571:) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase iron–sulfur subunit mitochondrial (SDHB); succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC); and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD). Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex II is a parallel electron transport pathway to Complex I, but unlike Complex I, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through Complex II contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.
201:
1835:
1207:
1072:
1059:) and four protons, producing two molecules of water. The complex contains coordinated copper ions and several heme groups. At the same time, eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix (although only four are translocated across the membrane), contributing to the proton gradient. The exact details of proton pumping in Complex IV are still under study.
1703:
1796:
Bacterial terminal oxidases can be split into classes according to the molecules act as terminal electron acceptors. Class I oxidases are cytochrome oxidases and use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Class II oxidases are quinol oxidases and can use a variety of terminal electron acceptors.
1688:
Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier. For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, electron transport chain) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox
1427:
electron carrier. These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor. In other words, they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction.
1184:
is the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain through the reverse redox reactions. Usually requiring a significant amount of energy to be used, this can reduce the oxidized forms of electron donors. For example, NAD can be reduced to NADH by
Complex I. There are several factors
283:
of higher redox potential, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Each reaction releases energy because a higher-energy donor and acceptor convert to
1549:), electron transport chain. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps, while others funnel electrons into the quinone pool. Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow. In the case of
1588:
use caldariellaquinone. The use of different quinones is due to slight changes in redox potentials caused by changes in structure. The change in redox potentials of these quinones may be suited to changes in the electron acceptors or variations of redox potentials in bacterial complexes.
1431:
Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example,
1758:
As there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. As with other steps of the ETC, an enzyme is required to help with the process.
1439:
A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create an electrochemical gradient over a membrane. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps, like mitochondria, or they may contain two or at least one.
192:, the electron transport chain can vary between species but it always constitutes a set of redox reactions that are coupled to the synthesis of ATP through the generation of an electrochemical gradient and oxidative phosphorylation through ATP synthase.
1436:(when growing aerobically using glucose and oxygen as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously.
1532:
Bacteria can use several different electron donors. When organic matter is the electron source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to
1669:
Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome
1615:. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm. Mitochondrial
1130:
that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c subunits. Protons in the inter-membrane space of mitochondria first enter the ATP synthase complex through an
1800:
Mostly in anaerobic environments different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate. When bacteria grow in
1185:
that have been shown to induce reverse electron flow. However, more work needs to be done to confirm this. One example is blockage of ATP synthase, resulting in a build-up of protons and therefore a higher
1797:
Both of these classes can be subdivided into categories based on what redox-active components they contain. E.g. Heme aa3 Class 1 terminal oxidases are much more efficient than Class 2 terminal oxidases.
1010:
When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation.
532:. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. As the electrons move through the complex an electron current is produced along the 180
296:
since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP by using the electrochemical gradient that the redox reactions of the electron transport chain have established driven by energy-releasing reactions of oxygen.
483:), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature
123:, is used by the complexes in the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with
3643:
119:
of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher
1809:
can use fumarate reductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, DMSO reductase, or trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment.
1370:) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is:
1865:
Photosynthetic electron transport chains, like the mitochondrial chain, can be considered as a special case of the bacterial systems. They use mobile, lipid-soluble quinone carriers (
1862:
is used to create a high-energy electron donor which can subsequently reduce oxidized components and couple to ATP synthesis via proton translocation by the electron transport chain.
1161:
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein,
845:
975:
1501:. Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth. Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually outnumber
929:
799:
905:
1005:
875:
775:
730:
678:
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are mobile, lipid-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons (and protons) between large, relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane. Bacteria use
1559:, the enzyme is used aerobically and in combination with other dehydrogenases. It is inducible and is expressed when the concentration of DL-lactate in the cell is high.
271:
pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which provides the energy driving the process as it is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an
3982:
3636:
1541:). Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H
3916:
3171:
1169:—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix. Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler. This alternative flow results in
3629:
1448:
In the current biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an electron source are called
1727:
1224:
3887:
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site. (In total, four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules.)
628:, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q
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2620:
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are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an
4012:
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Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps, while others are not. Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps, but some are not. Cytochrome
1271:
292:
into the intermembrane space, producing a state of higher free energy that has the potential to do work. This entire process is called
3769:
3688:
2828:"SIRT3 is a mitochondria-localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress"
1243:
1135:
subunit channel. Then protons move to the c subunits. The number of c subunits determines how many protons are required to make the F
479:), two electrons are removed from NADH and transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH
1745:
1290:
341:
261:
154:
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If oxygen is available, it is most often used as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes. An
1793:
complex. Under aerobic conditions, it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases (both proton pumps) to reduce oxygen to water.
