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measures in favor of the traditional practices of government." The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued
Russian and British interference. Amir Kabir was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that Amir Kabir would soon be granted protection by the Russians â possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that Amir Kabir had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. Amir Kabir was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.
657:, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. Amir Kabir took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharÊż courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharÊż courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of Êżorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharÊż court of the stateâs choosing, and any verdict the sharÊż court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the
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no
Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed. Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, Amir Kabir's successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the
858:
class to the authority of the state. The
European-inspired secularism of Amir Kabir was antithetical to serious reconsideration of religious tenets; especially if they could disturb security and order. By denying the Babis a chance to survive as a viable alternative, the Qajar state reaffirmed the unrivaled status of the clergy as the sole arbiter of religious norms. With the suppression of the BĂĄbi movement chances for an indigenous movement of change ceased to exist for decades to come, and Amir Kabir inadvertently cleared the way for the consolidation of the power of the clergy for the rest of the century and beyond.
404:, KarbalaÊŸi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. Amir Kabir first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children. Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Bozorg. Under the son's aegis, Amir Kabir entered government service, being appointed first to the post of
661:. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana. Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharÊż courts, Amir Kabir took stringent measures against sharÊż judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ÊżAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of Amir Kabir's servants to the liking of the minister.
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grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to
Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the
431:) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-Ă -vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of Amir Kabirâs initiatives. Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the
443:. Some awareness of these reached Amir Kabir in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, âThe Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahsâ.
68:
551:) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability.
511:. Amir Kabir sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. Amir Kabir had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of Amir Kabirâs intention to assert the prerogatives of the state.
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810:. Accused of rebellion by their opponents, they were subsequently attacked by various local and national forces. After seven months of siege and severely weakened by starvation and their own loss of men, they responded to sworn promises of a truce and were for the most part massacred. After that, two other big clashes between the BĂĄbĂs and their opponents took place in the cities of
867:
794:. Since then, attacks against the BĂĄbĂs by prominent clerics and their followers became more common and some BĂĄbĂs started to carry arms. In remote and isolated places the scattered BĂĄbĂs were readily attacked and killed while in places where large numbers of them resided they acted in self-defense. One of these attacks occurred in
532:. Amir Kabir thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death.
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of Russia and
Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies.
906:, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later:
822:. A total of several thousand BĂĄbĂs were killed in these conflicts. In the three main conflicts in áčŹabarsĂ, Zanjan and Neyriz, BĂĄbĂs were accused by their enemies of revolting against the government. However, in all three cases, the battles that took place were of a defensive nature, and not considered an offensive
524:, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by
628:. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal Amir Kabir hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of
610:
who had become acquainted with Amir Kabir during the work of the
OttomanâIranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, Amir Kabir had already been dismissed, and it fell to DaÊŸud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew
889:
As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, Amir Kabir was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier. This transition marked a rejection "of ⊠reformist
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which was followed by the killings of many other BĂĄbĂs. The BĂĄb stood his ground despite great pressure to recant, and gain his freedom. Consequently he was executed by a firing squad in public in Tabriz, the first exection of its kind in Iran, to crush the Babi movement and to display the restored
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After the áčŹabarsi conflict, mere adherence to the BĂĄb could be sufficient to lead to a death sentence. One famous example of that is when Amir Kabir personally ordered the public beheading of seven prominent Babis of high social rank, (three merchants, two clerics, a leading dervish and a government
605:
Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that Amir Kabir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were
857:
The Babis were advocating a grass-roots revolution to reform religious doctrine and remedy the ills of the clerical class and those of the community as a whole. Amir Kabir, on the other, sought to eliminate all expressions of religious dissent while trying unsuccessfully to subordinate the clerical
762:
The challenging and heterodox nature of the BĂĄb's claims provoked opposition on the part of the ShiÊżite establishment, which then led the civil authorities of Qajar Persia to intervene on the side of the clerics. Although no BĂĄbis are known to have been put to death for their faith during the first
730:
In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict
British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives
535:
At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central
714:
The foreign policy of Amir Kabir was as innovative as his internal policies. He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither
Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement
672:
in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of Amir Kabir. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as BoqÊża-ye
483:
His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented Amir Kabirâs reduction of their spending and allowances. The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of
Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the
435:
erupted and the
British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. Amir Kabir nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his
877:
From the start, Amir Kabir's policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite â most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were
841:
The confrontation between Amir Kabir and the BĂĄbĂs was between two visions of modernity. Amir Kabir envisaged state-enforced reforms that were authoritarian and secular while the BĂĄbĂs advocated an all-embracing religious renewal, proposed by the BĂĄb that emphasized, among other teachings, on
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died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ÊżAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to Amir Kabir, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-dinâs confidence in Amir Kabir
701:
he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible
689:, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.
