1266:(DPs). In mid-May 1945, there were around 14,000 people living at Dora, several hundred liberated concentration camp inmates and many POWs as well as foreign civilian forced labourers. Repatriation was fairly quick for those from Western Europe, but many from Eastern Europe had to wait months before they were able to return home. In early July, Thuringia passed from American to Soviet control. The Red Army now used Dora as a repatriation camp for former Polish and Soviet slave labourers. The Soviet authorities treated their citizens who had been forced to work for the Germans with suspicion, blaming them for collaborating with the enemy. These men were subject to debriefing by the Soviet secret service and some of them were imprisoned once more and sent to the
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657:. Another 1,223 Buchenwald prisoners followed on 2 September and workers from Peenemünde came in mid-October. Over the next months, many more prisoners were brought to the area in almost daily transports from Buchenwald. By late September, the number of workers had risen to over 3,000, by late October to 6,800 and by Christmas 1943 to more than 10,500. Since there were initially no huts, the prisoners were housed inside the tunnels – in specially designated
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Kammler, congratulating him on his success "in transforming the underground installation ... from its raw condition two months ago into a factory, which has no equal in Europe and which is unsurpassed even when measured against
American standards. I take this opportunity to express my appreciation for this really unique achievement and to ask you also in future to support Herr Degenkolb in this wonderful way."
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857:. Many of them were transported to the Mittelbau. Through March 1945, up to 16,000 prisoners arrived, including women and children. Although many died in transit, this raised the number of Jews at Mittelbau. Those who survived were often extremely weak or sick. Once again, the death rate rose: Between January and early April 1945, around 6,000 inmates died, around 3,000 of them at the
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1459:(Boelcke Barracks) was located in the south-east part of Nordhausen. Around 1300 inmates were killed in the British bombing raid. The barracks was a subcamp of Mittelbau-Dora Nazi concentration camp. Used as an overflow camp for sick and dying inmates from January 1945, numbers rose from a few hundred to over 6000, and the conditions saw up to 100 inmates die every day.
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of Nos 1 and 8 Groups of the Royal Air Force Bomber
Command. Around 75% of the town was destroyed, the medieval old town was hit particularly hard. Out of 40,000 inhabitants, roughly 8,800 people died, 20,000 lost their homes. Among the dead were also an estimated 1,300-1,500 Mittelbau prisoners, who
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By the time Dora became operational in
November 1944, the decline of Mittelbau-Dora was already beginning. With the subcamps overcrowded and the weather turning colder, conditions in all camps deteriorated and the death rate rose significantly. After peaking in March 1944 at 750, this had declined to
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After that, the town of
Nordhausen had the huts at Dora dismantled and re-erected at other locations in the district as emergency housing for the homeless. Only the camp's crematorium, the fire station and the camp prison remained. Nature reclaimed the area of the camp. The Soviets briefly continued
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There were no sanitary facilities except for barrels that served as latrines. Inmates (the majority of them from the Soviet Union, Poland or France) died from hunger, thirst, cold and overwork. During the first months, most of the work done was heavy construction and transport. Only in
January 1944,
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Apart from
Rickhey, Rudolph, and von Braun, several dozen former Mittelwerk engineers and scientists quickly hired on with the US government. They first constructed rocket weapons or jet planes and then mostly went on to join the American space program. The Soviets also hired some of the engineers.
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around 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) north of the main camp, which was already overflowing with prisoners. Of the approximately 15,000 prisoners from
Mittelbau, about half were from the Soviet Union and Poland. Although not in good health, these men were much healthier than most of the prisoners in the
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By late 1943, production had started. On 10 December, Albert Speer and his staff visited the tunnels, observing the terrible conditions and finding them littered with corpses. Some members of Speer's staff were so shocked that they had to take an extra period of leave. A week later, Speer wrote to
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runs the memorial, financed by the
Thuringian state and the federal government. The GDR era memorial installations were left intact as a documentation of the way the Communist regime treated the Nazi past. A new permanent exhibition opened in a new museum building in 2006. Some work has also been
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In total, around 60,000 prisoners passed through the
Mittelbau camps between August 1943 and March 1945. The precise number of people killed is impossible to determine. The SS files counted around 12,000 dead. In addition, an unknown number of unregistered prisoners died or were murdered in the
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delivered its first three rockets, all of which suffered from serious production defects. The SS considered those prisoners who had expanded the tunnels in autumn and winter of 1943/44 as unusable in actual production work, because they were either too weakened or not qualified for work on the
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assembly lines. As a result, new prisoners were brought in from other concentration camps. From March 1944, the others were moved to newly created subcamps in the area around
Nordhausen where they continued to be used for digging new tunnels or working at construction sites above ground.