1689:
level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.
316:) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial
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3166:
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4007:
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electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain can be summarized as follows:
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1723:
We talk as if oxidases are not also reductases, and as if reductases are not also oxidizing something. That's messed up.
257:
143:
1718:
568:
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1239:
1524:. This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules and oxygen as an energy source.
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contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH
304:
Energy associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain is used to pump protons from the
3076:
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produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers (NAD and Q) with energy provided by O
1217:
3853:
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3362:
3117:
2019:"Microbial electron transport and energy conservation - the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems"
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1685:. They also function as electron carriers, but in a very different, intramolecular, solid-state environment.
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turn one full revolution. For example, in humans, there are 8 c subunits, thus 8 protons are required. After
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site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (
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2474:"Succinate Dehydrogenase Supports Metabolic Repurposing of Mitochondria to Drive Inflammatory Macrophages"
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Kim HS, Patel K, Muldoon-Jacobs K, Bisht KS, Aykin-Burns N, Pennington JD, et al. (January 2010).
1148:
979:
528:) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH
524:, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (
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17:
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Zorova LD, Popkov VA, Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Pevzner IB, Jankauskas SS, et al. (July 2018).
1855:
1783:
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In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is
1166:
1034:
380:
305:
97:
1816:. They are synthesized by the organism as needed, in response to specific environmental conditions.
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Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex
317:
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across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane, as seen in mitochondrial
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Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an electron source. Such an organism is called a
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are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor for this process is molecular oxygen.
1114:
complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as
285:
120:
39:
1805:
environments, the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase.
1770:
to water while oxidizing something else. In mitochondria, the terminal membrane complex (
3621:
2929:
1995:
1850:, electrons are transferred from an electron donor such as NADH to an acceptor such as O
472:(NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Type I NADH dehydrogenase, or mitochondrial complex I;
284:
lower-energy products. Via the transferred electrons, this energy is used to generate a
115:
In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the
3527:
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Mills EL, Kelly B, Logan A, Costa AS, Varma M, Bryant CE, et al. (October 2016).
2333:
2316:
1048:), sometimes called cytochrome AA3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of
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are proteins that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments.
1498:
1123:
1111:
1084:
1076:
1049:
622:
365:
325:
241:
229:
128:
1574:(Coenzyme Q, the same quinone that mitochondria use) and related quinones such as
328:
to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from
2448:
2401:
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1922:
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185:
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2439:
Kim BH, Gadd GM (2008). "Introduction to bacterial physiology and metabolism".
2417:
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subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix. This reflux releases
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3652:
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3044:
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2255:
1874:
1584:
1571:
1506:
1465:
1424:
1030:
525:
513:
488:
349:
345:
336:. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the
237:
147:
135:
2224:
2137:
2106:
2035:
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3501:
3308:
3052:
2938:
1521:
1510:
1460:(plants and algae) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms.
272:
213:
181:
2957:
2904:
2861:
2798:
2509:
2425:
2342:
2317:"Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c-ring rotation in ATP synthase"
2273:
2155:
2054:
146:. The energy released by reactions of oxygen and reduced compounds such as
2574:
2003:
1674:. Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers.
1071:
3710:
3003:
2871:"Oncogenic pathways and the electron transport chain: a dangeROS liaison"
2728:
1859:
1470:
1363:
533:
189:
188:
and the resulting proton gradient causes subsequent synthesis of ATP. In
78:
46:
1619:
is this second type of proton pump, which is mediated by a quinone (the
606:
540:
of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH.
3564:
3549:
2525:
1763:
1620:
1567:
1555:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1367:
1231: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1060:
1045:
610:
564:
560:
476:
109:
3659:
1486:
101:
74:
66:
1155:. The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis, catalyzed by the F
487:
to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of
394:
structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are
3961:
3956:
2962:– Editorial commentary mentioning two unusual ETCs: that of
2240:"Mitochondrial ATP synthase: architecture, function and pathology"
2177:
Garrett & Grisham, Biochemistry, Brooks/Cole, 2010, pp 598-611
1833:
1778:
bacteria use a number of differet terminal oxidases. For example,
536:
width of the complex within the membrane. This current powers the
244:, which produce ATP from reactions of oxygen with products of the
62:
58:
3004:
pathway: Oxidative phosphorylation, overlaid with genes found in
1419:
Electrons can enter the chain at three levels: at the level of a
184:
membrane. Here, light energy drives electron transport through a
164:
is used by the electron transport chain to pump protons into the
84:
The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain is an
3941:
3936:
3931:
3921:
3911:
3704:
3000:
1423:, at the level of the quinone pool, or at the level of a mobile
1410:↓ ↓
497:
217:
3625:
3017:
2594:
2402:"Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance"
2085:
Waldenström JG (2009-04-24). "Biochemistry. By Lubert Stryer".
