassan was born in 1776 in the southern city of
245:, and was the main Iranian delegate at the signing of the
1486:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/1: Ebn ʿAyyāš–Economy V
1345:
1343:
1432:
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1306:
1304:
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1103:
1101:
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1159:
1157:
1064:
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946:
book shares similarities with the Persian travelogue
253:
treaties with Russia in 1813 and 1828 respectively.
623:by a violent storm, and they eventually arrived at
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181:
169:
153:
148:
134:
124:
114:
93:
81:
71:
53:
21:
1765:
1734:
895:on 28 February 1828, in which they agreed to cede
1533:The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule: 1795–1828
489:of Iran. Mirza Abolhassan was given the title of
317:("Book of Wonder"). During his stay, the British
1617:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/1: Giōni–Golšani
1397:
580:. Morier later based several occurrences of his
448:at the time, was exiled to Shiraz. He left for
347:. It was Mirza Abolhassan and the crown prince
687:, on behalf of Iran and Russia, respectively.
564:On May 7, 1809, Mirza Abolhassan set out from
1862:
8:
1776:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1295:
814:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi, was painted by
1242:
1218:
1201:
1189:
1136:
1121:
818:during his second mission to London in 1819
1869:
1855:
1847:
1796:
1109:
313:to Iran. He documented his journey in the
29:
18:
2177:Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom
2172:Ambassadors of Iran to the Russian Empire
351:who signed the treaty on behalf of Iran.
1773:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1733:Yavari, Neguin; Miller, Isabel (2015).
1701:"Russo-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-8"
1448:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1278:
1266:
1230:
1177:
1165:
1148:
1092:
1068:
1019:
1004:The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan
735:, and the northern and central part of
469:Eruption of war between Iran and Russia
1460:
1254:
1080:
1051:
853:; and the court translator and envoy
611:started paying him a salary of 1,000
475:a war erupted between Iran and Russia
460:, and amassed a substantial fortune.
321:started paying him a salary of 1,000
260:, Mirza Abolhassan was the nephew of
7:
1878:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Iran
1692:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
583:Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan
230:
1694:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1684:"Moḥammad-ʿAli Khan Širāzi, Mirzā"
969:Personality, legacy and assessment
761:, which lasted from 1826 to 1828.
14:
1736:"Abū al-Ḥasan Khān Īlchī Shīrāzī"
485:, which had been governed by the
2182:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
2167:19th-century Iranian politicians
2162:18th-century Iranian politicians
1640:Journal of Historical Researches
1634:Ghadimi Gheydari, Abbas (2010).
1909:Mirza Mohammad-Ali Khan Shirazi
928:Mirza Mohammad-Ali Khan Shirazi
692:Mirza Fazlollah Khavari Shirazi
663:and by October 9 he was at the
568:with Harford Jones-Brydges and
499:
458:Hajji Mohammad Hossein Isfahani
432:
421:
398:
292:
281:
210:Mirza Mohammad-Ali Khan Shirazi
864:; Abbas Mirza's close advisor
631:Peace negotiations with Russia
403:). His mother was a sister of
328:Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813
1:
1749:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
1569:10.1080/00210862.2016.1159779
1790:UK public library membership
1584:Bournoutian, George (2021).
173:1845 (aged 68–69)
37:Portrait of Mirza Abul Hasan
1815:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1718:. Oxford University Press.
833:Minister of Foreign Affairs
806:Minister of Foreign Affairs
593:The well-known orientalist
235:Minister of Foreign Affairs
223:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi
188:Mirza Mohammad-Ali (father)
55:Minister of Foreign Affairs
23:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi
2213:
1001:In 1824, Morier published
844:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov
407:, the minister of the two
264:, the minister of the two
2157:Foreign ministers of Iran
2122:
1884:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1712:Sohrabi, Naghmeh (2012).
1699:Pourjavady, Reza (2023).
1607:Daniel, Elton L. (2001).
1478:"Ebrāhīm Kalāntar Šīrāzī"
866:Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam II
216:
144:
103:
60:
49:
28:
1840:Mirza Mas'ud Khan Ansari
1834:Mirza Mas'ud Khan Ansari
1296:Yavari & Miller 2015
891:thus forced to sign the
879:Signing ceremony of the
759:second Russo-Iranian War
417:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
337:second Russo-Iranian War
277:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
231:میرزا ابوالحسن خان ایلچی
140:Mirza Mas'ud Khan Ansari
130:Mirza Mas'ud Khan Ansari
1682:Mousavi, Mehdi (2022).