520:") seriously damaged the facilities and ended construction of V-2s there. Other air raids had damaged the other two sites in June and August. As a result, the Nazi leadership accelerated plans to move military construction to areas less threatened by Allied bombers. On 22 August 1943,
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The inmates at Dora-Mittelbau were treated in a brutal and inhumane manner, working 14-hour days and being denied access to basic hygiene, beds, and adequate rations. Around one in three of the roughly 60,000 prisoners who were sent to Dora-Mittelbau died.
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By the early 1950s, most of the traces of the central Dora camp had disappeared. Whilst the prison was being demolished, some people from Nordhausen began to turn the area around the crematorium into a memorial and cemetery. In 1964, the local district
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Of those killed, around 350 were hanged (including 200 for sabotage). The rate of executions notably accelerated after the personnel from Auschwitz arrived: in February and March 1945, the SS on some days hanged 30, on one occasion even 50 prisoners.
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War correspondents took pictures and made films of the dead and dying prisoners at Dora. Like the documentation of Nazi atrocities at Bergen-Belsen, these were published around the globe and became some of the best-known testimonies of Nazi crimes.
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Similar to what happened at Dora, most of the subcamps were soon dismantled and the wood used for heating or new construction. Local authorities decided in 1952 to demolish the Dora camp prison – in the face of protests by former detainees.
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official and a member of Kammler's staff. The initial contract for Mittelwerk was for 12,000 rockets, valued at 750 million Reichsmark for a standard price per unit, once production reached 5,000 units, of 50,000 Reichsmark per rocket.
820:), over the summer of 1944 more underground construction was requested for the German petroleum industry. Demand for workers for these projects was satisfied with concentration camp prisoners, but also with foreign forced labourers,
82:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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The prisoners were subject to extreme cruelty. As a result, they often suffered injuries, including permanent disability and disfigurement, and death. Severe beatings were routine, as was deliberate starvation, torture and
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The SS administration separated Mittelbau-Dora from Buchenwald at the end of September 1944 and Dora became the center of it. In effect, the new camp became officially operational on 1 November 1944 with 32,471 prisoners.
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Only ten days after the raid on Peenemünde, on 28 August 1943, the first 107 concentration camp inmates from Buchenwald arrived with their SS guards at the Kohnstein. The official name of the new subcamp of Buchenwald was
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By late January, 56 rockets had been produced. By May, monthly output was 400 units. There were still defects, resulting in launch-pad and mid-air explosions. Output was still far below the goal of 1,000 units per month.
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Immediately after taking control of the area, US specialists began to inspect the rocket works and seized materials, parts and documents. They were later joined by British experts. Eventually the Soviets took over.
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in September 1945. However, charges at this trial related only to crimes committed either at Auschwitz or at Bergen-Belsen, not at Mittelbau. Hössler was among those found guilty and executed on 13 December 1945.
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795:(13 March 1944, 1,000 prisoners) and the SS construction units III and IV (totaling around 3,000 prisoners, distributed among several small camps along a newly constructed railway line between Nordhausen and
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to use parts of the tunnel network for manufacturing rockets. In 1947, the entrances and some internal parts were blown up in accordance with the Allied agreement to destroy military facilities in Germany.
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On 31 December 1943, construction of the above-ground camp, less than a kilometre from the tunnel B entrance was sufficiently completed for the workers to move in. The underground detainee accommodations
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Most of those inmates who survived the transports were freed in mid-April at Bergen-Belsen or at other camps. Some, however, remained prisoners until early May and were freed in Mecklenburg or Austria.
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808:(Fighter Staff), led by Speer, as an institution to oversee a boost to fighter plane production and the move of military production underground, facilities for the production of fighter planes for the
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The court convicted 15 Dora SS guards and Kapos (one of them was executed), four defendants were acquitted. The trial also addressed the question of liability of the engineers and scientists — former
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A Booklet with a Brief History of the "Dora" – Nordhausen Labor-Concentration Camps and Information on the Nordhausen War Crimes Case of the United States of America versus Arthur Kurt Andrae et al
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Like the rocket engineers, many construction engineers at Mittelwerk were able to continue with their careers. Very few were charged in connection with their role in the Nazi slave labour program.
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Inmates came from almost all countries of Europe; many of them had been arrested for political reasons. After May 1944, Jews were also brought to Mittelbau. With the dissolution of the so-called
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In total, even conservative estimates put the number of people who did not survive being sent to Mittelbau-Dora at over 20,000. Thus, around one in three of those confined here did not survive.
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with a rostrum, flag poles and an eternal fire. In 1988, an attempt was made to access one of the tunnels inside Kohnstein, but it was abandoned due to a lack of funds that same year.
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1284:. They were then distributed among various municipalities in northern Thuringia. The number of expelled housed in the camp averaged about 5,000. The camp was dissolved in July 1946.