1696:
1633:
is a proton pump found in many, but not all, bacteria (not in
1200:
1982:
Anraku Y (June 1988). "Bacterial electron transport chains".
1382:↓ ↓ ↓
352:; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from Complex II (
1403:↓ ↓
1854:
through an electron transport chain, releasing energy. In
1677:
Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as
65:) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of
2611:
Lengeler JW (January 1999). Drews G; Schlegel HG (eds.).
2315:
Fillingame RH, Angevine CM, Dmitriev OY (November 2003).
757:
567:
pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via
180:
eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is found on the
2695:"Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria"
1774:) is cytochrome oxidase, which oxidizes the cytochrome.
1537:
in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to
1079:, the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.
516:
intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH
77:
in the electron transport chain are embedded within the
2238:
Jonckheere AI, Smeitink JA, Rodenburg RJ (March 2012).
1893:
proposes that both organelles descended from bacteria.
3246:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
1143:
subunits, protons finally enter the matrix through an
621:
site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of
512:
is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a
982:
936:
912:
882:
852:
806:
782:
745:
690:
638:
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Raimondi V, Ciccarese F, Ciminale V (January 2020).
2168:
Lauren, Biochemistry, Johnson/Cole, 2010, pp 598-611
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3514:
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3424:
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3297:
3258:
3229:
3205:
3196:
3153:
3137:
3096:
3085:
3059:
2914:"Biological electron transport goes the extra mile"
2592:Fenchel T, King GM, Blackburn TH (September 2006).
1454:. Chemoorganotrophs (animals, fungi, protists) and
1786:anaerobe) does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a
1469:("rock-eater"). Inorganic electron donors include
999:
969:
923:
899:
869:
839:
793:
769:
724:
672:
356:; labeled II). Q passes electrons to Complex III (
100:, the flow of electrons terminates with molecular
1693:Electron acceptors and terminal oxidase/reductase
1528:Dehydrogenases: equivalants to complexes I and II
1103:(proton gradient). This gradient is used by the F
88:. The energy from the redox reactions creates an
3983:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
2693:Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K (March 1977).
1977:
1975:
1165:—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of
63:reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously
3888:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
2918:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2366:"A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP"
2294:(5th ed.). Cengage learning. p. 664.
1838:Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the
398:. The structures are electrically connected by
2739:The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes
1885:photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial
563:) additional electrons are delivered into the
275:series of electron donors and acceptors. Each
3637:
3029:
2364:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002-01-01).
1516:The use of inorganic electron donors such as
108:, other electron acceptors are used, such as
8:
2539:"The respiratory chains of Escherichia coli"
2443:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–6.
138:, the electron transport chain, and site of
1948:Basic Science in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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3731:
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3630:
3622:
3511:
3428:
3321:
3314:
3226:
3202:
3093:
3036:
3022:
3014:
1812:Most terminal oxidases and reductases are
1520:is of particular interest in the study of
308:into the intermembrane space, creating an
2988:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2986:Electron+Transport+Chain+Complex+Proteins
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2937:
2894:
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2718:
2564:
2554:
2499:
2489:
2332:
2263:
2145:
2044:
2034:
1746:Learn how and when to remove this message
1351:are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome
1291:Learn how and when to remove this message
991:
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2537:Ingledew WJ, Poole RK (September 1984).
2017:Kracke F, Vassilev I, Krömer JO (2015).
1070:
840:{\displaystyle {\ce {(Fe^{III}) + 2 H}}}
494:The pathway of electrons is as follows:
342:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
199:
2400:Cannon B, Nedergaard J (January 2004).
1938:
1067:Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation
970:{\displaystyle {\ce {(Fe^{II}) + 4 H}}}
196:Mitochondrial electron transport chains
2814:
2804:
2651:Nicholls DG, Ferguson SJ (July 2002).
2382:
2371:
2244:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
1873:) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (
1118:of the electron transport chain. The F
1055:and transferred to molecular oxygen (O
924:{\displaystyle {\text{ cytochrome }}c}
794:{\displaystyle {\text{ cytochrome }}c}
18:Mitochondrial electron transport chain
2285:
2283:
2059:– This source shows four ETCs (
1946:Lyall, Fiona (2010). "Biochemistry".