519:
With order reestablished in the provinces, Amir Kabir turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry. His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against
320:) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran. Amir Kabir founded the first centre for
652:
All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the
632:
was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the worldâs political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of
786:
and premiership of Amir Kabir, circumstances changed and a number of confrontations occurred between the BĂĄbĂs and government and clerical establishment which lead to the massacre of several thousand BĂĄbĂs.
412:, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same armyâs provisions, financing, and organization with the title of
878:
backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the
606:
medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by DaÊŸud Khan, an
468:, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of
826:, as the BĂĄb did not allow it and in the case of two urban conflicts (Neyriz and Zanjan), they were related to pre-existing social and political tensions within the towns.
459:, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848,
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1310:
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of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was Amir Kabir's desire to prohibit the
806:
were passing through. A mob led by a local cleric attacked them and a fighting broke out between the two groups. The BĂĄbĂs took refuge in the nearby shrine of
507:, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to
697:
Amir Kabir took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In
562:, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at
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was arrested and put on trial in Ottoman Iraq in January 1845, and condemned to work in the naval dockyards in Istanbul where he soon died.
768:
664:
Amir Kabir also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and
1793:
917:
886:(Amir Kabirâs lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile).
35:
618:
Amir Kabir made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper
1653:
1551:
476:(ážuâl-qaÊżda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the
336:
of defendants and prisoners, and structured Iranian tax and financial system. As the prime minister, he also ordered suppression of
1778:
1763:
984:
879:
597:, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects. Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the
1166:
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referred to Amir Kabir as the greatest of the religion's oppressors but also acknowledged his significant government reforms.
1695:
Amanat, Abbas (1991). "The Downfall of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir and the Problem of Ministerial Authority in Qajar Iran".
1803:
1768:
747:, as a threat and repressed them. He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the
558:(then known as ÊżArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the
830:
official) in February 1850 . The seven could easily have saved their lives by recanting their faith, but they refused.
1449:
Religious celebrations : an encyclopedia of holidays, festivals, solemn observances, and spiritual commemorations
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1647:
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317:
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748:
353:
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Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the
124:
39:
744:
499:. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of
1758:
1753:
970:
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Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the
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Among his Iranian contemporaries Amir Kabir received praise from several poets of the age, notably
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779:
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756:
460:
419:
During his tenure, Amir Kabir participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in
1720:
1712:
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1409:
1304:
965:
566:, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of
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1547:
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946:
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112:
100:
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389:
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234:
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period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master.
1202:
1170:
910:
807:
554:
Of particular interest is the care shown by Amir Kabir for the economic development of
424:
67:
850:, independent investigation of religious matters without the need for the clergy, and
767:(May 1844-late 1847), several leading BĂĄbi were persecuted for their activities; e.g.
1747:
1724:
1606:
669:
529:
489:
477:
268:
184:
727:, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali.
492:
and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and Amir Kabir resumed his duties.
811:
559:
428:
1543:
Resurrection and renewal : the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844-1850
724:
582:
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397:
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in the north and south of Iran, respectively, as well as a smaller conflict in
17:
1708:
1519:(1. publ ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 405â406.