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In these initial months, from October 1943 to March 1944, out of a total of 17,500 slave labourers, almost 2,900 died at Dora. Another 3,000 who were very ill or dying were sent to
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when production of the A4/V-2 began, were the first prisoners moved to the new above-ground camp on the south side of the mountain. Many had to sleep in the tunnels until May 1944.
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to use concentration camp workers in future A4/V-2 production. One of the sites selected was at the mountain known as Kohnstein, near Nordhausen in Thuringia. Since 1936, the
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On 8 September 1944, the first V-2 built at Mittelbau was successfully launched at London. That month, production hit 600 units, a pace that was kept up until February 1945.
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After reunification, the memorial was redesigned. A small portion of the original tunnel system was reopened and has been accessible to visitors since 1995. Since 2000, the
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From spring/summer 1944, the camp became the centre of a subcamp system of its own. Originally, these still were part of the Buchenwald system. With the creation of the
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Some of the SS personnel who had come from Auschwitz with the evacuation trains went on to Bergen-Belsen when Mittelbau was itself evacuated. A few of them, notably
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and had a sculpture by the artist Jürgen von Woyski erected in front of the crematorium. In 1966, a permanent exhibition opened inside the building under the title
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Gretchen E. Schafft & Gerhard Zeidler (2011). Commemorating Hell: The Public Memory of Mittelbau-Dora. (1st ed.) University of Illinois Press, p. 216,
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Belsen main camp. When the British Army liberated Belsen on 15 April, many of the inmates turned on their former overseers at Mittelbau. About 170 of these "
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concentration camps. Few of them survived. At the end of 1943, the Dora work squads had "the highest death rate in the entire concentration camp system".
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Overall, although no reliable statistics on the number of deaths on these transports exist, estimates put the number of prisoners killed at up to 8,000.
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799:. More subcamps were added once Mittelbau was officially independent. By spring 1945, the number of inmates totaled over 40,000 in around 40 camps.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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As most of the camps of the Mittelbau system were completely evacuated, there were not many prisoners left to be liberated by the Allies.
868:(camp for the dying) for the Mittelbau system. Also from January to April 1945, at least 1,700 V-2 and over 6,000 V-1 rockets were built.
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Supervised by American soldiers, German civilians from Nordhausen bury the corpses of prisoners found at Mittelbau-Dora in April 1945.
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100 to 150 per month by the summer. From November it picked up and in December 1944 the official tally was 570, of whom 500 died at
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Transports from Mittelbau arrived at Bergen-Belsen between 8 and 11 April 1945. Several thousand men were housed in the so-called
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subcamps were murdered in a barn that was set on fire. Those who were not burned alive were shot by SS, Wehrmacht and men of the
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company were to be created around Nordhausen – along with the necessary infrastructure. In addition, after the creation of the
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Once the last forced labourers had left, Dora camp was used from December 1945 by German authorities as a holding camp for
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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by Béon & Richard L. Fague. Westview Press, div. of Harper Collins. pp. (SC) XII, XIV, XIX, XX, XXII, 90, 282.
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Oral history interview with James Roberts, a sergeant in the U.S. Army, who participated in the liberation of the camp
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of its own. In 1945, most of the surviving inmates were sent on death marches or crammed in trains of box-cars by the
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1370:(national memorial). In the early 1970s, the local authorities turned the completely overgrown muster ground into an
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Along with the inmates from Auschwitz arrived several hundred SS guards who joined the staff at Mittelbau, including
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as overall Mittelbau commandant on 1 February 1945. Baer replaced most senior personnel with people from Auschwitz.
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camps. Around 5,000 sick and dying were sent in early 1944 and in March 1945 to Lublin and Bergen-Belsen.
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and later exiled from the US in 1984) was not even charged. A related trial was also held 1959–1961 in
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was not a defendant in the Dora Trial, since he had already been executed after being convicted in the
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1018:) reached Nordhausen on 11 April 1945. There were also around 1,300 dead prisoners at the barracks.
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Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990
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1485:"Der Beginn: Die Verlagerung der Raketenproduktion von Peenemünde in den Kohnstein (German)"
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In early summer 1943, mass production of the A4 (later better known as V-2, V standing for
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and Albin Sawatzki, discussing the need to enslave another 1,800 skilled French workers.
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Emaciated survivors of Nordhausen discovered after liberation of the camp, 12 April 1945
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Parts of bombs and rockets still litter the underground corridors of the camp (2012).
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visited the Nordhausen plant on 25 January 1944 and again on 6 May 1944, when he met
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investigation of conditions at Dora, the trial "The United States of America versus
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Rusty V-2 rocket engine in the underground production facilities of the camp (2012)
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The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
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Aftermath of the British bombing raid of 3 and 4 April 1945 that destroyed the
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On 3 and 4 April 1945, Nordhausen was attacked in two waves by several hundred
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Only some small subcamps, mostly containing Italian POWs, were not evacuated.