1197:Prokaryotic electron transport chains
364:; labeled III), which passes them to
288:across the mitochondrial membrane by
7:
3146:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
2633:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
2210:
2208:
1229:adding citations to reliable sources
204:The electron transport chain in the
2441:Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism
1996:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.000533
1095:, the electron transport chain and
900:{\displaystyle {\ce {-> Q + 2}}}
216:. It mediates the reaction between
104:as the final electron acceptor. In
3874:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
3770:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
2122:"Mitochondrial membrane potential"
2099:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb19571.x
1956:10.1016/B978-0-443-10281-3.00013-0
1637:). As the name implies, bacterial
27:Energy-producing metabolic pathway
25:
1000:{\displaystyle _{\text{out}}^{+}}
569:flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
2630:Nelson DL, Cox MM (April 2005).
2191:. Boston: Cengage. p. 687.
1701:
1205:
1085:chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis
870:{\displaystyle _{\text{in}}^{+}}
500:is oxidized to NAD, by reducing
379:passes electrons to Complex IV (
3898:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
3167:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2767:. Vol. 28 (3rd ed.).
2636:(4th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
2290:Garrett RH, Grisham CM (2012).
1216:needs additional citations for
1063:is an inhibitor of Complex IV.
770:{\displaystyle {\ce {QH2 + 2}}}
310:electrochemical proton gradient
90:electrochemical proton gradient
3745:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2912:Reguera, Gemma (29 May 2018).
2761:Voet D, Voet JG (March 2004).
2711:10.1128/MMBR.41.1.100-180.1977
2556:10.1128/mmbr.48.3.222-271.1984
2187:Garrett R, Grisham CM (2016).
1889:. The commonly-held theory of
1830:Photosynthetic reaction center
1603:is any process that creates a
1017:(British Anti-Lewisite, BAL),
952:
939:
884:
822:
809:
725:{\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}}
673:{\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}}
508:in one two-electron step. FMNH
1:
3766:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
3570:Reverse cholesterol transport
2781:10.1016/s0307-4412(00)00032-7
2334:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01101-3
1984:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1013:This complex is inhibited by
92:that drives the synthesis of
3869:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
3222:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
2449:10.1017/cbo9780511790461.002
1659:Cytochrome electron carriers
1644:is similar to mitochondrial
1518:hydrogen as an energy source
1173:rather than ATP production.
556:or succinate-CoQ reductase;
300:Mitochondrial redox carriers
258:inner mitochondrial membrane
144:inner mitochondrial membrane
2996:Khan Academy, video lecture
2670:Stumm W; Morgan JJ (1996).
1721:. The specific problem is:
4029:
4013:Integral membrane proteins
3689:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
3607:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
3077:Primary nutritional groups
3010:Click "help" for a how-to.
2736:White D (September 1999).
2613:Biology of the Prokaryotes
2596:(2nd ed.). Elsevier.
2491:10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.064
2418:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003
1823:
1717:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1240:"Electron transport chain"
684:site to form one quinone (
461:
279:will pass electrons to an
42:and other molecules which
3854:oxidative phosphorylation
3469:
3441:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3431:
3395:
3363:Pentose phosphate pathway
3358:
3341:
3324:
3118:Oxidative phosphorylation
2887:10.1038/s41416-019-0651-y
2844:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.11.023
2256:10.1007/s10545-011-9382-9
2023:Frontiers in Microbiology
1848:oxidative phosphorylation
1159:component of the complex.
1097:oxidative phosphorylation
294:oxidative phosphorylation
210:oxidative phosphorylation
140:oxidative phosphorylation
125:oxidative phosphorylation
3849:electron transport chain
3809:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
3684:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
3461:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
3123:electron transport chain
3110:Pyruvate decarboxylation
2990:Medical Subject Headings
2970:. Also has schematic of
2964:Geobacter sulfurreducens
2138:10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.009
2087:Acta Medica Scandinavica
2036:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00575
1826:Light-dependent reaction
1582:). Archaea in the genus
1101:electrochemical gradient
1089:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
170:electrochemical gradient
32:electron transport chain
3790:Glutamate dehydrogenase
3701:Succinate dehydrogenase
3694:Succinyl CoA synthetase
3555:Sphingolipid metabolism
3456:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
3304:carbohydrate catabolism
3299:Carbohydrate metabolism
3285:Purine nucleotide cycle
3006:Pseudomonas fluorescens
2939:10.1073/pnas.1806580115
2744:Oxford University Press
2699:Bacteriological Reviews
2543:Microbiological Reviews
2126:Analytical Biochemistry
1903:Charge-transfer complex
1877:). They also contain a
554:succinate dehydrogenase
354:succinate dehydrogenase
3833:Aspartate transaminase
3524:Fatty acid degradation
3244:Amino acid degradation
2381:Cite journal requires
1843:
1080:
1001:
971:
925:
915: cytochrome
901:
871:
841:
795:
785: cytochrome
771:
726:
674:
233:
174:mitochondrial membrane
94:adenosine triphosphate
3560:Eicosanoid metabolism
3516:Fatty acid metabolism
3280:Pyrimidine metabolism
3139:Anaerobic respiration
2769:John Wiley & Sons
2676:John Wiley & Sons
2615:. Blackwell Science.