1657:"Abu'l-Ḥasan Khan Īḷčī"
652:Mirza Shafi Mazandarani
205:Ali Akbar Qavam ol-Molk
40:by the English painter
1782:10.1093/ref:odnb/57397
1764:Wright, Denis (2004).
1476:Amanat, Abbas (1997).
948:Shigurfnamah-i vilayat
917:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
883:
819:
778:
711:, and the khanates of
643:
570:James Justinian Morier
561:
364:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
360:Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam
1398:Ghadimi Gheydari 2010
893:Treaty of Turkmenchay
881:Treaty of Turkmenchay
878:
813:
772:
638:
555:
534:Harford Jones-Brydges
524:with the Russians at
405:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi
262:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi
200:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi
2197:People of Qajar Iran
1561:Taylor & Francis
1536:. Mazda Publishers.
1269:, pp. 103, 109.
975:James Baillie Fraser
952:Mirza I'tisam al-Din
851:Manuchehr Khan Gorji
667:village in northern
598:Abolhassan wrote to
1655:Javadi, H. (1983).
1528:Bournoutian, George
1337:, pp. 118–119.
1204:, pp. 231–233.
1054:, pp. 308–310.
912:Mohammad Shah Qajar
872:in December 1825.
855:Mirza Saleh Shirazi
518:Finckenstein Palace
481:seized the city of
428:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
356:Mohammad Shah Qajar
288:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
119:Mohammad Shah Qajar
76:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
2187:Iranian Freemasons
2152:People from Shiraz
1826:Mirza Ali Farahani
1800:Political offices
884:
835:, thus succeeding
820:
779:
685:Treaty of Golestan
644:
641:Treaty of Golestan
609:East India Company
562:
548:Mission to Britain
542:George Bournoutian
528:in the same year.
514:pact of friendship
454:Nizam of Hyderabad
319:East India Company
303:Nizam of Hyderabad
99:Mirza Ali Farahani
2129:
2128:
1845:
1844:
1838:Succeeded by
1824:Succeeded by
1788:(Subscription or
1741:Madelung, Wilferd
1674:978-0-71009-092-8
1626:978-0-933273-60-3
1609:"Golestān Treaty"
1495:978-1-56859-050-9
1257:, pp. 86–90.
1151:, pp. 25–26.
1083:, pp. 66–71.
908:Hossein Ali Mirza
870:Decembrist revolt
765:Mission to Russia
673:Nikolay Rtishchev
600:Richard Wellesley
516:with Iran in the
220:
219:
2204:
2104:Amir-Abdollahian
1934:Nosrat-ed-Dowleh
1919:Moshir od-Dowleh
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1832:Preceded by
1805:Preceded by
1797:
1793:
1785:
1769:
1760:
1751:. Brill Online.
1738:
1729:
1708:
1695:
1688:Yarshater, Ehsan
1678:
1661:Yarshater, Ehsan
1651:
1630:
1613:Yarshater, Ehsan
1603:
1580:
1547:
1523:
1499:
1482:Yarshater, Ehsan
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:Bournoutian 1992
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1219:Bournoutian 2021
1216:
1205:
1202:Bournoutian 2021
1199:
1193:
1190:Bournoutian 2021
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1137:Bournoutian 2021
1134:
1125:
1122:Bournoutian 2016
1119:
1113:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1055:
1049:
921:Haji Mirza Aqasi
796:finally defeated
753:and the city of
538:Iranian-American
503:
502: 1760–1820
501:
436:
435: 1797–1834
434:
425:
424: 1789–1797
423:
402:
401: 1736–1747
400:
392:(king) of Iran,
368:Haji Mirza Aqasi
296:
295: 1797–1834
294:
285:
284: 1789–1797
283:
232:
149:Personal details
137:
127:
108:
96:
84:
65:
33:
19:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2118:
1889:Neshat Esfahani
1880:
1875:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1808:Neshat Esfahani
1787:
1763:
1745:Daftary, Farhad
1732:
1726:
1711:
1698:
1681:
1675:
1654:
1633:
1627:
1606:
1600:
1583:
1553:Iranian Studies
1550:
1544:
1526:
1520:
1512:. I.B. Tauris.