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Besides the main camp Dora, housing an average of 15,000 prisoners, the main
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1961:"Das blutende Nordhausen – 200 Menschen gedenken der Bombenopfer (German)"
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At the end of 1944, the SS began to evacuate the inmates of Auschwitz and
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from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
1688:"Sommer 1944: Die Herausbildung des KZ-Komplexes Mittelbau-Dora (German)"
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To oversee the creation and operation of the new construction facility,
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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The Wages of Destruction – The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
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In the Shadow of Dora: A Novel of the Holocaust and the Apollo Program
627:, was appointed. Operational security for the project was overseen by
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2086:. National Archives and Records Service. 27 April 1945 – 11 June 1958
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Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age
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2077:"United States of America v. Kurt Andrae et al. (and Related Cases)"
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Dead workers lie in uneven rows on floors of barracks at Nordhausen.
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United States Army Investigation and Trial Records of War Criminals
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The SS also left several hundred sick prisoners at Dora and in the
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422:, Germany. It was established in late summer 1943 as a subcamp of
1825:"Frühjahr 1944: Schrittweiser Umzug in das Barackenlager(German)"
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Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2
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1262:(UNRRA) turned Dora and Harzungen camps into accommodations for
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In early April 1945, as US troops were advancing towards the
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The worst atrocity occurred at Gardelegen, known as the
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Especially for Kammler, this became a prestige project.
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A survivor of the camp speaks of life in Dora-Mittelbau
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United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
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became an independent concentration camp with numerous
2260:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2238:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2213:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2188:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2166:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2144:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2125:. Huntsville: Christopher Kaylor Company. p. 150.
2032:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
2005:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1867:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1827:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1740:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1690:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1579:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1487:. Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
542:
there. By late summer 1943, this was almost finished.
538:) had been building a subterranean fuel depot for the
4731:
1919:. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 1 June 2005
1709:
Frasier, FJ; Webb, Chris; Lisciotto, Carmelo (2007).
1042:
Otto Förschner, camp commandant (after 11 April 1945)
1384:
Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und Mittelbau-Dora
1006:. They were freed when US troops (consisting of the
770:
or "sleeping tunnels") were dismantled in May 1944.
75:
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2949:
2906:
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2425:
1982:Carstens, Peter (15 February 2015). "Feuerstürme".
619:, who had earlier been in charge of producing the "
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
320:
310:
299:
291:
252:
138:
71:
a machine-translated version of the German article.
1604:
1577:""Lebendig begraben": Dora im Herbst 1943(German)"
661:with four levels of beds stacked over each other.
2349:"Dora and the V–2 – Slave Labor in the Space Age"
2123:An American in Exile: The Story of Arthur Rudolph
1713:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
1199:et al." trial commenced on 7 August 1947 at the
475:or retribution) ballistic rocket started at the
4234:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2230:
2228:
2205:
2203:
1917:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
1865:"Winter 1944/45: Beginnende Auflösung (German)"
977:. More than 1,000 prisoners from Mittelbau and
2136:
2134:
2132:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1732:
1730:
1728:
582:(WVHA) and two of Speer's armaments managers,
566:(the name referring to the works' location in
100:accompanying your translation by providing an
62:Click for important translation instructions.
49:expand this article with text translated from
4594:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
3082:
2403:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1510:. Yorkshire: The Emfield Press. p. 122.
1479:
1477:
1475:
1115:Corpses of prisoners in a Nordhausen barracks
531:Wirtschaftliche Forschungsgesellschaft (WIFO)
457:Today, the site hosts a memorial and museum.
8:
2343:Official site of the Mittelbau-Dora Memorial
2236:"Die Gedenkstätte zur Zeit der DDR (German)"
1454:
1084:
910:which coordinated the use of forced labour.
709:to Mittelbau between April and August 1944.
4293:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2055:. Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten.
2053:Bergen-Belsen: Historical Site and Memorial
1853:. New York: Times Books. pp. 107, 109.
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4455:
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3929:
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3397:
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2706:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
2410:
2396:
2388:
2164:"Dp-Camp und Repatriierungslager (German)"
1886:Wagner, Jens-Christian (20 January 2005).
1798:Wagner, Jens-Christian (20 January 2005).
135:
1770:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
1598:
1596:
1594:
512:On 18 August 1943, a bombing raid by the
1793:
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1312:
1304:
1258:After liberation, the US forces and the
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1755:
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1471:
1446:
1031:
1984:Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung
1930:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1508:The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–1945
2211:"Das Verschwinden der Lager (German)"
1611:. New York: The Free Press. pp.
7:
3881:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1282:Germans expelled from Czechoslovakia
4686:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2351:. University of Alabama, Huntsville
1366:never raised Dora to the status of
112:{{Translated|de|KZ Mittelbau-Dora}}
2110:. Prosecution Staff. January 1947.