1517:
Resurrection and renewal: the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844 - 1850
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871:
642:
385:
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169:
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for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of
1588:
1561:
1430:
720:
716:
703:
555:
495:
More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially
325:
1669:
The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy
1381:
1276:
1254:(1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11â12.
740:
436:
own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister.
427:-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day
396:
of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to Êż
1447:
1328:
1541:
686:
638:
563:
541:
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fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian
521:
440:
593:
Among the various measures enacted by Amir Kabir, the foundation of the
464:
increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of
1367:
John Walbridge published in Iranian Studies, 29:3-4, pages 339-362 1996
866:
698:
682:
665:
646:
634:
496:
420:
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of Iran. His father, KarbalaÊŸi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of
381:
333:
329:
145:
1716:
899:
815:
791:
452:
401:
374:
349:
337:
173:
1125:"Dar ol-Fonoun in want of love ("Dar ol-Fonoun dar hasrat-e eshgh")"
790:
The first major killings of BĂĄbĂs recorded in history took place in
715:
whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in
341:
999:
865:
838:
power of the Qajar government under the new minister, Amir Kabir.
823:
795:
654:
581:
571:
508:
455:
in 1263/1847. A year later, while retaining the post and title of
368:
312:; 9 January 1807 â 10 January 1852), was chief minister to
819:
31:
1333:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
763:
three-and-a-half years of the movement and during the reign of
649:, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.
1137:|The pertinent photographs (15 in total) can be viewed here:
1628:"WOMEN iv. in the works of the Bab and in the Babi Movement"
1627:
1104:
1102:
488:
in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the
719:, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of
624:, which survived under different titles until the reign of
528:
that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million
1226:
1224:
1485:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 259.
668:. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the
1690:
1688:
340:
and the execution of the founder of the movement, the
916:
Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed
615:, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder.
275:
263:
200:
190:
180:
159:
139:
134:
118:
106:
96:
78:
49:
34:. For the Iranian university of the same name, see
1546:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 245.
1201:Peter Smith & Moojan Momen (September 2005).
802:, where a group of BĂĄbĂs under the leadership of
344:. In the last years of his life he was exiled to
1452:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
1671:(Repr ed.). London: Tauris. p. 168.
723:, an island in the southeastern corner of the
1583:(1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 36,
1121:For an illustrated report on Darolfonun see:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1027:
735:Suppression of BĂĄbĂs and execution of the BĂĄb
307:
8:
1697:International Journal of Middle East Studies
782:, and enthronement of the new teenage king,
1414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1081:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp.
1079:A concise encyclopedia of the BahĂĄ'Ă Faith
936:Amir Kabir Farahani is portrayed by actor
913:, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him.
66:
46:
1740:, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975.
1123:Hamid-Reza Hosseini (22 September 2008).
926:, a well-known publisher founded in 1949.
503:, but he found his authority disputed by
423:, part of a commission to delineate the
324:in Iran and the second Persian-language
30:This article is about the chancellor of
1577:"The Writings and Teachings of the BĂĄb"
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1045:
1011:
547:The administration of the royal lands (
92:12 May 1848 â 13 November 1851
1645:
1407:
1322:
1320:
1302:
578:Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1375:
1373:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1230:
778:In 1848, however, after the death of
739:Amir Kabir regarded the followers of
685:, the Shia "passion play" enacted in
7:
833:In mid-1850, Amir Kabir ordered the
1435:. JSTOR. The North American Review.
1330:An introduction to the Baha'i faith
1252:An introduction to the Baha'i faith
1154:A History of the Modern Middle East
1028:
308:
299:
1575:Saiedi, Nader (26 November 2021),
918:Amirkabir University of Technology
36:Amirkabir University of Technology
25:
1429:Ross, E. Denison (1 April 1901).