2406:Physiological Reviews
2075:) in figures 1 and 2.
1881:. The proton pump in
1837:
1824:Further information:
1551:lactate dehydrogenase
1191:reverse electron flow
1182:Reverse electron flow
1177:Reverse electron flow
1074:
1002:
972:
926:
902:
872:
842:
796:
772:
727:
680:) oxidations at the Q
675:
502:flavin mononucleotide
464:Respiratory complex I
462:Further information:
451:↑
445:↑
344:, and passes them to
330:adenosine diphosphate
254:amino acid metabolism
250:fatty acid metabolism
203:
106:anaerobic respiration
4008:Cellular respiration
3828:Pyruvate carboxylase
3716:Malate dehydrogenase
3534:Fatty acid synthesis
3239:Amino acid synthesis
1950:. pp. 143–171.
1856:photophosphorylation
1728:improve this section
1225:improve this article
1167:brown adipose tissue
980:
934:
910:
880:
850:
804:
780:
743:
688:
636:
306:mitochondrial matrix
228:and oxygen to power
136:eukaryotic organisms
3978:Alternative oxidase
3782:α-ketoglutaric acid
3098:Aerobic respiration
2930:2018PNAS..115.5632R
1918:Hydrogen hypothesis
1913:Electron equivalent
1187:proton-motive force
996:
866:
759:
710:
658:
334:inorganic phosphate
166:intermembrane space
98:aerobic respiration
3602:Ethanol metabolism
3550:Steroid metabolism
3275:Nucleotide salvage
3207:Protein metabolism
2655:. Academic Press.
2484:(2): 457–470.e13.
1844:
1840:thylakoid membrane
1408:oxidase(reductase)
1405:oxidase(reductase)
1081:
997:
983:
967:
921:
897:
867:
853:
837:
791:
767:
747:
722:
696:
670:
644:
318:membrane potential
234:
142:, is found on the
69:(H ions) across a
55:electron acceptors
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3841:
3840:
3657:Citric acid cycle
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3578:
3577:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3474:Xylose metabolism
3420:
3419:
3293:
3292:
3270:Purine metabolism
3215:Protein synthesis
3192:
3191:
3114:Citric acid cycle
3072:Metabolic network
3067:Metabolic pathway
2924:(22): 5632–5634.
2790:978-0-471-58651-7
2753:978-0-19-512579-5
2685:978-0-471-51185-4
2672:Aquatic Chemistry
2662:978-0-12-518121-1
2643:978-0-7167-4339-2
2622:978-0-632-05357-5
2603:978-0-12-103455-9
2458:978-0-511-79046-1
2301:978-1-133-10629-6
2198:978-1-305-57720-6
1965:978-0-443-10281-3
1928:Electric bacteria
1756:
1755:
1748:
1719:quality standards
1710:This section may
1466:(chemo)lithotroph
1301:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1093:Peter D. Mitchell
1083:According to the
989:
965:
949:
945:
916:
889:
859:
835:
819:
815:
786:
750:
714:
699:
662:
647:
340:electron carrier
290:"pumping" protons
260:, electrons from
246:citric acid cycle
226:citric acid cycle
224:generated in the
168:, generating the
153:and (indirectly)
117:Gibbs free energy
86:exergonic process
40:protein complexes
38:) is a series of
16:(Redirected from
4020:
3859:
3820:oxaloacetic acid
3732:
3674:Citrate synthase
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3590:Metal metabolism
3512:
3497:Lipid metabolism
3429:
3322:
3315:
3227:
3203:
3129:
3094:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3015:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2908:
2898:
2865:
2855:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2757:
2742:(2nd ed.).
2732:
2722:
2689:
2674:(3rd ed.).