1504:Behrooz, Maziar
1502:
1496:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1110:Pourjavady 2023
1108:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1050:
1021:
1017:
971:
936:
837:Neshat Esfahani
808:
775:Alexey Saltykov
767:
633:
560:, dated 1809/10
558:William Beechey
550:
498:
471:
466:
431:
420:
397:
379:
291:
280:
208:
203:
191:
174:
158:
135:
125:
109:
104:
94:
88:Neshat Esfahani
82:
66:
61:
45:
42:Thomas Lawrence
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Nasrullah Khan
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1761:
1730:
1725:978-0199829705
1724:
1709:
1696:
1679:
1673:
1652:
1631:
1625:
1604:
1599:978-9004445154
1598:
1581:
1548:
1543:978-0939214181
1542:
1524:
1519:978-0755637379
1518:
1500:
1494:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1388:, p. 125.
1378:
1376:, p. 124.
1366:
1364:, p. 119.
1354:
1352:, p. 120.
1339:
1327:
1325:, p. 116.
1315:
1300:
1283:
1281:, p. 103.
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1233:, p. 102.
1223:
1221:, p. 233.
1206:
1194:
1192:, p. 232.
1182:
1180:, p. 101.
1170:
1153:
1141:
1139:, p. 285.
1126:
1124:, p. 107.
1114:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1056:
1018:
1016:
1013:
970:
967:
959:British Museum
935:
932:
862:Asef al-Dowleh
807:
804:
798:and exiled to
766:
763:
639:A page of the
632:
629:
549:
546:
479:Russian Empire
470:
467:
465:
462:
378:
375:
358:had appointed
218:
217:
214:
213:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
155:
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146:
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138:
132:
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122:
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101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
58:
57:
51:
50:
47:
46:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2209:
2198:
2195:
2193:
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2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
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2173:
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2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
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2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Mirfendereski
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:, p. 29.
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:, p. 28.
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:, p. 17.
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:, p. 27.
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:, p. 21.
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:, p. 26.
1167:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:, p. 30.
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:, p. 25.
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
978:
976:
968:
966:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
882:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
825:
817:
812:
805:
803:
801:
797:
791:
787:
785:
776:
771:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
688:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
653:
649:
642:
637:
630:
628:
626:
622:
621:South America
617:
614:
610:
604:
601:
596:
591:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
496:
492:
488:
487:Ganja Khanate
484:
480:
476:
468:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
429:
418:
414:
410:
406:
395:
391:
388:
384:
376:
374:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
332:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
304:
300:
289:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
224:
215:
211:
206:
201:
198:
194:
187:
186:
184:
180:
177:
172:
168:
165:
161:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
133:
129:
123:
120:
117:
113:
107:
102:
98:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
38:
32:
27:
20:
2192:Qavam family
2009:Ghods-Nakhai
2004:Sharif-Emami
1893:
1813:
1771:
1748:
1714:
1704:
1691:
1664:
1639:
1616:
1585:
1556:
1552:
1532:
1508:
1485:
1456:
1449:Sohrabi 2012
1444:
1437:Sohrabi 2012
1424:, p. 3.
1422:Sohrabi 2012
1417:
1410:Mousavi 2022
1405:
1393:
1386:Behrooz 2023
1381:
1374:Behrooz 2023
1369:
1362:Behrooz 2023
1357:
1350:Behrooz 2023
1335:Behrooz 2023
1330:
1323:Behrooz 2023
1318:
1311:Sohrabi 2012
1279:Behrooz 2023
1274:
1267:Behrooz 2023
1262:
1250:
1238:
1231:Behrooz 2023
1226:
1197:
1185:
1178:Behrooz 2023
1173:
1166:Sohrabi 2012
1149:Sohrabi 2012
1144:
1117:
1093:Sohrabi 2012
1088:
1076:
1069:Sohrabi 2012
1002:
1000:
979:
972:
962:
956:
947:
942:
938:
937:
925:
905:
885:
859:
848:
841:
821:
800:Saint Helena
792:
788:
780:
744:
741:
689:
677:
657:
645:
618:
605:
595:Gore Ouseley
592:
587:
581:
577:
563:
530:
490:
472:
443:
439:Zand dynasty
380:
372:
353:
333:
314:
307:
255:
222:
221:
136:Succeeded by
105:
95:Succeeded by
62:
44:, dated 1810
35:
2147:1845 deaths
2142:1776 births
2064:Khodapanahi
1563:: 107–124.