957:in the Iranian television series
484:cooperation of Mirza Abuâl-Qasem
1799:19th-century Iranian politicians
544:and contracted out to Iranians.
250:
223:
1789:19th-century executions by Iran
985:List of prime ministers of Iran
947:Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema
352:and was murdered by command of
246:
219:
1626:Moojan Momen (December 2012).
645:project, the invention of the
641:Empire, the drawing up of the
601:, with the remaining becoming
526:Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek
328:in the country. He prohibited
27:Chancellor of Iran (1807â1852)
1:
1784:People executed by Qajar Iran
1652:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1581:The World of the BahĂĄ'Ă Faith
1386:. New Haven. pp. 244â5.
1075:"Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi Khan"
968:in Iranian television series
852:improving the status of women
279:Karbalayi Ghorban Ashpazbashi
1774:People from Markazi province
1383:Iran : a modern history
80:Prime Minister of Qajar Iran
38:. For publishing house, see
1363:The Babi Uprising in Zanjan
1281:. Hofheim. pp. 37â38.
1127:(in Persian). Jadid Online.
1018:Also known by the title of
360:Background and achievements
292:Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani
1820:
1446:Melton, J. Gordon (2011).
1167:"Ù
Û۱ۧ۫ Ù۱ÙÙÚŻÛ Ű§ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù Ù
۱کŰČÛ"
870:Amir Kabir murder site in
773:early disciples of the Bab
755:, the movement's founder.
29:
1794:Foreign ministers of Iran
1709:10.1017/S0020743800023424
1056:, Norton, 2005, p.195,197
743:, the predecessor of the
586:Statute of Amir Kabir in
388:district, in what is now
285:
181:Manner of death
130:
85:
74:
65:
56:
1736:Amir Kabir and Iran' by
1275:Shoghi, Effendi (2019).
990:Military history of Iran
964:He is also portrayed by
953:He is also portrayed by
394:Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam
57:
1779:Prime ministers of Iran
1764:Executed Iranian people
1589:10.4324/9780429027772-5
862:Dismissal and execution
749:Seven Martyrs of Tehran
451:Amir Kabir returned to
400:, the crown prince, in
380:Amir Kabir was born in
373:House of Amir Kabir in
354:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
314:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
1667:Amanat, Abbas (2008).
1540:Amanat, Abbas (1989).
1515:Amanat, Abbas (1989).
1483:Iran: a modern history
1481:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
1380:Amanat, Abbas (2019).
1156:(Westview Press, 2013)
1152:Cleveland, L William.
995:Prime Minister of Iran
874:
844:progressive revelation
621:VaqayeÊż-ye Ettefaqiyeh
590:
515:Administrative reforms
377:
1327:Smith, Peter (2008).
1250:Smith, Peter (2008).
1112:, Norton, 2005, p.196
1073:Smith, Peter (2000).
884:Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri
869:
848:abolishing priesthood
769:MullĂĄ Ê»AlĂy-i-BastĂĄmĂ
585:
486:Imam of Friday Prayer
372:
300:Ù
Û۱ŰČۧ ŰȘÙÛâŰźŰ§Ù Ù۱ۧÙۧÙÛ
125:Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri
59:Ù
Û۱ŰČۧ ŰȘÙÛâŰźŰ§Ù Ù۱ۧÙۧÙÛ
40:Amir Kabir Publishers
1804:People of Qajar Iran
1769:Executed politicians
1632:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
1207:Encyclopedia Iranica
971:Soltan-e Sahebgharan
835:execution of the BĂĄb
804:MullĂĄ Husayn Bushrui
753:execution of The BĂĄb
706:community to Islam.
626:Mozaffar-al-din Shah
599:University of Tehran
536:government, and the
356:on 10 January 1852.
271:and Hamdam ol-Molouk
249: 1849;
222: 1830;
931:Fictional portrayal
447:Reforms of the army
302:), better known as
1142:. Jadidonline.com.
966:Naser Malek Motiee
920:after him in 1979.