2666:
2647:
2626:
2607:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2336:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1943:
1858:, the energy of
1751:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1563:Quinone carriers
1457:photolithotrophs
1345:Complexes I, III
1296:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1233:
1209:
1201:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
990:
987:
976:
974:
973:
968:
966:
963:
955:
951:
950:
947:
943:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
914:
906:
904:
903:
898:
896:
887:
876:
874:
873:
868:
865:
860:
857:
846:
844:
843:
838:
836:
833:
825:
821:
820:
817:
813:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
784:
776:
774:
773:
768:
766:
758:
755:
748:
731:
729:
728:
723:
721:
720:
719:
712:
709:
704:
697:
679:
677:
676:
671:
669:
668:
667:
660:
657:
652:
645:
538:active transport
485:electron leakage
61:reactions (both
21:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4017:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3966:
3908:
3882:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3813:
3794:
3775:
3721:
3662:
3650:
3620:
3611:
3595:Iron metabolism
3574:
3538:
3499:
3483:
3465:
3451:Carbon fixation
3416:
3391:
3354:
3337:
3333:Gluconeogenesis
3306:
3301:
3289:
3261:
3254:
3225:
3198:
3188:
3149:
3133:
3121:
3088:
3081:
3055:
3042:
2982:
2977:
2911:
2868:
2825:
2813:
2803:
2791:
2760:
2754:
2735:
2692:
2686:
2669:
2663:
2653:Bioenergetics 3
2650:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2585:Further reading
2582:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2380:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1908:CoRR hypothesis
1899:
1853:
1832:
1822:
1791:
1769:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1631:
1605:proton gradient
1595:
1581:
1565:
1545:dehydrogenase (
1544:
1530:
1495:manganese oxide
1475:carbon monoxide
1446:
1444:Electron donors
1417:
1396:
1341:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1179:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1138:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1069:
1058:
1027:
1021:and antimycin.
978:
977:
942:
932:
931:
908:
907:
878:
877:
848:
847:
812:
802:
801:
778:
777:
741:
740:
735:
711:
686:
685:
683:
659:
634:
633:
631:
620:
616:
597:
590:
577:
546:
531:
519:
511:
507:
482:
466:
460:
455:
442:
387:; labeled IV).
361:
323:
302:
286:proton gradient
269:
208:is the site of
198:
172:over the inner
162:
121:redox potential
51:electron donors
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3856:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3764:(regulated by
3761:
3760:
3741:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3528:Beta oxidation
3520:
3518:
3509:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Chemosynthesis
3443:
3438:
3436:Photosynthesis
3432:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3385:Leloir pathway
3377:
3376:
3375:
3373:Polyol pathway
3365:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:Glycogenolysis
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2998:
2993:
2981:
2980:External links
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:cable bacteria
2909:
2881:(2): 168–181.
2866:
2823:
2815:|journal=
2789:
2758:
2752:
2733:
2690:
2684:
2667:
2661:
2648:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2602:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2529:
2515:
2464:
2457:
2431:
2412:(1): 277–359.
2392:
2383:|journal=
2356:
2307:
2300:
2279:
2230:
2204:
2197:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2112:
2077:
2073:Acetobacterium
2009:
1971:
1964:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1851:
1821:
1820:Photosynthetic
1818:
1789:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1660:
1657:
1647:
1640:
1629:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1564:
1561:
1542:
1529:
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1445:
1442:
1394:
1372:
1339:
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1298:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1178:
1175:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1087:, proposed by
1068:
1065:
1056:
1026:
1023:
1019:naphthoquinone
1008:
1007:
994:
985:
961:
958:
954:
941:
920:
895:
892:
886:
864:
855:
831:
828:
824:
811:
790:
765:
762:
754:
733:
718:
708:
703:
694:
681:
666:
656:
651:
642:
629:
618:
614:
595:
588:
576:
573:
545:
542:
529:
517:
509:
505:
480:
459:
456:
440:
404:
359:
321:
301:
298:
277:electron donor
267:
197:
194:
178:photosynthetic
160:
73:. Many of the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4025:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
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3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3846:Mitochondrial
3844:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3797:
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3728:
3724:
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3709:
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3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3480:
3479:Radiotrophism
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:Glycosylation
3398:
3397:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:(1): 100–80.
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2549:(3): 222–71.
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:(2): 211–25.
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:(1): 101–32.