1461:Wright 2004
1255:Daniel 2001
1081:Amanat 1997
1052:Javadi 1983
995:post office
991:colonialist
963:Hayratnameh
943:Hayratnameh
939:Hayratnameh
901:Nakhichevan
816:Maxim Gauci
784:Alexander I
751:Lake Gokcha
477:, when the
349:Abbas Mirza
345:Nakhichevan
315:Hayratnameh
271:(kings) of
251:Turkmenchay
126:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
2136:Categories
2059:Ghotbzadeh
2024:Khalatbari
1904:Amir Kabir
1821:1838–1845
1792:required.)
1642:: 86–106.
1015:References
987:parliament
888:Soltaniyeh
829:Freemasons
746:status quo
701:Shamshadil
540:historian
522:made peace
495:George III
394:Nader Shah
377:Background
176:Qajar Iran
1819:1823–1834
1757:1875-9831
1648:993472864
1577:163302882
957:Both the
719:, Ganja,
473:In 1804,
411:shahs of
196:Relatives
164:Zand Iran
110:1838–1845
106:In office
67:1823–1834
63:In office
2114:Araghchi
2079:Velayati
2054:Banisadr
2044:Bazargan
1747:(eds.).
1707:. Brill.
1530:(1992).
1506:(2023).
777:in 1815.
733:Karabakh
709:Shuragol
669:Karabakh
665:Golestan
574:Plymouth
506:Napoleon
446:Shushtar
387:Afsharid
311:Caucasus
299:Shushtar
256:Born in
247:Golestan
212:(nephew)
207:(cousin)
2109:Bagheri
2089:Mottaki
2084:Kharazi
2074:Mousavi
2039:Sanjabi
1994:Ardalan
1989:Entezam
1939:Soheili
1690:(ed.).
1663:(ed.).
1615:(ed.).
1484:(ed.).
1470:Sources
1009:Isfahan
824:Austria
729:Shirvan
717:Derbent
625:Bushehr
510:Georgia
243:Britain
227:Persian
202:(uncle)
115:Monarch
72:Monarch
2124:Acting
2094:Salehi
2029:Afshar
2019:Zahedi
1984:Zahedi
1979:Meftah
1974:Fatemi
1964:Kazemi
1954:Salehi
1924:Ansari
1914:Ansari
1899:Aghasi
1786:
1755:
1722:
1671:
1646:
1623:
1596:
1575:
1540:
1516:
1492:
897:Erivan
755:Erivan
737:Talish
721:Shakki
705:Qazzaq
697:Tiflis
681:Meghri
661:Tabriz
613:rupees
566:Tehran
526:Tilsit
464:Career
426:) and
383:Shiraz
341:Erivan
323:rupees
286:) and
258:Shiraz
239:Russia
182:Parent
160:Shiraz
2099:Zarif
2069:Rajai
2049:Yazdi
1969:Navab
1894:Ilchi
1739:. In
1686:. In
1659:. In
1611:. In
1590:Brill
1573:S2CID
1559:(1).
1480:. In
983:press
934:Works
491:ilchi
483:Ganja
450:Basra
409:Qajar
269:shahs
266:Qajar
2014:Aram
1999:Aram
1959:Rais
1949:Ala'
1944:Alam
1753:ISSN
1720:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1644:OCLC
1621:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1490:ISBN
899:and
725:Quba
713:Baku
648:Khan
413:Iran
390:shah
343:and
309:the
273:Iran
249:and
241:and
170:Died
157:1776
154:Born
1778:doi
1565:doi
2138::
1770:.
1743:;
1703:.
1592:.
1588:.
1571:.
1557:50
1555:.
1429:^
1342:^
1303:^
1286:^
1209:^
1156:^
1129:^
1100:^
1059:^
1022:^
985:,
965:.
954:.
930:.
731:,
727:,
723:,
715:,
707:,
703:,
590:.
500:r.
433:r.
422:r.
415:,
399:r.
293:r.
282:r.
275:,
229::
162:,
1870:e
1863:t
1856:v
1784:.
1780::
1759:.
1728:.
1677:.
1650:.
1629:.
1602:.
1579:.
1567::
1546:.
1522:.
1498:.
1463:.
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