875:
591:
378:
1738:Fereydun Adamiyat
1678:978-1-84511-828-0
1648:cite encyclopedia
1634:(Online ed.)
1598:978-0-429-02777-2
1526:978-0-8014-2098-6
1492:978-0-300-11254-2
1459:978-1-59884-206-7
1393:978-0-300-24893-7
1340:978-0-521-86251-6
1288:978-3-87037-634-5
1278:Gott geht vorĂŒber
1261:978-0-521-68107-0
1233:, pp. 55â59.
1209:(Online ed.)
1092:978-1-85168-184-6
942:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
784:Nasir al-Din Shah
289:
288:
113:Hajj Mirza Aghasi
101:Naser al-Din Shah
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1729:
1728:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1641:
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1497:
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1420:
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1413:
1405:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1352:
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1315:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1272:
1266:
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1247:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:. Archived from
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1110:The Soul of Iran
1108:Molavi, Afshin,
1106:
1097:
1096:
1070:
1057:
1054:The Soul of Iran
1052:Molavi, Afshin,
1050:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1016:
570:near Tehran and
505:Hasan Khan Salar
410:mostofi-ye nezam
390:Markazi Province
322:higher education
311:
310:
301:
254:
252:
248:
227:
225:
221:
166:
135:Personal details
121:
109:
90:
70:
60:
51:Mirza Taghi Khan
47:
21:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
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1289:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1203:"MARTYRS, BABI"
1200:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1173:on 3 March 2016
1165:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1138:
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1120:
1116:
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1093:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1051:
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1042:
1037:
1036:
1017:
1013:
1008:
981:
938:Dariush Arjmand
933:
896:
864:
737:
712:
695:
679:shaykh-al-eslam
580:
568:American cotton
517:
449:
367:
362:
280:
259:
256:
253: 1851)
244:
240:
237:
235:Ezzat ed-Dowleh
229:
226: 1849)
217:
213:
210:
191:Political party
168:
164:
163:10 January 1852
144:
119:
107:
91:
86:
61:
58:
52:
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mirza Taqi Khan
15:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
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1776:
1771:
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1756:
1746:
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1742:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1703:(4): 577â599.
1684:
1677:
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977:
976:
975:
962:
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932:
929:
928:
927:
921:
914:
911:Amir Kabir Dam
895:
892:
863:
860:
808:Shaykh Tabarsi
736:
733:
711:
710:Foreign policy
708:
694:
691:
579:
576:
516:
513:
448:
445:
366:
363:
361:
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318:Shah of Persia
287:
286:
283:
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281:Fatemeh Khanom
277:
273:
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209:Jan Jan Khanom
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167:(aged 45)
161:
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143:9 January 1807
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1559:
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1553:0-8014-2098-9
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1115:
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1099:
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1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
973:
972:
967:
963:
960:
956:
955:Saeed Nikpour
952:
949:
948:
943:
939:
935:
934:
930:
925:
922:
919:
915:
912:
909:
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905:
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868:
861:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
839:
836:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
785:
781:
780:Mohammad Shah
776:
774:
771:, one of the
770:
766:
765:Mohammad Shah