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1891:symbiogenesis
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:plastoquinone
1868:
1867:phylloquinone
1863:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:reduces the O
1765:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1736:December 2023
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:dehydrogenase
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1384:dehydrogenase
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1281:December 2023
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242: –
1241:
1237:
1236:Find sources:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:This section
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1171:thermogenesis
1168:
1164:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1122:component of
1117:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1075:Depiction of
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
992:
984:
959:
956:
918:
893:
890:
862:
854:
829:
826:
788:
763:
760:
752:
739:
738:
737:
716:
706:
701:
692:
664:
654:
649:
640:
627:
626:
612:
608:
605:
601:
593:
591:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
559:
555:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
527:
523:
515:
503:
499:
495:
492:
490:
486:
478:
475:
471:
465:
457:
454:
450:
449:
444:
436:
435:
430:
429:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
401:
400:lipid-soluble
397:
393:
392:transmembrane
388:
386:
384:
378:
374:
370:
369:
363:
358:cytochrome bc
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:). It allows
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:mitochondrion
202:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3904:
3893:Cytochrome c
3848:
3801:succinyl-CoA
3380:Galactolysis
3350:Glycogenesis
3155:Fermentation
3127:ATP synthase
3122:
3005:
2971:
2966:and that of
2963:
2921:
2917:
2878:
2874:
2838:(1): 41–52.
2835:
2831:
2764:Biochemistry
2763:
2738:
2702:
2698:
2671:
2652:
2632:
2612:
2593:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2518:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2440:
2434:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2374:cite journal
2359:
2327:(1): 29–34.
2324:
2321:FEBS Letters
2320:
2310:
2292:Biochemistry
2291:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2217:Biochemistry
2216:
2189:biochemistry
2188:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2093:(1–6): 436.
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1947:
1941:
1886:
1882:
1864:
1845:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1742:
1733:
1726:Please help
1722:
1711:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1593:Proton pumps
1583:
1566:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1515:
1503:organotrophs
1499:ferrous iron
1464:
1462:
1455:
1451:organotrophs
1449:
1447:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1235:
1223:Please help
1218:verification
1215:
1180:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1124:ATP synthase
1115:
1112:ATP synthase
1082:
1077:ATP synthase
1051:
1036:
1028:
1012:
1009:
624:
599:
598:-cytochrome
586:
578:
547:
522:Fe–S cluster
496:
493:
467:
452:
447:
446:
438:
433:
432:
427:
425:
420:
419:
415:
410:
409:
405:
396:proton pumps
389:
382:
376:
372:
367:
326:ATP synthase
303:
242:mitochondria
235:
230:ATP synthase
150:
133:
129:ATP synthase
114:
83:
35:
31:
29:
3910:synthesis:
3727:Anaplerotic
3506:lipogenesis
3368:Fructolysis
3182:Lactic acid
2875:Br J Cancer
2832:Cancer Cell
2771:. pp.
1923:Respirasome
1887:Complex III
1879:proton pump
1875:cytochromes
1784:facultative
1730:if you can.
1679:Complex III
1664:Cytochromes
1653:Complex III
1617:Complex III
1609:Complexes I
1600:proton pump
1576:menaquinone
1547:hydrogenase
1507:phototrophs
1360:prokaryotes
1325:cytochrome
1320:Complex III
1189:, inducing
1163:thermogenin
1149:free energy
1128:ion channel
1126:acts as an
1050:cytochrome
1035:cytochrome
1015:dimercaprol
623:cytochrome
602:reductase;
585:cytochrome
581:Complex III
575:Complex III
526:semiquinone
514:semiquinone
426:cytochrome
421:Complex III
381:cytochrome
366:cytochrome
338:Krebs cycle
240:cells have
186:proton pump
4002:Categories
3905:Coenzyme Q
3879:Coenzyme Q
3737:acetyl-CoA
3653:Metabolism
3329:Glycolysis
3262:metabolism
3260:Nucleotide
3250:Urea cycle
3231:Amino acid
3220:Catabolism
3163:Glycolysis
3106:Glycolysis
3089:metabolism
3049:catabolism
3045:Metabolism
2219:. toppan.
2065:Shewanella
1934:References
1772:Complex IV
1683:Complex IV
1585:Sulfolobus
1578:(Vitamin K
1572:ubiquinone
1539:Complex II
1425:cytochrome
1401:cytochrome
1333:Complex IV
1251:newspapers
1031:Complex IV
1025:Complex IV
732:) at the Q
550:Complex II
544:Complex II
489:superoxide
448:Complex II
434:Complex IV
350:ubiquinone
346:coenzyme Q
332:(ADP) and
238:eukaryotic
214:eukaryotes
148:cytochrome
96:(ATP). In
3679:Aconitase
3502:lipolysis
3309:anabolism
3053:anabolism
2817:ignored (
2807:cite book
2225:785100491
2132:: 50–59.