1888:"Auschwitz im Harz (p. 3, German)"
1657:]. translated from the French
1362:, the communist government of the
580:SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt
25:
4764:Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp
3049:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
2142:"Prozesse und Karrieren (German)"
1800:"Auschwitz im Harz (p.2, German)"
789:(1 April 1944, 4,000 prisoners),
379:US Army (remaining installations)
355:28 August 1943 – early April 1945
347:Subterranean fuel depot (tunnels)
4774:Unfree labor during World War II
4741:
4249:Polish leaders and intellectuals
3739:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2701:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1738:"Bilanz des Schreckens (German)"
1615:, 209, 212, 226, 227, 261, 270.
1368:Nationale Mahn- und Gedenkstätte
1121:
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1093:
1076:
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1048:
1034:
231:
224:
203:
196:
175:
168:
151:
36:
4779:World War II museums in Germany
1959:Müller, Thomas (3 April 2013).
4177:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3990:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
110:You may also add the template
1:
4799:Death marches in World War II
4784:World War II sites in Germany
1711:"Dora – Mittelbau/Nordhausen"
1403:Konzentrationslager Mittelbau
1387:done at the largest subcamp,
1056:Richard Baer, camp commandant
608:. To actually run the plant,
424:Buchenwald concentration camp
330:(October 1944 – January 1945)
4514:Jewish war conspiracy theory
3705:Extermination through labour
2717:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
2711:German Earth and Stone Works
1603:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995).
1337:Die Blutspur führt nach Bonn
553:agreed on the foundation of
336:(February 1945 – April 1945)
4696:Righteous Among the Nations
3382:Righteous Among the Nations
2862:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1339:("the blood trail leads to
1333:Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Dora
908:Arbeitseinsatz-Dienststelle
604:, the former seconded from
123:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
4815:
4433:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4403:Lithuanian Security Police
4322:Reich Security Main Office
3289:Evidence and documentation
2291:(1st ed.). New York:
2051:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
1322:German Democratic Republic
1184:
1161:
701:, the SS transported many
570:). Its board consisted of
464:
430:and for manufacturing the
74:Machine translation, like
4649:Books and other resources
4477:
4454:
4288:
4275:
3919:
3906:
3413:
3396:
3181:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
3104:
2956:
2814:Identification of inmates
2186:"Umsiedlerlager (German)"
2121:Franklin, Thomas (1987).
1937:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1389:Lager Ellrich-Juliushütte
1226:(recruited in 1945 under
883:became commandant of the
761:Construction and subcamps
536:Economic Research Company
535:
438:. In the summer of 1944,
212:Germany (current borders)
162:
150:
143:
51:the corresponding article
4239:People with disabilities
4172:Aid and Rescue Committee
2419:Nazi concentration camps
1506:Collier, Basil (1976) .
1191:Following the June 1945
1154:" were killed that day.
845:Transfers from Auschwitz
478:Heeresanstalt Peenemünde
184:Germany (prewar borders)
4380:Order Police battalions
3024:Soviet prisoners of war
2756:SS construction brigade
1986:(in German). p. 7.
1774:, 53, 72–74, 279, 281.
1372:Ehrenplatz der Nationen
1203:against 19 defendants.
1012:104th Infantry Division
733:On 1 January 1944, the
697:(Gypsy family camp) at
412:Nazi concentration camp
276:51.535500°N 10.748556°E
121:For more guidance, see
27:Nazi concentration camp
4794:Subcamps of Buchenwald
4229:Soviet urban residents
3320:International response
3294:Contemporary knowledge
1963:. Thüringer Allgemeine
1455:
1318:
1310:
1201:Dachau internment camp
1085:
695:Zigeuner-Familienlager
630:SS-Oberstürmbannfuhrer
4769:History of Nordhausen
4676:Memorials and museums
4614:Reparations Agreement
4609:Holocaust restitution
4187:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
3710:Human experimentation
3549:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3006:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
2924:Schutzhaftlagerführer
1316:
1308:
1016:9th Infantry Division
946:were confined at the
853:before the advancing
824:and drafted Germans.
497:, Austria and at the
243:Show map of Thuringia
94:copyright attribution
4789:Museums in Thuringia
3876:Jewish Ghetto Police
3745:Politische Abteilung
3640:Risiera di San Sabba
3501:Natzweiler-Struthof
2961:Prisoner functionary
2768:Politische Abteilung
2723:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2369:12 December 2012 at
2258:"Nach 1989 (German)"
2030:"Befreiung (German)"
1762:Hunt, Linda (1991).
1542:Tooze, Adam (2006).
1008:3rd Armored Division
923:Politische Abteilung
281:51.535500; 10.748556
4654:Days of remembrance
4567:Holocaust survivors
4562:Depopulated shtetls
4413:Rollkommando Hamann
4259:Jehovah's Witnesses
4077:Kamianets-Podilskyi
3139:Bohemia and Moravia
3044:Der Ort des Terrors
2993:Political prisoners
2983:Jehovah's Witnesses
2608:Natzweiler-Struthof
1647:Béon, Yves (1997).