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
732:
728:
726:
722:
718:
709:
707:
705:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
670:Masjed-e Shah
667:
662:
660:
656:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
622:
616:
614:
609:
604:
600:
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589:
584:
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575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
539:
533:
531:
530:Iranian toman
527:
523:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
461:Mohammad Shah
458:
457:vazir-e nezam
454:
446:
444:
442:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
414:vazir-e nezam
411:
407:
403:
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395:
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376:
371:
364:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
297:
293:
284:
278:
274:
270:
269:Taj ol-Molouk
267:5, including
266:
262:
236:
231:
206:
205:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
185:Assassination
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
133:
129:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
102:
99:
95:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
55:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1700:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1610:, retrieved
1580:
1570:
1542:
1535:
1516:
1482:
1476:
1448:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1382:
1361:
1357:
1329:
1277:
1270:
1251:
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1161:
1153:
1148:
1133:
1117:
1109:
1078:
1053:
1048:
1023:
1020:Amir-e Nezam
1019:
1014:
969:
958:
945:
897:
888:
880:Queen Mother
876:
856:
840:
832:
828:
789:
777:
761:
757:`Abdu'l-BahĂĄ
745:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
738:
729:
713:
696:
678:
675:emam-e jomÊża
674:
663:
659:divan-khaneh
658:
651:
637:against the
629:
619:
617:
592:
560:Persian Gulf
553:
548:
546:
534:
518:
494:
482:
473:
470:amir-e kabir
469:
466:amir-e nezam
465:
456:
450:
438:
429:Khorramshahr
418:
413:
409:
406:lashkarnevis
405:
379:
365:Early career
303:
291:
290:
165:(1852-01-10)
120:Succeeded by
87:
44:
1759:1852 deaths
1754:1807 births
1140:"Slideshow"
725:Caspian Sea
433:Crimean War
398:Abbas Mirza
195:Independent
108:Preceded by
1748:Categories
1612:27 January
1402:1090852958
1297:1262336126
1231:Smith 2000
1177:9 February
1040:References
1024:Amir Nezam
959:Amir Kabir
872:Fin Garden
800:Mazandaran
693:Minorities
643:Suez Canal
613:Darolfonun
603:Darolfonun
595:Darolfonun
588:Darolfonun
549:khalesajat
346:Fin Garden
306:(Persian:
304:Amir Kabir
170:Fin Garden
1725:159736416
1607:244695650
1468:754582864
1410:cite book
1349:181072578
1305:cite book
944:'s movie
924:Amirkabir
721:Ashuradeh
717:Astarabad
556:Khuzestan
326:newspaper
276:Parent(s)
88:In office
1562:18256692
1029:ۧÙ
Û۱Ù۞ۧÙ
979:See also
751:and the
704:Mandaean
687:Moharram
639:Habsburg
630:soyursat
608:Assyrian
564:Shushtar
542:monopoly
522:smallpox
501:Khorasan
441:Tanzimat
309:ۧÙ
Û۱کۚÛ۱
264:Children
176:, Persia
699:Erzurum
683:taziyeh
666:mosques
647:balloon
635:Mazzini
538:Caspian
497:Mashhad
425:Ottoman
421:Erzurum
384:in the
382:Hazaveh
334:torture
330:bribery
296:Persian
255:
243:
239:
228:
216:
212:
201:Spouses
146:Hazaveh
97:Monarch
1723:
1717:163885
1715:
1675:
1605:
1595:
1560:
1550:
1523:
1489:
1466:
1456:
1432:Babism
1400:
1390:
1347:
1337:
1295:
1285:
1258:
1089:
904:QaÊŸani
900:Sorush
894:Legacy
816:Neyriz
812:Zanjan
792:Qazvin
741:BĂĄbism
490:bazaar
478:Saljuq
474:atabak
453:Tabriz
402:Tabriz
375:Tabriz
350:Kashan
338:Babism
174:Kashan
154:Persia
1721:S2CID
1713:JSTOR
1638:1 May
1603:S2CID
1213:1 May
1006:Notes
1000:Dapir
824:jihad
796:Babol
655:Ulema
572:Urmia
509:Herat
245:(
241:
218:(
214:
1673:ISBN
1654:link
1640:2010
1614:2023
1593:ISBN
1558:OCLC
1548:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1464:OCLC
1454:ISBN
1416:link
1398:OCLC
1388:ISBN
1345:OCLC
1335:ISBN
1311:link
1293:OCLC
1283:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1215:2020
1179:2016
1087:ISBN
902:and
820:Yazd
814:and
677:and
472:and
386:Arak
251:div.
224:div.
160:Died
150:Arak
140:Born
32:Iran
1705:doi
1585:doi
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940:in
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798:of
348:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