2107:0001-6101
2069:Moorella
2061:Geobacter
1814:inducible
1803:anaerobic
1535:Complex I
1522:evolution
1511:biosphere
1310:Complex I
1116:Complex V
885:⟶
717:−
665:−
470:Complex I
458:Complex I
453:Succinate
411:Complex I
273:enzymatic
256:. At the
222:succinate
182:thylakoid
47:electrons
3711:Fumarase
3425:Nonhuman
3410:O-linked
3405:N-linked
3197:Specific
2958:29769327
2905:31819197
2862:20129246
2799:10878303
2510:27667687
2426:14715917
2351:38896804
2343:14630314
2274:21874297
2215:Stryer.
2156:28711444
2055:26124754
1897:See also
1860:sunlight
1712:require
1568:Quinones
1471:hydrogen
1415:Acceptor
1412:Acceptor
1364:bacteria
617:at the Q
607:1.10.2.2
534:Angstrom
281:acceptor
190:bacteria
79:membrane
71:membrane
44:transfer
3883:(CoQ10)
3862:Primary
3718:and ETC
3660:enzymes
3565:Ketosis
3177:Ethanol
3060:General
2972:E. coli
2949:5984551
2926:Bibcode
2896:7052168
2853:3711519
2575:6387427
2526:1.3.5.1
2501:5863951
2265:3278611
2147:5792320
2046:4463002
2029:: 575.
2004:3052268
1807:E. coli
1780:E. coli
1776:Aerobic
1764:oxidase
1714:cleanup
1635:E. coli
1621:Q cycle
1556:E. coli
1509:in our
1491:sulfide
1483:nitrite
1479:ammonia
1434:E. coli
1388:quinone
1368:archaea
1265:scholar
1091:winner
1061:Cyanide
1046:1.9.3.1
1039:oxidase
611:Q-cycle
609:), the
594:or CoQH
592:complex
565:quinone
561:1.3.5.1
504:to FMNH
477:1.6.5.3
406:NADH, H
385:oxidase
375:). Cyt
362:complex
110:sulfate
75:enzymes
67:protons
3952:COQ10B
3947:COQ10A
3087:Energy
3008:Pf0-1.
2992:(MeSH)
2956:
2946:
2903:
2893:
2860:
2850:
2797:
2787:
2750:
2729:860983
2727:
2720:413997
2717:
2682:
2659:
2640:
2619:
2600:
2573:
2566:373010
2563:
2508:
2498:
2455:
2424:
2349:
2341:
2298:
2272:
2262:
2223:
2195:
2154:
2144:
2105:
2053:
2043:
2002:
1962:
1497:, and
1487:sulfur
1343:where
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
520:to an
252:, and
102:oxygen
3971:Other
3962:PDSS2
3957:PDSS1
3667:Cycle
3583:Other
3543:Other
3318:Human
3199:paths
2347:S2CID
1380:Donor
1377:Donor
1374:Donor
1272:JSTOR
1258:books
371:(cyt
236:Most
176:. In
127:with
59:redox
49:from
3942:COQ9
3937:COQ7
3932:COQ6
3927:COQ5
3922:COQ4
3917:COQ3
3912:COQ2
3768:and
3705:SDHA
3307:and
3001:KEGG
2974:ETC.
2954:PMID
2901:PMID
2858:PMID
2819:help
2795:PMID
2785:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2725:PMID
2680:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2598:ISBN
2571:PMID
2506:PMID
2478:Cell
2453:ISBN
2422:PMID
2387:help
2339:PMID
2296:ISBN
2270:PMID
2221:OCLC
2193:ISBN
2152:PMID
2103:ISSN
2051:PMID
2000:PMID
1960:ISBN
1869:and
1828:and
1681:and
1611:and
1505:and
1399:→
1386:→
1366:and
1305:NADH
1244:news
498:NADH
266:FADH
264:and
262:NADH
218:NADH
159:FADH
157:and
155:NADH
57:via
3818:to
3799:to
3780:to
3735:to
3331:⇄
3172:ABE
2944:PMC
2934:doi
2922:115
2891:PMC
2883:doi
2879:122
2848:PMC
2840:doi
2777:doi
2773:124
2715:PMC
2707:doi
2561:PMC
2551:doi
2496:PMC
2486:doi
2482:167
2445:doi
2414:doi
2329:doi
2325:555
2260:PMC
2252:doi
2142:PMC
2134:doi
2130:552
2095:doi
2091:198
2041:PMC
2031:doi
1992:doi
1952:doi
1883:all
1846:In
1782:(a
1655:).
1623:).
1553:in
1390:→
1358:In
1347:and
1227:by
1029:In
988:out
818:III
579:In
548:In
468:In
320:(ΔΨ
314:ΔpH
220:or
212:in
134:In
53:to
36:ETC
30:An
4004::
3907:10
3881:10
3757:E3
3755:,
3753:E2
3751:,
3749:E1
3655::
3504:,
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