1430:Colette (2020 film)
1238:Research continuity
1228:Operation Paperclip
975:Gardelegen massacre
921:became head of the
906:became head of the
584:Karl Maria Hettlage
272: /
215:Show map of Germany
187:Show map of Germany
4637:History and memory
4541:Forced euthanasia
4489:Nazi racial policy
4192:Danish underground
4039:Operation Reinhard
4034:Wannsee Conference
2003:"Räumung (German)"
1319:
1311:
1197:Arthur Kurt Andrae
885:Häftlinglager Dora
792:Lager Rottleberode
715:summary executions
699:Auschwitz-Birkenau
574:, who was head of
524:ordered SS leader
489:as well as at the
145:Concentration camp
102:interlanguage link
4729:
4728:
4725:
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4721:
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4572:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
4519:Jewish emigration
4509:Hitler's prophecy
4504:Haavara Agreement
4450:
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4438:Ypatingasis būrys
4335:Sicherheitsdienst
4271:
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4130:Bielski partisans
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3733:Totenkopfverbände
3392:
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2888:Arbeit macht frei
2302:978-0-8041-7672-9
2062:978-3-9811617-9-3
1553:978-0-14-100348-1
1378:Reunified Germany
1350:By contrast with
1264:displaced persons
1209:Dachau camp trial
818:Edmund Geilenberg
748:Walter Dornberger
744:Wernher von Braun
729:Rocket production
655:Arbeitslager Dora
595:Gerhard Degenkolb
568:Mitteldeutschland
397:
396:
360:Number of inmates
134:
133:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
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4621:Holocaust denial
4599:Nuremberg trials
4589:Postwar violence
4544:
4479:
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4418:Special Brigades
4408:Nederlandsche SS
4375:Police Regiments
4299:
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4137:Ghetto uprisings
4125:Jewish partisans
4072:Harvest Festival
4044:Holocaust trains
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1847:Garliński, Józef
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1401:The subcamps of
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920:
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875:, who succeeded
797:Herzberg am Harz
618:
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526:Heinrich Himmler
516:on Peenemünde ("
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80:Google Translate
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4531:Madagascar Plan
4524:Kindertransport
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4341:Ordnungspolizei
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4053:Mass executions
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3299:Hidden children
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3135:Czechoslovakia
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3014:"Race defilers"
2999:Nacht und Nebel
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2895:Jedem das Seine
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1415:The Good German
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1004:Boelcke-Kaserne
999:
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948:Boelcke-Kaserne
935:
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899:
891:became the new
847:
834:
786:Lager Harzungen
763:
731:
691:
686:
670:Lublin-Majdanek
650:
634:Helmut Bischoff
612:
597:
586:
558:
556:Mittelwerk GmbH
518:Operation Hydra
514:Royal Air Force
503:Friedrichshafen
495:Wiener Neustadt
469:
463:
436:V-1 flying bomb
408:Nordhausen-Dora
384:Notable inmates
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295:Nordhausen-Dora
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4499:Nuremberg Laws
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4482:Early elements
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4282:Responsibility
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4061:Einsatzgruppen
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4025:Final Solution
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3367:Rescue of Jews
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3037:Historiography
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3019:Roma and Sinti
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2337:External links
2335:
2334:
2333:
2331:978-0252035937
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2016:
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1275:Umsiedlerlager
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1224:Arthur Rudolph
1218:of Mittelwerk
1205:Otto Förschner
1193:Fedden Mission
1185:Main article:
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1162:Main article:
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933:Allied attacks
931:
877:Otto Förschner
846:
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814:Geilenbergstab
762:
759:
752:Arthur Rudolph
730:
727:
690:
687:
685:
682:
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646:
610:Albin Sawatzki
549:, Himmler and
507:Lake Constance
499:Zeppelin works
465:Main article:
462:
459:
404:Dora-Mittelbau
400:Mittelbau-Dora
395:
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392:Heinz Galinski
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4494:Nazi eugenics
4492:
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4423:Topf and Sons
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4409:
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4390:Collaborators
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4329:
4328:Referat IV B4
4326:
4325:
4324: (RSHA)
4323:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:Schutzstaffel
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:Organizations
4300:
4294:
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4287:
4283:
4278:
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4260:
4257:
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4244:Romani people
4242:
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4197:Working Group
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4182:Kastner train
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3969:Kristallnacht
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3752:Sanitätswesen
3749:
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3746:
3742:
3740:
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3729:
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3715:Death marches
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3541:Extermination
3538:
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3519:
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3516:Sachsenhausen
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3457:Herzogenbusch
3455:
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3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Bergen-Belsen
3430:
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3425:
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3420:
3419:Concentration
3416:
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3355:United States
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3195:and colonies
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3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:The Holocaust
3092:
3087:
3085:
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3078:
3073:
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2929:Female guards
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2897:
2896:
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2884:
2882:
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2874:
2873:Postenpflicht
2870:
2868:
2867:Death marches
2865:
2863:
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2853:
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2779:
2778:Strafkompanie
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Camp brothels
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Sanitätswesen
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
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2649:Sachsenhausen
2647:
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2513:
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2511:
2510:Herzogenbusch
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
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2452:
2451:
2450:Bergen-Belsen
2448:
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4706:Yizkor books
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4007:in Lithuania
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3372:by Catholics
3241:Soviet Union
3109:By territory
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2809:Forced labor
2799:Action 14f14
2794:Action 14f13
2734:Subdivisions
2721:
2595:
2353:. Retrieved
2286:
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2007:. Retrieved
1983:
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1965:. Retrieved
1954:
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1158:Belsen Trial
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575:
572:Hans Kammler
567:
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547:Albert Speer
544:
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522:Adolf Hitler
511:
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376:Liberated by
371:About 20,000
363:About 60,000
344:Original use
334:Richard Baer
267:10°44′54.8″E
98:edit summary
89:
56:
48:
29:
4712:Never again
4543:(Action T4)
4469:Remembrance
4254:Homosexuals
4224:Soviet POWs
4152:Częstochowa
3700:Gas chamber
3511:Ravensbrück
3452:Gross-Rosen
3447:Flossenbürg
3330:Philippines
3262:Yugoslavia
3221:Netherlands
3149:Sudetenland
2978:Homosexuals
2919:Lagerführer
2804:Early camps
2741:Appellplatz
2637:Ravensbrück
2632:Niederhagen
2498:Gross-Rosen
2486:Flossenbürg
2433:Arbeitsdorf
2283:Makos, Adam
2264:16 February
2242:16 February
2217:16 February
2192:16 February
2170:16 February
2148:16 February
2036:16 February
2009:16 February
1967:17 February
1897:16 February
1871:16 February
1831:16 February
1809:16 February
1744:16 February
1694:16 February
1583:16 February
1546:. Penguin.
1491:16 February
1360:Ravensbrück
968:Ravensbrück
925:(the local
915: [
912:Hans Schurz
900: [
866:Sterbelager
851:Gross-Rosen
636:, a former
613: [
606:Commerzbank
598: [
587: [
559: [
352:Operational
311:Operated by
292:Other names
279: /
264:51°32′7.8″N
254:Coordinates
4758:Categories
4701:Yad Vashem
4681:Uniqueness
4536:Nisko Plan
4309:Nazi Party
4117:Resistance
4087:Ninth Fort
3952:Vel' d'Hiv
3724:Nazi units
3662:Westerbork
3652:Amersfoort
3506:Neuengamme
3487:Mauthausen
3467:Kaiserwald
3437:Buchenwald
3216:Luxembourg
2973:"Asocials"
2914:Commandant
2620:Neuengamme
2580:Mauthausen
2532:Kaiserwald
2462:Buchenwald
2426:Main camps
2311:2018039460
1436:References
1352:Buchenwald
1288:Demolition
1187:Dora Trial
1181:Dora Trial
1129:Camp money
1014:, and the
994:Liberation
984:Volkssturm
979:Neuengamme
954:Evacuation
939:Lancasters
735:Mittelwerk
623:" tank at
534:(English:
485:island of
473:Vergeltung
467:V-2 Rocket
461:Background
432:V-2 rocket
416:Nordhausen
388:Jean Améry
321:Commandant
304:Nordhausen
4659:Education
4554:Aftermath
4466:Aftermath
4428:Trawnikis
4352:Wehrmacht
4347:Waffen-SS
4147:Białystok
3975:Bucharest
3947:Marseille
3824:Elsewhere
3785:Białystok
3597:Breendonk
3574:Treblinka
3427:Auschwitz
3211:Lithuania
2950:Prisoners
2934:Wehrmacht
2907:Personnel
2879:Selection
2855:Muselmann
2726:(Camp SS)
2438:Auschwitz
2355:30 August
2319:27342118M
2288:Spearhead
1467:Footnotes
1136:Aftermath
943:Mosquitos
929:office).
805:Jägerstab
689:Prisoners
684:Operation
551:Karl Saur
540:Wehrmacht
440:Mittelbau
428:Kohnstein
420:Thuringia
306:, Germany
240:Thuringia
116:talk page
53:in German
4644:Academia
4097:Piaśnica
4067:Babi Yar
3995:Jedwabne
3934:Roundups
3867:Judenrat
3831:Budapest
3602:Mechelen
3564:Majdanek
3521:Stutthof
3482:Majdanek
3377:by Poles
3335:Portugal
3313:Response
3304:Timeline
3282:Overview
3144:Slovakia
3131:Bulgaria
2883:Slogans
2850:Language
2694:Agencies
2678:subcamps
2666:subcamps
2661:Stutthof
2654:subcamps
2642:subcamps
2625:subcamps
2613:subcamps
2601:subcamps
2589:subcamps
2573:subcamps
2568:Majdanek
2561:subcamps
2549:subcamps
2537:subcamps
2525:subcamps
2514:subcamps
2503:subcamps
2491:subcamps
2479:subcamps
2467:subcamps
2455:subcamps
2443:subcamps
2367:Archived
2285:(2019).
1933:cite web
1892:Die Zeit
1849:(1978).
1804:Die Zeit
1717:11 March
1395:See also
1301:Memorial
1174:Lüneburg
897:Max Sell
862:-Kaserne
855:Red Army
775:subcamps
625:Henschel
491:Raxwerke
444:subcamps
434:and the
410:) was a
300:Location
92:provide
4748:Germany
4671:Lessons
4107:Rumbula
3980:Dorohoi
3961:Pogroms
3913:Victims
3763:Ghettos
3695:Gas van
3683:Methods
3657:Schoorl
3635:Bolzano
3583:Transit
3569:Sobibor
3559:Chełmno
3526:Vaivara
3462:Hinzert
3407:ghettos
3360:Vatican
3266:Croatia
3256:Ukraine
3246:Belarus
3236:Romania
3188:Hungary
3171:Germany
3161:Estonia
3156:Denmark
3126:Belgium
3121:Austria
3116:Albania
2751:Subcamp
2673:Vaivara
2520:Hinzert
2383:YouTube
1254:DP-camp
927:Gestapo
860:Boelcke
832:Decline
810:Junkers
638:Gestapo
621:Tiger I
578:at the
481:on the
114:to the
96:in the
55:.
4734:Portal
4577:Bricha
4343:(Orpo)
4216:Others
4202:Żegota
4164:Rescue
4142:Warsaw
4102:Ponary
4012:Kaunas
3815:Warsaw
3800:Lublin
3790:Kraków
3777:Poland
3621:Drancy
3554:Belzec
3531:Warsaw
3442:Dachau
3350:Turkey
3345:Sweden
3271:Serbia
3251:Russia
3231:Poland
3226:Norway
3206:Latvia
3176:Greece
3166:France
2843:Yellow
2838:Purple
2818:Badges
2787:Topics
2773:Revier
2713:(DEST)
2685:Warsaw
2474:Dachau
2329:
2317:
2309:
2299:
2090:27 May
2059:
1923:24 May
1778:
1665:
1619:
1550:
1514:
1010:, the
487:Usedom
483:Baltic
402:(also
368:Killed
4691:Humor
4664:Films
4361:Units
4092:Odesa
3942:Izieu
3856:Vilna
3841:Minsk
3836:Kovno
3810:Radom
3674:Sereď
3491:Gusen
3472:Kauen
3403:Camps
3340:Spain
3325:Japan
3199:Libya
3193:Italy
2823:Black
2584:Gusen
2544:Kauen
2080:(PDF)
1948:April
1653:[
1441:Notes
1268:Gulag
1232:Essen
1152:Kapos
919:]
904:]
777:were
707:Sinti
617:]
602:]
591:]
563:]
76:DeepL
4582:List
4337:(SD)
4317:(SS)
4000:Lviv
3985:Iași
3925:Jews
3846:Riga
3805:Lwów
3795:Łódź
3767:list
3616:Gurs
3489:and
3405:and
2988:Jews
2966:Kapo
2833:Pink
2816:and
2582:and
2357:2010
2327:ISBN
2307:LCCN
2297:ISBN
2266:2015
2244:2015
2219:2015
2194:2015
2172:2015
2150:2015
2092:2008
2057:ISBN
2038:2015
2011:2015
1969:2015
1944:1945
1939:link
1925:2007
1899:2015
1873:2015
1833:2015
1811:2015
1776:ISBN
1746:2015
1719:2013
1696:2015
1663:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1585:2015
1548:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1493:2015
1453:The
1358:and
1341:Bonn
966:and
960:Harz
941:and
822:POWs
705:and
703:Roma
672:and
593:and
406:and
90:must
88:You
69:View
3731:SS-
2381:on
1613:206
1423:by
1364:GDR
1329:SED
505:on
501:in
493:in
418:in
78:or
4760::
3668:sk
3646:nl
3628:it
3609:fr
3591:be
3055:KL
2315:OL
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2305:.
2227:^
2202:^
2131:^
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1992:^
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1931:{{
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1890:.
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1526:^
1474:^
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2246:.
2221:.
2196:.
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2152:.
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2040:.
2013:.
1971:.
1946::
1941:)
1927:.
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766:(
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20:)
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